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Díaz-Dinamarca DA, Cárdenas-Cáceres S, Muena NA, Díaz P, Barra G, Puentes R, Escobar DF, Díaz-Samirin M, Santis-Alay NT, Canales C, Díaz J, García-Escorza HE, Grifoni A, Sette A, Tischler ND, Vasquez AE. Booster Vaccination with BNT162b2 Improves Cellular and Humoral Immune Response in the Pediatric Population Immunized with CoronaVac. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:919. [PMID: 39204043 PMCID: PMC11359105 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12080919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and its sublineages continue to cause COVID-19-associated pediatric hospitalizations, severe disease, and death globally. BNT162b2 and CoronaVac are the main vaccines used in Chile. Much less is known about the Wuhan-Hu-1 strain-based vaccines in the pediatric population compared to adults. Given the worldwide need for booster vaccinations to stimulate the immune response against new Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2, we characterized the humoral and cellular immune response against Omicron variant BA.1 in a pediatric cohort aged 10 to 16 years who received heterologous vaccination based on two doses of CoronaVac, two doses of CoronaVac (2x) plus one booster dose of BNT162b2 [CoronaVac(2x) + BNT162b2 (1x)], two doses of CoronaVac plus two booster doses of BNT162b2 [CoronaVac(2x) + BNT162b2 (2x)], and three doses of BNT162b2. We observed that the [CoronaVac(2x) + BNT162b2 (2x)] vaccination showed higher anti-S1 and neutralizing antibody titers and CD4 and CD8 T cell immunity specific to the Omicron variant compared to immunization with two doses of CoronaVac alone. Furthermore, from all groups tested, immunity against Omicron was highest in individuals who received three doses of BNT162b2. We conclude that booster vaccination with BNT162b2, compared to two doses of CoronaVac alone, induces a greater protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A. Díaz-Dinamarca
- Subdepartamento Innovación y Desarrollo, Departamento Agencia Nacional de Dispositivos Médicos, Innovación y Desarrollo, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago 7780050, Chile; (D.A.D.-D.); (P.D.); (G.B.); (D.F.E.)
| | - Simone Cárdenas-Cáceres
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 8581151, Chile; (S.C.-C.); (N.A.M.)
| | - Nicolás A. Muena
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 8581151, Chile; (S.C.-C.); (N.A.M.)
| | - Pablo Díaz
- Subdepartamento Innovación y Desarrollo, Departamento Agencia Nacional de Dispositivos Médicos, Innovación y Desarrollo, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago 7780050, Chile; (D.A.D.-D.); (P.D.); (G.B.); (D.F.E.)
| | - Gisselle Barra
- Subdepartamento Innovación y Desarrollo, Departamento Agencia Nacional de Dispositivos Médicos, Innovación y Desarrollo, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago 7780050, Chile; (D.A.D.-D.); (P.D.); (G.B.); (D.F.E.)
| | - Rodrigo Puentes
- Departamento Agencia Nacional de Dispositivos Médicos, Innovación y Desarrollo, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago 7780050, Chile; (R.P.); (N.T.S.-A.); (C.C.); (J.D.)
| | - Daniel F. Escobar
- Subdepartamento Innovación y Desarrollo, Departamento Agencia Nacional de Dispositivos Médicos, Innovación y Desarrollo, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago 7780050, Chile; (D.A.D.-D.); (P.D.); (G.B.); (D.F.E.)
| | - Michal Díaz-Samirin
- Subdepartamento Innovación y Desarrollo, Departamento Agencia Nacional de Dispositivos Médicos, Innovación y Desarrollo, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago 7780050, Chile; (D.A.D.-D.); (P.D.); (G.B.); (D.F.E.)
| | - Natalia T. Santis-Alay
- Departamento Agencia Nacional de Dispositivos Médicos, Innovación y Desarrollo, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago 7780050, Chile; (R.P.); (N.T.S.-A.); (C.C.); (J.D.)
| | - Cecilia Canales
- Departamento Agencia Nacional de Dispositivos Médicos, Innovación y Desarrollo, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago 7780050, Chile; (R.P.); (N.T.S.-A.); (C.C.); (J.D.)
| | - Janepsy Díaz
- Departamento Agencia Nacional de Dispositivos Médicos, Innovación y Desarrollo, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago 7780050, Chile; (R.P.); (N.T.S.-A.); (C.C.); (J.D.)
| | | | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (A.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (A.G.); (A.S.)
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Nicole D. Tischler
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago 8581151, Chile; (S.C.-C.); (N.A.M.)
- Escuela de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 7510157, Chile
| | - Abel E. Vasquez
- Subdepartamento Innovación y Desarrollo, Departamento Agencia Nacional de Dispositivos Médicos, Innovación y Desarrollo, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago 7780050, Chile; (D.A.D.-D.); (P.D.); (G.B.); (D.F.E.)
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2
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Zhao XJ, Liu XL, Gu HJ, Liu T, Li DY, Zhang S, Wu J, Du KG, Tian S, Chen JJ, Xu Q, Lv CL, Jiang BG, Wang H, Kou ZQ, Wang GL, Fang LQ. SARS-CoV-2 reinfection broadens the antibody responses and promotes the phenotypic differentiation of virus-specific memory T cells in adolescents. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29873. [PMID: 39165041 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron subvariants raises concerns regarding the effectiveness of immunity acquired from previous Omicron subvariants breakthrough infections (BTIs) or reinfections (RIs) against the current circulating Omicron subvariants. In this study, we prospectively investigate the dynamic changes of virus-specific antibody and T cell responses among 77 adolescents following Omicron BA.2.3 BTI with or without subsequent Omicron BA.5 RI. Notably, the neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) titers against various detected SARS-CoV-2 variants, especially the emerging Omicron CH.1.1, XBB.1.5, XBB.1.16, EG.5.1, and JN.1 subvariants, exhibited a significant decrease along the time. A lower level of IgG and NAbs titers post-BTI was found to be closely associated with subsequent RI. Elevated NAbs levels and shortened antigenic distances were observed following Omicron BA.5 RI. Robust T cell responses against both Omicron BA.2- and CH.1.1-spike peptides were observed at each point visited. The exposure to Omicron BA.5 promoted phenotypic differentiation of virus-specific memory T cells, even among the non-seroconversion adolescents. Therefore, updated vaccines are needed to provide effective protection against newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jing Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Liu
- Institute of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Hong-Jing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ti Liu
- Institute of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - De-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Binzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Kai-Ge Du
- Institute of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Shen Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Jin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Chen-Long Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Gui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zeng-Qiang Kou
- Institute of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Guo-Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Qun Fang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing, China
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Hodgson D, Liu Y, Carolan L, Mahanty S, Subbarao K, Sullivan SG, Fox A, Kucharski A. Memory B cell proliferation drives differences in neutralising responses between ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.07.11.24310221. [PMID: 39040163 PMCID: PMC11261961 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.11.24310221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination against COVID-19 has been pivotal in reducing the global burden of the disease. However, Phase III trial results and observational studies underscore differences in efficacy across vaccine technologies and dosing regimens. Notably, mRNA vaccines have exhibited superior effectiveness compared to Adenovirus (AdV) vaccines, especially with extended dosing intervals. Using in-host mechanistic modelling, this study elucidates these variations and unravels the biological mechanisms shaping the immune responses at the cellular level. We used data on the change in memory B cells, plasmablasts, and antibody titres after the second dose of a COVID-19 vaccine for Australian healthcare workers. Alongside this dataset, we constructed a kinetic model of humoral immunity which jointly captured the dynamics of multiple immune markers, and integrated hierarchical effects into this kinetics model, including age, dosing schedule, and vaccine type. Our analysis estimated that mRNA vaccines induced 2.1 times higher memory B cell proliferation than AdV vaccines after adjusting for age, interval between doses and priming dose. Additionally, extending the duration between the second vaccine dose and priming dose beyond 28 days boosted neutralising antibody production per plasmablast concentration by 30%. We also found that antibody responses after the second dose were more persistent when mRNA vaccines were used over AdV vaccines and for longer dosing regimens. Reconstructing in-host kinetics in response to vaccination could help optimise vaccine dosing regimens, improve vaccine efficacy in different population groups, and inform the design of future vaccines for enhanced protection against emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hodgson
- Centre of Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School and Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Yi Liu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Louise Carolan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Siddhartha Mahanty
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sheena G. Sullivan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Annette Fox
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adam Kucharski
- Centre of Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School and Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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4
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Qui M, Hariharaputran S, Hang SK, Zhang J, Tan CW, Chong CY, Low J, Wang L, Bertoletti A, Yung CF, Le Bert N. T cell hybrid immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in children: a longitudinal study. EBioMedicine 2024; 105:105203. [PMID: 38896919 PMCID: PMC11237860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hybrid immunity to SARS-CoV-2, resulting from both vaccination and natural infection, remains insufficiently understood in paediatric populations, despite increasing rates of breakthrough infections among vaccinated children. METHODS We conducted a prospective longitudinal study to investigate the magnitude, specificity, and cytokine profile of antigen-specific T cell responses elicited by breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of mRNA-vaccinated children (n = 29) aged 5-11. This longitudinal analysis involved six distinct time points spanning a 16-month period post-vaccination, during which we analysed a total of 159 blood samples. All children who were followed for at least 12 months (n = 26) experienced a breakthrough infection. We conducted cytokine release assays using minimal blood samples, and we verified the cellular origin of these responses through intracellular cytokine staining. FINDINGS After breakthrough infection, children who had received mRNA vaccines showed enhanced Th1 responses specific to Spike peptides. Additionally, their Spike-specific T cells exhibited a distinctive enrichment of CD4+ IFN-γ+IL10+ cells, a characteristic akin to adults with hybrid immunity. Importantly, vaccination did not impede the development of multi-specific T cell responses targeting Membrane, Nucleoprotein, and ORF3a/7/8 antigens. INTERPRETATION Children, previously primed with a Spike-based mRNA vaccine and experiencing either symptomatic or asymptomatic breakthrough infection, retained the ability to enhance and diversify Th1/IL-10 antigen-specific T cell responses against multiple SARS-CoV-2 proteins. These findings mirror characteristics associated with hybrid cellular immunity in adults, known to confer resistance against severe COVID-19. FUNDING This study was funded by the National Medical Research Council (NMRC) Singapore (COVID19RF-0019, MOH-000019, MOH-000535, OFLCG19May-0034 and MOH-OFYIRG19nov-0002).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Qui
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Shou Kit Hang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jinyan Zhang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chia Yin Chong
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, Infectious Diseases Service, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Jenny Low
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Singapore General Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore
| | - Linfa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Singapore Immunology Network, A∗STAR, Singapore
| | - Chee Fu Yung
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, Infectious Diseases Service, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Nina Le Bert
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
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Messiah SE, Talebi Y, Swartz MD, Sabharwal R, Han H, Bergqvist E, Kohl HW, Valerio-Shewmaker M, DeSantis SM, Yaseen A, Kelder SH, Ross J, Padilla LN, Gonzalez MO, Wu L, Lakey D, Shuford JA, Pont SJ, Boerwinkle E. Long-term immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in children and adolescents. Pediatr Res 2024; 96:525-534. [PMID: 37875728 PMCID: PMC11343709 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02857-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This analysis examined the durability of antibodies present after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in children and adolescents. METHODS Data were collected over 4 time points between October 2020-November 2022 as part of a prospective population-based cohort aged 5-to-19 years (N = 810). Results of the (1) Roche Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Immunoassay for detection of antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (Roche N-test); and (2) qualitative and semi-quantitative detection of antibodies to the SARS CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain (Roche S-test); and (3) self-reported antigen/PCR COVID-19 test results, vaccination and symptom status were analyzed. RESULTS N antibody levels reached a median of 84.10 U/ml (IQR: 20.2, 157.7) cutoff index (COI) ~ 6 months post-infection and increased slightly to a median of 85.25 (IQR: 28.0, 143.0) COI at 12 months post-infection. Peak S antibody levels were reached at a median of 2500 U/mL ~6 months post-vaccination and remained for ~12 months (mean 11.6 months, SD 1.20). CONCLUSIONS This analysis provides evidence of robust durability of nucleocapsid and spike antibodies in a large pediatric sample up to 12 months post-infection/vaccination. This information can inform pediatric SARS-CoV-2 vaccination schedules. IMPACT This study provided evidence of robust durability of both nucleocapsid and spike antibodies in a large pediatric sample up to 12 months after infection. Little is known about the long-term durability of natural and vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the pediatric population. Here, we determined the durability of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike (S-test) and nucleocapsid protein (N-test) in children/adolescents after SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or vaccination lasts at least up to 12 months. This information can inform future SARS-CoV-2 vaccination schedules in this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Messiah
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health (UTHealth) Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health in Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Center for Pediatric Population Health, UTHealth School of Public Health, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Yashar Talebi
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health in Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael D Swartz
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health in Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rachit Sabharwal
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health in Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Haoting Han
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health in Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emma Bergqvist
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health (UTHealth) Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health in Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
- Center for Pediatric Population Health, UTHealth School of Public Health, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Harold W Kohl
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Melissa Valerio-Shewmaker
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health in Brownville, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Stacia M DeSantis
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health in Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ashraf Yaseen
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health in Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Steven H Kelder
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jessica Ross
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health (UTHealth) Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health in Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lindsay N Padilla
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health (UTHealth) Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health in Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael O Gonzalez
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health in Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Leqing Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, UTHealth Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health in Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Lakey
- University of Texas System, Austin, TX, USA
- The University of Texas Health Science Center Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA
| | | | - Stephen J Pont
- Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health (UTHealth) Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health in Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA
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6
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Dimopoulou D, Charakida M, Marmarinos A, Karaviti D, Avgeris M, Gourgiotis D, Tsolia MN. SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Kinetics in Unvaccinated Hospitalized Children With COVID-19. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2024; 43:536-542. [PMID: 38372544 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000004301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody levels decline a few months post-acute COVID-19, but humoral memory persists in adults. Age and disease severity may affect antibody responses. This study aims to evaluate the presence and durability of antibody responses in children with COVID-19. METHODS A prospective, single-center study, involving unvaccinated children 0-16 years of age who were hospitalized with COVID-19 between October 2020 and December 2021, was conducted. Serological testing for anti-Spike severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) IgG and neutralizing antibodies was performed at diagnosis and at 1-, 3-, 6- and 12-months post-infection. RESULTS A total of 65 immunocompetent children were enrolled [mean age (±SD): 6.7 (±6.4) years; males: 56.9%]. At 3 months, 40/44 (91%) children were seropositive; seropositivity persisted in 22/26 (85%) children at 6 months and in 10/12 (83%) children at 12 months. There was no evidence that age was modifying the prediction of variance of SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels. In contrast, SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels varied with time and disease severity. The association with time was non-linear, so that with increasing time there was a significant reduction in SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels [coef, 0.044 (95% confidence interval {CI}: 0.061-0.028), P < 0.001]. For each increment of time, the higher disease severity group was associated with 0.9 lower SARS-CoV-2 IgG levels. Everyone varied from the average effect of time with an SD of 0.01, suggesting that individuals may have different trajectories across time. CONCLUSION Disease severity, but not age, influences antibody titers among children hospitalized with COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces durable seroconversion in these children with detectable IgG levels at 1 year after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonios Marmarinos
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry-Molecular Diagnostics, Second Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "P. & A. Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Margaritis Avgeris
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry-Molecular Diagnostics, Second Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "P. & A. Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Gourgiotis
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry-Molecular Diagnostics, Second Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "P. & A. Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
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7
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Mentor G, Farrar DS, Di Chiara C, Dufour MSK, Valois S, Taillefer S, Drouin O, Renaud C, Kakkar F. The Effect of Age and Comorbidities: Children vs. Adults in Their Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:801. [PMID: 38793682 PMCID: PMC11126068 DOI: 10.3390/v16050801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
While children have experienced less severe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) after SARS-CoV-2 infection than adults, the cause of this remains unclear. The objective of this study was to describe the humoral immune response to COVID-19 in child vs. adult household contacts, and to identify predictors of the response over time. In this prospective cohort study, children with a positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test (index case) were recruited along with their adult household contacts. Serum IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 spike proteins were compared between children and adults at 6 and 12 months after infection. A total of 91 participants (37 adults and 54 children) from 36 families were enrolled. Overall, 78 (85.7%) participants were seropositive for anti-S1/S2 IgG antibody at 6 months following infection; this was higher in children than in adults (92.6% vs. 75.7%) (p = 0.05). Significant predictors of a lack of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity were age ≥ 25 vs. < 12 years (odds ratio [OR] = 0.23, p = 0.04), presence of comorbidities (vs. none, adjusted OR = 0.23, p = 0.03), and immunosuppression (vs. immunocompetent, adjusted OR = 0.17, p = 0.02).
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Affiliation(s)
- Girlande Mentor
- CHU Sainte-Justine, Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (G.M.); (O.D.)
| | - Daniel S. Farrar
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1E8, Canada (C.D.C.)
| | - Costanza Di Chiara
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1E8, Canada (C.D.C.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1E8, Canada
| | - Mi-Suk Kang Dufour
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Appliqué, Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada;
| | - Silvie Valois
- Centre D’infectiologie Mère-Enfant, Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (S.V.)
| | - Suzanne Taillefer
- Centre D’infectiologie Mère-Enfant, Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (S.V.)
| | - Olivier Drouin
- CHU Sainte-Justine, Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (G.M.); (O.D.)
| | - Christian Renaud
- Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada;
| | - Fatima Kakkar
- CHU Sainte-Justine, Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (G.M.); (O.D.)
- Centre D’infectiologie Mère-Enfant, Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (S.V.)
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8
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Qaqish A, Abbas MM, Alkhateeb M, Al-Tamimi M, Mustafa M, Al-Shudifat AE, Tarawneh S, Dawoud R, Mryyian A, Al-Ajaleen M. Anti_spike and anti_nucleocapsid IgG responses to SARS-CoV-2 in children of Jordan. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30631. [PMID: 38765100 PMCID: PMC11101777 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background It is proven that children have significantly milder COVID-19 disease compared to adults. Various immunological characteristics influence this age-related difference in protection against COVID-19. Pediatric COVID-19 in Jordan is extremely under reported. Objectives The primary goal of this work is to identify the anti_S and anti_N antibody responses in a random group of children in Jordan and compare it to that of naturally infected-unvaccinated adults. Methods 151 unvaccinated children, 4 days to 18 years old, were screened for anti_S and anti_N antibodies. History of COVID-19 infection or exposure to infection and symptom severity were reported by parents on a special questionnaire. Results 78.9 % and 65.3 % of participants were seropositive for anti_S IgG and anti_N Abs, respectively. There was a remarkable association between age and anti_S IgG and anti_N IgG antibody titers, as children aged 12 years or older had increased anti_S IgG titers (mean = 19.3 BAU/mL) compared to younger groups (means of 10.15, 9.24, 7.91 BAU/mL for age groups 6-12, 1-6, less than 1 year, respectively). Gender did not show a statistically important role in anti_S and anti_N IgG seropositivity rates or titers. Children displayed significantly elevated anti_S titers (mean = 13.23 BAU/mL) compared to naturally infected adults (mean = 9.72 BAU/mL), in contrast, adults' anti_N titers (mean = 39.64 U/mL) were significantly higher compared to those of children (mean = 10.77 U/mL). Conclusions The current work provides evidence of distinctly robust and persistent humoral immunity displayed by high anti_S and anti_N IgG in children, even >12 months post-infection. Age was the only factor that had a significant statistical impact on anti_S and anti_N Ab levels among the pediatric group in this study. Children exhibited significantly higher anti_S titers than naturally infected adults. In contrast, adults' anti_N titers were significantly higher. Such information can assist direct pediatric SARS-CoV-2 immunization programs, with implications for creating age-targeted strategies for diagnostic and population protection measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Qaqish
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
- Department of Cellular Therapy and Applied Genomics, King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
| | - Manal Mohammad Abbas
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Alkhateeb
- Department of Internal Medicine, King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Al-Tamimi
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Minas Mustafa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Abdel-Ellah Al-Shudifat
- Department of Internal and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Shahd Tarawneh
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Rand Dawoud
- Institute for Family Health, King Hussein Foundation, Amman, Jordan
| | - Amel Mryyian
- Department of Pediatrics, King Hussein Cancer Center (KHCC), Amman, Jordan
| | - Mu'ath Al-Ajaleen
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
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9
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Powell AA, Dowell AC, Moss P, Ladhani SN. Current state of COVID-19 in children: 4 years on. J Infect 2024; 88:106134. [PMID: 38432584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Children have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite evidence of a very low risk of severe disease, children were subjected to extensive lockdown, restriction and mitigation measures, including school closures, to control the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in most parts of the world. In this review we summarise the UK experience of COVID-19 in children four years into the largest and longest pandemic of this century. We address the risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection, immunity, transmission, severity and outcomes in children. We also assess the implementation, uptake, effectiveness and impact of COVID-19 vaccination, as well as the emergence, evolution and near disappearance of PIMS-TS (paediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome temporally associated with SARS-CoV-2) and current understanding of long COVID in children. This review consolidates current knowledge on childhood COVID-19 and emphasises the importance of continued research and the need for research-driven public health actions and policy decisions, especially in the context of new variants and future vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel A Powell
- Public Health Programmes, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK.
| | - Alexander C Dowell
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Shamez N Ladhani
- Public Health Programmes, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK; Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St. George's University of London, London, UK
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10
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Fracella M, Mancino E, Nenna R, Virgillito C, Frasca F, D'Auria A, Sorrentino L, Petrarca L, La Regina D, Matera L, Di Mattia G, Caputo B, Antonelli G, Pierangeli A, Viscidi RP, Midulla F, Scagnolari C. Age-related transcript changes in type I interferon signaling in children and adolescents with long COVID. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2350682. [PMID: 38522030 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 typically causes mild symptoms in children, but evidence suggests that persistent immunopathological changes may lead to long COVID (LC). To explore the interplay between LC and innate immunity, we assessed the type I interferon (IFN-I) response in children and adolescents with LC symptoms (LC; n = 28). This was compared with age-matched SARS-CoV-2 recovered participants without LC symptoms (MC; n = 28) and healthy controls (HC; n = 18). We measured the mRNA expression of IFN-I (IFN-α/β/ε/ω), IFN-I receptor (IFNAR1/2), and ISGs (ISG15, ISG56, MxA, IFI27, BST2, LY6E, OAS1, OAS2, OAS3, and MDA5) in PBMCs collected 3-6 months after COVID-19. LC adolescents (12-17 years) had higher transcript levels of IFN-β, IFN-ε, and IFN-ω than HC, whereas LC children (6-11 years) had lower levels than HC. In adolescents, increased levels of IFN-α, IFN-β, and IFN-ω mRNAs were found in the LC group compared with MC, while lower levels were observed in LC children than MC. Adolescents with neurological symptoms had higher IFN-α/β mRNA levels than MC. LC and MC participants showed decreased expression of ISGs and IFNAR1, but increased expression of IFNAR2, than HC. Our results show age-related changes in the expression of transcripts involved in the IFN-I signaling pathway in children and adolescents with LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Fracella
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrica Mancino
- Department of Pediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Nenna
- Department of Pediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Virgillito
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Frasca
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra D'Auria
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Leonardo Sorrentino
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Petrarca
- Department of Pediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico La Regina
- Department of Pediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Matera
- Department of Pediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Greta Di Mattia
- Department of Pediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Beniamino Caputo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Antonelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pierangeli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Raphael P Viscidi
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fabio Midulla
- Department of Pediatrics and Infantile Neuropsychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Scagnolari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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11
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Sariol A, Vickers MA, Christensen SM, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Norris AW, Tansey MJ, Pinnaro CT, Perlman S. Monovalent SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Does not Boost Omicron-Specific Immune Response in Diabetic and Control Pediatric Patients. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:1059-1067. [PMID: 37624979 PMCID: PMC11011175 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
While the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines has been well described in adults, pediatric populations have been less studied. In particular, children with type 1 diabetes are generally at elevated risk for more severe disease after infections, but are understudied in terms of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 vaccine responses. We investigated the immunogenicity of COVID-19 mRNA vaccinations in 35 children with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and 23 controls and found that these children develop levels of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody titers and spike protein-specific T cells comparable to nondiabetic children. However, in comparing the neutralizing antibody responses in children who received 2 doses of mRNA vaccines (24 T1D; 14 controls) with those who received a third, booster dose (11 T1D; 9 controls), we found that the booster dose increased neutralizing antibody titers against ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strains but, unexpectedly, not Omicron lineage variants. In contrast, boosting enhanced Omicron variant neutralizing antibody titers in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Sariol
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Molly A Vickers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Shannon M Christensen
- Department of Pediatrics-Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Andrew W Norris
- Department of Pediatrics-Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Michael J Tansey
- Department of Pediatrics-Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Catherina T Pinnaro
- Department of Pediatrics-Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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12
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Sun YK, Wang C, Lin PQ, Hu L, Ye J, Gao ZG, Lin R, Li HM, Shu Q, Huang LS, Tan LH. Severe pediatric COVID-19: a review from the clinical and immunopathophysiological perspectives. World J Pediatr 2024; 20:307-324. [PMID: 38321331 PMCID: PMC11052880 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-023-00790-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) tends to have mild presentations in children. However, severe and critical cases do arise in the pediatric population with debilitating systemic impacts and can be fatal at times, meriting further attention from clinicians. Meanwhile, the intricate interactions between the pathogen virulence factors and host defense mechanisms are believed to play indispensable roles in severe COVID-19 pathophysiology but remain incompletely understood. DATA SOURCES A comprehensive literature review was conducted for pertinent publications by reviewers independently using the PubMed, Embase, and Wanfang databases. Searched keywords included "COVID-19 in children", "severe pediatric COVID-19", and "critical illness in children with COVID-19". RESULTS Risks of developing severe COVID-19 in children escalate with increasing numbers of co-morbidities and an unvaccinated status. Acute respiratory distress stress and necrotizing pneumonia are prominent pulmonary manifestations, while various forms of cardiovascular and neurological involvement may also be seen. Multiple immunological processes are implicated in the host response to COVID-19 including the type I interferon and inflammasome pathways, whose dysregulation in severe and critical diseases translates into adverse clinical manifestations. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a potentially life-threatening immune-mediated condition chronologically associated with COVID-19 exposure, denotes another scientific and clinical conundrum that exemplifies the complexity of pediatric immunity. Despite the considerable dissimilarities between the pediatric and adult immune systems, clinical trials dedicated to children are lacking and current management recommendations are largely adapted from adult guidelines. CONCLUSIONS Severe pediatric COVID-19 can affect multiple organ systems. The dysregulated immune pathways in severe COVID-19 shape the disease course, epitomize the vast functional diversity of the pediatric immune system and highlight the immunophenotypical differences between children and adults. Consequently, further research may be warranted to adequately address them in pediatric-specific clinical practice guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Kan Sun
- Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310030, China
| | - Can Wang
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Pei-Quan Lin
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Lei Hu
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Ru Lin
- Department of Cardiopulmonary and Extracorporeal Life Support, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Hao-Min Li
- Clinical Data Center, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Qiang Shu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China
| | - Li-Su Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China.
| | - Lin-Hua Tan
- Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310052, China.
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13
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Maino A, Amen A, Plumas J, Bouquet L, Deschamps M, Saas P, Chaperot L, Manches O. Development of a New Off-the-Shelf Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell-Based Approach for the Expansion and Characterization of SARS-CoV-2-Specific T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:825-833. [PMID: 38214610 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Global vaccination against COVID-19 has been widely successful; however, there is a need for complementary immunotherapies in severe forms of the disease and in immunocompromised patients. Cytotoxic CD8+ T cells have a crucial role in disease control, but their function can be dysregulated in severe forms of the disease. We report here a cell-based approach using a plasmacytoid dendritic cell line (PDC*line) to expand in vitro specific CD8+ responses against COVID-19 Ags. We tested the immunogenicity of eight HLA-A*02:01 restricted peptides derived from diverse SARS-Cov-2 proteins, selected by bioinformatics analyses in unexposed and convalescent donors. Higher ex vivo frequencies of specific T cells against these peptides were found in convalescent donors compared with unexposed donors, suggesting in situ T cell expansion upon viral infection. The peptide-loaded PDC*line induced robust CD8+ responses with total amplification rates that led up to a 198-fold increase in peptide-specific CD8+ T cell frequencies for a single donor. Of note, six of eight selected peptides provided significant amplifications, all of which were conserved between SARS-CoV variants and derived from the membrane, the spike protein, the nucleoprotein, and the ORF1ab. Amplified and cloned antiviral CD8+ T cells secreted IFN-γ upon peptide-specific activation. Furthermore, specific TCR sequences were identified for two highly immunogenic Ags. Hence, PDC*line represents an efficient platform to identify immunogenic viral targets for future immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Maino
- Etablissement Français du Sang, Recherche et Développement, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Axelle Amen
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, UMR 5075, Institut de Biologie Structurale, Grenoble, France
| | - Joël Plumas
- Etablissement Français du Sang, Recherche et Développement, Grenoble, France
- PDC*line Pharma SAS, Grenoble, France
| | - Lucie Bouquet
- Université de Franche-Comté, Etablissement Français du Sang, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, Besançon, France
| | - Marina Deschamps
- Université de Franche-Comté, Etablissement Français du Sang, INSERM, UMR RIGHT, Besançon, France
| | - Philippe Saas
- Etablissement Français du Sang, Recherche et Développement, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Chaperot
- Etablissement Français du Sang, Recherche et Développement, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Manches
- Etablissement Français du Sang, Recherche et Développement, Grenoble, France
- Université Grenoble Alpes, INSERM U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Grenoble, France
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14
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Abela IA, Schwarzmüller M, Ulyte A, Radtke T, Haile SR, Ammann P, Raineri A, Rueegg S, Epp S, Berger C, Böni J, Manrique A, Audigé A, Huber M, Schreiber PW, Scheier T, Fehr J, Weber J, Rusert P, Günthard HF, Kouyos RD, Puhan MA, Kriemler S, Trkola A, Pasin C. Cross-protective HCoV immunity reduces symptom development during SARS-CoV-2 infection. mBio 2024; 15:e0272223. [PMID: 38270455 PMCID: PMC10865973 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02722-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous clinical parameters link to severe coronavirus disease 2019, but factors that prevent symptomatic disease remain unknown. We investigated the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and endemic human coronavirus (HCoV) antibody responses on symptoms in a longitudinal children cohort (n = 2,917) and a cross-sectional cohort including children and adults (n = 882), all first exposed to SARS-CoV-2 (March 2020 to March 2021) in Switzerland. Saliva (n = 4,993) and plasma (n = 7,486) antibody reactivity to the four HCoVs (subunit S1 [S1]) and SARS-CoV-2 (S1, receptor binding domain, subunit S2 [S2], nucleocapsid protein) was determined along with neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan, Alpha, Delta, and Omicron (BA.2) in a subset of individuals. Inferred recent SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with a strong correlation between mucosal and systemic SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike responses. Individuals with pre-existing HCoV-S1 reactivity exhibited significantly higher antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in both plasma (IgG regression coefficients = 0.20, 95% CI = [0.09, 0.32], P < 0.001) and saliva (IgG regression coefficient = 0.60, 95% CI = [0.088, 1.11], P = 0.025). Saliva neutralization activity was modest but surprisingly broad, retaining activity against Wuhan (median NT50 = 32.0, 1Q-3Q = [16.4, 50.2]), Alpha (median NT50 = 34.9, 1Q-3Q = [26.0, 46.6]), and Delta (median NT50 = 28.0, 1Q-3Q = [19.9, 41.7]). In line with a rapid mucosal defense triggered by cross-reactive HCoV immunity, asymptomatic individuals presented with higher pre-existing HCoV-S1 activity in plasma (IgG HKU1, odds ratio [OR] = 0.53, 95% CI = [0.29,0.97], P = 0.038) and saliva (total HCoV, OR = 0.55, 95% CI = [0.33, 0.91], P = 0.019) and higher SARS-CoV-2 reactivity in saliva (IgG S2 fold change = 1.26, 95% CI = [1.03, 1.54], P = 0.030). By investigating the systemic and mucosal immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and HCoVs in a population without prior exposure to SARS-CoV-2 or vaccination, we identified specific antibody reactivities associated with lack of symptom development.IMPORTANCEKnowledge of the interplay between human coronavirus (HCoV) immunity and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is critical to understanding the coexistence of current endemic coronaviruses and to building knowledge potential future zoonotic coronavirus transmissions. This study, which retrospectively analyzed a large cohort of individuals first exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in Switzerland in 2020-2021, revealed several key findings. Pre-existing HCoV immunity, particularly mucosal antibody responses, played a significant role in improving SARS-CoV-2 immune response upon infection and reducing symptoms development. Mucosal neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2, although low in magnitude, retained activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants underlining the importance of maintaining local mucosal immunity to SARS-CoV-2. While the cross-protective effect of HCoV immunity was not sufficient to block infection by SARS-CoV-2, the present study revealed a remarkable impact on limiting symptomatic disease. These findings support the feasibility of generating pan-protective coronavirus vaccines by inducing potent mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene A. Abela
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Agne Ulyte
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Radtke
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah R. Haile
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Priska Ammann
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessia Raineri
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Rueegg
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Selina Epp
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jürg Böni
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amapola Manrique
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Audigé
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Huber
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter W. Schreiber
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Scheier
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Fehr
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Weber
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Rusert
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F. Günthard
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger D. Kouyos
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Milo A. Puhan
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susi Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chloé Pasin
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Collegium Helveticum, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Röltgen K, Boyd SD. Antibody and B Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination: The End of the Beginning. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:69-97. [PMID: 37738512 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-031521-042754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic has evolved during the past years, interactions between human immune systems, rapidly mutating and selected SARS-CoV-2 viral variants, and effective vaccines have complicated the landscape of individual immunological histories. Here, we review some key findings for antibody and B cell-mediated immunity, including responses to the highly mutated omicron variants; immunological imprinting and other impacts of successive viral antigenic variant exposures on antibody and B cell memory; responses in secondary lymphoid and mucosal tissues and non-neutralizing antibody-mediated immunity; responses in populations vulnerable to severe disease such as those with cancer, immunodeficiencies, and other comorbidities, as well as populations showing apparent resistance to severe disease such as many African populations; and evidence of antibody involvement in postacute sequelae of infection or long COVID. Despite the initial phase of the pandemic ending, human populations will continue to face challenges presented by this unpredictable virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Röltgen
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA;
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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16
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Benede N, Tincho MB, Walters A, Subbiah V, Ngomti A, Baguma R, Butters C, Hahnle L, Mennen M, Skelem S, Adriaanse M, Facey-Thomas H, Scott C, Day J, Spracklen TF, van Graan S, Balla SR, Moyo-Gwete T, Moore PL, MacGinty R, Botha M, Workman L, Johnson M, Goldblatt D, Zar HJ, Ntusi NA, Zühlke L, Webb K, Riou C, Burgers WA, Keeton RS. Distinct T cell polyfunctional profile in SARS-CoV-2 seronegative children associated with endemic human coronavirus cross-reactivity. iScience 2024; 27:108728. [PMID: 38235336 PMCID: PMC10792240 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection in children typically results in asymptomatic or mild disease. There is a paucity of studies on SARS-CoV-2 antiviral immunity in African children. We investigated SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in 71 unvaccinated asymptomatic South African children who were seropositive or seronegative for SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cell responses were detectable in 83% of seropositive and 60% of seronegative children. Although the magnitude of the CD4+ T cell response did not differ significantly between the two groups, their functional profiles were distinct, with SARS-CoV-2 seropositive children exhibiting a higher proportion of polyfunctional T cells compared to their seronegative counterparts. The frequency of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells in seronegative children was associated with the endemic human coronavirus (HCoV) HKU1 IgG response. Overall, the presence of SARS-CoV-2-responding T cells in seronegative children may result from cross-reactivity to endemic coronaviruses and could contribute to the relative protection from disease observed in SARS-CoV-2-infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntombi Benede
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Marius B. Tincho
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Avril Walters
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Vennesa Subbiah
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Amkele Ngomti
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Richard Baguma
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Claire Butters
- Division of Paediatric Rheumatology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Lina Hahnle
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Mathilda Mennen
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Sango Skelem
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Marguerite Adriaanse
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Heidi Facey-Thomas
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Christiaan Scott
- Division of Paediatric Rheumatology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Day
- Division of Paediatric Rheumatology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Timothy F. Spracklen
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Francie Van Zijl Drive, Parow Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Strauss van Graan
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sashkia R. Balla
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thandeka Moyo-Gwete
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rae MacGinty
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Maresa Botha
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lesley Workman
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marina Johnson
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Goldblatt
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Heather J. Zar
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Ntobeko A.B. Ntusi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
- Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Liesl Zühlke
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Francie Van Zijl Drive, Parow Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kate Webb
- Division of Paediatric Rheumatology, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Crick African Network, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Catherine Riou
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Wendy A. Burgers
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Roanne S. Keeton
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
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17
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Verheul MK, Vos M, de Rond L, De Zeeuw-Brouwer ML, Nijhof KH, Smit D, Oomen D, Molenaar P, Bogaard M, van Bergen R, Middelhof I, Beckers L, Wijmenga-Monsuur AJ, Buisman AM, Boer MC, van Binnendijk R, de Wit J, Guichelaar T. Contribution of SARS-CoV-2 infection preceding COVID-19 mRNA vaccination to generation of cellular and humoral immune responses in children. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1327875. [PMID: 38193077 PMCID: PMC10773747 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1327875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary COVID-19 vaccination for children, 5-17 years of age, was offered in the Netherlands at a time when a substantial part of this population had already experienced a SARS-CoV-2 infection. While vaccination has been shown effective, underlying immune responses have not been extensively studied. We studied immune responsiveness to one and/or two doses of primary BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination and compared the humoral and cellular immune response in children with and without a preceding infection. Antibodies targeting the original SARS-CoV-2 Spike or Omicron Spike were measured by multiplex immunoassay. B-cell and T-cell responses were investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assays. The activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was studied by flowcytometry. Primary vaccination induced both a humoral and cellular adaptive response in naive children. These responses were stronger in those with a history of infection prior to vaccination. A second vaccine dose did not further boost antibody levels in those who previously experienced an infection. Infection-induced responsiveness prior to vaccination was mainly detected in CD8+ T cells, while vaccine-induced T-cell responses were mostly by CD4+ T cells. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to vaccination enhances adaptive cellular and humoral immune responses to primary COVID-19 vaccination in children. As most children are now expected to contract infection before the age of five, the impact of infection-induced immunity in children is of high relevance. Therefore, considering natural infection as a priming immunogen that enhances subsequent vaccine-responsiveness may help decision-making on the number and timing of vaccine doses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Teun Guichelaar
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
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18
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Ratcliffe H, Tiley KS, Longet S, Tonry C, Roarty C, Watson C, Amirthalingam G, Vichos I, Morey E, Douglas NL, Marinou S, Plested E, Aley PK, Galiza E, Faust SN, Hughes S, Murray C, Roderick MR, Shackley F, Oddie S, Lee TW, Turner DP, Raman M, Owens S, Turner PJ, Cockerill H, Lopez Bernal J, Ijaz S, Poh J, Shute J, Linley E, Borrow R, Hoschler K, Brown KE, Carroll MW, Klenerman P, Dunachie SJ, Ramsay M, Voysey M, Waterfield T, Snape MD. Serum HCoV-spike specific antibodies do not protect against subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents. iScience 2023; 26:108500. [PMID: 38089581 PMCID: PMC10711458 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infections in children are generally asymptomatic or mild and rarely progress to severe disease and hospitalization. Why this is so remains unclear. Here we explore the potential for protection due to pre-existing cross-reactive seasonal coronavirus antibodies and compare the rate of antibody decline for nucleocapsid and spike protein in serum and oral fluid against SARS-CoV-2 within the pediatric population. No differences in seasonal coronaviruses antibody concentrations were found at baseline between cases and controls, suggesting no protective effect from pre-existing immunity against seasonal coronaviruses. Antibodies against seasonal betacoronaviruses were boosted in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In serum, anti-nucleocapsid antibodies fell below the threshold of positivity more quickly than anti-spike protein antibodies. These findings add to our understanding of protection against infection with SARS-CoV-2 within the pediatric population, which is important when considering pediatric SARS-CoV-2 immunization policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Ratcliffe
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Karen S. Tiley
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Claire Tonry
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - Cathal Roarty
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - Chris Watson
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Iason Vichos
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ella Morey
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Naomi L. Douglas
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Spyridoula Marinou
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma Plested
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Parvinder K. Aley
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eva Galiza
- St Georges Hospital NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Saul N. Faust
- NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and Faculty of Medicine and Institute of Life Sciences, University of Southampton
- National Immunisation Schedule Evaluation Consortium
| | - Stephen Hughes
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Clare Murray
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Sam Oddie
- Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | | | - David P.J. Turner
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust
| | | | - Stephen Owens
- The Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Paul J. Turner
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Miles W. Carroll
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford BRC
| | - Susanna J. Dunachie
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford BRC
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Merryn Voysey
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Thomas Waterfield
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast- School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Belfast, UK
| | - Matthew D. Snape
- Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Immunisation Schedule Evaluation Consortium
- West Suffolk NHS Foundation Trust
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19
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Ye W, Li K, Zhao Z, Wu S, Qu H, Guo Y, Abudunaibi B, Chen W, Cai S, Chen C, Lin J, Xie Z, Zhan M, Ou J, Deng Y, Chen T, Zheng K. Inactivated vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic COVID-19 in Fujian, China during the Omicron BA.2 outbreak. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1269194. [PMID: 38162626 PMCID: PMC10757624 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1269194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective More than 90% of the Chinese population have completed 2 doses of inactivated COVID-19 vaccines in Mainland China. However, after China government abandoned strict control measures, many breakthrough infections appeared, and vaccine effectiveness against Omicron BA.2 infection was uncertain. This study aims to investigate the real-world effectiveness of widely used inactivated vaccines during the wave of Omicron variants. Methods Test-negative case-control study was conducted in this study to analyze the vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic disease caused by the Omicron variant (BA.2) in Fujian, China. Conditional logistic regression was selected to estimate the vaccine effectiveness. Results The study found the vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic COVID-19 is 32.46% (95% CI, 8.08% to 50.37%) at 2 to 8 weeks, and 27.05% (95% CI, 1.23% to 46.12%) at 12 to 24 weeks after receiving booster doses of the inactivated vaccine. Notably, the 3-17 years group had higher vaccine effectiveness after 2 doses than the 18-64 years and over 65 years groups who received booster doses. Conclusion Inactivated vaccines alone may not offer sufficient protection for all age groups before the summer of 2022. To enhance protection, other types of vaccines or bivalent vaccines should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Ye
- Institute of Emergency Response and Epidemic Management, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kangguo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zeyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shenggen Wu
- Institute of Emergency Response and Epidemic Management, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huimin Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yichao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Buasiyamu Abudunaibi
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wu Chen
- Institute of Emergency Response and Epidemic Management, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shaojian Cai
- Institute of Emergency Response and Epidemic Management, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Cailin Chen
- Institute of Emergency Response and Epidemic Management, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Lin
- Institute of Emergency Response and Epidemic Management, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhonghang Xie
- Institute of Emergency Response and Epidemic Management, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meirong Zhan
- Institute of Emergency Response and Epidemic Management, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jianming Ou
- Institute of Emergency Response and Epidemic Management, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yanqin Deng
- Institute of Emergency Response and Epidemic Management, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tianmu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang an Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Kuicheng Zheng
- Institute of Emergency Response and Epidemic Management, Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou, China
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20
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Huang PC, Lin TY, Chen CC, Wang SW, Tsai BY, Tsai PJ, Tu YF, Ko WC, Cheng CM, Shieh CC, Liu CC, Shen CF. Age and prior vaccination determine the antibody level in children with primary SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2023; 56:1187-1197. [PMID: 37739902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reinfection relies on immunity generated after primary infection. However, humoral immunity following primary infection with the Omicron variant is not well understood. METHODS We prospectively recruited children <19 years with virologically-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection at National Cheng Kung University Hospital from February 2022 to September 2022 during the first wave of Omicron BA.2 outbreak in Taiwan. Serum samples were collected one month after acute infection to measure anti-spike protein receptor binding domain antibody levels and surrogate virus neutralizing antibody (NAb) levels against wild type disease and variants. RESULTS Of the 164 patients enrolled, most were under 5 years (65.2%) with a diagnosis of upper respiratory tract infection. Children under 6 months with maternal coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination had higher levels of both anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody (119.0 vs 27.4 U/ml, p < 0.05) and anti-wild type NAb (56.9% vs 27.6% inhibition, p = 0.001) than those without. Children aged 5-12 years with prior vaccination had higher anti-spike antibody, anti-wild type, and anti-Omicron BA.2 NAb levels than those without (all p < 0.05). In previously naïve children without maternal or self-vaccination, those 6 months to 2 years had the highest antibody levels. Multivariable linear regression analysis showed age was the only independent factor associated with antibody level. CONCLUSIONS In our study, children aged 6 months to 2 years have the highest antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant infection. Age and prior vaccination are the main factors influencing the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Chen Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ting-Yu Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Kuo General Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chia Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bo-Yang Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Jane Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Fang Tu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Chien Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chao-Min Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-Chang Shieh
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Chuan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC; Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70101, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ching-Fen Shen
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan, ROC.
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21
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Raineri A, Radtke T, Rueegg S, Haile SR, Menges D, Ballouz T, Ulyte A, Fehr J, Cornejo DL, Pantaleo G, Pellaton C, Fenwick C, Puhan MA, Kriemler S. Persistent humoral immune response in youth throughout the COVID-19 pandemic: prospective school-based cohort study. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7764. [PMID: 38012137 PMCID: PMC10682435 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the development of humoral immune responses of children and adolescents to SARS-CoV-2 is essential for designing effective public health measures. Here we examine the changes of humoral immune response in school-aged children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic (June 2020 to July 2022), with a specific interest in the Omicron variant (beginning of 2022). In our study "Ciao Corona", we assess in each of the five testing rounds between 1874 and 2500 children and adolescents from 55 schools in the canton of Zurich with a particular focus on a longitudinal cohort (n=751). By July 2022, 96.9% (95% credible interval 95.3-98.1%) of children and adolescents have SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG (S-IgG) antibodies. Those with hybrid immunity or vaccination have higher S-IgG titres and stronger neutralising responses against Wildtype, Delta and Omicron BA.1 variants compared to those infected but unvaccinated. S-IgG persist over 18 months in 93% of children and adolescents. During the study period one adolescent was hospitalised for less than 24 hours possibly related to an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings show that the Omicron wave and the rollout of vaccines boosted S-IgG titres and neutralising capacity. Trial registration number: NCT04448717. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04448717 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Raineri
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001 Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Radtke
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001 Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Rueegg
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001 Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah R Haile
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001 Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Menges
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001 Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tala Ballouz
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001 Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Agne Ulyte
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001 Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Fehr
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001 Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel L Cornejo
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001 Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Céline Pellaton
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Craig Fenwick
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Milo A Puhan
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001 Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susi Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Hirschengraben 84, 8001 Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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22
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Wang L, Nicols A, Turtle L, Richter A, Duncan CJA, Dunachie SJ, Klenerman P, Payne RP. T cell immune memory after covid-19 and vaccination. BMJ MEDICINE 2023; 2:e000468. [PMID: 38027416 PMCID: PMC10668147 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmed-2022-000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The T cell memory response is a crucial component of adaptive immunity responsible for limiting or preventing viral reinfection. T cell memory after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus or vaccination is broad, and spans multiple viral proteins and epitopes, about 20 in each individual. So far the T cell memory response is long lasting and provides a high level of cross reactivity and hence resistance to viral escape by variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, such as the omicron variant. All current vaccine regimens tested produce robust T cell memory responses, and heterologous regimens will probably enhance protective responses through increased breadth. T cell memory could have a major role in protecting against severe covid-19 disease through rapid viral clearance and early presentation of epitopes, and the presence of cross reactive T cells might enhance this protection. T cell memory is likely to provide ongoing protection against admission to hospital and death, and the development of a pan-coronovirus vaccine might future proof against new pandemic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Wang
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alex Nicols
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alex Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher JA Duncan
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Susanna J Dunachie
- NDM Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University Faculty of Science, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rebecca P Payne
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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23
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Paniskaki K, Goretzki S, Anft M, Konik MJ, Lechtenberg K, Vogl M, Meister TL, Pfaender S, Zettler M, Jäger J, Dolff S, Westhoff TH, Rohn H, Felderhoff-Mueser U, Stervbo U, Witzke O, Dohna-Schwake C, Babel N. Fading SARS-CoV-2 humoral VOC cross-reactivity and sustained cellular immunity in convalescent children and adolescents. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:818. [PMID: 37993788 PMCID: PMC10664582 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08805-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-reactive cellular and humoral immunity can substantially contribute to antiviral defense against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC). While the adult SARS-CoV-2 cellular and humoral immunity and its cross-recognition potential against VOC is broadly analyzed, similar data regarding the pediatric population are missing. In this study, we perform an analysis of the humoral and cellular SARS-CoV-2 response immune of 32 convalescent COVID-19 children (children), 27 convalescent vaccinated adults(C + V+) and 7 unvaccinated convalescent adults (C + V-). Similarly to adults, a significant reduction of cross-reactive neutralizing capacity against delta and omicron VOC was observed 6 months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. While SAR-CoV-2 neutralizing capacity was comparable among children and C + V- against all VOC, children demonstrated as expected an inferior humoral response when compared to C + V+. Nevertheless, children generated SARS-CoV-2 reactive T cells with broad cross-recognition potential. When compared to V + C+, children presented even comparable frequencies of WT-reactive CD4 + and CD8 + T cells with high avidity and functionality. Taking into consideration the limitations of study - unknown disease onset for 53% of the asymptomatic pediatric subjects, serological detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection-, our results suggest that following SARS-CoV-2 infection children generate a humoral SARS-CoV-2 response with neutralizing potential comparable to unvaccinated COVID-19 convalescent adults as well a sustained SARS-CoV-2 cellular response cross-reactive to VOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystallenia Paniskaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Sarah Goretzki
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Moritz Anft
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Margarethe J Konik
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Klara Lechtenberg
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Melanie Vogl
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Toni L Meister
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie Pfaender
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Zettler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jasmin Jäger
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dolff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Timm H Westhoff
- Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Hana Rohn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ursula Felderhoff-Mueser
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrik Stervbo
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Oliver Witzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Dohna-Schwake
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nina Babel
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - University Clinic Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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24
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Wall SC, Suryadevara N, Kim C, Shiakolas AR, Holt CM, Irbe EB, Wasdin PT, Suresh YP, Binshtein E, Chen EC, Zost SJ, Canfield E, Crowe JE, Thompson-Arildsen MA, Sheward DJ, Carnahan RH, Georgiev IS. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies from children exhibit broad neutralization and belong to adult public clonotypes. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101267. [PMID: 37935199 PMCID: PMC10694659 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
From the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, children have exhibited different susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, reinfection, and disease compared with adults. Motivated by the established significance of SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies in adults, here we characterize SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody repertoires in a young cohort of individuals aged from 5 months to 18 years old. Our results show that neutralizing antibodies in children possess similar genetic features compared to antibodies identified in adults, with multiple antibodies from children belonging to previously established public antibody clonotypes in adults. Notably, antibodies from children show potent neutralization of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants that have cumulatively resulted in resistance to virtually all approved monoclonal antibody therapeutics. Our results show that children can rely on similar SARS-CoV-2 antibody neutralization mechanisms compared to adults and are an underutilized source for the discovery of effective antibody therapeutics to counteract the ever-evolving pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Wall
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Changil Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea R Shiakolas
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Clinton M Holt
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Emma B Irbe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Perry T Wasdin
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Program in Chemical and Physical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yukthi P Suresh
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Elad Binshtein
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Elaine C Chen
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Seth J Zost
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elizabeth Canfield
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mary Ann Thompson-Arildsen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel J Sheward
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ivelin S Georgiev
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Program in Computational Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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25
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Pillay A, Yeola A, Tea F, Denkova M, Houston S, Burrell R, Merheb V, Lee FXZ, Lopez JA, Moran L, Jadhav A, Sterling K, Lai CL, Vitagliano TL, Aggarwal A, Catchpoole D, Wood N, Phan TG, Nanan R, Hsu P, Turville SG, Britton PN, Brilot F. Infection and Vaccine Induced Spike Antibody Responses Against SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern in COVID-19-Naïve Children and Adults. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:1706-1723. [PMID: 37405544 PMCID: PMC10661752 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01540-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Although a more efficient adaptive humoral immune response has been proposed to underlie the usually favorable outcome of pediatric COVID-19, the breadth of viral and vaccine cross-reactivity toward the ever-mutating Spike protein among variants of concern (VOCs) has not yet been compared between children and adults. We assessed antibodies to conformational Spike in COVID-19-naïve children and adults vaccinated by BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1, and naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2 Early Clade, Delta, and Omicron. Sera were analyzed against Spike including naturally occurring VOCs Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.5, BQ.1.1, BA2.75.2, and XBB.1, and variants of interest Epsilon, Kappa, Eta, D.2, and artificial mutant Spikes. There was no notable difference between breadth and longevity of antibody against VOCs in children and adults. Vaccinated individuals displayed similar immunoreactivity profiles across variants compared with naturally infected individuals. Delta-infected patients had an enhanced cross-reactivity toward Delta and earlier VOCs compared to patients infected by Early Clade SARS-CoV-2. Although Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.5, BQ.1.1, BA2.75.2, and XBB.1 antibody titers were generated after Omicron infection, cross-reactive binding against Omicron subvariants was reduced across all infection, immunization, and age groups. Some mutations, such as 498R and 501Y, epistatically combined to enhance cross-reactive binding, but could not fully compensate for antibody-evasive mutations within the Omicron subvariants tested. Our results reveal important molecular features central to the generation of high antibody titers and broad immunoreactivity that should be considered in future vaccine design and global serosurveillance in the context of limited vaccine boosters available to the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleha Pillay
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Avani Yeola
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fiona Tea
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Martina Denkova
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Samuel Houston
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca Burrell
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Vera Merheb
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fiona X Z Lee
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joseph A Lopez
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lilly Moran
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- National Center for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ajay Jadhav
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- National Center for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Katrina Sterling
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- National Center for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Catherine L Lai
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tennille L Vitagliano
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anupriya Aggarwal
- The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Dan Catchpoole
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nicholas Wood
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- National Center for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ralph Nanan
- Charles Perkins Center and Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter Hsu
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart G Turville
- The Kirby Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip N Britton
- Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fabienne Brilot
- Brain Autoimmunity Group, Kids Neuroscience Centre, Kids Research at the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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26
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Dowell AC, Tut G, Begum J, Bruton R, Bentley C, Butler M, Uwenedi G, Zuo J, Powell AA, Brent AJ, Brent B, Baawuah F, Okike I, Beckmann J, Ahmad S, Aiano F, Garstang J, Ramsay ME, Moss P, Ladhani SN. Nasal mucosal IgA levels against SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal coronaviruses are low in children but boosted by reinfection. J Infect 2023; 87:403-412. [PMID: 37660754 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Repeated coronavirus infections in childhood drive progressive maturation of systemic immune responses into adulthood. Analyses of immune responses in children have focused primarily upon systemic assessment but the importance of mucosal immunity is increasingly recognised. We studied virus-specific antibody responses in contemporaneous nasal swabs and blood samples from 99 children (4-15 years) and 28 adults (22-56 years), all of whom had prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Whilst mucosal IgA titres against Influenza and Respiratory Syncytial virus were comparable between children and adults, those against all coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, were lower in children. Mucosal IgA antibodies demonstrated comparable relative neutralisation capacity in both groups and retained activity against recent omicron variants such as XBB.1 which are highly evasive of IgG neutralisation. SARS-CoV-2 reinfection preferentially enhanced mucosal IgA responses whilst the impact of vaccination was more modest. Nasal IgA levels against coronaviruses thus display a pattern of incremental response to reinfection which likely determines the natural history of reinfection. This highlights the particular significance of developing mucosal vaccines against coronaviruses in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Dowell
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gokhan Tut
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jusnara Begum
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Bruton
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Bentley
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Megan Butler
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Grace Uwenedi
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jianmin Zuo
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Annabel A Powell
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Brent
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Old Road, Oxford, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bernadette Brent
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Old Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frances Baawuah
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ifeanyichukwu Okike
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, United Kingdom; University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Uttoxeter New Road, Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne Beckmann
- East London NHS Foundation Trust, 9 Allie Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shazaad Ahmad
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Felicity Aiano
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Garstang
- Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Holt Street, Aston, United Kingdom
| | - Mary E Ramsay
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Shamez N Ladhani
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, United Kingdom.
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27
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Wimmers F, Burrell AR, Feng Y, Zheng H, Arunachalam PS, Hu M, Spranger S, Nyhoff LE, Joshi D, Trisal M, Awasthi M, Bellusci L, Ashraf U, Kowli S, Konvinse KC, Yang E, Blanco M, Pellegrini K, Tharp G, Hagan T, Chinthrajah RS, Nguyen TT, Grifoni A, Sette A, Nadeau KC, Haslam DB, Bosinger SE, Wrammert J, Maecker HT, Utz PJ, Wang TT, Khurana S, Khatri P, Staat MA, Pulendran B. Multi-omics analysis of mucosal and systemic immunity to SARS-CoV-2 after birth. Cell 2023; 186:4632-4651.e23. [PMID: 37776858 PMCID: PMC10724861 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of immunity to infection in infants remain obscure. Here, we used a multi-omics approach to perform a longitudinal analysis of immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in infants and young children by analyzing blood samples and weekly nasal swabs collected before, during, and after infection with Omicron and non-Omicron variants. Infection stimulated robust antibody titers that, unlike in adults, showed no sign of decay for up to 300 days. Infants mounted a robust mucosal immune response characterized by inflammatory cytokines, interferon (IFN) α, and T helper (Th) 17 and neutrophil markers (interleukin [IL]-17, IL-8, and CXCL1). The immune response in blood was characterized by upregulation of activation markers on innate cells, no inflammatory cytokines, but several chemokines and IFNα. The latter correlated with viral load and expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in myeloid cells measured by single-cell multi-omics. Together, these data provide a snapshot of immunity to infection during the initial weeks and months of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wimmers
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Interfaculty Institute for Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany; DFG Cluster of Excellence 2180 "Image-guided and Functional Instructed Tumor Therapy" (iFIT), University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany; German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Baden-Wuerttemberg, Germany
| | - Allison R Burrell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, Division of Epidemiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Yupeng Feng
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hong Zheng
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Prabhu S Arunachalam
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mengyun Hu
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sara Spranger
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lindsay E Nyhoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Devyani Joshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Meera Trisal
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mayanka Awasthi
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Lorenza Bellusci
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Usama Ashraf
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sangeeta Kowli
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Katherine C Konvinse
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Emily Yang
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Blanco
- Stanford Genomics Service Center, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Gregory Tharp
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30024, USA
| | - Thomas Hagan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - R Sharon Chinthrajah
- Department of Medicine, Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tran T Nguyen
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Department of Medicine, Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David B Haslam
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30024, USA; Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jens Wrammert
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Holden T Maecker
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul J Utz
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Taia T Wang
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Surender Khurana
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Biomedical Informatics Research, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mary A Staat
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Khadri L, Ziraksaz MH, Barekzai AB, Ghauri B. T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 202:183-217. [PMID: 38237986 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
This chapter provides a comprehensive analysis of T cell responses in COVID-19, focusing on T cell differentiation, specificity, and functional characteristics during SARS-CoV-2 infection. The differentiation of T cells in COVID-19 is explored, highlighting the key factors that influence T cell fate and effector functions. The immunology of the spike protein, a critical component of SARS-CoV-2, is discussed in detail, emphasizing its role in driving T-cell responses. The cellular immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 during acute infection are examined, including the specificity, phenotype, and functional attributes of SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses. Furthermore, the chapter explores T-cell cross-recognition against other human coronaviruses (HCoVs) and the mechanisms of immune regulation mediated by spike proteins. This includes the induction of regulation through the innate immune system, the activation of self-spike protein-cross-reactive regulatory T cells, and the impact of self-tolerance on the regulation of spike proteins. The chapter investigates T cell responses to self-spike proteins and their implications in disease. The role of spike proteins as immunological targets in the context of COVID-19 is examined, shedding light on potential therapeutic interventions and clinical trials in autoimmune diseases. In conclusion, this chapter provides a comprehensive understanding of T cell responses in COVID-19, highlighting their differentiation, immune regulation, and clinical implications. This knowledge contributes to the development of targeted immunotherapies, vaccine strategies, and diagnostic approaches for COVID-19 and other related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiqha Khadri
- Department of Biotechnology, Immune Inspired, Bangalore.
| | | | | | - Baber Ghauri
- Department of Biotechnology, Immune Inspired, Bangalore
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29
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Jay C, Adland E, Csala A, Lim N, Longet S, Ogbe A, Ratcliff J, Sampson O, Thompson CP, Turtle L, Barnes E, Dunachie S, Klenerman P, Carroll M, Goulder P. Age- and sex-specific differences in immune responses to BNT162b2 COVID-19 and live-attenuated influenza vaccines in UK adolescents. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1248630. [PMID: 37942333 PMCID: PMC10627794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1248630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The key to understanding the COVID-19 correlates of protection is assessing vaccine-induced immunity in different demographic groups. Young people are at a lower risk of COVID-19 mortality, females are at a lower risk than males, and females often generate stronger immune responses to vaccination. Methods We studied immune responses to two doses of BNT162b2 Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine in an adolescent cohort (n = 34, ages 12-16), an age group previously shown to elicit significantly greater immune responses to the same vaccine than young adults. Adolescents were studied with the aim of comparing their response to BNT162b2 to that of adults; and to assess the impacts of other factors such as sex, ongoing SARS-CoV-2 infection in schools, and prior exposure to endemic coronaviruses that circulate at high levels in young people. At the same time, we were able to evaluate immune responses to the co-administered live attenuated influenza vaccine. Blood samples from 34 adolescents taken before and after vaccination with COVID-19 and influenza vaccines were assayed for SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and neutralising antibodies and cellular immunity specific for SARS-CoV-2 and endemic betacoronaviruses. The IgG targeting influenza lineages contained in the influenza vaccine were also assessed. Results Robust neutralising responses were identified in previously infected adolescents after one dose, and two doses were required in infection-naïve adolescents. As previously demonstrated, total IgG responses to SARS-CoV-2 Spike were significantly higher among vaccinated adolescents than among adults (aged 32-52) who received the BNT162b2 vaccine (comparing infection-naïve, 49,696 vs. 33,339; p = 0.03; comparing SARS-CoV-2 previously infected, 743,691 vs. 269,985; p <0.0001) by the MSD v-plex assay. There was no evidence of a stronger vaccine-induced immunity in females compared than in males. Discussion These findings may result from the introduction of novel mRNA vaccination platforms, generating patterns of immunity divergent from established trends and providing new insights into what might be protective following COVID-19 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Jay
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Adland
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Csala
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Lim
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ane Ogbe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Ratcliff
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Sampson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Craig P. Thompson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Warwick, United Kingdom
| | - Lance Turtle
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna Dunachie
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Miles Carroll
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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30
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Francis ME, Jansen EB, Yourkowski A, Selim A, Swan CL, MacPhee BK, Thivierge B, Buchanan R, Lavender KJ, Darbellay J, Rogers MB, Lew J, Gerdts V, Falzarano D, Skowronski DM, Sjaarda C, Kelvin AA. Previous infection with seasonal coronaviruses does not protect male Syrian hamsters from challenge with SARS-CoV-2. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5990. [PMID: 37752151 PMCID: PMC10522707 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41761-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants and seasonal coronaviruses continue to cause disease and coronaviruses in the animal reservoir pose a constant spillover threat. Importantly, understanding of how previous infection may influence future exposures, especially in the context of seasonal coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 variants, is still limited. Here we adopted a step-wise experimental approach to examine the primary immune response and subsequent immune recall toward antigenically distinct coronaviruses using male Syrian hamsters. Hamsters were initially inoculated with seasonal coronaviruses (HCoV-NL63, HCoV-229E, or HCoV-OC43), or SARS-CoV-2 pango B lineage virus, then challenged with SARS-CoV-2 pango B lineage virus, or SARS-CoV-2 variants Beta or Omicron. Although infection with seasonal coronaviruses offered little protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge, HCoV-NL63-infected animals had an increase of the previously elicited HCoV-NL63-specific neutralizing antibodies during challenge with SARS-CoV-2. On the other hand, primary infection with HCoV-OC43 induced distinct T cell gene signatures. Gene expression profiling indicated interferon responses and germinal center reactions to be induced during more similar primary infection-challenge combinations while signatures of increased inflammation as well as suppression of the antiviral response were observed following antigenically distant viral challenges. This work characterizes and analyzes seasonal coronaviruses effect on SARS-CoV-2 secondary infection and the findings are important for pan-coronavirus vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magen E Francis
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ethan B Jansen
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Anthony Yourkowski
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Alaa Selim
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Cynthia L Swan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Brian K MacPhee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Brittany Thivierge
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Rachelle Buchanan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Kerry J Lavender
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Joseph Darbellay
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Matthew B Rogers
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jocelyne Lew
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Danuta M Skowronski
- BC Centre for Disease Control, Immunization Programs and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Service, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- University of British Columbia, School of Population and Public Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Calvin Sjaarda
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- Queen's Genomics Lab at Ongwanada (Q-GLO), Ongwanada Resource Centre, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Alyson A Kelvin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization VIDO, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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31
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Dowell AC, Waiblinger D, Wright J, Ladhani SN, Moss P. Nucleocapsid-specific antibodies as a correlate of protection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in children. J Infect 2023; 87:267-269. [PMID: 37391077 PMCID: PMC10303317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2023.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Dowell
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dagmar Waiblinger
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Shamez N Ladhani
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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32
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Stoddard CI, Sung K, Yaffe ZA, Weight H, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Galloway J, Gantt S, Adhiambo J, Begnel ER, Ojee E, Slyker J, Wamalwa D, Kinuthia J, Finzi A, Matsen FA, Lehman DA, Overbaugh J. Elevated binding and functional antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in infants versus mothers. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4864. [PMID: 37567924 PMCID: PMC10421871 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40554-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Infant antibody responses to viral infection can differ from those in adults. However, data on the specificity and function of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies in infants, and direct comparisons between infants and adults are limited. Here, we characterize antibody binding and functionality against Wuhan-Hu-1 (B lineage) strain SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent plasma from 36 postpartum women and 14 of their infants infected with SARS-CoV-2 from a vaccine-naïve prospective cohort in Nairobi, Kenya. We find significantly higher antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 Spike, receptor binding domain and N-terminal domain, and Spike-expressing cell-surface staining levels in infants versus mothers. Plasma antibodies from mothers and infants bind to similar regions of the Spike S2 subunit, including the fusion peptide (FP) and stem helix-heptad repeat 2. However, infants display higher antibody levels and more consistent antibody escape pathways in the FP region compared to mothers. Finally, infants have significantly higher levels of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), though, surprisingly, Spike pseudovirus neutralization titers between infants and mothers are similar. These results suggest infants develop distinct SARS-CoV-2 binding and functional antibody activities and reveal age-related differences in humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection that could be relevant to protection and COVID-19 disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Sung
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zak A Yaffe
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Haidyn Weight
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jared Galloway
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Soren Gantt
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Judith Adhiambo
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Emily R Begnel
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ednah Ojee
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jennifer Slyker
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dalton Wamalwa
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Kinuthia
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Frederick A Matsen
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Dara A Lehman
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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33
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Castaldo P, d’Alanno G, Biserni GB, Moratti M, Conti F, Fabi M, Lanari M. Exploring Factors Influencing Changes in Incidence and Severity of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children. Pathogens 2023; 12:997. [PMID: 37623957 PMCID: PMC10458149 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12080997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) is a rare condition associated with COVID-19 affecting children, characterized by severe and aberrant systemic inflammation leading to nonspecific symptoms, such as gastrointestinal, cardiac, respiratory, hematological, and neurological disorders. In the last year, we have experienced a progressive reduction in the incidence and severity of MIS-C, reflecting the worldwide trend. Thus, starting from the overall trend in the disease in different continents, we reviewed the literature, hypothesizing the potential influencing factors contributing to the reduction in cases and the severity of MIS-C, particularly the vaccination campaign, the spread of different SARS-CoV-2 variants (VOCs), and the changes in human immunological response. The decrease in the severity of MIS-C and its incidence seem to be related to a combination of different factors rather than a single cause. Maturation of an immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 over time, the implication of mutations of key amino acids of S protein in VOCs, and the overall immune response elicited by vaccination over the loss of neutralization of vaccines to VOCs seem to play an important role in this change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Castaldo
- Specialty School of Pediatrics, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (P.C.); (G.d.); (M.M.)
| | - Gabriele d’Alanno
- Specialty School of Pediatrics, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (P.C.); (G.d.); (M.M.)
| | | | - Mattia Moratti
- Specialty School of Pediatrics, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (P.C.); (G.d.); (M.M.)
| | - Francesca Conti
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Marianna Fabi
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (M.L.)
| | - Marcello Lanari
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (M.F.); (M.L.)
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34
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Dowell AC, Lancaster T, Bruton R, Ireland G, Bentley C, Sylla P, Zuo J, Scott S, Jadir A, Begum J, Roberts T, Stephens C, Ditta S, Shepherdson R, Powell AA, Brent AJ, Brent B, Baawuah F, Okike I, Beckmann J, Ahmad S, Aiano F, Garstang J, Ramsay ME, Azad R, Waiblinger D, Willett B, Wright J, Ladhani SN, Moss P. Immunological imprinting of humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in children. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3845. [PMID: 37386081 PMCID: PMC10310754 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39575-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Omicron variants of SARS-CoV-2 are globally dominant and infection rates are very high in children. We measure immune responses following Omicron BA.1/2 infection in children aged 6-14 years and relate this to prior and subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. Primary Omicron infection elicits a weak antibody response with poor functional neutralizing antibodies. Subsequent Omicron reinfection or COVID-19 vaccination elicits increased antibody titres with broad neutralisation of Omicron subvariants. Prior pre-Omicron SARS-CoV-2 virus infection or vaccination primes for robust antibody responses following Omicron infection but these remain primarily focussed against ancestral variants. Primary Omicron infection thus elicits a weak antibody response in children which is boosted after reinfection or vaccination. Cellular responses are robust and broadly equivalent in all groups, providing protection against severe disease irrespective of SARS-CoV-2 variant. Immunological imprinting is likely to act as an important determinant of long-term humoral immunity, the future clinical importance of which is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Dowell
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Tara Lancaster
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rachel Bruton
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Georgina Ireland
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
| | - Christopher Bentley
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Panagiota Sylla
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jianmin Zuo
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sam Scott
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - Azar Jadir
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jusnara Begum
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas Roberts
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christine Stephens
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Shabana Ditta
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Rebecca Shepherdson
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Annabel A Powell
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
| | - Andrew J Brent
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Old Road, Oxford, UK
- University of Oxford, Wellington Square, Oxford, OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Bernadette Brent
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Old Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Frances Baawuah
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
| | - Ifeanyichukwu Okike
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
- University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust, Uttoxeter New Road, Derby, UK
| | - Joanne Beckmann
- East London NHS Foundation Trust, 9 Allie Street, London, UK
| | - Shazaad Ahmad
- Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Felicity Aiano
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
| | - Joanna Garstang
- Birmingham Community Healthcare NHS Trust, Holt Street, Aston, UK
| | - Mary E Ramsay
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK
| | - Rafaq Azad
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Dagmar Waiblinger
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Brian Willett
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - John Wright
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Shamez N Ladhani
- Immunisation Department, UK Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London, UK.
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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35
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Patalon T, Saciuk Y, Perez G, Peretz A, Ben-Tov A, Gazit S. Dynamics of Naturally Acquired Immunity Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Children and Adolescents. J Pediatr 2023; 257:113371. [PMID: 36870558 PMCID: PMC9981270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the duration of protection against reinfection conferred by a previous severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in children and adolescents. STUDY DESIGN We applied 2 complementary approaches: a matched test-negative, case-control design and a retrospective cohort design. A total of 458 959 unvaccinated individuals aged 5-18 years were included. The analyses focused on the period July 1, 2021, to December 13, 2021, a period of Delta variant dominance in Israel. We evaluated 3 SARS-CoV-2-related outcomes: documented polymerase chain reaction-confirmed infection or reinfection, symptomatic infection or reinfection, and SARS-CoV-2-related hospitalization or death. RESULTS Overall, children and adolescents who were previously infected acquired durable protection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 for at least 18 months. Importantly, no SARS-CoV-2-related deaths were recorded in either the SARS-CoV-2-naïve group or the previously infected group. The effectiveness of naturally acquired immunity against a recurrent infection reached 89.2% (95% CI, 84.7%-92.4%) at 3-6 months after the first infection and declined slightly to 82.5% (95% CI, 79.1%-85.3%) by 9-12 months after infection, with a slight nonsignificant waning trend seen up to 18 months after infection. Additionally, children aged 5-11 years exhibited no significant waning of naturally acquired protection throughout the outcome period, whereas waning protection in those aged 12-18 years was more prominent but still mild. CONCLUSIONS Children and adolescents who were previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 remain protected to a high degree for 18 months. Further research is needed to examine naturally acquired immunity against Omicron and newer emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Patalon
- Kahn Sagol Maccabi Research & Innovation Center, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel; Maccabitech Institute for Research and Innovation, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Yaki Saciuk
- Kahn Sagol Maccabi Research & Innovation Center, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Galit Perez
- Maccabitech Institute for Research and Innovation, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel; Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Asaf Peretz
- Maccabitech Institute for Research and Innovation, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Amir Ben-Tov
- Kahn Sagol Maccabi Research & Innovation Center, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sivan Gazit
- Kahn Sagol Maccabi Research & Innovation Center, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel; Maccabitech Institute for Research and Innovation, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
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36
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Ho RM, Bowen AC, Blyth CC, Imrie A, Kollmann TR, Stick SM, Kicic A. Defining the pediatric response to SARS-CoV-2 variants. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1200456. [PMID: 37304275 PMCID: PMC10248061 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1200456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The global population has been severely affected by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, however, with older age identified as a risk factor, children have been underprioritized. This article discusses the factors contributing to the less severe response observed in children following infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), including, differing viral entry receptor expression and immune responses. It also discusses how emerging and future variants could present a higher risk to children, including those with underlying comorbidities, in developing severe disease. Furthermore, this perspective discusses the differential inflammatory markers between critical and non-critical cases, as well as discussing the types of variants that may be more pathogenic to children. Importantly, this article highlights where more research is urgently required, in order to protect the most vulnerable of our children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reanne M. Ho
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Asha C. Bowen
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Christopher C. Blyth
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Allison Imrie
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Tobias R. Kollmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children’s Hospital, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stephen M. Stick
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Anthony Kicic
- Wal-yan Respiratory Research Centre, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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37
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Benede NSB, Tincho MB, Walters A, Subbiah V, Ngomti A, Baguma R, Butters C, Mennen M, Skelem S, Adriaanse M, van Graan S, Balla SR, Moyo-Gwete T, Moore PL, Botha M, Workman L, Zar HJ, Ntusi NAB, Zühlke L, Webb K, Riou C, Burgers WA, Keeton RS. Distinct T cell functional profiles in SARS-CoV-2 seropositive and seronegative children associated with endemic human coronavirus cross-reactivity. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.05.16.23290059. [PMID: 37292954 PMCID: PMC10246143 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.16.23290059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection in children typically results in asymptomatic or mild disease. There is a paucity of studies on antiviral immunity in African children. We investigated SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in 71 unvaccinated asymptomatic South African children who were seropositive or seronegative for SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cell responses were detectable in 83% of seropositive and 60% of seronegative children. Although the magnitude of the CD4+ T cell response did not differ significantly between the two groups, their functional profiles were distinct, with SARS-CoV-2 seropositive children exhibiting a higher proportion of polyfunctional T cells compared to their seronegative counterparts. The frequency of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells in seronegative children was associated with the endemic human coronavirus (HCoV) HKU1 IgG response. Overall, the presence of SARS-CoV-2-responding T cells in seronegative children may result from cross-reactivity to endemic coronaviruses and could contribute to the relative protection from disease observed in SARS-CoV-2-infected children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntombi S. B. Benede
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Marius B. Tincho
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Avril Walters
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Vennesa Subbiah
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Amkele Ngomti
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Richard Baguma
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Claire Butters
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Mathilda Mennen
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Sango Skelem
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Marguerite Adriaanse
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Strauss van Graan
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sashkia R. Balla
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Thandeka Moyo-Gwete
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Penny L. Moore
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Maresa Botha
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lesley Workman
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather J. Zar
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Unit on Child and Adolescent Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Ntobeko A. B. Ntusi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Liesl Zühlke
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council, Francie Van Zijl Drive, Parow Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kate Webb
- South African Medical Research Council, Francie Van Zijl Drive, Parow Cape Town, South Africa
- Crick African Network, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Riou
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Wendy A. Burgers
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
| | - Roanne S. Keeton
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa
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38
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Shen J, Fan J, Zhao Y, Jiang D, Niu Z, Zhang Z, Cao G. Innate and adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and predisposing factors. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1159326. [PMID: 37228604 PMCID: PMC10203583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1159326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), has affected all countries worldwide. Although some symptoms are relatively mild, others are still associated with severe and even fatal clinical outcomes. Innate and adaptive immunity are important for the control of SARS-CoV-2 infections, whereas a comprehensive characterization of the innate and adaptive immune response to COVID-19 is still lacking and the mechanisms underlying immune pathogenesis and host predisposing factors are still a matter of scientific debate. Here, the specific functions and kinetics of innate and adaptive immunity involved in SARS-CoV-2 recognition and resultant pathogenesis are discussed, as well as their immune memory for vaccinations, viral-mediated immune evasion, and the current and future immunotherapeutic agents. We also highlight host factors that contribute to infection, which may deepen the understanding of viral pathogenesis and help identify targeted therapies that attenuate severe disease and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Shen
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyan Fan
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Doming Jiang
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheyun Niu
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zihan Zhang
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangwen Cao
- Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Bioprotection, Key Laboratory of Biological Defense, Ministry of Education, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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39
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Povlsen HR, Bentzen AK, Kadivar M, Jessen LE, Hadrup SR, Nielsen M. Improved T cell receptor antigen pairing through data-driven filtering of sequencing information from single cells. eLife 2023; 12:e81810. [PMID: 37133356 PMCID: PMC10156162 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel single-cell-based technologies hold the promise of matching T cell receptor (TCR) sequences with their cognate peptide-MHC recognition motif in a high-throughput manner. Parallel capture of TCR transcripts and peptide-MHC is enabled through the use of reagents labeled with DNA barcodes. However, analysis and annotation of such single-cell sequencing (SCseq) data are challenged by dropout, random noise, and other technical artifacts that must be carefully handled in the downstream processing steps. We here propose a rational, data-driven method termed ITRAP (improved T cell Receptor Antigen Paring) to deal with these challenges, filtering away likely artifacts, and enable the generation of large sets of TCR-pMHC sequence data with a high degree of specificity and sensitivity, thus outputting the most likely pMHC target per T cell. We have validated this approach across 10 different virus-specific T cell responses in 16 healthy donors. Across these samples, we have identified up to 1494 high-confident TCR-pMHC pairs derived from 4135 single cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Rus Povlsen
- Department of Health Technology at Technical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Amalie Kai Bentzen
- Department of Health Technology at Technical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Mohammad Kadivar
- Department of Health Technology at Technical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Leon Eyrich Jessen
- Department of Health Technology at Technical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Sine Reker Hadrup
- Department of Health Technology at Technical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Morten Nielsen
- Department of Health Technology at Technical University of DenmarkKongens LyngbyDenmark
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40
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Li F, He Y, Lan X, Li L, Gu F, Ye Z, Wang L, Cen Z, Zhu W, Yu H. Epidemiological and clinical features of children with the Omicron BA.5.2 subvariant in Guangzhou. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:163. [PMID: 37185317 PMCID: PMC10130145 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Yinghua He
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Xianglong Lan
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Lu Li
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Fei Gu
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Zhao Ye
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Lv Wang
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Zhenghui Cen
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510440, China
| | - Weichun Zhu
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510440, China.
| | - Haisheng Yu
- Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510440, China.
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41
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Vanetti C, Lampasona V, Stracuzzi M, Fenizia C, Biasin M, Saulle I, Limanaqi F, Abdelsalam A, Loretelli C, Paradiso L, Longoni E, Barcellini L, Piemonti L, Marzinotto I, Dispinseri S, Amendola A, Fappani C, Tanzi E, Clerici MS, Scarlatti G, Zuccotti GV, Giacomet V, Trabattoni D. The Immunological Profile of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children Is Linked to Clinical Severity and Age. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076779. [PMID: 37047752 PMCID: PMC10095251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is clinically less severe in children, even if the wide variety and degree of severity of symptoms reported in children pose a still-unresolved challenge for clinicians. We performed an in-depth analysis of the immunological profiles of 18 hospitalized SARS-CoV-2-infected children, whose results were compared to those obtained from 13 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (HC). The patients were categorized as paucisymptomatic/moderate (55.6%) or severe/critical (44.5%) according to established diagnostic criteria and further stratified into the categories of infants (1–12 months), children (1–12 years), and adolescents (>12 years). We assessed SARS-CoV-2-specific RBD antibodies (Ab), neutralizing antibodies (nAb), and circulating cytokines/chemokines in the plasma, and the SARS-CoV-2-specific immune response was measured in PBMCs by gene expression and secretome analyses. Our results showed peculiar circulating cytokine/chemokine profiles among patients sharing a similar clinical phenotype. A cluster of patients consisting of infants with severe symptoms presented hyperinflammatory profiles, together with extremely polarized antibody profiles. In a second cluster consisting of paucisymptomatic patients, a less pronounced increase in the level of inflammatory cytokines, together with an association between the selected cytokines and humoral responses, was observed. A third cluster, again consisting of paucisymptomatic patients, showed a circulating cytokine/chemokine profile which overlapped with that of the HC. The SARS-CoV-2-stimulated production of pro-inflammatory proteins, T lymphocyte activation, and migration-specific proteins, were significantly increased in SARS-CoV-2-infected children compared to the HC. Our findings suggest that immune response activation in the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children is directly correlated with clinical severity and, to a lesser extent, age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Vanetti
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Vito Lampasona
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Stracuzzi
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Ospedale L. Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Fenizia
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Biasin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Irma Saulle
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Fiona Limanaqi
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Ahmed Abdelsalam
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
- International Center for T1D, Paediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Cristian Loretelli
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
- International Center for T1D, Paediatric Clinical Research Center Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Paradiso
- Department of Paediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini V. Buzzi, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Emma Longoni
- Department of Paediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini V. Buzzi, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Barcellini
- Department of Paediatrics, Ospedale dei Bambini V. Buzzi, 20154 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Marzinotto
- Diabetes Research Institute, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Dispinseri
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Amendola
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Clara Fappani
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Tanzi
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Salvatore Clerici
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, 20148 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Scarlatti
- Viral Evolution and Transmission Unit, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Vania Giacomet
- Paediatric Infectious Disease Unit, Ospedale L. Sacco, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Daria Trabattoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20157 Milan, Italy
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42
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Martin CA, Nazareth J, Jarkhi A, Pan D, Das M, Logan N, Scott S, Bryant L, Abeywickrama N, Adeoye O, Ahmed A, Asif A, Bandi S, George N, Gohar M, Gray LJ, Kaszuba R, Mangwani J, Martin M, Moorthy A, Renals V, Teece L, Vail D, Khunti K, Moss P, Tattersall A, Hallis B, Otter AD, Rowe C, Willett BJ, Haldar P, Cooper A, Pareek M. Ethnic differences in cellular and humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in UK healthcare workers: a cross-sectional analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 58:101926. [PMID: 37034357 PMCID: PMC10071048 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have compared SARS-CoV-2 vaccine immunogenicity by ethnic group. We sought to establish whether cellular and humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination differ according to ethnicity in UK Healthcare workers (HCWs). Methods In this cross-sectional analysis, we used baseline data from two immunological cohort studies conducted in HCWs in Leicester, UK. Blood samples were collected between March 3, and September 16, 2021. We excluded HCW who had not received two doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine at the time of sampling and those who had serological evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. Outcome measures were SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific total antibody titre, neutralising antibody titre and ELISpot count. We compared our outcome measures by ethnic group using univariable (t tests and rank-sum tests depending on distribution) and multivariable (linear regression for antibody titres and negative binomial regression for ELISpot counts) tests. Multivariable analyses were adjusted for age, sex, vaccine type, length of interval between vaccine doses and time between vaccine administration and sample collection and expressed as adjusted geometric mean ratios (aGMRs) or adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRRs). To assess differences in the early immune response to vaccination we also conducted analyses in a subcohort who provided samples between 14 and 50 days after their second dose of vaccine. Findings The total number of HCWs in each analysis were 401 for anti-spike antibody titres, 345 for neutralising antibody titres and 191 for ELISpot. Overall, 25.4% (19.7% South Asian and 5.7% Black/Mixed/Other) were from ethnic minority groups. In analyses including the whole cohort, neutralising antibody titres were higher in South Asian HCWs than White HCWs (aGMR 1.47, 95% CI [1.06-2.06], P = 0.02) as were T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 S1 peptides (aIRR 1.75, 95% CI [1.05-2.89], P = 0.03). In a subcohort sampled between 14 and 50 days after second vaccine dose, SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific antibody and neutralising antibody geometric mean titre (GMT) was higher in South Asian HCWs compared to White HCWs (9616 binding antibody units (BAU)/ml, 95% CI [7178-12,852] vs 5888 BAU/ml [5023-6902], P = 0.008 and 2851 95% CI [1811-4487] vs 1199 [984-1462], P < 0.001 respectively), increments which persisted after adjustment (aGMR 1.26, 95% CI [1.01-1.58], P = 0.04 and aGMR 2.01, 95% CI [1.34-3.01], P = 0.001). SARS-CoV-2 ELISpot responses to S1 and whole spike peptides (S1 + S2 response) were higher in HCWs from South Asian ethnic groups than those from White groups (S1: aIRR 2.33, 95% CI [1.09-4.94], P = 0.03; spike: aIRR, 2.04, 95% CI [1.02-4.08]). Interpretation This study provides evidence that, in an infection naïve cohort, humoral and cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination are stronger in South Asian HCWs than White HCWs. These differences are most clearly seen in the early period following vaccination. Further research is required to understand the underlying mechanisms, whether differences persist with further exposure to vaccine or virus, and the potential impact on vaccine effectiveness. Funding DIRECT and BELIEVE have received funding from UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) through the COVID-19 National Core Studies Immunity (NCSi) programme (MC_PC_20060).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Martin
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Infection and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
- Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Joshua Nazareth
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Infection and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
- Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Amar Jarkhi
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Daniel Pan
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Infection and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
- Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
- Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Mrinal Das
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Nicola Logan
- University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Sam Scott
- University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Luke Bryant
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Oluwatobi Adeoye
- Leicester Medical School, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Aleem Ahmed
- Department of Infection and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Aqua Asif
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Srini Bandi
- Department of Paediatrics, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - Nisha George
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Infection and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Marjan Gohar
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Infection and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Laura J. Gray
- Biostatistics Research Group, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Ross Kaszuba
- Leicester Medical School, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Jitendra Mangwani
- Academic Team of Musculoskeletal Surgery, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Marianne Martin
- Children's Intensive Care Unit, Leicester Children's Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Arumugam Moorthy
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
- College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Valerie Renals
- Research Space, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, UK
| | - Lucy Teece
- Biostatistics Research Group, Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Denny Vail
- Research Space, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, UK
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Bassam Hallis
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | | | - Cathy Rowe
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Brian J. Willett
- University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Road, Glasgow, UK
| | - Pranab Haldar
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, UK
| | - Andrea Cooper
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
| | - Manish Pareek
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Infection and HIV Medicine, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
- Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Leicester, UK
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43
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Silva RP, Huang Y, Nguyen AW, Hsieh CL, Olaluwoye OS, Kaoud TS, Wilen RE, Qerqez AN, Park JG, Khalil AM, Azouz LR, Le KC, Bohanon AL, DiVenere AM, Liu Y, Lee AG, Amengor DA, Shoemaker SR, Costello SM, Padlan EA, Marqusee S, Martinez-Sobrido L, Dalby KN, D'Arcy S, McLellan JS, Maynard JA. Identification of a conserved S2 epitope present on spike proteins from all highly pathogenic coronaviruses. eLife 2023; 12:e83710. [PMID: 36942851 PMCID: PMC10030117 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To address the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and prepare for future coronavirus outbreaks, understanding the protective potential of epitopes conserved across SARS-CoV-2 variants and coronavirus lineages is essential. We describe a highly conserved, conformational S2 domain epitope present only in the prefusion core of β-coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 S2 apex residues 980-1006 in the flexible hinge. Antibody RAY53 binds the native hinge in MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 spikes on the surface of mammalian cells and mediates antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis and cytotoxicity against SARS-CoV-2 spike in vitro. Hinge epitope mutations that ablate antibody binding compromise pseudovirus infectivity, but changes elsewhere that affect spike opening dynamics, including those found in Omicron BA.1, occlude the epitope and may evade pre-existing serum antibodies targeting the S2 core. This work defines a third class of S2 antibody while providing insights into the potency and limitations of S2 core epitope targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui P Silva
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Yimin Huang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Annalee W Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Ching-Lin Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Oladimeji S Olaluwoye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at DallasDallasUnited States
| | - Tamer S Kaoud
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Rebecca E Wilen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Ahlam N Qerqez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Jun-Gyu Park
- Texas Biomedical Research InstituteSan AntonioUnited States
- Laboratory of Veterinary Zoonosis, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National UniversityGwangjuRepublic of Korea
| | - Ahmed M Khalil
- Texas Biomedical Research InstituteSan AntonioUnited States
| | - Laura R Azouz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Kevin C Le
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Amanda L Bohanon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Andrea M DiVenere
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Yutong Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Alison G Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Dzifa A Amengor
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Sophie R Shoemaker
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Shawn M Costello
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | | | - Susan Marqusee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | | | - Kevin N Dalby
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Sheena D'Arcy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at DallasDallasUnited States
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
- LaMontagne Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
| | - Jennifer A Maynard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
- LaMontagne Center for Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at AustinAustinUnited States
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44
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Scaramuzzo G, Nucera F, Asmundo A, Messina R, Mari M, Montanaro F, Johansen MD, Monaco F, Fadda G, Tuccari G, Hansbro NG, Hansbro PM, Hansel TT, Adcock IM, David A, Kirkham P, Caramori G, Volta CA, Spadaro S. Cellular and molecular features of COVID-19 associated ARDS: therapeutic relevance. J Inflamm (Lond) 2023; 20:11. [PMID: 36941580 PMCID: PMC10027286 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-023-00333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can be asymptomatic or cause a disease (COVID-19) characterized by different levels of severity. The main cause of severe COVID-19 and death is represented by acute (or acute on chronic) respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), often requiring hospital admission and ventilator support.The molecular pathogenesis of COVID-19-related ARDS (by now termed c-ARDS) is still poorly understood. In this review we will discuss the genetic susceptibility to COVID-19, the pathogenesis and the local and systemic biomarkers correlated with c-ARDS and the therapeutic options that target the cell signalling pathways of c-ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Scaramuzzo
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Emergency, Section of Intensive Care and Anesthesia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Sant'Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Nucera
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Alessio Asmundo
- Medicina Legale, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Roberto Messina
- Intensive Care Unit, Dipartimento di Patologia Umana e dell'Età Evolutiva Gaetano Barresi, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Matilde Mari
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Emergency, Section of Intensive Care and Anesthesia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Sant'Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federica Montanaro
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Emergency, Section of Intensive Care and Anesthesia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Sant'Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matt D Johansen
- Centre for Inflammation, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Francesco Monaco
- Chirurgia Toracica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Guido Fadda
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tuccari
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Department of Human Pathology of Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Nicole G Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Trevor T Hansel
- Medical Research Council and Asthma, UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Antonio David
- Intensive Care Unit, Dipartimento di Patologia Umana e dell'Età Evolutiva Gaetano Barresi, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Paul Kirkham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, West Midlands, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università di Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - Carlo Alberto Volta
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Emergency, Section of Intensive Care and Anesthesia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Sant'Anna, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Savino Spadaro
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Emergency, Section of Intensive Care and Anesthesia, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria Sant'Anna, Ferrara, Italy
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45
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Heiss R, Tan L, Schmidt S, Regensburger AP, Ewert F, Mammadova D, Buehler A, Vogel-Claussen J, Voskrebenzev A, Rauh M, Rompel O, Nagel AM, Lévy S, Bickelhaupt S, May MS, Uder M, Metzler M, Trollmann R, Woelfle J, Wagner AL, Knieling F. Pulmonary Dysfunction after Pediatric COVID-19. Radiology 2023; 306:e221250. [PMID: 36125379 PMCID: PMC9513839 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.221250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Long COVID occurs at a lower frequency in children and adolescents than in adults. Morphologic and free-breathing phase-resolved functional low-field-strength MRI may help identify persistent pulmonary manifestations after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Purpose To characterize both morphologic and functional changes of lung parenchyma at low-field-strength MRI in children and adolescents with post-COVID-19 condition compared with healthy controls. Materials and Methods Between August and December 2021, a cross-sectional clinical trial using low-field-strength MRI was performed in children and adolescents from a single academic medical center. The primary outcome was the frequency of morphologic changes at MRI. Secondary outcomes included MRI-derived functional proton ventilation and perfusion parameters. Clinical symptoms, the duration from positive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction test result, and serologic parameters were compared with imaging results. Nonparametric tests for pairwise and corrected tests for groupwise comparisons were applied to assess differences in healthy controls, recovered participants, and those with long COVID. Results A total of 54 participants after COVID-19 infection (mean age, 11 years ± 3 [SD]; 30 boys [56%]) and nine healthy controls (mean age, 10 years ± 3; seven boys [78%]) were included: 29 (54%) in the COVID-19 group had recovered from infection and 25 (46%) were classified as having long COVID on the day of enrollment. Morphologic abnormality was identified in one recovered participant. Both ventilated and perfused lung parenchyma (ventilation-perfusion [V/Q] match) was higher in healthy controls (81% ± 6.1) compared with the recovered group (62% ± 19; P = .006) and the group with long COVID (60% ± 20; P = .003). V/Q match was lower in patients with time from COVID-19 infection to study participation of less than 180 days (63% ± 20; P = .03), 180-360 days (63% ± 18; P = .03), and 360 days (41% ± 12; P < .001) as compared with the never-infected healthy controls (81% ± 6.1). Conclusion Low-field-strength MRI showed persistent pulmonary dysfunction in children and adolescents who recovered from COVID-19 and those with long COVID. Clinical trial registration no. NCT04990531 © RSNA, 2022 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Paltiel in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Heiss
- From the Institute of Radiology (R.H., S.S., O.R., A.M.N., S.L., S.B., M.S.M., M.U.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L.T., A.P.R., F.E., D.M., A.B., M.R., M.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), Pediatric Experimental and Translational Imaging Laboratory (PETI_Lab), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (A.P.R., A.B., A.L.W., F.K.), and Center for Social Pediatrics (F.E., D.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr 15, Erlangen 91054, Germany; and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (J.V.C., A.V.)
| | - Lina Tan
- From the Institute of Radiology (R.H., S.S., O.R., A.M.N., S.L., S.B., M.S.M., M.U.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L.T., A.P.R., F.E., D.M., A.B., M.R., M.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), Pediatric Experimental and Translational Imaging Laboratory (PETI_Lab), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (A.P.R., A.B., A.L.W., F.K.), and Center for Social Pediatrics (F.E., D.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr 15, Erlangen 91054, Germany; and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (J.V.C., A.V.)
| | - Sandy Schmidt
- From the Institute of Radiology (R.H., S.S., O.R., A.M.N., S.L., S.B., M.S.M., M.U.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L.T., A.P.R., F.E., D.M., A.B., M.R., M.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), Pediatric Experimental and Translational Imaging Laboratory (PETI_Lab), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (A.P.R., A.B., A.L.W., F.K.), and Center for Social Pediatrics (F.E., D.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr 15, Erlangen 91054, Germany; and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (J.V.C., A.V.)
| | - Adrian P Regensburger
- From the Institute of Radiology (R.H., S.S., O.R., A.M.N., S.L., S.B., M.S.M., M.U.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L.T., A.P.R., F.E., D.M., A.B., M.R., M.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), Pediatric Experimental and Translational Imaging Laboratory (PETI_Lab), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (A.P.R., A.B., A.L.W., F.K.), and Center for Social Pediatrics (F.E., D.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr 15, Erlangen 91054, Germany; and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (J.V.C., A.V.)
| | - Franziska Ewert
- From the Institute of Radiology (R.H., S.S., O.R., A.M.N., S.L., S.B., M.S.M., M.U.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L.T., A.P.R., F.E., D.M., A.B., M.R., M.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), Pediatric Experimental and Translational Imaging Laboratory (PETI_Lab), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (A.P.R., A.B., A.L.W., F.K.), and Center for Social Pediatrics (F.E., D.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr 15, Erlangen 91054, Germany; and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (J.V.C., A.V.)
| | - Dilbar Mammadova
- From the Institute of Radiology (R.H., S.S., O.R., A.M.N., S.L., S.B., M.S.M., M.U.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L.T., A.P.R., F.E., D.M., A.B., M.R., M.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), Pediatric Experimental and Translational Imaging Laboratory (PETI_Lab), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (A.P.R., A.B., A.L.W., F.K.), and Center for Social Pediatrics (F.E., D.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr 15, Erlangen 91054, Germany; and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (J.V.C., A.V.)
| | - Adrian Buehler
- From the Institute of Radiology (R.H., S.S., O.R., A.M.N., S.L., S.B., M.S.M., M.U.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L.T., A.P.R., F.E., D.M., A.B., M.R., M.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), Pediatric Experimental and Translational Imaging Laboratory (PETI_Lab), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (A.P.R., A.B., A.L.W., F.K.), and Center for Social Pediatrics (F.E., D.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr 15, Erlangen 91054, Germany; and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (J.V.C., A.V.)
| | - Jens Vogel-Claussen
- From the Institute of Radiology (R.H., S.S., O.R., A.M.N., S.L., S.B., M.S.M., M.U.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L.T., A.P.R., F.E., D.M., A.B., M.R., M.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), Pediatric Experimental and Translational Imaging Laboratory (PETI_Lab), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (A.P.R., A.B., A.L.W., F.K.), and Center for Social Pediatrics (F.E., D.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr 15, Erlangen 91054, Germany; and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (J.V.C., A.V.)
| | - Andreas Voskrebenzev
- From the Institute of Radiology (R.H., S.S., O.R., A.M.N., S.L., S.B., M.S.M., M.U.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L.T., A.P.R., F.E., D.M., A.B., M.R., M.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), Pediatric Experimental and Translational Imaging Laboratory (PETI_Lab), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (A.P.R., A.B., A.L.W., F.K.), and Center for Social Pediatrics (F.E., D.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr 15, Erlangen 91054, Germany; and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (J.V.C., A.V.)
| | - Manfred Rauh
- From the Institute of Radiology (R.H., S.S., O.R., A.M.N., S.L., S.B., M.S.M., M.U.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L.T., A.P.R., F.E., D.M., A.B., M.R., M.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), Pediatric Experimental and Translational Imaging Laboratory (PETI_Lab), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (A.P.R., A.B., A.L.W., F.K.), and Center for Social Pediatrics (F.E., D.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr 15, Erlangen 91054, Germany; and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (J.V.C., A.V.)
| | - Oliver Rompel
- From the Institute of Radiology (R.H., S.S., O.R., A.M.N., S.L., S.B., M.S.M., M.U.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L.T., A.P.R., F.E., D.M., A.B., M.R., M.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), Pediatric Experimental and Translational Imaging Laboratory (PETI_Lab), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (A.P.R., A.B., A.L.W., F.K.), and Center for Social Pediatrics (F.E., D.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr 15, Erlangen 91054, Germany; and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (J.V.C., A.V.)
| | - Armin M Nagel
- From the Institute of Radiology (R.H., S.S., O.R., A.M.N., S.L., S.B., M.S.M., M.U.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L.T., A.P.R., F.E., D.M., A.B., M.R., M.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), Pediatric Experimental and Translational Imaging Laboratory (PETI_Lab), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (A.P.R., A.B., A.L.W., F.K.), and Center for Social Pediatrics (F.E., D.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr 15, Erlangen 91054, Germany; and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (J.V.C., A.V.)
| | - Simon Lévy
- From the Institute of Radiology (R.H., S.S., O.R., A.M.N., S.L., S.B., M.S.M., M.U.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L.T., A.P.R., F.E., D.M., A.B., M.R., M.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), Pediatric Experimental and Translational Imaging Laboratory (PETI_Lab), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (A.P.R., A.B., A.L.W., F.K.), and Center for Social Pediatrics (F.E., D.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr 15, Erlangen 91054, Germany; and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (J.V.C., A.V.)
| | - Sebastian Bickelhaupt
- From the Institute of Radiology (R.H., S.S., O.R., A.M.N., S.L., S.B., M.S.M., M.U.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L.T., A.P.R., F.E., D.M., A.B., M.R., M.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), Pediatric Experimental and Translational Imaging Laboratory (PETI_Lab), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (A.P.R., A.B., A.L.W., F.K.), and Center for Social Pediatrics (F.E., D.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr 15, Erlangen 91054, Germany; and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (J.V.C., A.V.)
| | - Matthias S May
- From the Institute of Radiology (R.H., S.S., O.R., A.M.N., S.L., S.B., M.S.M., M.U.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L.T., A.P.R., F.E., D.M., A.B., M.R., M.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), Pediatric Experimental and Translational Imaging Laboratory (PETI_Lab), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (A.P.R., A.B., A.L.W., F.K.), and Center for Social Pediatrics (F.E., D.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr 15, Erlangen 91054, Germany; and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (J.V.C., A.V.)
| | - Michael Uder
- From the Institute of Radiology (R.H., S.S., O.R., A.M.N., S.L., S.B., M.S.M., M.U.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L.T., A.P.R., F.E., D.M., A.B., M.R., M.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), Pediatric Experimental and Translational Imaging Laboratory (PETI_Lab), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (A.P.R., A.B., A.L.W., F.K.), and Center for Social Pediatrics (F.E., D.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr 15, Erlangen 91054, Germany; and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (J.V.C., A.V.)
| | - Markus Metzler
- From the Institute of Radiology (R.H., S.S., O.R., A.M.N., S.L., S.B., M.S.M., M.U.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L.T., A.P.R., F.E., D.M., A.B., M.R., M.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), Pediatric Experimental and Translational Imaging Laboratory (PETI_Lab), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (A.P.R., A.B., A.L.W., F.K.), and Center for Social Pediatrics (F.E., D.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr 15, Erlangen 91054, Germany; and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (J.V.C., A.V.)
| | - Regina Trollmann
- From the Institute of Radiology (R.H., S.S., O.R., A.M.N., S.L., S.B., M.S.M., M.U.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L.T., A.P.R., F.E., D.M., A.B., M.R., M.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), Pediatric Experimental and Translational Imaging Laboratory (PETI_Lab), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (A.P.R., A.B., A.L.W., F.K.), and Center for Social Pediatrics (F.E., D.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr 15, Erlangen 91054, Germany; and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (J.V.C., A.V.)
| | - Joachim Woelfle
- From the Institute of Radiology (R.H., S.S., O.R., A.M.N., S.L., S.B., M.S.M., M.U.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L.T., A.P.R., F.E., D.M., A.B., M.R., M.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), Pediatric Experimental and Translational Imaging Laboratory (PETI_Lab), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (A.P.R., A.B., A.L.W., F.K.), and Center for Social Pediatrics (F.E., D.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr 15, Erlangen 91054, Germany; and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (J.V.C., A.V.)
| | - Alexandra L Wagner
- From the Institute of Radiology (R.H., S.S., O.R., A.M.N., S.L., S.B., M.S.M., M.U.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L.T., A.P.R., F.E., D.M., A.B., M.R., M.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), Pediatric Experimental and Translational Imaging Laboratory (PETI_Lab), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (A.P.R., A.B., A.L.W., F.K.), and Center for Social Pediatrics (F.E., D.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr 15, Erlangen 91054, Germany; and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (J.V.C., A.V.)
| | - Ferdinand Knieling
- From the Institute of Radiology (R.H., S.S., O.R., A.M.N., S.L., S.B., M.S.M., M.U.), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (L.T., A.P.R., F.E., D.M., A.B., M.R., M.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), Pediatric Experimental and Translational Imaging Laboratory (PETI_Lab), Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (A.P.R., A.B., A.L.W., F.K.), and Center for Social Pediatrics (F.E., D.M., R.T., J.W., A.L.W., F.K.), University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Loschgestr 15, Erlangen 91054, Germany; and Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany (J.V.C., A.V.)
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Beijnen EMS, Odumade OA, Haren SDV. Molecular Determinants of the Early Life Immune Response to COVID-19 Infection and Immunization. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030509. [PMID: 36992093 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical manifestations from primary COVID infection in children are generally less severe as compared to adults, and severe pediatric cases occur predominantly in children with underlying medical conditions. However, despite the lower incidence of disease severity, the burden of COVID-19 in children is not negligible. Throughout the course of the pandemic, the case incidence in children has substantially increased, with estimated cumulative rates of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 symptomatic illness in children comparable to those in adults. Vaccination is a key approach to enhance immunogenicity and protection against SARS-CoV-2. Although the immune system of children is functionally distinct from that of other age groups, vaccine development specific for the pediatric population has mostly been limited to dose-titration of formulations that were developed primarily for adults. In this review, we summarize the literature pertaining to age-specific differences in COVID-19 pathogenesis and clinical manifestation. In addition, we review molecular distinctions in how the early life immune system responds to infection and vaccination. Finally, we discuss recent advances in development of pediatric COVID-19 vaccines and provide future directions for basic and translational research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M S Beijnen
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Oludare A Odumade
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medicine Critical Care, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Simon D van Haren
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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47
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Transient Positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR without Induction of Systemic Immune Responses. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020482. [PMID: 36851359 PMCID: PMC9959254 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 testing is dominated by PCR to guide treatment and individual as well as public health preventive measures. Among 1700 football (soccer) players and staff of the German Bundesliga and Bundesliga 2 who were regularly tested by PCR twice weekly, 98 individuals had a positive PCR (May 2020 to mid-January 2021). A subset of these were retested shortly after the initial positive result. Among those, 11 subjects were identified who only had a transient single positive PCR of low viral load. All individuals were asymptomatic and none developed long COVID. We tested SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA as well as SARS-CoV-2 specific CD4 und CD8 positive T cells, and showed that only one out of 11 individuals developed SARS-CoV-2 specific cellular and humoral immunity after the positive PCR, whereas a specific immunity was undetectable in all other individuals. Thus, a single positive PCR might indicate that transient colonization of the upper respiratory tract with SARS-CoV-2 may occur without systemic induction of specific adaptive immunity. Together with test artifacts as another potential reason for a transiently positive test, this finding may favor cautious interpretation of positive PCR results or retesting before initiating intervening treatment or infection control measures in some cases.
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48
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Powell AA, Ireland G, Leeson R, Lacey A, Ford B, Poh J, Ijaz S, Shute J, Cherepanov P, Tedder R, Bottomley C, Dawe F, Mangtani P, Jones P, Nguipdop-Djomo P, Ladhani SN. National and regional prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in primary and secondary school children in England: the School Infection Survey, a national open cohort study, November 2021. J Infect 2023; 86:361-368. [PMID: 36803676 PMCID: PMC9930376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2023.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 infection rates are likely to be underestimated in children because of asymptomatic or mild infections. We aim to estimate national and regional prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in primary (4-11-year-olds) and secondary (11-18-year-olds) school children between 10 November and 10 December 2021. METHODS Cross-sectional surveillance in England using two stage sampling, firstly stratifying into regions and selecting local authorities, then selecting schools according to a stratified sample within selected local authorities. Participants were sampled using a novel oral fluid validated assay for SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid IgG antibodies. RESULTS 4,980 students from 117 state-funded schools (2,706 from 83 primary schools, 2,274 from 34 secondary schools) provided a valid sample. After weighting for age, sex and ethnicity, and adjusting for assay accuracy, the national prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in primary school students, who were all unvaccinated, was 40.1% (95%CI; 37.3-43.0). Antibody prevalence increased with age (p<0.001) and were higher in urban than rural schools (p=0.01). In secondary school students, the adjusted, weighted national prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 82.4% (95%CI; 79.5-85.1); including 71.5% (95%CI; 65.7-76.8) in unvaccinated and 97.5% (95%CI; 96.1-98.5) in vaccinated students. Antibody prevalence increased with age (p<0.001), and was not significantly different in urban versus rural students (p=0.1). CONCLUSIONS In November 2021, using a validated oral fluid assay, national SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was estimated to be 40.1% in primary school students and 82.4% in secondary school students. In unvaccinated children this was approximately three-fold higher than confirmed infections highlighting the importance of seroprevalence studies to estimate prior exposure. DATA AVAILABILITY De-identified study data are available for access by accredited researchers in the ONS Secure Research Service (SRS) for accredited research purposes under part 5, chapter 5 of the Digital Economy Act 2017. For further information about accreditation, contact Research.support@ons.gov.uk or visit the SRS website.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ben Ford
- Office for National Statistics, Newport, UK
| | - John Poh
- Public Health Programmes, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Samreen Ijaz
- Public Health Programmes, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Justin Shute
- Public Health Programmes, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Tedder
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick institute, London, UK
| | - Christian Bottomley
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Fiona Dawe
- Office for National Statistics, Newport, UK
| | - Punam Mangtani
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Patrick Nguipdop-Djomo
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Shamez N Ladhani
- Public Health Programmes, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK; Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St George's University of London, London, UK.
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49
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Children's SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Their Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020418. [PMID: 36851295 PMCID: PMC9962844 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus, causes respiratory tract infections and other complications in affected individuals, and has resulted in numerous deaths worldwide. The unprecedented pace of its transmission worldwide, and the resultant heavy burden on healthcare systems everywhere, prompted efforts to have effective therapeutic strategies and vaccination candidates available to the global population. While aged and immunocompromised individuals form a high-risk group for COVID-19 and have severe disease outcome, the rate of infections among children has also increased with the emergence of the Omicron variant. In addition, recent reports of threatening SARS-CoV-2-associated complications in children have brought to the forefront an urgent necessity for vaccination. In this article, we discuss the current scenario of SARS-CoV-2 infections in children with a special focus on the differences in their immune system response as compared to adults. Further, we describe the various available COVID-19 vaccines, including the recent bivalent vaccines for children, in detail, intending to increase willingness for their acceptance.
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50
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Stoddard CI, Sung K, Yaffe ZA, Weight H, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Galloway J, Gantt S, Adhiambo J, Begnel ER, Ojee E, Slyker J, Wamalwa D, Kinuthia J, Finzi A, Matsen FA, Lehman DA, Overbaugh J. Elevated binding and functional antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in infants versus mothers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.06.527330. [PMID: 36798400 PMCID: PMC9934573 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.06.527330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Infant antibody responses to viral infection can differ from those in adults. However, data on the specificity and function of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies in infants, and direct comparisons between infants and adults are limited. We characterized antibody binding and functionality in convalescent plasma from postpartum women and their infants infected with SARS-CoV-2 from a vaccine-naïve prospective cohort in Nairobi, Kenya. Antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 Spike, receptor binding domain and N-terminal domain, and Spike-expressing cell-surface staining levels were significantly higher in infants than in mothers. Plasma antibodies from mothers and infants bound to similar regions of the Spike S2 subunit, including the fusion peptide (FP) and stem helix-heptad repeat 2. However, infants displayed higher antibody levels and more consistent antibody escape pathways in the FP region compared to mothers. Finally, infants had significantly higher levels of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), though, surprisingly, neutralization titers between infants and mothers were similar. These results suggest infants develop distinct SARS-CoV-2 binding and functional antibody repertoires and reveal age-related differences in humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection that could be relevant to protection and COVID-19 disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Sung
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
| | - Zak A Yaffe
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington
| | - Haidyn Weight
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal
| | - Jared Galloway
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
| | - Soren Gantt
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal
- Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Université de Montréal
| | - Judith Adhiambo
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi
| | | | - Ednah Ojee
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi
| | | | - Dalton Wamalwa
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi
| | - John Kinuthia
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington
- Department of Research and Programs, Kenyatta National Hospital
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Université de Montréal
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal
| | - Frederick A Matsen
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Dara A Lehman
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
- Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center
- Lead contact
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