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Oyegoke OO, Akoniyon OP, Maharaj L, Adewumi TS, Malgwi SA, Aderoju SA, Fatoba AJ, Adeleke MA, Maharaj R, Okpeku M. Molecular detection of sub-microscopic infections and Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein-2 and 3 gene deletions in pre-elimination settings of South Africa. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16024. [PMID: 38992085 PMCID: PMC11239831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
South Africa's efforts toward eliminating malaria have positioned the country in the pre-elimination stage. Imported and sub-microscopic cases still contribute to the persistence of malaria in regions of low transmission as identified in this study where diagnostics is built largely on the use of Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT). However, the presence of Pfhrp2/3 gene deletion is known to interfere with the accuracy of diagnosis with the use of RDT. Malaria elimination and detection of Pfhrp2/3 gene deletion in the pre-elimination setting requires accurate molecular surveillance. With the core objective of this study being the determination of the presence sub-microscopic malaria cases and deleted Pfhrp2/3 gene markers, a total of 354 samples were collected from five districts of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. These samples were prepared for molecular analysis using primers and PCR conditions specific for amplification of 18S rRNA and msp-1gene. Positive amplicons were analysed for the presence of Pfhrp2/3 and flanking genes, along with Sanger sequencing and phylogenetic studies. Out of 354 samples collected 339 were tested negative with PfHRP2 based RDTs. Of these Pfhrp2 and Pfhrp3 gene deletions were confirmed in 94.7% (18/19) and 100% (19/19) respectively. High migration rate (75%) among the study participants was noted and phylogenetic analysis of sequenced isolates showed close evolutionary relatedness with India, United Kingdom, Iran, and Myanmar and China isolates. Molecular-based test is recommended as an essential surveillance tool for malaria management programs as the target focuses on elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olukunle O Oyegoke
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Olusegun P Akoniyon
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Leah Maharaj
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Taiye S Adewumi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, 66046, USA
| | - Samson A Malgwi
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Samuel A Aderoju
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Kwara State University, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Abiodun J Fatoba
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Centre, Memphis, TN, 38016, USA
| | - Matthew A Adeleke
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Rajendra Maharaj
- Malaria Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
| | - Moses Okpeku
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
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Michel M, Skourtanioti E, Pierini F, Guevara EK, Mötsch A, Kocher A, Barquera R, Bianco RA, Carlhoff S, Coppola Bove L, Freilich S, Giffin K, Hermes T, Hiß A, Knolle F, Nelson EA, Neumann GU, Papac L, Penske S, Rohrlach AB, Salem N, Semerau L, Villalba-Mouco V, Abadie I, Aldenderfer M, Beckett JF, Brown M, Campus FGR, Chenghwa T, Cruz Berrocal M, Damašek L, Duffett Carlson KS, Durand R, Ernée M, Fântăneanu C, Frenzel H, García Atiénzar G, Guillén S, Hsieh E, Karwowski M, Kelvin D, Kelvin N, Khokhlov A, Kinaston RL, Korolev A, Krettek KL, Küßner M, Lai L, Look C, Majander K, Mandl K, Mazzarello V, McCormick M, de Miguel Ibáñez P, Murphy R, Németh RE, Nordqvist K, Novotny F, Obenaus M, Olmo-Enciso L, Onkamo P, Orschiedt J, Patrushev V, Peltola S, Romero A, Rubino S, Sajantila A, Salazar-García DC, Serrano E, Shaydullaev S, Sias E, Šlaus M, Stančo L, Swanston T, Teschler-Nicola M, Valentin F, Van de Vijver K, Varney TL, Vigil-Escalera Guirado A, Waters CK, Weiss-Krejci E, Winter E, Lamnidis TC, Prüfer K, Nägele K, Spyrou M, Schiffels S, Stockhammer PW, Haak W, Posth C, Warinner C, Bos KI, Herbig A, Krause J. Ancient Plasmodium genomes shed light on the history of human malaria. Nature 2024; 631:125-133. [PMID: 38867050 PMCID: PMC11222158 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Malaria-causing protozoa of the genus Plasmodium have exerted one of the strongest selective pressures on the human genome, and resistance alleles provide biomolecular footprints that outline the historical reach of these species1. Nevertheless, debate persists over when and how malaria parasites emerged as human pathogens and spread around the globe1,2. To address these questions, we generated high-coverage ancient mitochondrial and nuclear genome-wide data from P. falciparum, P. vivax and P. malariae from 16 countries spanning around 5,500 years of human history. We identified P. vivax and P. falciparum across geographically disparate regions of Eurasia from as early as the fourth and first millennia BCE, respectively; for P. vivax, this evidence pre-dates textual references by several millennia3. Genomic analysis supports distinct disease histories for P. falciparum and P. vivax in the Americas: similarities between now-eliminated European and peri-contact South American strains indicate that European colonizers were the source of American P. vivax, whereas the trans-Atlantic slave trade probably introduced P. falciparum into the Americas. Our data underscore the role of cross-cultural contacts in the dissemination of malaria, laying the biomolecular foundation for future palaeo-epidemiological research into the impact of Plasmodium parasites on human history. Finally, our unexpected discovery of P. falciparum in the high-altitude Himalayas provides a rare case study in which individual mobility can be inferred from infection status, adding to our knowledge of cross-cultural connectivity in the region nearly three millennia ago.
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MESH Headings
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Altitude
- Americas/epidemiology
- Asia/epidemiology
- Biological Evolution
- Disease Resistance/genetics
- DNA, Ancient/analysis
- Europe/epidemiology
- Genome, Mitochondrial/genetics
- Genome, Protozoan/genetics
- History, Ancient
- Malaria/parasitology
- Malaria/history
- Malaria/transmission
- Malaria/epidemiology
- Malaria, Falciparum/epidemiology
- Malaria, Falciparum/history
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Malaria, Falciparum/transmission
- Malaria, Vivax/epidemiology
- Malaria, Vivax/history
- Malaria, Vivax/parasitology
- Malaria, Vivax/transmission
- Plasmodium/genetics
- Plasmodium/classification
- Plasmodium falciparum/genetics
- Plasmodium falciparum/isolation & purification
- Plasmodium malariae/genetics
- Plasmodium malariae/isolation & purification
- Plasmodium vivax/genetics
- Plasmodium vivax/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Michel
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, .
| | - Eirini Skourtanioti
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean
| | - Federica Pierini
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Evelyn K Guevara
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Angela Mötsch
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean
| | - Arthur Kocher
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Transmission, Infection, Diversification and Evolution Group, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Barquera
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Raffaela A Bianco
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean
| | - Selina Carlhoff
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lorenza Coppola Bove
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean
- Department of Legal Medicine, Toxicology and Physical Anthropology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Suzanne Freilich
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karen Giffin
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Taylor Hermes
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Alina Hiß
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian Knolle
- Department of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A Nelson
- Microbial Palaeogenomics Unit, Department of Genomes and Genetics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Gunnar U Neumann
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean
| | - Luka Papac
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sandra Penske
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Adam B Rohrlach
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- School of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
- Adelaide Data Science Centre, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nada Salem
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean
| | - Lena Semerau
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vanessa Villalba-Mouco
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Ambientales de Aragón, IUCA-Aragosaurus, Universitity of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Isabelle Abadie
- Inrap - Institut national de recherches archéologiques préventives, Paris, France
- Centre Michel de Boüard, Centre de recherches archéologiques et historiques anciennes et médiévales, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Mark Aldenderfer
- Department of Anthropology and Heritage Studies, University of California, Merced, Merced, CA, USA
| | | | - Matthew Brown
- Sociology and Anthropology Department, Farmingdale State College, Farmingdale, NY, USA
| | - Franco G R Campus
- Department of History, Human Sciences, and Education, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Tsang Chenghwa
- Institute of Anthropology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - María Cruz Berrocal
- Institute of Heritage Sciences (INCIPIT), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ladislav Damašek
- Institute of Classical Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Raphaël Durand
- Service d'archéologie préventive Bourges plus, Bourges, France
- UMR 5199 PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Michal Ernée
- Department of Prehistoric Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Hannah Frenzel
- Anatomy Institute, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gabriel García Atiénzar
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Arqueología y Patrimonio Histórico, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig (Alicante), Spain
| | | | - Ellen Hsieh
- Institute of Anthropology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Maciej Karwowski
- Institut für Urgeschichte und Historische Archäologie, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Kelvin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Nikki Kelvin
- Division of Ancient Pathogens, BioForge Canada Limited, Halifax, Nove Scotia, Canada
| | - Alexander Khokhlov
- Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia
| | - Rebecca L Kinaston
- BioArch South, Waitati, New Zealand
- Griffith Centre for Social and Cultural Studies, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Arkadii Korolev
- Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia
| | - Kim-Louise Krettek
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mario Küßner
- Thuringian State Office for Heritage Management and Archaeology, Weimar, Germany
| | - Luca Lai
- Department of Anthropology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Cory Look
- Sociology and Anthropology Department, Farmingdale State College, Farmingdale, NY, USA
| | - Kerttu Majander
- Department of Environmental Science, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kirsten Mandl
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Michael McCormick
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean
- Initiative for the Science of the Human Past at Harvard, Department of History, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Patxuka de Miguel Ibáñez
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Arqueología y Patrimonio Histórico, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig (Alicante), Spain
- Servicio de Obstetricia, Hospital Virgen de los Lirios-Fisabio, Alcoi, Spain
- Sección de Antropología, Sociedad de Ciencias Aranzadi, Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Reg Murphy
- University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Kerkko Nordqvist
- Helsinki Collegium for Advanced Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Friederike Novotny
- Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Obenaus
- Silva Nortica Archäologische Dienstleistungen, Thunau am Kamp, Austria
| | - Lauro Olmo-Enciso
- Department of History, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Päivi Onkamo
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jörg Orschiedt
- Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt, Halle, Germany
- Institut für Prähistorische Archäologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Valerii Patrushev
- Centre of Archaeological and Ethnographical Investigation, Mari State University, Yoshkar-Ola, Russia
| | - Sanni Peltola
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Arqueología y Patrimonio Histórico, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig (Alicante), Spain
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad de Alicante, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Salvatore Rubino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antti Sajantila
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Forensic Medicine Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Domingo C Salazar-García
- Departament de Prehistòria, Arqueologia i Història Antiga, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elena Serrano
- Instituto Internacional de Investigaciones Prehistóricas, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- TAR Arqueología, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Emanuela Sias
- Centro Studi sulla Civiltà del Mare, Stintino, Italy
| | - Mario Šlaus
- Anthropological Center, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ladislav Stančo
- Institute of Classical Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Treena Swanston
- Department of Anthropology, Economics and Political Science, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maria Teschler-Nicola
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Katrien Van de Vijver
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
- Center for Archaeological Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Dienst Archeologie - Stad Mechelen, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Tamara L Varney
- Department of Anthropology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Christopher K Waters
- Heritage Department, National Parks of Antigua and Barbuda, St. Paul's Parish, Antigua and Barbuda
| | - Estella Weiss-Krejci
- Austrian Archaeological Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Social and Cultural Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eduard Winter
- Department of Anthropology, Natural History Museum Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thiseas C Lamnidis
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kay Prüfer
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Nägele
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Spyrou
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schiffels
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp W Stockhammer
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean
- Institute for Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology and Archaeology of the Roman Provinces, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cosimo Posth
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Archaeo- and Palaeogenetics, Institute for Archaeological Sciences, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christina Warinner
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean
- Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kirsten I Bos
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Herbig
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Johannes Krause
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
- Max Planck-Harvard Research Center for the Archaeoscience of the Ancient Mediterranean, .
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Pacheco MA, Cepeda AS, Miller EA, Beckerman S, Oswald M, London E, Mateus-Pinilla NE, Escalante AA. A new long-read mitochondrial-genome protocol (PacBio HiFi) for haemosporidian parasites: a tool for population and biodiversity studies. Malar J 2024; 23:134. [PMID: 38704592 PMCID: PMC11069185 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-04961-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on haemosporidian diversity, including origin of human malaria parasites, malaria's zoonotic dynamic, and regional biodiversity patterns, have used target gene approaches. However, current methods have a trade-off between scalability and data quality. Here, a long-read Next-Generation Sequencing protocol using PacBio HiFi is presented. The data processing is supported by a pipeline that uses machine-learning for analysing the reads. METHODS A set of primers was designed to target approximately 6 kb, almost the entire length of the haemosporidian mitochondrial genome. Amplicons from different samples were multiplexed in an SMRTbell® library preparation. A pipeline (HmtG-PacBio Pipeline) to process the reads is also provided; it integrates multiple sequence alignments, a machine-learning algorithm that uses modified variational autoencoders, and a clustering method to identify the mitochondrial haplotypes/species in a sample. Although 192 specimens could be studied simultaneously, a pilot experiment with 15 specimens is presented, including in silico experiments where multiple data combinations were tested. RESULTS The primers amplified various haemosporidian parasite genomes and yielded high-quality mt genome sequences. This new protocol allowed the detection and characterization of mixed infections and co-infections in the samples. The machine-learning approach converged into reproducible haplotypes with a low error rate, averaging 0.2% per read (minimum of 0.03% and maximum of 0.46%). The minimum recommended coverage per haplotype is 30X based on the detected error rates. The pipeline facilitates inspecting the data, including a local blast against a file of provided mitochondrial sequences that the researcher can customize. CONCLUSIONS This is not a diagnostic approach but a high-throughput method to study haemosporidian sequence assemblages and perform genotyping by targeting the mitochondrial genome. Accordingly, the methodology allowed for examining specimens with multiple infections and co-infections of different haemosporidian parasites. The pipeline enables data quality assessment and comparison of the haplotypes obtained to those from previous studies. Although a single locus approach, whole mitochondrial data provide high-quality information to characterize species pools of haemosporidian parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Andreína Pacheco
- Biology Department/Institute of Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine (iGEM), Temple University, (SERC - 645), 1925 N. 12 St, Philadelphia, PA, 19122-1801, USA.
| | - Axl S Cepeda
- Biology Department/Institute of Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine (iGEM), Temple University, (SERC - 645), 1925 N. 12 St, Philadelphia, PA, 19122-1801, USA
| | - Erica A Miller
- University of Pennsylvania, Wildlife Futures Program, Kennett Square, Philadelphia, PA, 19348, USA
| | | | | | - Evan London
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Nohra E Mateus-Pinilla
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
- Illinois Natural History Survey-Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61802, USA
| | - Ananias A Escalante
- Biology Department/Institute of Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine (iGEM), Temple University, (SERC - 645), 1925 N. 12 St, Philadelphia, PA, 19122-1801, USA.
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Mertens JE. A History of Malaria and Conflict. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:165. [PMID: 38504009 PMCID: PMC10951023 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
It is supposed that in all armed conflicts until World War II more humans died of infectious diseases than of the actual violence. Especially malaria left a crucial imprint on wars throughout history. The disease aggravates wartime conditions, is thus responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in conflict zones, and is at the same time more commonly found in these areas. Malaria has halted many military campaigns in the past, with prominent examples ranging from antiquity through the medieval period and into the modern era. The parasitosis still continues to play an important role in the outcome of warfare and follow-up events today and is of special public health importance in areas of the Global South, where most of its endemicity and some of the most brutal conflicts of our time are located. Vice versa, wars and ensuing population movements increase malaria transmission and morbidity as well as impede control efforts. Awareness of this and the development of strategies to overcome both malaria and wars will massively improve the well-being of the population affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas E Mertens
- Institute for Infection Research and Vaccine Development (IIRVD), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Kumar A, Singh PP, Tyagi S, Hari Kishan Raju K, Sahu SS, Rahi M. Vivax malaria: a possible stumbling block for malaria elimination in India. Front Public Health 2024; 11:1228217. [PMID: 38259757 PMCID: PMC10801037 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1228217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is geographically the most widely dispersed human malaria parasite species. It has shown resilience and a great deal of adaptability. Genomic studies suggest that P. vivax originated from Asia or Africa and moved to the rest of the world. Although P. vivax is evolutionarily an older species than Plasmodium falciparum, its biology, transmission, pathology, and control still require better elucidation. P. vivax poses problems for malaria elimination because of the ability of a single primary infection to produce multiple relapses over months and years. P. vivax malaria elimination program needs early diagnosis, and prompt and complete radical treatment, which is challenging, to simultaneously exterminate the circulating parasites and dormant hypnozoites lodged in the hepatocytes of the host liver. As prompt surveillance and effective treatments are rolled out, preventing primaquine toxicity in the patients having glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency should be a priority for the vivax elimination program. This review sheds light on the burden of P. vivax, changing epidemiological patterns, the hurdles in elimination efforts, and the essential tools needed not just in India but globally. These tools encompass innovative treatments for eliminating dormant parasites, coping with evolving drug resistance, and the development of potential vaccines against the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Kumar
- ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | | | - Suchi Tyagi
- ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
| | | | | | - Manju Rahi
- ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry, India
- Indian Council of Medical Research, Hqrs New Delhi, India
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Chaturvedi R, Biswas S, Bisht K, Sharma A. The threat of increased transmission of non- knowlesi zoonotic malaria in humans: a systematic review. Parasitology 2023; 150:1167-1177. [PMID: 37929579 PMCID: PMC10801384 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202300077x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Of the 5 human malarial parasites, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are the most prevalent species globally, while Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale curtisi and Plasmodium ovale wallikeri are less prevalent and typically occur as mixed-infections. Plasmodium knowlesi, previously considered a non-human primate (NHP) infecting species, is now a cause of human malaria in Malaysia. The other NHP Plasmodium species, Plasmodium cynomolgi, Plasmodium brasilianum, Plasmodium inui, Plasmodium simium, Plasmodium coatneyi and Plasmodium fieldi cause malaria in primates, which are mainly reported in southeast Asia and South America. The non-knowlesi NHP Plasmodium species also emerged and were found to cross-transmit from their natural hosts (NHP) – to human hosts in natural settings. Here we have reviewed and collated data from the literature on the NHPs-to-human-transmitting non-knowlesi Plasmodium species. It was observed that the natural transmission of these NHP parasites to humans had been reported from 2010 onwards. This study shows that: (1) the majority of the non-knowlesi NHP Plasmodium mixed species infecting human cases were from Yala province of Thailand; (2) mono/mixed P. cynomolgi infections with other human-infecting Plasmodium species were prevalent in Malaysia and Thailand and (3) P. brasilianum and P. simium were found in Central and South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rini Chaturvedi
- Molecular Medicine Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shibani Biswas
- Molecular Medicine Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Host–Parasite Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Kanika Bisht
- Host–Parasite Biology, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Amit Sharma
- Molecular Medicine Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Rangel MEO, Duarte AMRC, Oliveira TMP, Mucci LF, Loss AC, Loaiza JR, Laporta GZ, Sallum MAM. Zoonotic Malaria Risk in Serra Do Mar, Atlantic Forest, Brazil. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2465. [PMID: 37894123 PMCID: PMC10609463 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, the main goal is to assess natural infections of Plasmodium spp. in anophelines in a forest reserve from the same region where we previously found a surprisingly high rate (5.2%) of plasmodia infections (n = 25) in Kerteszia mosquitoes (N = 480) on the slopes of Serra do Mar, Atlantic Forest, Brazil. The mosquito collection sampling was carried out at the Legado das Águas Forest Reserve using CDC light traps and Shannon traps at night (5-10 pm) in 3-day collections in November 2021 and March, April, May, and November 2022. The captured specimens were morphologically identified at the species level and had their genomic DNA extracted in pools of up to 10 mosquitoes/pool. Each pool was tested using 18S qPCR and cytb nested PCR plus sequencing. A total of 5301 mosquitoes, mostly belonging to the genus Kerteszia (99.7%), were sampled and sorted into 773 pools. Eight pools positive for Plasmodium spp. were identified: four for Plasmodium spp., one for P. vivax or P. simium, one for P. malariae or P. brasilianum, and two for the P. falciparum-like parasite. After Sanger sequencing, two results were further confirmed: P. vivax or P. simium and P. malariae or P. brasilianum. The minimum infection rate for Kerteszia mosquitoes was 0.15% (eight positive pools/5285 Kerteszia mosquitoes). The study reveals a lower-than-expected natural infection rate (expected = 5.2% vs. observed = 0.15%). This low rate relates to the absence of Alouatta monkeys as the main simian malaria reservoir in the studied region. Their absence was due to a significant population decline following the reemergence of yellow fever virus outbreaks in the Atlantic Forest from 2016 to 2019. However, this also indicates the existence of alternative reservoirs to infect Kerteszia mosquitoes. The found zoonotic species of Plasmodium, including the P. falciparum-like parasite, may represent a simian malaria risk and thus a challenge for malaria elimination in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina E. O. Rangel
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria R. C. Duarte
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil
- Institute Pasteur, State Secretary of Health of São Paulo, São Paulo 01311-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiane M. P. Oliveira
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis F. Mucci
- Institute Pasteur, State Secretary of Health of São Paulo, São Paulo 01311-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Loss
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-710, ES, Brazil;
| | - Jose R. Loaiza
- Institute of Scientific Research and High Technology Services of Panama (INDICASAT AIP), Panamá 0843-01103, Panama
| | - Gabriel Z. Laporta
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, FMABC University Center, Santo André 09060-870, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Anice M. Sallum
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-904, SP, Brazil
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8
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Agudelo Higuita NI, Franco-Paredes C, Henao-Martínez AF, Mendez Rojas B, Suarez JA, Naranjo L, Alger J. Migrants in transit across Central America and the potential spread of chloroquine resistant malaria-a call for action. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2023; 22:100505. [PMID: 37214770 PMCID: PMC10193226 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2023.100505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Human migration has shaped the distribution and patterns of infectious diseases transmission throughout history. Migration is one of the contributing factors that has played an important role in the dissemination of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Central America and Mexico are important transit points of an increasing migrant flow originating from countries where chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum and vivax are prevalent. Surveillance systems, as well as detection and diagnostic capacities in the Central American region, are limited. The additional challenges imposed by the increasingly mobile population in the region are creating the perfect scenario for the emergence or re-emergence of infectious diseases, such as the introduction of chloroquine-resistant malaria. The development and implementation of transborder, collaborative, and ethical migrant health initiatives in the region are urgently needed. The health of migrant people in transit during their migratory route is of our collective interest and responsibility; their exclusion from health programs based on their legal status contradicts international human rights treaties and is inconsistent with ethical global public health practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Iván Agudelo Higuita
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Instituto de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitología Antonio Vidal, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Carlos Franco-Paredes
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
- Hospital Infantil de México, Federico Gómez, México City, Mexico
| | - Andrés F. Henao-Martínez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - José Antonio Suarez
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Salud. Universidad Internacional SEK. Quito, Ecuador
- Investigador II SNI Senacyt, Panamá City, Panama
| | - Laura Naranjo
- GlaxoSmithKline CARICAM Vaccines, Panama
- Investigador I SNI Senacyt, Panamá City, Panama
| | - Jackeline Alger
- Instituto de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitología Antonio Vidal, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
- Departamento de Laboratorio Clínico, Hospital Escuela, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
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9
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Matamoros G, Escobar D, Pinto A, Serrano D, Ksandrová E, Grimaldi N, Juárez-Fontecha G, Moncada M, Valdivia HO, Fontecha G. PET-PCR reveals low parasitaemia and submicroscopic malarial infections in Honduran Moskitia. Malar J 2023; 22:110. [PMID: 36978056 PMCID: PMC10053754 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04538-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria remains a main parasitic disease of humans. Although the largest number of cases is reported in the African region, there are still endemic foci in the Americas. Central America reported 36,000 malaria cases in 2020, which represents 5.5% of cases in the Americas and 0.015% of cases globally. Most malaria infections in Central America are reported in La Moskitia, shared by Honduras and Nicaragua. In the Honduran Moskitia, less than 800 cases were registered in 2020, considering it an area of low endemicity. In low endemicity settings, the number of submicroscopic and asymptomatic infections tends to increase, leaving many cases undetected and untreated. These reservoirs challenge national malaria elimination programmes. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic performance of Light Microscopy (LM), a nested PCR test and a photoinduced electron transfer polymerase chain reaction (PET-PCR) in a population of febrile patients from La Moskitia. METHODS A total of 309 febrile participants were recruited using a passive surveillance approach at the Puerto Lempira hospital. Blood samples were analysed by LM, nested PCR, and PET-PCR. Diagnostic performance including sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values, kappa index, accuracy, and ROC analysis was evaluated. The parasitaemia of the positive samples was quantified by both LM and PET-PCR. RESULTS The overall prevalence of malaria was 19.1% by LM, 27.8% by nPCR, and 31.1% by PET-PCR. The sensitivity of LM was 67.4% compared to nPCR, and the sensitivity of LM and nPCR was 59.6% and 80.8%, respectively, compared to PET-PCR. LM showed a kappa index of 0.67, with a moderate level of agreement. Forty positive cases by PET-PCR were not detected by LM. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that LM is unable to detect parasitaemia at low levels and that there is a high degree of submicroscopic infections in the Honduran Moskitia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Matamoros
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Denis Escobar
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Alejandra Pinto
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Delmy Serrano
- Hospital de Puerto Lempira, Secretaría de Salud de Honduras, Gracias a Dios, Honduras
| | - Eliška Ksandrová
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Nicole Grimaldi
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Gabriel Juárez-Fontecha
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Marcela Moncada
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Hugo O Valdivia
- Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit 6 (NAMRU-6), 07006, Lima, Peru
| | - Gustavo Fontecha
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.
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10
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Li Y, Huang X, Qing L, Zeng W, Zeng X, Meng F, Wang G, Chen Y. Geographical origin of Plasmodium vivax in the Hainan Island, China: insights from mitochondrial genome. Malar J 2023; 22:84. [PMID: 36890523 PMCID: PMC9993381 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-023-04520-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hainan Province, China, has been an endemic region with high transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Indigenous malaria caused by P. vivax was eliminated in Hainan in 2011, while imported vivax malaria remains. However, the geographical origin of P. vivax cases in Hainan remains unclear. METHODS Indigenous and imported P. vivax isolates (n = 45) were collected from Hainan Province, and the 6 kb mitochondrial genome was obtained. Nucleotide (π) and haplotype (h) diversity were estimated using DnaSP. The numbers of synonymous nucleotide substitutions per synonymous site (dS) and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions per nonsynonymous site (dN) were calculated using the SNAP program. Arlequin software was used to estimate the genetic diversity index and assess population differentiation. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of P. vivax was performed using MrBayes. A haplotype network was generated using the NETWORK program. RESULTS In total, 983 complete mitochondrial genome sequences were collected, including 45 from this study and 938 publicly available from the NCBI. Thirty-three SNPs were identified, and 18 haplotypes were defined. The haplotype (0.834) and nucleotide (0.00061) diversity in the Hainan populations were higher than China's Anhui and Guizhou population, and the majority of pairwise FST values in Hainan exceeded 0.25, suggesting strong differentiation among most populations except in Southeast Asia. Most Hainan haplotypes were connected to South/East Asian and China's others haplotypes, but less connected with populations from China's Anhui and Guizhou provinces. Mitochondrial lineages of Hainan P. vivax belonged to clade 1 of four well-supported clades in a phylogenetic tree, most haplotypes of indigenous cases formed a subclade of clade 1, and the origin of seven imported cases (50%) could be inferred from the phylogenetic tree, but five imported cases (42.8%) could not be traced using the phylogenetic tree alone, necessitating epidemiological investigation. CONCLUSIONS Indigenous cases in Hainan display high genetic (haplotype and nucleotide) diversity. Haplotype network analysis also revealed most haplotypes in Hainan were connected to the Southeast Asian populations and divergence to a cluster of China's other populations. According to the mtDNA phylogenetic tree, some haplotypes were shared between geographic populations, and some haplotypes have formed lineages. Multiple tests are needed to further explore the origin and expansion of P. vivax populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchun Li
- Hainan Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, 570203, China.
| | - Xiaomin Huang
- Hainan Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, 570203, China
| | - Ling Qing
- Hainan Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, 570203, China
| | - Wen Zeng
- Hainan Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, 570203, China
| | - Xiangjie Zeng
- Hainan Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, 570203, China
| | - Feng Meng
- Hainan Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, 570203, China
| | - GuangZe Wang
- Hainan Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, 570203, China.
| | - Yan Chen
- Hainan Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, 570203, China.
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11
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Ibrahim A, Manko E, Dombrowski JG, Campos M, Benavente ED, Nolder D, Sutherland CJ, Nosten F, Fernandez D, Vélez-Tobón G, Castaño AT, Aguiar ACC, Pereira DB, da Silva Santos S, Suarez-Mutis M, Di Santi SM, Regina de Souza Baptista A, Dantas Machado RL, Marinho CR, Clark TG, Campino S. Population-based genomic study of Plasmodium vivax malaria in seven Brazilian states and across South America. LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. AMERICAS 2023; 18:100420. [PMID: 36844008 PMCID: PMC9950661 DOI: 10.1016/j.lana.2022.100420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Brazil is a unique and understudied setting for malaria, with complex foci of transmission associated with human and environmental conditions. An understanding of the population genomic diversity of P. vivax parasites across Brazil can support malaria control strategies. Methods Through whole genome sequencing of P. vivax isolates across 7 Brazilian states, we use population genomic approaches to compare genetic diversity within country (n = 123), continent (6 countries, n = 315) and globally (26 countries, n = 885). Findings We confirm that South American isolates are distinct, have more ancestral populations than the other global regions, with differentiating mutations in genes under selective pressure linked to antimalarial drugs (pvmdr1, pvdhfr-ts) and mosquito vectors (pvcrmp3, pvP45/48, pvP47). We demonstrate Brazil as a distinct parasite population, with signals of selection including ABC transporter (PvABCI3) and PHIST exported proteins. Interpretation Brazil has a complex population structure, with evidence of P. simium infections and Amazonian parasites separating into multiple clusters. Overall, our work provides the first Brazil-wide analysis of P. vivax population structure and identifies important mutations, which can inform future research and control measures. Funding AI is funded by an MRC LiD PhD studentship. TGC is funded by the Medical Research Council (Grant no. MR/M01360X/1, MR/N010469/1, MR/R025576/1, MR/R020973/1 and MR/X005895/1). SC is funded by Medical Research Council UK grants (MR/M01360X/1, MR/R025576/1, MR/R020973/1 and MR/X005895/1) and Bloomsbury SET (ref. CCF17-7779). FN is funded by The Shloklo Malaria Research Unit - part of the Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, supported by the Wellcome Trust (Grant no. 220211). ARSB is funded by São Paulo Research Foundation - FAPESP (Grant no. 2002/09546-1). RLDM is funded by Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq (Grant no. 302353/2003-8 and 471605/2011-5); CRFM is funded by FAPESP (Grant no. 2020/06747-4) and CNPq (Grant no. 302917/2019-5 and 408636/2018-1); JGD is funded by FAPESP fellowships (2016/13465-0 and 2019/12068-5) and CNPq (Grant no. 409216/2018-6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Ibrahim
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Emilia Manko
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jamille G. Dombrowski
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University
of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mónica Campos
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ernest Diez Benavente
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Debbie Nolder
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Public Health England Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of
Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Colin J. Sutherland
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Public Health England Malaria Reference Laboratory, London School of
Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Francois Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research
Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Tak,
Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of
Clinical Medicine Research Building, University of Oxford Old Road Campus,
Oxford, UK
| | - Diana Fernandez
- Grupo Malaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Antioquia,
Colombia
| | - Gabriel Vélez-Tobón
- Grupo Malaria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Antioquia,
Colombia
| | | | | | | | - Simone da Silva Santos
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Institute Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz-
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martha Suarez-Mutis
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Institute Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz-
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Andrea Regina de Souza Baptista
- Centro de Investigação de Microrganismos – CIM, Departamento de
Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense,
Brazil
| | - Ricardo Luiz Dantas Machado
- Centro de Investigação de Microrganismos – CIM, Departamento de
Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense,
Brazil
| | - Claudio R.F. Marinho
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University
of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taane G. Clark
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Faculty of Epidemiology & Population Health, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Susana Campino
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene
& Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Miller LH, Rojas-Jaimes J, Low LM, Corbellini G. What Historical Records Teach Us about the Discovery of Quinine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:7-11. [PMID: 36410328 PMCID: PMC9833075 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin of quinine from Peru remains a mystery because of the lack of primary data-in particular, those produced by the Jesuits working in Peru. The discovery of cinchona bark and its use in malaria treatment must have come from the Jesuits, who worked with the native Andeans, the Quichuan people, and learned how the bark of the cinchona tree could be used for chills. Unknown is whether the Andean people used it for fever that may have been the result of malaria. We explored the literature of the 1600s, 1700s, and later to trace the history of quinine that is available. All these secondary sources lack the primary data of the Jesuits in their work with native Andeans, nor is there information on how the discovery of its use for malaria-like fevers came about. One clue comes from the Jesuits who talked with the Andean people and learned about quinine. But was it used for fever? Why did the Jesuits test it against (tertian or quartan) fevers that could have been the result of malaria? The gap in our knowledge can only be resolved with the discovery of written documents by the Jesuits about quinine for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis H. Miller
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Leanne M. Low
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gilberto Corbellini
- Museum of History of Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Lazio, Italy
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13
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Simonetti O, Contini C, Martini M. The history of Gin and Tonic; the infectious disease specialist long drink. When gin and tonic was not ordered but prescribed. LE INFEZIONI IN MEDICINA 2022; 30:619-626. [PMID: 36482962 PMCID: PMC9714995 DOI: 10.53854/liim-3004-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Winston Churchill statement promoting Gin and Tonic as a life saver during British Empire extension hides many truths. As a matter of fact, the modern cocktail is thought to be born in India where it was widely distributed by Royal Navy for its anti-malarial properties. The aim of the present work is to review and unveil the history of Gin and Tonic through the centuries. As a matter of facts, primitive Gin and Tonic protective effects were well understood by physicians far before the advent of the "germ theory" and its fortunate invention is one of the most fascinating approaches in the history of preventive medicine. Indeed, quinine, a compound with protective effects on the replicative cycle of Plasmodium spp was discovered in 18th Century and since 19th it become the main compound of tonic beverages such as Schweppe's ones. Interestingly, it was administered to British expatriates' seamen and soldiers in order to prevent febrile paroxysms. Soon after, British military doctors demonstrated that the addition of lime or lemon peels to tonics was effective in preventing scurvy. While, addition of alcoholic beverages and gin contributed to make more enjoyable the bitter and unpleasant taste of this beverages. RESULTS The spectacular voyage of Gin and Tonic teaches us that a popular recreational drink of our Century was a powerful prophylaxis which certainly helped British colonial expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Simonetti
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University Hospital of Trieste,
Italy
| | - Carlo Contini
- Infectious Diseases and Dermatology Section, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara,
Italy
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14
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Torres K, Ferreira MU, Castro MC, Escalante AA, Conn JE, Villasis E, da Silva Araujo M, Almeida G, Rodrigues PT, Corder RM, Fernandes ARJ, Calil PR, Ladeia WA, Garcia-Castillo SS, Gomez J, do Valle Antonelli LR, Gazzinelli RT, Golenbock DT, Llanos-Cuentas A, Gamboa D, Vinetz JM. Malaria Resilience in South America: Epidemiology, Vector Biology, and Immunology Insights from the Amazonian International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research Network in Peru and Brazil. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:168-181. [PMID: 36228921 PMCID: PMC9662219 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The 1990s saw the rapid reemergence of malaria in Amazonia, where it remains an important public health priority in South America. The Amazonian International Center of Excellence in Malaria Research (ICEMR) was designed to take a multidisciplinary approach toward identifying novel malaria control and elimination strategies. Based on geographically and epidemiologically distinct sites in the Northeastern Peruvian and Western Brazilian Amazon regions, synergistic projects integrate malaria epidemiology, vector biology, and immunology. The Amazonian ICEMR's overarching goal is to understand how human behavior and other sociodemographic features of human reservoirs of transmission-predominantly asymptomatically parasitemic people-interact with the major Amazonian malaria vector, Nyssorhynchus (formerly Anopheles) darlingi, and with human immune responses to maintain malaria resilience and continued endemicity in a hypoendemic setting. Here, we will review Amazonian ICEMR's achievements on the synergies among malaria epidemiology, Plasmodium-vector interactions, and immune response, and how those provide a roadmap for further research, and, most importantly, point toward how to achieve malaria control and elimination in the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Torres
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Marcelo U. Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia C. Castro
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ananias A. Escalante
- Department of Biology and Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jan E. Conn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York
| | - Elizabeth Villasis
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Gregorio Almeida
- Instituto de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Priscila T. Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M. Corder
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anderson R. J. Fernandes
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila R. Calil
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Winni A. Ladeia
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stefano S. Garcia-Castillo
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Joaquin Gomez
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Ricardo T. Gazzinelli
- Instituto de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Douglas T. Golenbock
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Alejandro Llanos-Cuentas
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Joseph M. Vinetz
- Institute of Tropical Medicine Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Address correspondence to Joseph M. Vinetz, Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 25 York St., Winchester 403D, PO Box 802022, New Haven, CT 06520. E-mail:
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15
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Relationships between transmission of malaria in Africa and climate factors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14392. [PMID: 35999450 PMCID: PMC9399114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The spread of malaria is related to climate change because temperature and rainfall are key parameters of climate change. Fluctuations in temperature affect the spread of malaria by lowering or speeding up its rate of transmission. The amount of rainfall also affects the transmission of malaria by offering a lot of sites suitable for mosquitoes to breed in. However, a high amount of rainfall does not have a great effect. Because of the high malaria incidence and the death rates in African regions, by using malaria incidence data, temperature data and rainfall data collected in 1901-2015, we construct and analyze climate networks to show how climate relates to the transmission of malaria in African countries. Malaria networks show a positive correlation with temperature and rainfall networks, except for the 1981-2015 period, in which the malaria network shows a negative correlation with rainfall.
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16
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Winck GR, Raimundo RLG, Fernandes-Ferreira H, Bueno MG, D’Andrea PS, Rocha FL, Cruz GLT, Vilar EM, Brandão M, Cordeiro JLP, Andreazzi CS. Socioecological vulnerability and the risk of zoonotic disease emergence in Brazil. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo5774. [PMID: 35767624 PMCID: PMC9242594 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo5774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In developing countries, outbreaks of zoonotic diseases (ZDs) result from intertwined ecological, socioeconomic, and demographic processes that shape conditions for (i) increased contact between vulnerable human population and wildlife in areas undergoing environmental degradation and (ii) the rapid geographic spread of infections across socially vulnerable regions. In Brazil, recent increases in environmental and social vulnerabilities, amplified by economic and political crises, are potential triggers for outbreaks. We discuss Brazilian features that favor outbreaks and show a novel quantitative method for zoonotic risk assessment. Using data on nine ZDs from 2001 to 2019, we found that the most significant causal variables were vegetation cover and city remoteness. Furthermore, 8 of 27 states presented low-level risk of ZD outbreaks. Given the ZD-bushmeat connection, we identified central hunted mammals that should be surveilled to prevent spillover events. The current challenge is to coordinate intersectoral collaboration for effective One Health management in megadiverse countries with high social vulnerability and growing environmental degradation like Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele R. Winck
- Laboratory of Biology and Parasitology of Wild Reservoir Mammals (LABPMR), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rafael L. G. Raimundo
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Ecology and Environmental Monitoring, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Rio Tinto, PB, Brazil
| | - Hugo Fernandes-Ferreira
- Terrestrial Vertebrate Conservation Lab (Converte), State University of Ceará (UECE), Quixadá, CE, Brazil
| | - Marina G. Bueno
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology (LVCA), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Paulo S. D’Andrea
- Laboratory of Biology and Parasitology of Wild Reservoir Mammals (LABPMR), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Fabiana L. Rocha
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
- Center for Species Survival Brazil and Conservation Planning Specialist Group, Species Survival Commission (SSC), International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brazil
| | - Gabriella L. T. Cruz
- Laboratory of Biology and Parasitology of Wild Reservoir Mammals (LABPMR), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Martha Brandão
- Vice Presidency of Production and Innovation in Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - José Luís P. Cordeiro
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Eusébio, CE, Brazil
- Department of Biology and Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), Aveiro University, Aveiro, Portugal
- International Platform for Science, Technology, and Innovation in Health (PICTIS), Fiocruz and Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cecilia S. Andreazzi
- Laboratory of Biology and Parasitology of Wild Reservoir Mammals (LABPMR), Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- International Platform for Science, Technology, and Innovation in Health (PICTIS), Fiocruz and Aveiro, Portugal
- Centre for Functional Ecology (CFE), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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17
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Escalante AA, Cepeda AS, Pacheco MA. Why Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum are so different? A tale of two clades and their species diversities. Malar J 2022; 21:139. [PMID: 35505356 PMCID: PMC9066883 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04130-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The global malaria burden sometimes obscures that the genus Plasmodium comprises diverse clades with lineages that independently gave origin to the extant human parasites. Indeed, the differences between the human malaria parasites were highlighted in the classical taxonomy by dividing them into two subgenera, the subgenus Plasmodium, which included all the human parasites but Plasmodium falciparum that was placed in its separate subgenus, Laverania. Here, the evolution of Plasmodium in primates will be discussed in terms of their species diversity and some of their distinct phenotypes, putative molecular adaptations, and host–parasite biocenosis. Thus, in addition to a current phylogeny using genome-level data, some specific molecular features will be discussed as examples of how these parasites have diverged. The two subgenera of malaria parasites found in primates, Plasmodium and Laverania, reflect extant monophyletic groups that originated in Africa. However, the subgenus Plasmodium involves species in Southeast Asia that were likely the result of adaptive radiation. Such events led to the Plasmodium vivax lineage. Although the Laverania species, including P. falciparum, has been considered to share “avian characteristics,” molecular traits that were likely in the common ancestor of primate and avian parasites are sometimes kept in the Plasmodium subgenus while being lost in Laverania. Assessing how molecular traits in the primate malaria clades originated is a fundamental science problem that will likely provide new targets for interventions. However, given that the genus Plasmodium is paraphyletic (some descendant groups are in other genera), understanding the evolution of malaria parasites will benefit from studying “non-Plasmodium” Haemosporida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananias A Escalante
- Biology Department/Institute of Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine [iGEM], Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122-1801, USA.
| | - Axl S Cepeda
- Biology Department/Institute of Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine [iGEM], Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122-1801, USA
| | - M Andreína Pacheco
- Biology Department/Institute of Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine [iGEM], Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19122-1801, USA
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18
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Rougeron V, Daron J, Fontaine MC, Prugnolle F. Evolutionary history of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium simium in the Americas. Malar J 2022; 21:141. [PMID: 35505431 PMCID: PMC9066938 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a vector-borne disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Plasmodium vivax is the most prevalent human-infecting species in the Americas. However, the origins of this parasite in this continent are still debated. Similarly, it is now accepted that the existence of Plasmodium simium is explained by a P. vivax transfer from humans to monkey in America. However, many uncertainties still exist concerning the origin of the transfer and whether several transfers occurred. In this review, the most recent studies that addressed these questions using genetic and genomic approaches are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Rougeron
- International Research Laboratory, REHABS, CNRS-NMU-UCBL, George Campus, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa.
| | - Josquin Daron
- Laboratory MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 900, rue Jean-François Breton, 34900, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael C Fontaine
- Laboratory MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 900, rue Jean-François Breton, 34900, Montpellier, France.,Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- International Research Laboratory, REHABS, CNRS-NMU-UCBL, George Campus, Nelson Mandela University, George, South Africa
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19
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Voinson M, Nunn CL, Goldberg A. Primate malarias as a model for cross-species parasite transmission. eLife 2022; 11:e69628. [PMID: 35086643 PMCID: PMC8798051 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites regularly switch into new host species, representing a disease burden and conservation risk to the hosts. The distribution of these parasites also gives insight into characteristics of ecological networks and genetic mechanisms of host-parasite interactions. Some parasites are shared across many species, whereas others tend to be restricted to hosts from a single species. Understanding the mechanisms producing this distribution of host specificity can enable more effective interventions and potentially identify genetic targets for vaccines or therapies. As ecological connections between human and local animal populations increase, the risk to human and wildlife health from novel parasites also increases. Which of these parasites will fizzle out and which have the potential to become widespread in humans? We consider the case of primate malarias, caused by Plasmodium parasites, to investigate the interacting ecological and evolutionary mechanisms that put human and nonhuman primates at risk for infection. Plasmodium host switching from nonhuman primates to humans led to ancient introductions of the most common malaria-causing agents in humans today, and new parasite switching is a growing threat, especially in Asia and South America. Based on a wild host-Plasmodium occurrence database, we highlight geographic areas of concern and potential areas to target further sampling. We also discuss methodological developments that will facilitate clinical and field-based interventions to improve human and wildlife health based on this eco-evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Voinson
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Charles L Nunn
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States
- Duke Global Health, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States
| | - Amy Goldberg
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke UniversityDurhamUnited States
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20
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Mourier T, de Alvarenga DAM, Kaushik A, de Pina-Costa A, Douvropoulou O, Guan Q, Guzmán-Vega FJ, Forrester S, de Abreu FVS, Júnior CB, de Souza Junior JC, Moreira SB, Hirano ZMB, Pissinatti A, Ferreira-da-Cruz MDF, de Oliveira RL, Arold ST, Jeffares DC, Brasil P, de Brito CFA, Culleton R, Daniel-Ribeiro CT, Pain A. The genome of the zoonotic malaria parasite Plasmodium simium reveals adaptations to host switching. BMC Biol 2021; 19:219. [PMID: 34592986 PMCID: PMC8485552 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmodium simium, a malaria parasite of non-human primates (NHP), was recently shown to cause zoonotic infections in humans in Brazil. We sequenced the P. simium genome to investigate its evolutionary history and to identify any genetic adaptions that may underlie the ability of this parasite to switch between host species. RESULTS Phylogenetic analyses based on whole genome sequences of P. simium from humans and NHPs reveals that P. simium is monophyletic within the broader diversity of South American Plasmodium vivax, suggesting P. simium first infected NHPs as a result of a host switch of P. vivax from humans. The P. simium isolates show the closest relationship to Mexican P. vivax isolates. Analysis of erythrocyte invasion genes reveals differences between P. vivax and P. simium, including large deletions in the Duffy-binding protein 1 (DBP1) and reticulocyte-binding protein 2a genes of P. simium. Analysis of P. simium isolated from NHPs and humans revealed a deletion of 38 amino acids in DBP1 present in all human-derived isolates, whereas NHP isolates were multi-allelic. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of the P. simium genome confirmed a close phylogenetic relationship between P. simium and P. vivax, and suggests a very recent American origin for P. simium. The presence of the DBP1 deletion in all human-derived isolates tested suggests that this deletion, in combination with other genetic changes in P. simium, may facilitate the invasion of human red blood cells and may explain, at least in part, the basis of the recent zoonotic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Mourier
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Denise Anete Madureira de Alvarenga
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da Malária, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, MG, 30190-009, Brazil
| | - Abhinav Kaushik
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anielle de Pina-Costa
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
- Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos (UNIFESO), Teresópolis, RJ, 25964-004, Brazil
| | - Olga Douvropoulou
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qingtian Guan
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Francisco J Guzmán-Vega
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Forrester
- Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Filipe Vieira Santos de Abreu
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Cesare Bianco Júnior
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, IOC, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Julio Cesar de Souza Junior
- Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), Centro de Pesquisas Biológicas de Indaial (CEPESBI)/ Projeto bugio, Blumenau, Indaial, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Zelinda Maria Braga Hirano
- Universidade Regional de Blumenau (FURB), Centro de Pesquisas Biológicas de Indaial (CEPESBI)/ Projeto bugio, Blumenau, Indaial, SC, Brazil
| | - Alcides Pissinatti
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ/Inea), Guapimirim, RJ, 25940-000, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Ferreira-da-Cruz
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, IOC, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Lourenço de Oliveira
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Stefan T Arold
- Computational Bioscience Research Center, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Centre de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Daniel C Jeffares
- Department of Biology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Patrícia Brasil
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Ferreira Alves de Brito
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Biologia Molecular e Imunologia da Malária, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Belo Horizonte, MG, 30190-009, Brazil
| | - Richard Culleton
- Division of Molecular Parasitology, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan
| | - Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, IOC, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil.
| | - Arnab Pain
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, N20 W10 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan.
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21
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Rougeron V, Boundenga L, Arnathau C, Durand P, Renaud F, Prugnolle F. A population genetic perspective on the origin, spread and adaptation of the human malaria agents Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 46:6373923. [PMID: 34550355 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is considered one of the most important scourges that humanity has faced during its history, being responsible every year for numerous deaths worldwide. The disease is caused by protozoan parasites, among which two species are responsible of the majority of the burden, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. For these two parasite species, the questions of their origin (how and when they appeared in humans), of their spread throughout the world, as well as how they have adapted to humans have long been of interest to the scientific community. Here, we review the current knowledge that has accumulated on these different questions, thanks in particular to the analysis of the genetic and genomic variability of these parasites and comparison with related Plasmodium species infecting other host species (like non-human primates). In this paper we review the existing body of knowledge, including current research dealing with these questions, focusing particularly on genetic analysis and genomic variability of these parasites and comparison with related Plasmodium species infecting other species of host (such as non-human primates).
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Rougeron
- Laboratory MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 900 rue Jean François Breton, 34090 Montpellier, France.,CREES, Centre de Recherches en Écologie et Évolution de la Santé, Montpellier, France
| | - Larson Boundenga
- CIRMF, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | - Céline Arnathau
- Laboratory MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 900 rue Jean François Breton, 34090 Montpellier, France.,CREES, Centre de Recherches en Écologie et Évolution de la Santé, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Durand
- Laboratory MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 900 rue Jean François Breton, 34090 Montpellier, France.,CREES, Centre de Recherches en Écologie et Évolution de la Santé, Montpellier, France
| | - François Renaud
- Laboratory MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 900 rue Jean François Breton, 34090 Montpellier, France.,CREES, Centre de Recherches en Écologie et Évolution de la Santé, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- Laboratory MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 900 rue Jean François Breton, 34090 Montpellier, France.,CREES, Centre de Recherches en Écologie et Évolution de la Santé, Montpellier, France
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22
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de Oliveira TC, Rodrigues PT, Duarte AMRC, Rona LDP, Ferreira MU. Ongoing host-shift speciation in Plasmodium simium. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:940-942. [PMID: 34535396 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium simium, a malaria parasite that infects platyrrhine monkeys and humans in the New World, is nearly identical to Plasmodium vivax. Recent genomic comparative analyses of these sister species have identified elevated divergence in a gene that may underlie P. simium adaptation to non-human primates during its gradual speciation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís C de Oliveira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila T Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria R C Duarte
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Superintendency for the Control of Endemic Diseases (SUCEN), State Secretary of Health, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luísa D P Rona
- Department of Cell Biology, Embryology, and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil; National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, National Institute of Science and Technology in Molecular Entomology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo U Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
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23
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Carrillo-Bilbao G, Martin-Solano S, Saegerman C. Zoonotic Blood-Borne Pathogens in Non-Human Primates in the Neotropical Region: A Systematic Review. Pathogens 2021; 10:1009. [PMID: 34451473 PMCID: PMC8400055 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Understanding which non-human primates (NHPs) act as a wild reservoir for blood-borne pathogens will allow us to better understand the ecology of diseases and the role of NHPs in the emergence of human diseases in Ecuador, a small country in South America that lacks information on most of these pathogens. Methods and principal findings: A systematic review was carried out using PRISMA guidelines from 1927 until 2019 about blood-borne pathogens present in NHPs of the Neotropical region (i.e., South America and Middle America). Results: A total of 127 publications were found in several databases. We found in 25 genera (132 species) of NHPs a total of 56 blood-borne pathogens in 197 records where Protozoa has the highest number of records in neotropical NHPs (n = 128) compared to bacteria (n = 12) and viruses (n = 57). Plasmodium brasilianum and Trypanosoma cruzi are the most recorded protozoa in NHP. The neotropical primate genus with the highest number of blood-borne pathogens recorded is Alouatta sp. (n = 32). The use of non-invasive samples for neotropical NHPs remains poor in a group where several species are endangered or threatened. A combination of serological and molecular techniques is common when detecting blood-borne pathogens. Socioecological and ecological risk factors facilitate the transmission of these parasites. Finally, a large number of countries remain unsurveyed, such as Ecuador, which can be of public health importance. Conclusions and significance: NHPs are potential reservoirs of a large number of blood-borne pathogens. In Ecuador, research activities should be focused on bacteria and viruses, where there is a gap of information for neotropical NHPs, in order to implement surveillance programs with regular and effective monitoring protocols adapted to NHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Carrillo-Bilbao
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infections and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
- Facultad de Filosofía y Letras y Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Central del Ecuador, 170521 Quito, Ecuador
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, 170521 Quito, Ecuador;
| | - Sarah Martin-Solano
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, 170521 Quito, Ecuador;
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Carrera Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas—ESPE, 171103 Sangolquí, Ecuador
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infections and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
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24
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The epidemiology of Plasmodium vivax among adults in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4169. [PMID: 34234124 PMCID: PMC8263614 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports of P. vivax infections among Duffy-negative hosts have accumulated throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Despite this growing body of evidence, no nationally representative epidemiological surveys of P. vivax in sub-Saharan Africa have been performed. To overcome this gap in knowledge, we screened over 17,000 adults in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) for P. vivax using samples from the 2013-2014 Demographic Health Survey. Overall, we found a 2.97% (95% CI: 2.28%, 3.65%) prevalence of P. vivax infections across the DRC. Infections were associated with few risk-factors and demonstrated a relatively flat distribution of prevalence across space with focal regions of relatively higher prevalence in the north and northeast. Mitochondrial genomes suggested that DRC P. vivax were distinct from circulating non-human ape strains and an ancestral European P. vivax strain, and instead may be part of a separate contemporary clade. Our findings suggest P. vivax is diffusely spread across the DRC at a low prevalence, which may be associated with long-term carriage of low parasitemia, frequent relapses, or a general pool of infections with limited forward propagation.
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25
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Antinori S, Bonazzetti C, Giacomelli A, Corbellino M, Galli M, Parravicini C, Ridolfo AL. Non-human primate and human malaria: past, present and future. J Travel Med 2021; 28:6162451. [PMID: 33693917 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taab036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of the malaria parasites infecting various non-human primates (NHPs) have increased our understanding of the origin, biology and pathogenesis of human Plasmodium parasites.This review considers the major discoveries concerning NHP malaria parasites, highlights their relationships with human malaria and considers the impact that this may have on attempts to eradicate the disease. RESULTS The first description of NHP malaria parasites dates back to the early 20th century. Subsequently, experimental and fortuitous findings indicating that some NHP malaria parasites can be transmitted to humans have raised concerns about the possible impact of a zoonotic malaria reservoir on efforts to control human malaria.Advances in molecular techniques over the last 15 years have contributed greatly to our knowledge of the existence and geographical distribution of numerous Plasmodium species infecting NHPs, and extended our understanding of their close phylogenetic relationships with human malaria parasites. The clinical application of such techniques has also made it possible to document ongoing spillovers of NHP malaria parasites (Plasmodium knowlesi, P. cynomolgi, P. simium, P. brasilianum) in humans living in or near the forests of Asia and South America, thus confirming that zoonotic malaria can undermine efforts to eradicate human malaria. CONCLUSIONS Increasing molecular research supports the prophetic intuition of the pioneers of modern malariology who saw zoonotic malaria as a potential obstacle to the full success of malaria eradication programmes. It is, therefore, important to continue surveillance and research based on one-health approaches in order to improve our understanding of the complex interactions between NHPs, mosquito vectors and humans during a period of ongoing changes in the climate and the use of land, monitor the evolution of zoonotic malaria, identify the populations most at risk and implement appropriate preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spinello Antinori
- Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Bonazzetti
- Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Giacomelli
- Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Corbellino
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Galli
- Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Parravicini
- Luigi Sacco Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Lisa Ridolfo
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
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26
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Carrillo Bilbao GA, Navarro JC, Garigliany MM, Martin-Solano S, Minda E, Benítez-Ortiz W, Saegerman C. Molecular Identification of Plasmodium falciparum from Captive Non-Human Primates in the Western Amazon Ecuador. Pathogens 2021; 10:791. [PMID: 34206700 PMCID: PMC8308908 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Malaria is a disease caused by hemoparasites of the Plasmodium genus. Non-human primates (NHP) are hosts of Plasmodium sp. around the world. Several studies have demonstrated that Plasmodium sp. emerged from Africa. However, little information is currently available about Plasmodium falciparum in the neotropical NHP and even less in Ecuador. Indeed, the objective of our study was to identify by molecular phylogenetic analyses the Plasmodium species associated with NHP from the Western Amazon region of Ecuador, and to design a molecular taxonomy protocol to use in the NHP disease ecology. Methods: We extracted DNA from faecal samples (n = 26) from nine species of captive (n = 19) and free-ranging (n = 7) NHP, collected from 2011 to 2019 in the Western Amazon region of Ecuador. Results: Using a pan-Plasmodium PCR, we obtained one positive sample from an adult female Leontocebus lagonotus. A maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis showed that this sequence unequivocally clustered with Plasmodium falciparum. Conclusions: The identification of Plasmodium sp. in NHP of the Ecuadorian Amazon would be essential to identify their role as potential zoonotic reservoirs, and it is also important to identify their origin in wildlife and their transmission in captive NHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Alberto Carrillo Bilbao
- Instituto de Salud Pública y Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (G.A.C.B.); (S.M.-S.); (E.M.); (W.B.-O.)
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infections and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Juan-Carlos Navarro
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Emergentes, Ecoepidemiología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Internacional SEK, Quito 170107, Ecuador;
| | - Mutien-Marie Garigliany
- Department of Pathology, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;
- Department of Animal Pathology, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Sarah Martin-Solano
- Instituto de Salud Pública y Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (G.A.C.B.); (S.M.-S.); (E.M.); (W.B.-O.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Humana (GISAH), Carrera Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y la Agricultura, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas—ESPE, Sangolquí 171103, Ecuador
| | - Elizabeth Minda
- Instituto de Salud Pública y Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (G.A.C.B.); (S.M.-S.); (E.M.); (W.B.-O.)
| | - Washington Benítez-Ortiz
- Instituto de Salud Pública y Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador; (G.A.C.B.); (S.M.-S.); (E.M.); (W.B.-O.)
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULg), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animal and Health (FARAH) Center, Department of Infections and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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27
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de Oliveira TC, Rodrigues PT, Early AM, Duarte AMRC, Buery JC, Bueno MG, Catão-Dias JL, Cerutti C, Rona LDP, Neafsey DE, Ferreira MU. Plasmodium simium: population genomics reveals the origin of a reverse zoonosis. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1950-1961. [PMID: 33870436 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The population history of Plasmodium simium, which causes malaria in sylvatic Neotropical monkeys and humans along the Atlantic Coast of Brazil, remains disputed. Genetically diverse P. vivax populations from various sources, including the lineages that founded the species P. simium, are thought to have arrived in the Americas in separate migratory waves. However, here we find a minimal genome-level differentiation between P. simium and present-day New World P. vivax isolates, consistent with their common geographic origin and subsequent divergence on this continent. The meagre genetic diversity in P. simium samples from humans and monkeys implies a recent transfer from humans to non-human primates - a unique example of malaria as a reverse zoonosis of public health significance. Likely genomic signatures of P. simium adaptation to new hosts include the deletion of >40% of a key erythrocyte invasion ligand, PvRBP2a, which may have favored more efficient simian host cell infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís C de Oliveira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila T Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela M Early
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana Maria R C Duarte
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Superintendency for the Control of Endemics (SUCEN), State Secretary of Health, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Protozoology, Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julyana C Buery
- Department of Social Medicine, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Marina G Bueno
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - José L Catão-Dias
- Laboratory of Wildlife Comparative Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Crispim Cerutti
- Department of Social Medicine, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Luísa D P Rona
- Department of Cell Biology, Embryology, and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.,National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, National Institute of Science and Technology in Molecular Entomology, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel E Neafsey
- Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcelo U Ferreira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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28
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Athni TS, Shocket MS, Couper LI, Nova N, Caldwell IR, Caldwell JM, Childress JN, Childs ML, De Leo GA, Kirk DG, MacDonald AJ, Olivarius K, Pickel DG, Roberts SO, Winokur OC, Young HS, Cheng J, Grant EA, Kurzner PM, Kyaw S, Lin BJ, López RC, Massihpour DS, Olsen EC, Roache M, Ruiz A, Schultz EA, Shafat M, Spencer RL, Bharti N, Mordecai EA. The influence of vector-borne disease on human history: socio-ecological mechanisms. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:829-846. [PMID: 33501751 PMCID: PMC7969392 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) are embedded within complex socio-ecological systems. While research has traditionally focused on the direct effects of VBDs on human morbidity and mortality, it is increasingly clear that their impacts are much more pervasive. VBDs are dynamically linked to feedbacks between environmental conditions, vector ecology, disease burden, and societal responses that drive transmission. As a result, VBDs have had profound influence on human history. Mechanisms include: (1) killing or debilitating large numbers of people, with demographic and population-level impacts; (2) differentially affecting populations based on prior history of disease exposure, immunity, and resistance; (3) being weaponised to promote or justify hierarchies of power, colonialism, racism, classism and sexism; (4) catalysing changes in ideas, institutions, infrastructure, technologies and social practices in efforts to control disease outbreaks; and (5) changing human relationships with the land and environment. We use historical and archaeological evidence interpreted through an ecological lens to illustrate how VBDs have shaped society and culture, focusing on case studies from four pertinent VBDs: plague, malaria, yellow fever and trypanosomiasis. By comparing across diseases, time periods and geographies, we highlight the enormous scope and variety of mechanisms by which VBDs have influenced human history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejas S. Athni
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marta S. Shocket
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lisa I. Couper
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Nova
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Iain R. Caldwell
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jamie M. Caldwell
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Jasmine N. Childress
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Marissa L. Childs
- Emmett Interdisciplinary Program in Environment and Resources, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Giulio A. De Leo
- Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA
- Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Devin G. Kirk
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew J. MacDonald
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Earth Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | | | - David G. Pickel
- Department of Classics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Olivia C. Winokur
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Hillary S. Young
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Julian Cheng
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Saw Kyaw
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bradford J. Lin
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Erica C. Olsen
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maggie Roache
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Angie Ruiz
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Muskan Shafat
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Nita Bharti
- Department of Biology, Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
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29
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Daron J, Boissière A, Boundenga L, Ngoubangoye B, Houze S, Arnathau C, Sidobre C, Trape JF, Durand P, Renaud F, Fontaine MC, Prugnolle F, Rougeron V. Population genomic evidence of Plasmodium vivax Southeast Asian origin. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/18/eabc3713. [PMID: 33910900 PMCID: PMC8081369 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc3713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most common and widespread human malaria parasite. It was recently proposed that P. vivax originates from sub-Saharan Africa based on the circulation of its closest genetic relatives (P. vivax-like) among African great apes. However, the limited number of genetic markers and samples investigated questions the robustness of this hypothesis. Here, we extensively characterized the genomic variations of 447 human P. vivax strains and 19 ape P. vivax-like strains collected worldwide. Phylogenetic relationships between human and ape Plasmodium strains revealed that P. vivax is a sister clade of P. vivax-like, not included within the radiation of P. vivax-like By investigating various aspects of P. vivax genetic variation, we identified several notable geographical patterns in summary statistics in function of the increasing geographic distance from Southeast Asia, suggesting that P. vivax may have derived from a single area in Asia through serial founder effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josquin Daron
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | - Anne Boissière
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France
- Centre of Research in Ecology and Evolution of Diseases (CREES), Montpellier, France
| | - Larson Boundenga
- Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon
| | | | - Sandrine Houze
- Service de Parasitologie-mycologie CNR du Paludisme, AP-HP Hôpital Bichat, 46 rue H. Huchard, 75877 Paris Cedex 18, France
| | - Celine Arnathau
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France
- Centre of Research in Ecology and Evolution of Diseases (CREES), Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Sidobre
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-François Trape
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Durand
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France
- Centre of Research in Ecology and Evolution of Diseases (CREES), Montpellier, France
| | - François Renaud
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France
- Centre of Research in Ecology and Evolution of Diseases (CREES), Montpellier, France
| | - Michael C Fontaine
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France
- Centre of Research in Ecology and Evolution of Diseases (CREES), Montpellier, France
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, PO Box 11103 CC, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France
- Centre of Research in Ecology and Evolution of Diseases (CREES), Montpellier, France
| | - Virginie Rougeron
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), 34394 Montpellier, France.
- Centre of Research in Ecology and Evolution of Diseases (CREES), Montpellier, France
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30
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Buery JC, de Alencar FEC, Duarte AMRDC, Loss AC, Vicente CR, Ferreira LM, Fux B, Medeiros MM, Cravo P, Arez AP, Cerutti Junior C. Atlantic Forest Malaria: A Review of More than 20 Years of Epidemiological Investigation. Microorganisms 2021; 9:132. [PMID: 33430150 PMCID: PMC7826787 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the south and southeast regions of Brazil, cases of malaria occur outside the endemic Amazon region near the Atlantic Forest in some coastal states, where Plasmodium vivax is the recognized parasite. Characteristics of cases and vectors, especially Anopheles (Kerteszia) cruzii, raise the hypothesis of a zoonosis with simians as reservoirs. The present review aims to report on investigations of the disease over a 23-year period. Two main sources have provided epidemiological data: the behavior of Anopheles vectors and the genetic and immunological aspects of Plasmodium spp. obtained from humans, Alouatta simians, and Anopheles spp. mosquitoes. Anopheles (K.) cruzii is the most captured species in the forest canopy and is the recognized vector. The similarity between P. vivax and Plasmodium simium and that between Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium brasilianum shared between simian and human hosts and the involvement of the same vector in the transmission to both hosts suggest interspecies transfer of the parasites. Finally, recent evidence points to the presence of Plasmodium falciparum in a silent cycle, detected only by molecular methods in asymptomatic individuals and An. (K.) cruzii. In the context of malaria elimination, it is paramount to assemble data about transmission in such non-endemic low-incidence areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julyana Cerqueira Buery
- Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29047-105, Brazil; (F.E.C.d.A.); (C.R.V.); (L.M.F.); (B.F.); (C.C.J.)
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.M.M.); (P.C.); (A.P.A.)
| | | | - Ana Maria Ribeiro de Castro Duarte
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil;
- Superintendência de Controle de Endemias do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo 01027-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Loss
- Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica, Santa Teresa 29650-000, Brazil;
| | - Creuza Rachel Vicente
- Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29047-105, Brazil; (F.E.C.d.A.); (C.R.V.); (L.M.F.); (B.F.); (C.C.J.)
| | - Lucas Mendes Ferreira
- Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29047-105, Brazil; (F.E.C.d.A.); (C.R.V.); (L.M.F.); (B.F.); (C.C.J.)
| | - Blima Fux
- Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29047-105, Brazil; (F.E.C.d.A.); (C.R.V.); (L.M.F.); (B.F.); (C.C.J.)
| | - Márcia Melo Medeiros
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.M.M.); (P.C.); (A.P.A.)
| | - Pedro Cravo
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.M.M.); (P.C.); (A.P.A.)
| | - Ana Paula Arez
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (M.M.M.); (P.C.); (A.P.A.)
| | - Crispim Cerutti Junior
- Unidade de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29047-105, Brazil; (F.E.C.d.A.); (C.R.V.); (L.M.F.); (B.F.); (C.C.J.)
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Ribeiro de Castro Duarte AM, Fernandes LN, Silva FS, Sicchi IL, Mucci LF, Curado I, Fernandes A, Medeiros-Sousa AR, Ceretti-Junior W, Marrelli MT, Evangelista E, Teixeira R, Summa JL, Nardi MS, Garnica MR, Loss AC, Buery JC, Cerutti Jr. C, Pacheco MA, Escalante AA, Mureb Sallum MA, Laporta GZ. Complexity of malaria transmission dynamics in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2021; 1:100032. [PMID: 35284897 PMCID: PMC8906072 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium vivax are protozoan parasites that can cause malaria in humans. They are genetically indistinguishable from, respectively, Plasmodium brasilianum and Plasmodium simium, i.e. parasites infecting New World non-human primates in South America. In the tropical rainforests of the Brazilian Atlantic coast, it has long been hypothesized that P. brasilianum and P. simium in platyrrhine primates originated from P. malariae and P. vivax in humans. A recent hypothesis proposed the inclusion of Plasmodium falciparum into the transmission dynamics between humans and non-human primates in the Brazilian Atlantic tropical rainforest. Herein, we assess the occurrence of human malaria in simians and sylvatic anophelines using field-collected samples in the Capivari-Monos Environmental Protection Area from 2015 to 2017. We first tested simian blood and anopheline samples. Two simian (Aloutta) blood samples (18%, n = 11) showed Plasmodium cytb DNA sequences, one for P. vivax and another for P. malariae. From a total of 9,416 anopheline females, we found 17 pools positive for Plasmodium species with a 18S qPCR assay. Only three showed P. cytb DNA sequence, one for P. vivax and the others for rodent malaria species (similar to Plasmodium chabaudi and Plasmodium berghei). Based on these results, we tested 25 rodent liver samples for the presence of Plasmodium and obtained P. falciparum cytb DNA sequence in a rodent (Oligoryzomys sp.) liver. The findings of this study indicate complex malaria transmission dynamics composed by parallel spillover-spillback of human malaria parasites, i.e. P. malariae, P. vivax, and P. falciparum, in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Human malaria parasites circulate in sylvatic cycles in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae identified in simian blood samples. Plasmodium falciparum detected in a rodent liver sample. Anopheline vectors found to carry human and rodent malaria parasites. Local vector ecology and biology are key to the spillover-spillback of human malaria parasites.
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Góes L, Chamma-Siqueira N, Peres JM, Nascimento JM, Valle S, Arcanjo AR, Lacerda M, Blume L, Póvoa M, Viana G. Evaluation of Histidine-Rich Proteins 2 and 3 Gene Deletions in Plasmodium falciparum in Endemic Areas of the Brazilian Amazon. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 18:ijerph18010123. [PMID: 33375379 PMCID: PMC7795390 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Histidine-rich proteins 2 and 3 gene (pfhrp2 and pfhrp3) deletions affect the efficacy of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) based on the histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2), compromising the correct identification of the Plasmodium falciparum species. Therefore, molecular surveillance is necessary for the investigation of the actual prevalence of this phenomenon and the extent of the disappearance of these genes in these areas and other South American countries, thus guiding national malaria control programs on the appropriate use of RDTs. This study aimed to evaluate the pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletion in P. falciparum in endemic areas of the Brazilian Amazon. Aliquots of DNA from the biorepository of the Laboratory of Basic Research in Malaria, Evandro Chagas Institute, with a positive diagnosis for P. falciparum infection as determined by microscopy and molecular assays, were included. Monoinfection was confirmed by nested-polymerase chain reaction assay, and DNA quality was assessed by amplification of the merozoite surface protein-2 gene (msp2). The pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 genes were amplified using primers for the region between exons 1 and 2 and for all extension of exon 2. Aliquots of DNA from 192 P. falciparum isolates were included in the study, with 68.7% (132/192) from the municipality of Cruzeiro do Sul (Acre) and 31.3% (60/192) from Manaus (Amazonas). Of this total, 82.8% (159/192) of the samples were considered of good quality. In the state of Acre, 71.7% (71/99) showed pfhrp2 gene deletion and 94.9% (94/99) showed pfhrp3 gene deletion, while in the state of Amazonas, 100.0% (60/60) of the samples showed pfhrp2 gene deletion and 98.3% (59/60) showed pfhrp3 gene deletion. Moreover, 79.8% (127/159) of isolates displayed gene deletion. Our findings confirm the presence of a parasite population with high frequencies of pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions in the Brazilian Amazon region. This suggests reconsidering the use of HRP2-based RDTs in the Acre and Amazonas states and calls attention to the importance of molecular surveillance and mapping of pfhrp2/pfhrp3 deletions in this area and in other locations in the Amazon region to guarantee appropriate patient care, control and ultimately contribute to achieving P. falciparum malaria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Góes
- Graduate Program in Epidemiology and Health Surveillance (PPGEVS), Centre for Education and Graduate Programs (NEP), Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC/SVS/MS), 67.030-000 Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil;
| | - Nathália Chamma-Siqueira
- Parasitology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute-IEC/SVS/MS, 67.030-000 Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil; (J.M.P.); (J.M.N.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: (N.C.-S.); (G.V.)
| | - José Mário Peres
- Parasitology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute-IEC/SVS/MS, 67.030-000 Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil; (J.M.P.); (J.M.N.); (M.P.)
| | - José Maria Nascimento
- Parasitology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute-IEC/SVS/MS, 67.030-000 Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil; (J.M.P.); (J.M.N.); (M.P.)
| | - Suiane Valle
- Hemonúcleo Cruzeiro do Sul, State Health Department of Acre, 69.980-000 Cruzeiro do Sul, Acre, Brazil;
| | - Ana Ruth Arcanjo
- Central Public Health Laboratory of Amazonas (LACEN/Amazonas), 69.020-245 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil;
| | - Marcus Lacerda
- Heitor Vieira Dourado Tropical Medicine Foundation, 69.040-000 Manaus, Brazil;
- Leônidas and Maria Deane Institute-Fiocruz Amazônia, 69.027-070 Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Liana Blume
- Malaria Technical Group, General Coordination for the Monitoring of Zoonoses and Malaria Vector Transmission Diseases, CGZV Department of Immunization and Communicable Diseases, DEIDT, Health Surveillance Secretariat, SVS, Ministry of Health, 70.070-942 Brasília, Brazil;
| | - Marinete Póvoa
- Parasitology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute-IEC/SVS/MS, 67.030-000 Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil; (J.M.P.); (J.M.N.); (M.P.)
- National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, CNPq, 71.605-001 Brasília, Brazil
| | - Giselle Viana
- Parasitology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute-IEC/SVS/MS, 67.030-000 Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil; (J.M.P.); (J.M.N.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: (N.C.-S.); (G.V.)
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Mario-Vásquez JE, Naranjo-González CA, Montiel J, Zuluaga LM, Vásquez AM, Tobón-Castaño A, Bedoya G, Segura C. Association of variants in IL1B, TLR9, TREM1, IL10RA, and CD3G and Native American ancestry on malaria susceptibility in Colombian populations. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 87:104675. [PMID: 33316430 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Host genetics is an influencing factor in the manifestation of infectious diseases. In this study, the association of mild malaria with 28 variants in 16 genes previously reported in other populations and/or close to ancestry-informative markers (AIMs) selected was evaluated in an admixed 736 Colombian population sample. Additionally, the effect of genetic ancestry on phenotype expression was explored. For this purpose, the ancestral genetic composition of Turbo and El Bagre was determined. A higher Native American ancestry trend was found in the population with lower malaria susceptibility [odds ratio (OR) = 0.416, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.234-0.740, P = 0.003]. Three AIMs presented significant associations with the disease phenotype (MID1752, MID921, and MID1586). The first two were associated with greater malaria susceptibility (D/D, OR = 2.23, 95% CI = 1.06-4.69, P = 0.032 and I/D-I/I, OR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.18-3.87, P = 0.011, respectively), and the latter has a protective effect on the appearance of malaria (I/I, OR = 0.18, 95% CI = 0.08-0.40, P < 0.0001). After adjustment by age, sex, municipality, and genetic ancestry, genotype association analysis showed evidence of association with malaria susceptibility for variants in or near IL1B, TLR9, TREM1, IL10RA, and CD3G genes: rs1143629-IL1B (G/A-A/A, OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.21-0.78, P = 0.0051), rs352139-TLR9 (T/T, OR = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.11-0.72, P = 0.0053), rs352140-TLR9 (C/C, OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.20-0.87, P = 0.019), rs2234237-TREM1 (T/A-A/A, OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.23-0.79, P = 0.0056), rs4252246-IL10RA (C/A-A/A, OR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.18-3.75, P = 0.01), and rs1561966-CD3G (A/A, OR = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.06-0.69, P = 0.0058). The results showed the participation of genes involved in immunological processes and suggested an effect of ancestral genetic composition over the traits analyzed. Compared to the paisa population (Antioquia), Turbo and El Bagre showed a strong decrease in European ancestry and an increase in African and Native American ancestries. Also, a novel association of two single nucleotide polymorphisms with malaria susceptibility was identified in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Eliécer Mario-Vásquez
- Grupo Genética Molecular (GENMOL), Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53 No. 61-30, Lab 430. Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Jehidys Montiel
- Grupo Malaria-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53 No. 61-30, Lab 610, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lina M Zuluaga
- Grupo Malaria-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53 No. 61-30, Lab 610, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana M Vásquez
- Grupo Malaria-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53 No. 61-30, Lab 610, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Alberto Tobón-Castaño
- Grupo Malaria-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53 No. 61-30, Lab 610, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gabriel Bedoya
- Grupo Genética Molecular (GENMOL), Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53 No. 61-30, Lab 430. Medellín, Colombia
| | - Cesar Segura
- Grupo Malaria-Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 53 No. 61-30, Lab 610, Medellín, Colombia.
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Almeida-de-Oliveira NK, de Abreu-Fernandes R, Lima-Cury L, de Lavigne AR, de Pina-Costa A, Perce-da-Silva DDS, Catanho M, Rossi AD, Brasil P, Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro C, Ferreira-da-Cruz MDF. Balancing selection and high genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax circumsporozoite central region in parasites from Brazilian Amazon and Rio de Janeiro Atlantic Forest. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241426. [PMID: 33166298 PMCID: PMC7652573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Circumsporozoite protein (CSP) is the primary pre-erythrocytic vaccine target in Plasmodium species. Knowledge about their genetic diversity can help predict vaccine efficacy and the spread of novel parasite variants. Thus, we investigated pvcsp gene polymorphisms in 219 isolates (136 from Brazilian Amazon [BA], 71 from Rio de Janeiro Atlantic Forest [AF], and 12 from non-Brazilian countries [NB]). Forty-eight polymorphic sites were detected, 46 in the central repeat region (CR), and two in the C-terminal region. Also, the CR presents InDels and a variable number of repeats. All samples correspond to the VK210 variant, and 24 VK210 subtypes based on CR. Nucleotide diversity (π = 0.0135) generated a significant number of haplotypes (168) with low genetic differentiation between the Brazilian regions (Fst = 0.208). The haplotype network revealed similar distances among the BA and AF regions. The linkage disequilibrium indicates that recombination does not seem to be acting in diversity, reinforcing natural selection's role in accelerating adaptive evolution. The high diversity (low Fst) and polymorphism frequencies could be indicators of balancing selection. Although malaria in BA and AF have distinct vector species and different host immune pressures, consistent genetic signature was found in two regions. The immunodominant B-cell epitope mapped in the CR varies from seven to 19 repeats. The CR T-cell epitope is conserved only in 39 samples. Concerning to C-terminal region, the Th2R epitope presented nonsynonymous SNP only in 6% of Brazilian samples, and the Th3R epitope remained conserved in all studied regions. We conclude that, although the uneven distribution of alleles may jeopardize the deployment of vaccines directed to a specific variable locus, a unique vaccine formulation could protect populations in all Brazilian regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Ketrin Almeida-de-Oliveira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Reference Laboratory for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Brazilian Ministry of Health, SVS & Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rebecca de Abreu-Fernandes
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Reference Laboratory for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Brazilian Ministry of Health, SVS & Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lidiane Lima-Cury
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Reference Laboratory for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Brazilian Ministry of Health, SVS & Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Aline Rosa de Lavigne
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Reference Laboratory for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Brazilian Ministry of Health, SVS & Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anielle de Pina-Costa
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Reference Laboratory for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Brazilian Ministry of Health, SVS & Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos (UNIFESO), Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daiana de Souza Perce-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Reference Laboratory for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Brazilian Ministry of Health, SVS & Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcos Catanho
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microrganismos, IOC, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Atila Duque Rossi
- Laboratório de Virologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Brasil
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Reference Laboratory for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Brazilian Ministry of Health, SVS & Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Doenças Febris Agudas, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Reference Laboratory for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Brazilian Ministry of Health, SVS & Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima Ferreira-da-Cruz
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (IOC), Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento em Malária (CPD-Mal), Reference Laboratory for Malaria in the Extra-Amazonian Region for the Brazilian Ministry of Health, SVS & Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Tagliamonte MS, Yowell CA, Elbadry MA, Boncy J, Raccurt CP, Okech BA, Goss EM, Salemi M, Dame JB. Genetic Markers of Adaptation of Plasmodium falciparum to Transmission by American Vectors Identified in the Genomes of Parasites from Haiti and South America. mSphere 2020; 5:e00937-20. [PMID: 33087522 PMCID: PMC7580960 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00937-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, was introduced into Hispaniola and other regions of the Americas through the slave trade spanning the 16th through the 19th centuries. During this period, more than 12 million Africans were brought across the Atlantic to the Caribbean and other regions of the Americas. Since malaria is holoendemic in West Africa, a substantial percentage of these individuals carried the parasite. St. Domingue on Hispaniola, now modern-day Haiti, was a major port of disembarkation, and malaria is still actively transmitted there. We undertook a detailed study of the phylogenetics of the Haitian parasites and those from Colombia and Peru utilizing whole-genome sequencing. Principal-component and phylogenetic analyses, based upon single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in protein coding regions, indicate that, despite the potential for millions of introductions from Africa, the Haitian parasites share an ancestral relationship within a well-supported monophyletic clade with parasites from South America, while belonging to a distinct lineage. This result, in stark contrast to the historical record of parasite introductions, is best explained by a severe population bottleneck experienced by the parasites introduced into the Americas. Here, evidence is presented for targeted selection of rare African alleles in genes which are expressed in the mosquito stages of the parasite's life cycle. These genetic markers support the hypothesis that the severe population bottleneck was caused by the required adaptation of the parasite to transmission by new definitive hosts among the Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) spp. found in the Caribbean and South America.IMPORTANCE Historical data suggest that millions of P. falciparum parasite lineages were introduced into the Americas during the trans-Atlantic slave trade, which would suggest a paraphyletic origin of the extant isolates in the Western Hemisphere. Our analyses of whole-genome variants show that the American parasites belong to a well-supported monophyletic clade. We hypothesize that the required adaptation to American vectors created a severe bottleneck, reducing the effective introduction to a few lineages. In support of this hypothesis, we discovered genes expressed in the mosquito stages of the life cycle that have alleles with multiple, high-frequency or fixed, nonsynonymous mutations in the American populations which are rarely found in African isolates. These alleles appear to be in gene products critical for transmission through the anopheline vector. Thus, these results may inform efforts to develop novel transmission-blocking vaccines by identifying parasite proteins functionally interacting with the vector that are important for successful transmission. Further, to the best of our knowledge, these are the first whole-genome data available from Haitian P. falciparum isolates. Defining the genome of these parasites provides genetic markers useful for mapping parasite populations and monitoring parasite movements/introductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano S Tagliamonte
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Charles A Yowell
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Maha A Elbadry
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jacques Boncy
- Laboratoire National de Santé Publique, Ministère de la Santé Publique et de la Population, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Christian P Raccurt
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Quisqueya, Port-au-Prince, Haiti
| | - Bernard A Okech
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Erica M Goss
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Marco Salemi
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - John B Dame
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Malaria Transmission and Spillover across the Peru-Ecuador Border: A Spatiotemporal Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17207434. [PMID: 33066022 PMCID: PMC7600436 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17207434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Border regions have been implicated as important hot spots of malaria transmission, particularly in Latin America, where free movement rights mean that residents can cross borders using just a national ID. Additionally, rural livelihoods largely depend on short-term migrants traveling across borders via the Amazon’s river networks to work in extractive industries, such as logging. As a result, there is likely considerable spillover across country borders, particularly along the border between Peru and Ecuador. This border region exhibits a steep gradient of transmission intensity, with Peru having a much higher incidence of malaria than Ecuador. In this paper, we integrate 13 years of weekly malaria surveillance data collected at the district level in Peru and the canton level in Ecuador, and leverage hierarchical Bayesian spatiotemporal regression models to identify the degree to which malaria transmission in Ecuador is influenced by transmission in Peru. We find that increased case incidence in Peruvian districts that border the Ecuadorian Amazon is associated with increased incidence in Ecuador. Our results highlight the importance of coordinated malaria control across borders.
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Chaianantakul N, Sungkapong T, Supatip J, Kingsang P, Kamlaithong S, Suwanakitti N. Antimalarial effect of cell penetrating peptides derived from the junctional region of Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase. Peptides 2020; 131:170372. [PMID: 32673701 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2020.170372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase of Plasmodium falciparum (PfDHFR-TS) is an important target of antifolate antimalarial drugs. However, drug resistant parasites are widespread in malaria endemic regions. The unique bifunctional property of PfDHFR-TS could be exploited for the design of allosteric inhibitors that interfere with the active dimer conformation. In this study, peptides were derived from the junctional region (JR) of PfDHFR-TS amino acid sequence in the αj1 helix (JR-helix) and the DHFR domain that is necessary for interaction with αj1 helix (JR21). Five peptides were synthesized and tested for inhibition of PfDHFR-TS enzyme by Bacterial inhibition assay (BIA) based on the growth of an E. coli DHFR and TS knockout complemented with a recombinant plasmid expressing PfDHFR-TS enzyme. Significant inhibition was observed for JR21 and JR21 conjugated to cell-penetrating octa-arginine peptide (rR8-JR21) with 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 3.87 and 1.53 μM, respectively. The JR-helix and rR8-JR-helix peptides were inactive. JR21 and rR8-JR21 peptides showed similar growth inhibitory effects on P. falciparum NF54 parasites cultured in vitro. Treatment with rR8-JR21 delayed parasite development, in which an accumulation of ring stage parasites was observed after 12 h of culture. Minimal red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis was observed at the highest dose of peptide tested. The most potent peptide rR8-JR21 not only compromised the development of the P. falciparum, but also inhibited the parasite growth and has low hemolytic effect on human RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natpasit Chaianantakul
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand.
| | - Tippawan Sungkapong
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Jaturayut Supatip
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Pitchayanin Kingsang
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Sarayut Kamlaithong
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Nattida Suwanakitti
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
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Abstract
The global spread of parasites is unquestionably linked with human activities. Migration in all its different forms played a major role in the introduction of parasites into new areas. In ancient times, mass migrations were the main causes for the spread of parasites while in the recent past and present, emigration, immigration, displacement, external and internal migration, and labor migration were the reasons for the dispersal of parasites. With the advent of seagoing ships, long-distance trading became another important mode of spreading parasites. This review summarizes the spread of parasites using notable examples. In addition, the different hypotheses explaining the arrival of Plasmodium vivax and soil-transmitted helminths in pre-Columbian America are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Steverding
- Bob Champion Research and Education Building, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia , Norwich, UK
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Londono-Renteria B, Montiel J, Calvo E, Tobón-Castaño A, Valdivia HO, Escobedo-Vargas K, Romero L, Bosantes M, Fisher ML, Conway MJ, Vásquez GM, Lenhart AE. Antibody Responses Against Anopheles darlingi Immunogenic Peptides in Plasmodium Infected Humans. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:455. [PMID: 32984076 PMCID: PMC7488213 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Malaria is still an important vector-borne disease in the New World tropics. Despite the recent decline in malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum infection in Africa, a rise in Plasmodium infections has been detected in several low malaria transmission areas in Latin America. One of the main obstacles in the battle against malaria is the lack of innovative tools to assess malaria transmission risk, and the behavioral plasticity of one of the main malaria vectors in Latin America, Anopheles darlingi. Methods: We used human IgG antibodies against mosquito salivary gland proteins as a measure of disease risk. Whole salivary gland antigen (SGA) from Anopheles darlingi mosquitoes was used as antigen in Western blot experiments, in which a ~65 kDa protein was visualized as the main immunogenic band and sent for sequencing by mass spectrometry. Apyrase and peroxidase peptides were designed and used as antigens in an ELISA-based test to measure human IgG antibody responses in people with different clinical presentations of malaria. Results: Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed 17 proteins contained in the ~65 kDa band, with an apyrase and a peroxidase as the two most abundant proteins. Detection of IgG antibodies against salivary antigens by ELISA revealed a significant higher antibody levels in people with malaria infection when compared to uninfected volunteers using the AnDar_Apy1 and AnDar_Apy2 peptides. We also detected a significant positive correlation between the anti-peptides IgG levels and antibodies against the Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum antigens PvMSP1 and PfMSP1. Odd ratios suggest that people with higher IgG antibodies against the apyrase peptides were up to five times more likely to have a malaria infection. Conclusion: Antibodies against salivary peptides from An. darlingi salivary gland proteins may be used as biomarkers for malaria risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berlin Londono-Renteria
- Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jehidys Montiel
- Vector Biology Laboratory, Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Eric Calvo
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases (NIAID/NIH), Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | - Hugo O Valdivia
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Callao, Peru
| | | | - Luz Romero
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Callao, Peru.,Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru
| | - Maria Bosantes
- U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 (NAMRU-6), Callao, Peru.,Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Michael J Conway
- Central Michigan University College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, MI, United States
| | | | - Audrey E Lenhart
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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40
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Rougeron V, Elguero E, Arnathau C, Acuña Hidalgo B, Durand P, Houze S, Berry A, Zakeri S, Haque R, Shafiul Alam M, Nosten F, Severini C, Gebru Woldearegai T, Mordmüller B, Kremsner PG, González-Cerón L, Fontecha G, Gamboa D, Musset L, Legrand E, Noya O, Pumpaibool T, Harnyuttanakorn P, Lekweiry KM, Mohamad Albsheer M, Mahdi Abdel Hamid M, Boukary AOMS, Trape JF, Renaud F, Prugnolle F. Human Plasmodium vivax diversity, population structure and evolutionary origin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008072. [PMID: 32150544 PMCID: PMC7082039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 200 million malaria clinical cases are reported each year due to Plasmodium vivax, the most widespread Plasmodium species in the world. This species has been neglected and understudied for a long time, due to its lower mortality in comparison with Plasmodium falciparum. A renewed interest has emerged in the past decade with the discovery of antimalarial drug resistance and of severe and even fatal human cases. Nonetheless, today there are still significant gaps in our understanding of the population genetics and evolutionary history of P. vivax, particularly because of a lack of genetic data from Africa. To address these gaps, we genotyped 14 microsatellite loci in 834 samples obtained from 28 locations in 20 countries from around the world. We discuss the worldwide population genetic structure and diversity and the evolutionary origin of P. vivax in the world and its introduction into the Americas. This study demonstrates the importance of conducting genome-wide analyses of P. vivax in order to unravel its complex evolutionary history. Among the five Plasmodium species infecting humans, P. vivax is the most prevalent parasite outside Africa. To date, there has been less research on this species than for Plasmodium falciparum, a more lethal species, principally because of the lack of an in vitro culture system and also because P. vivax is considered relatively benign. Nevertheless, P. vivax is responsible for severe and incapacitating clinical symptoms with significant effects on human health. The emergence of new drug resistance and the discovery of severe and even fatal cases due to P. vivax question the benign status of P. vivax malaria. In recent years, there has been increased interest in characterizing the distribution of genetic variation in P. vivax. However, these studies either generated genetic information from a regional geographic scale or combine genetic datasets generated in different molecular platforms, which is known to generate biased results. In this study, we used a single genotyping platform to genotype 14 microsatellite markers in 834 samples of P. vivax obtained from 28 locations in 20 countries from around the world, including several populations from East and West Africa. We discuss the worldwide population genetic structure and the evolutionary origins of P. vivax, as well as its introduction into the Americas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Rougeron
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), CREES, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Eric Elguero
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), CREES, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Arnathau
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), CREES, Montpellier, France
| | - Beatriz Acuña Hidalgo
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), CREES, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Durand
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), CREES, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Houze
- Service de Parasitologie-mycologie CNR du Paludisme, AP-HP Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Berry
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR1043, CNRS UMR5282, Université de Toulouse Paul Sabatier, F-31300 Toulouse, France
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, F-31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rashidul Haque
- Emerging Infections & Parasitology Laboratory, icddr,b, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Shafiul Alam
- Emerging Infections & Parasitology Laboratory, icddr,b, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - François Nosten
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health,Oxford, United Kingdom
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Carlo Severini
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Tamirat Gebru Woldearegai
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
| | - Benjamin Mordmüller
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Lilia González-Cerón
- Regional Centre of Research in Public Health, National Institute of Public Health, Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Fontecha
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Dionicia Gamboa
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander Von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, AP, Lima, Peru
| | - Lise Musset
- Unit, Institut Pasteur de Guyane, BP6010, French Guiana
| | - Eric Legrand
- Malaria Genetic and Resistance Group, Biology of Host-Parasite Interactions Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Oscar Noya
- Centro para Estudios Sobre Malaria, Instituto de Altos Estudios en Salud “Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldón”, Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Salud and Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Maracay, Caracas, Venezuela
| | - Tepanata Pumpaibool
- Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Malaria Research Programme, College of Public Health Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pingchai Harnyuttanakorn
- Malaria Research Programme, College of Public Health Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Khadijetou Mint Lekweiry
- UR-Génomes et milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Mauritania
| | - Musab Mohamad Albsheer
- Department of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Medical Campus, University of Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukary
- UR-Génomes et milieux, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université de Nouakchott Al-Aasriya, Mauritania
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-François Trape
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), CREES, Montpellier, France
| | - François Renaud
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), CREES, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Prugnolle
- Laboratoire MIVEGEC (Université de Montpellier-CNRS-IRD), CREES, Montpellier, France
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Immigrants: Big Challenge and Silent Threat to Implement Malaria Elimination Program in Hormozgan Province, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.99725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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42
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van Dorp L, Gelabert P, Rieux A, de Manuel M, de-Dios T, Gopalakrishnan S, Carøe C, Sandoval-Velasco M, Fregel R, Olalde I, Escosa R, Aranda C, Huijben S, Mueller I, Marquès-Bonet T, Balloux F, Gilbert MTP, Lalueza-Fox C. Plasmodium vivax Malaria Viewed through the Lens of an Eradicated European Strain. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 37:773-785. [PMID: 31697387 PMCID: PMC7038659 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The protozoan Plasmodium vivax is responsible for 42% of all cases of malaria outside Africa. The parasite is currently largely restricted to tropical and subtropical latitudes in Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. Though, it was historically present in most of Europe before being finally eradicated during the second half of the 20th century. The lack of genomic information on the extinct European lineage has prevented a clear understanding of historical population structuring and past migrations of P. vivax. We used medical microscope slides prepared in 1944 from malaria-affected patients from the Ebro Delta in Spain, one of the last footholds of malaria in Europe, to generate a genome of a European P. vivax strain. Population genetics and phylogenetic analyses placed this strain basal to a cluster including samples from the Americas. This genome allowed us to calibrate a genomic mutation rate for P. vivax, and to estimate the mean age of the last common ancestor between European and American strains to the 15th century. This date points to an introduction of the parasite during the European colonization of the Americas. In addition, we found that some known variants for resistance to antimalarial drugs, including Chloroquine and Sulfadoxine, were already present in this European strain, predating their use. Our results shed light on the evolution of an important human pathogen and illustrate the value of antique medical collections as a resource for retrieving genomic information on pathogens from the past.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy van Dorp
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pere Gelabert
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adrien Rieux
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, St. Pierre de la Réunion, France
| | - Marc de Manuel
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toni de-Dios
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shyam Gopalakrishnan
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Carøe
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marcela Sandoval-Velasco
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rosa Fregel
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain
| | - Iñigo Olalde
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Raül Escosa
- Consorci de Polítiques Ambientals de les Terres de l'Ebre (COPATE), Deltebre, Spain
| | - Carles Aranda
- Servei de Control de Mosquits, Consell Comarcal del Baix Llobregat, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Silvie Huijben
- School of Life Sciences, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivo Mueller
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Population Health and Immunity Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tomàs Marquès-Bonet
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- CNAG-CRG, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - François Balloux
- UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Knudson A, González-Casabianca F, Feged-Rivadeneira A, Pedreros MF, Aponte S, Olaya A, Castillo CF, Mancilla E, Piamba-Dorado A, Sanchez-Pedraza R, Salazar-Terreros MJ, Lucchi N, Udhayakumar V, Jacob C, Pance A, Carrasquilla M, Apráez G, Angel JA, Rayner JC, Corredor V. Spatio-temporal dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum transmission within a spatial unit on the Colombian Pacific Coast. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3756. [PMID: 32111872 PMCID: PMC7048816 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60676-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As malaria control programmes concentrate their efforts towards malaria elimination a better understanding of malaria transmission patterns at fine spatial resolution units becomes necessary. Defining spatial units that consider transmission heterogeneity, human movement and migration will help to set up achievable malaria elimination milestones and guide the creation of efficient operational administrative control units. Using a combination of genetic and epidemiological data we defined a malaria transmission unit as the area contributing 95% of malaria cases diagnosed at the catchment facility located in the town of Guapi in the South Pacific Coast of Colombia. We provide data showing that P. falciparum malaria transmission is heterogeneous in time and space and analysed, using topological data analysis, the spatial connectivity, at the micro epidemiological level, between parasite populations circulating within the unit. To illustrate the necessity to evaluate the efficacy of malaria control measures within the transmission unit in order to increase the efficiency of the malaria control effort, we provide information on the size of the asymptomatic reservoir, the nature of parasite genotypes associated with drug resistance as well as the frequency of the Pfhrp2/3 deletion associated with false negatives when using Rapid Diagnostic Tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Knudson
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Felipe González-Casabianca
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Gestión y desarrollo urbanos, Facultad de Ciencia Política, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Maria Fernanda Pedreros
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Samanda Aponte
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Olaya
- Secretaría Departamental de Salud del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | | | - Elvira Mancilla
- Secretaría Departamental de Salud del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | | | - Ricardo Sanchez-Pedraza
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Myriam Janeth Salazar-Terreros
- Post-doctoral fellow, Centro de Hematologia e Hemoterapia (HEMOCENTRO), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Naomi Lucchi
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, 30030, GA, United States of America
| | - Venkatachalam Udhayakumar
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, 30030, GA, United States of America
| | - Chris Jacob
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Alena Pance
- Malaria Programme, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
| | - Manuela Carrasquilla
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, USA
| | - Giovanni Apráez
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,Secretaría Departamental de Salud del Cauca, Popayán, Colombia
| | - Jairo Andrés Angel
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Julian C Rayner
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, United Kingdom.
| | - Vladimir Corredor
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Abstract
Malaria is a vector-borne disease that involves multiple parasite species in a variety of ecological settings. However, the parasite species causing the disease, the prevalence of subclinical infections, the emergence of drug resistance, the scale-up of interventions, and the ecological factors affecting malaria transmission, among others, are aspects that vary across areas where malaria is endemic. Such complexities have propelled the study of parasite genetic diversity patterns in the context of epidemiologic investigations. Importantly, molecular studies indicate that the time and spatial distribution of malaria cases reflect epidemiologic processes that cannot be fully understood without characterizing the evolutionary forces shaping parasite population genetic patterns. Although broad in scope, this review in the Microbiology Spectrum Curated Collection: Advances in Molecular Epidemiology highlights the need for understanding population genetic concepts when interpreting parasite molecular data. First, we discuss malaria complexity in terms of the parasite species involved. Second, we describe how molecular data are changing our understanding of malaria incidence and infectiousness. Third, we compare different approaches to generate parasite genetic information in the context of epidemiologically relevant questions related to malaria control. Finally, we describe a few Plasmodium genomic studies as evidence of how these approaches will provide new insights into the malaria disease dynamics. *This article is part of a curated collection.
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Londono-Renteria B, Drame PM, Montiel J, Vasquez AM, Tobón-Castaño A, Taylor M, Vizcaino L, Lenhart AE. Identification and Pilot Evaluation of Salivary Peptides from Anopheles albimanus as Biomarkers for Bite Exposure and Malaria Infection in Colombia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030691. [PMID: 31973044 PMCID: PMC7037407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect saliva induces significant antibody responses associated with the intensity of exposure to bites and the risk of disease in humans. Several salivary biomarkers have been characterized to determine exposure intensity to Old World Anopheles mosquito species. However, new tools are needed to quantify the intensity of human exposure to Anopheles bites and understand the risk of malaria in low-transmission areas in the Americas. To address this need, we conducted proteomic and bioinformatic analyses of immunogenic candidate proteins present in the saliva of uninfected Anopheles albimanus from two separate colonies—one originating from Central America (STECLA strain) and one originating from South America (Cartagena strain). A ~65 kDa band was identified by IgG antibodies in serum samples from healthy volunteers living in a malaria endemic area in Colombia, and a total of five peptides were designed from the sequences of two immunogenic candidate proteins that were shared by both strains. ELISA-based testing of human IgG antibody levels against the peptides revealed that the transferrin-derived peptides, TRANS-P1, TRANS-P2 and a salivary peroxidase peptide (PEROX-P3) were able to distinguish between malaria-infected and uninfected groups. Interestingly, IgG antibody levels against PEROX-P3 were significantly lower in people that have never experienced malaria, suggesting that it may be a good marker for mosquito bite exposure in naïve populations such as travelers and deployed military personnel. In addition, the strength of the differences in the IgG levels against the peptides varied according to location, suggesting that the peptides may able to detect differences in intensities of bite exposure according to the mosquito population density. Thus, the An. albimanus salivary peptides TRANS-P1, TRANS-P2, and PEROX-P3 are promising biomarkers that could be exploited in a quantitative immunoassay for determination of human-vector contact and calculation of disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berlin Londono-Renteria
- Entomology Department, Vector Biology Laboratory, Kansas State University, 1603 Old Claflin Pl, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-785-532-2120
| | - Papa M. Drame
- Department of Global Health, Duke University, 310 Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Jehidys Montiel
- Entomology Department, Vector Biology Laboratory, Kansas State University, 1603 Old Claflin Pl, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Ana M. Vasquez
- Calle 70 No. 52–21, Malaria Group, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia 05001, Colombia; (A.M.V.); (A.T.-C.)
| | - Alberto Tobón-Castaño
- Calle 70 No. 52–21, Malaria Group, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia 05001, Colombia; (A.M.V.); (A.T.-C.)
| | - Marissa Taylor
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (M.T.); (L.V.); (A.E.L.)
| | - Lucrecia Vizcaino
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (M.T.); (L.V.); (A.E.L.)
| | - Audrey E. Lenhart
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Entomology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; (M.T.); (L.V.); (A.E.L.)
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Moxon CA, Gibbins MP, McGuinness D, Milner DA, Marti M. New Insights into Malaria Pathogenesis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2019; 15:315-343. [PMID: 31648610 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012419-032640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Malaria remains a major public health threat in tropical and subtropical regions across the world. Even though less than 1% of malaria infections are fatal, this leads to about 430,000 deaths per year, predominantly in young children in sub-Saharan Africa. Therefore, it is imperative to understand why a subset of infected individuals develop severe syndromes and some of them die and what differentiates these cases from the majority that recovers. Here, we discuss progress made during the past decade in our understanding of malaria pathogenesis, focusing on the major human parasite Plasmodium falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A Moxon
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Matthew P Gibbins
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Dagmara McGuinness
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Danny A Milner
- American Society for Clinical Pathology, Chicago, Illinois 60603, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Matthias Marti
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom; , .,Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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47
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Kluck GEG, Wendt CHC, Imperio GED, Araujo MFC, Atella TC, da Rocha I, Miranda KR, Atella GC. Plasmodium Infection Induces Dyslipidemia and a Hepatic Lipogenic State in the Host through the Inhibition of the AMPK-ACC Pathway. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14695. [PMID: 31604978 PMCID: PMC6789167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a major parasitic disease of humans and is a health public problem that affects more than 100 countries. In 2017, it caused nearly half a million deaths out of 219 million infections. Malaria is caused by the protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium and is transmitted by female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. Once in the bloodstream, Plasmodium merozoites invade erythrocytes and proliferate until the cells lyses and release new parasites that invade other erythrocytes. Remarkably, they can manipulate the vertebrate host's lipid metabolism pathways, since they cannot synthesize lipid classes that are essential for their development and replication. In this study, we show that mice infected with Plasmodium chabaudi present a completely different plasma profile from control mice, with marked hyperproteinemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypoglycemia, and hypocholesterolemia. In addition, white adipose and hepatic tissue and analyses from infected animals revealed the accumulation of triacylglycerol in both tissues and free fatty acids and free cholesterol in the liver. Hepatic mRNA and protein expression of key enzymes and transcription factors involved in lipid metabolism were also altered by P. chabaudi infection, leading to a lipogenic state. The enzyme 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a master regulator of cell energetic metabolism, was also modulated by the parasite, which reduced AMPK phosphorylation levels upon infection. Pretreatment with metformin for 21 days followed by infection with P. chabaudi was effective in preventing infection of mice and also lowered the hepatic accumulation of lipids while activating AMPK. Together, these results provide new and important information on the specific molecular mechanisms induced by the malaria parasite to regulate hepatic lipid metabolism in order to facilitate its development, proliferation, and lifespan in its vertebrate host.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Eduardo Gabriel Kluck
- Laboratory of Lipid and Lipoproteins Biochemistry, Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila Hübner Costabile Wendt
- Laboratory of Cellular Ultrastructure Hertha Meyer, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guinever Eustaquio do Imperio
- Laboratory of Translational Endocrinology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Carvalho Araujo
- Laboratory of Lipid and Lipoproteins Biochemistry, Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tainá Correa Atella
- Laboratory of Comparative Neurobiology and Development, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabella da Rocha
- Laboratory of Lipid and Lipoproteins Biochemistry, Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kildare Rocha Miranda
- Laboratory of Translational Endocrinology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Georgia Correa Atella
- Laboratory of Lipid and Lipoproteins Biochemistry, Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Schmedes SE, Patel D, Kelley J, Udhayakumar V, Talundzic E. Using the Plasmodium mitochondrial genome for classifying mixed-species infections and inferring the geographical origin of P. falciparum parasites imported to the U.S. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215754. [PMID: 31039178 PMCID: PMC6490880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to identify mixed-species infections and track the origin of Plasmodium parasites can further enhance the development of treatment and prevention recommendations as well as outbreak investigations. Here, we explore the utility of using the full Plasmodium mitochondrial genome to classify Plasmodium species, detect mixed infections, and infer the geographical origin of imported P. falciparum parasites to the United States (U.S.). Using the recently developed standardized, high-throughput Malaria Resistance Surveillance (MaRS) protocol, the full Plasmodium mitochondrial genomes of 265 malaria cases imported to the U.S. from 2014-2017 were sequenced and analyzed. P. falciparum infections were found in 94.7% (251/265) of samples. Five percent (14/265) of samples were identified as mixed- Plasmodium species or non-P. falciparum, including P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale curtisi, and P. ovale wallikeri. P. falciparum mitochondrial haplotypes analysis revealed greater than eighteen percent of samples to have at least two P. falciparum mitochondrial genome haplotypes, indicating either heteroplasmy or multi-clonal infections. Maximum-likelihood phylogenies of 912 P. falciparum mitochondrial genomes with known country origin were used to infer the geographical origin of thirteen samples from persons with unknown travel histories as: Africa (country unspecified) (n = 10), Ghana (n = 1), Southeast Asia (n = 1), and the Philippines (n = 1). We demonstrate the utility and current limitations of using the Plasmodium mitochondrial genome to classify samples with mixed-infections and infer the geographical origin of imported P. falciparum malaria cases to the U.S. with unknown travel history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Schmedes
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States America
- Association of Public Health Laboratories, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States America
| | - Dhruviben Patel
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States America
- Williams Consulting LLC, Baltimore, Maryland, United States America
| | - Julia Kelley
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States America
- Atlanta Research and Education Foundation, Atlanta, Georgia, United States America
| | - Venkatachalam Udhayakumar
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States America
| | - Eldin Talundzic
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States America
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49
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Davidson G, Chua TH, Cook A, Speldewinde P, Weinstein P. Defining the ecological and evolutionary drivers of Plasmodium knowlesi transmission within a multi-scale framework. Malar J 2019; 18:66. [PMID: 30849978 PMCID: PMC6408765 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-019-2693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi is a zoonotic malaria parasite normally residing in long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis and Macaca nemestrina, respectively) found throughout Southeast Asia. Recently, knowlesi malaria has become the predominant malaria affecting humans in Malaysian Borneo, being responsible for approximately 70% of reported cases. Largely as a result of anthropogenic land use changes in Borneo, vectors which transmit the parasite, along with macaque hosts, are both now frequently found in disturbed forest habitats, or at the forest fringes, thus having more frequent contact with humans. Having access to human hosts provides the parasite with the opportunity to further its adaption to the human immune system. The ecological drivers of the transmission and spread of P. knowlesi are operating over many different spatial (and, therefore, temporal) scales, from the molecular to the continental. Strategies to prevent and manage zoonoses, such as P. knowlesi malaria require interdisciplinary research exploring the impact of land use change and biodiversity loss on the evolving relationship between parasite, reservoir hosts, vectors, and humans over multiple spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gael Davidson
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Stirling Terrace, Albany, WA, 6330, Australia. .,School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| | - Tock H Chua
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Angus Cook
- School of Population and Global Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter Speldewinde
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Stirling Terrace, Albany, WA, 6330, Australia
| | - Philip Weinstein
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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50
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Alonso Aguirre A, Basu N, Kahn LH, Morin XK, Echaubard P, Wilcox BA, Beasley VR. Transdisciplinary and social-ecological health frameworks-Novel approaches to emerging parasitic and vector-borne diseases. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2019; 4:e00084. [PMID: 30701206 PMCID: PMC6348238 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecosystem Health, Conservation Medicine, EcoHealth, One Health, Planetary Health and GeoHealth are inter-related disciplines that underpin a shared understanding of the functional prerequisites of health, sustainable vitality and wellbeing. All of these are based on recognition that health interconnects species across the planet, and they offer ways to more effectively tackle complex real-world challenges. Herein we present a bibliometric analysis to document usage of a subset of such terms by journals over time. We also provide examples of parasitic and vector-borne diseases, including malaria, toxoplasmosis, baylisascariasis, and Lyme disease. These and many other diseases have persisted, emerged or re-emerged, and caused great harm to human and animal populations in developed and low income, biodiverse nations around the world, largely because of societal drivers that undermined natural processes of disease prevention and control, which had developed through co-evolution over millennia. Shortcomings in addressing drivers has arisen from a lack or coordinated efforts among researchers, health stewards, societies at large, and governments. Fortunately, specialists collaborating under transdisciplinary and socio-ecological health umbrellas are increasingly integrating established and new techniques for disease modeling, prediction, diagnosis, treatment, control, and prevention. Such approaches often emphasize conservation of biodiversity for health protection, and they provide novel opportunities to increase the efficiency and probability of success.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Alonso Aguirre
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Niladri Basu
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Laura H. Kahn
- Program on Science and Global Security, Woodrow Wilson School of Public & International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Xenia K. Morin
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Pierre Echaubard
- Global Health Asia Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Bruce A. Wilcox
- Global Health Asia Institute, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | - Val R. Beasley
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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