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Jiang Z, Chen Z, Chen X. Candidate gene-environment interactions in substance abuse: A systematic review. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287446. [PMID: 37906564 PMCID: PMC10617739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The abuse of psychogenic drugs can lead to multiple health-related problems. Genetic and environmental vulnerabilities are factors in the emergence of substance use disorders. Empirical evidence regarding the gene-environment interaction in substance use is mixed. Summaries of the latest findings from a candidate gene approach will be useful for revealing the significance of particular gene contributions. Thus, we aim to identify different gene-environment interactions in patterns of substance use and investigate whether any effects trend notably across different genders and races. METHODS We reviewed published studies, until March 1, 2022, on substance use for candidate gene-environment interaction. Basic demographics of the included studies, target genes, environmental factors, main findings, patterns of gene-environment interaction, and other relevant information were collected and summarized. RESULTS Among a total of 44 studies, 38 demonstrated at least one significant interaction effect. About 61.5% of studies on the 5-HTTLPR gene, 100% on the MAOA gene, 42.9% on the DRD2 gene, 50% on the DRD4 gene, 50% on the DAT gene, 80% on the CRHR1 gene, 100% on the OPRM1 gene, 100% on the GABRA1 gene, and 50% on the CHRNA gene had a significant gene-environment interaction effect. The diathesis-stress model represents a dominant interaction pattern (89.5%) in the studies with a significant interaction effect; the remaining significant effect on substance use is found in the differential susceptibility model. The social push and swing model were not reported in the included studies. CONCLUSION The gene-environment interaction research on substance use behavior is methodologically multidimensional, which causes difficulty in conducting pooled analysis, or stated differently-making it hard to identify single sources of significant influence over maladaptive patterns of drug taking. In decreasing the heterogeneity and facilitating future pooled analysis, researchers must (1) replicate the existing studies with consistent study designs and measures, (2) conduct power calculations to report gene-environment correlations, (3) control for covariates, and (4) generate theory-based hypotheses with factorial based experiments when designing future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jiang
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Zidong Chen
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xi Chen
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
- Department of Sociology and Social Policy, Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong
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2
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Li W, Zhang S, Lin H, Zhang K, Zhang X, Chen J, Xu F, Liu C. Childhood Maltreatment and Creativity among Chinese College Students: A Serial Mediation Model. J Intell 2023; 11:jintelligence11040058. [PMID: 37103243 PMCID: PMC10147018 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Creativity plays a very crucial impact on our cultural life and has also been important to the improvement of human civilization. Numerous studies have indicated that family circumstance plays an important role in the development of individual creativity. However, little is known about the mediating mechanisms underlying the association between childhood maltreatment and creativity. This study intended to explore the serial multiple mediation model in which undergraduates' cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy were proposed to mediate the potential influence of childhood maltreatment on their creativity. Participants were 1069 undergraduates (573 males and 496 females, mean age was 20.57 ± 1.24 years ranging from 17 to 24) from a university in Shandong Province, China. Participants were required to complete an internet survey including the Short Form of Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ-SF), General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI), and Williams Creativity Aptitude Test (WCAT). Serial multiple mediation analysis and the bootstrap method were used to investigate the mediation effects of cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy. The results showed that childhood maltreatment indirectly influenced undergraduates' creativity through three indirect paths: childhood maltreatment→cognitive flexibility→creativity, childhood maltreatment→self-efficacy→creativity, and childhood maltreatment→cognitive flexibility→self-efficacy→creativity. The ratios of the total indirect effects and branch-indirect effects to the total effects were 92.73%, 34.61%, 35.68%, and 22.44%, respectively. These results indicated that cognitive flexibility and self-efficacy could completely mediate the potential impact of childhood maltreatment on individuals creativity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfu Li
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Hao Lin
- College of Chinese and Western Medicine, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Keke Zhang
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Jingting Chen
- Labor Union, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Fangfang Xu
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
| | - Chuanxin Liu
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China
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Handschuh PA, Murgaš M, Vraka C, Nics L, Hartmann AM, Winkler-Pjrek E, Baldinger-Melich P, Wadsak W, Winkler D, Hacker M, Rujescu D, Domschke K, Lanzenberger R, Spies M. Effect of MAOA DNA Methylation on Human in Vivo Protein Expression Measured by [11C]harmine Positron Emission Tomography. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 26:116-124. [PMID: 36573644 PMCID: PMC9926052 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic modifications like DNA methylation are understood as an intermediary between environmental factors and neurobiology. Cerebral monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) levels are altered in depression, as are DNA methylation levels within the MAOA gene, particularly in the promoter/exon I/intron I region. An effect of MAOA methylation on peripheral protein expression was shown, but the extent to which methylation affects brain MAO-A levels is not fully understood. METHODS Here, the influence of MAOA promoter/exon I/intron I region DNA methylation on global MAO-A distribution volume (VT), an index of MAO-A density, was assessed via [11C]harmine positron emission tomography in 22 patients (14 females) suffering from seasonal affective disorder and 30 healthy controls (17 females). RESULTS No significant influence of MAOA DNA methylation on global MAO-A VT was found, despite correction for health status, sex, season, and MAOA variable number of tandem repeat genotype. However, season affected average methylation in women, with higher levels in spring and summer (Puncorr = .03). We thus did not find evidence for an effect of MAOA DNA methylation on brain MAO-A VT. CONCLUSIONS In contrast to a previous study demonstrating an effect of methylation of a MAOA promoter region located further 5' on brain MAO-A, MAOA methylation of the region assessed here appears to affect brain protein levels to a limited extent at most. The observed effect of season on methylation levels is in accordance with extensive evidence for seasonal effects within the serotonergic system. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER NCT02582398 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02582398).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Handschuh
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Matej Murgaš
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Chrysoula Vraka
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Nics
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Annette M Hartmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Edda Winkler-Pjrek
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Pia Baldinger-Melich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wadsak
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine (CBmed), Graz, Austria
| | - Dietmar Winkler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Dan Rujescu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Basics in Neuromodulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Marie Spies
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Kanarik M, Grimm O, Mota NR, Reif A, Harro J. ADHD co-morbidities: A review of implication of gene × environment effects with dopamine-related genes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 139:104757. [PMID: 35777579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ADHD is a major burden in adulthood, where co-morbid conditions such as depression, substance use disorder and obesity often dominate the clinical picture. ADHD has substantial shared heritability with other mental disorders, contributing to comorbidity. However, environmental risk factors exist but their interaction with genetic makeup, especially in relation to comorbid disorders, remains elusive. This review for the first time summarizes present knowledge on gene x environment (GxE) interactions regarding the dopamine system. Hitherto, mainly candidate (GxE) studies were performed, focusing on the genes DRD4, DAT1 and MAOA. Some evidence suggest that the variable number tandem repeats in DRD4 and MAOA may mediate GxE interactions in ADHD generally, and comorbid conditions specifically. Nevertheless, even for these genes, common variants are bound to suggest risk only in the context of gender and specific environments. For other polymorphisms, evidence is contradictory and less convincing. Particularly lacking are longitudinal studies testing the interaction of well-defined environmental with polygenic risk scores reflecting the dopamine system in its entirety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margus Kanarik
- Chair of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A Chemicum, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nina Roth Mota
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Chair of Neuropsychopharmacology, Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14A Chemicum, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; Psychiatry Clinic, North Estonia Medical Centre, Paldiski Road 52, 10614 Tallinn, Estonia.
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Farrow E, Chiocchetti AG, Rogers JC, Pauli R, Raschle NM, Gonzalez-Madruga K, Smaragdi A, Martinelli A, Kohls G, Stadler C, Konrad K, Fairchild G, Freitag CM, Chechlacz M, De Brito SA. SLC25A24 gene methylation and gray matter volume in females with and without conduct disorder: an exploratory epigenetic neuroimaging study. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:492. [PMID: 34561420 PMCID: PMC8463588 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01609-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Conduct disorder (CD), a psychiatric disorder characterized by a repetitive pattern of antisocial behaviors, results from a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The clinical presentation of CD varies both according to the individual's sex and level of callous-unemotional (CU) traits, but it remains unclear how genetic and environmental factors interact at the molecular level to produce these differences. Emerging evidence in males implicates methylation of genes associated with socio-affective processes. Here, we combined an epigenome-wide association study with structural neuroimaging in 51 females with CD and 59 typically developing (TD) females to examine DNA methylation in relation to CD, CU traits, and gray matter volume (GMV). We demonstrate an inverse pattern of correlation between CU traits and methylation of a chromosome 1 region in CD females (positive) as compared to TD females (negative). The identified region spans exon 1 of the SLC25A24 gene, central to energy metabolism due to its role in mitochondrial function. Increased SLC25A24 methylation was also related to lower GMV in multiple brain regions in the overall cohort. These included the superior frontal gyrus, prefrontal cortex, and supramarginal gyrus, secondary visual cortex and ventral posterior cingulate cortex, which are regions that have previously been implicated in CD and CU traits. While our findings are preliminary and need to be replicated in larger samples, they provide novel evidence that CU traits in females are associated with methylation levels in a fundamentally different way in CD and TD, which in turn may relate to observable variations in GMV across the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Farrow
- School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Andreas G. Chiocchetti
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jack C. Rogers
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Psychology and Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ruth Pauli
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nora M. Raschle
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Jacobs Center for Productive Youth Development, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Anne Martinelli
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gregor Kohls
- grid.1957.a0000 0001 0728 696XRWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Kerstin Konrad
- grid.1957.a0000 0001 0728 696XRWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Graeme Fairchild
- grid.7340.00000 0001 2162 1699Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Christine M. Freitag
- grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Magdalena Chechlacz
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stephane A. De Brito
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Psychology and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Siomek-Gorecka A, Dlugosz A, Czarnecki D. The Molecular Basis of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD). Genetics, Epigenetics, and Nutrition in AUD: An Amazing Triangle. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084262. [PMID: 33924016 PMCID: PMC8072802 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a very common and complex disease, as alcohol is the most widely used addictive drug in the world. This disorder has an enormous impact on public health and social and private life, and it generates a huge number of social costs. Alcohol use stimulates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responses and is the cause of many physical and social problems (especially liver disease and cancer), accidental injury, and risky sexual behavior. For years, researchers have been trying to identify the genetic basis of alcohol use disorder, the molecular mechanisms responsible for its development, and an effective form of therapy. Genetic and environmental factors are known to contribute to the development of AUD, and the expression of genes is a complicated process that depends on epigenetic modulations. Dietary nutrients, such as vitamins, may serve as one these modulators, as they have a direct impact on epigenomes. In this review, we connect gathered knowledge from three emerging fields-genetics, epigenetics, and nutrition-to form an amazing triangle relating to alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Siomek-Gorecka
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-095 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-52-585-37-48
| | - Anna Dlugosz
- Department of Engineering and Chemical and Food Analytics, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Damian Czarnecki
- Department of Preventive Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-821 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
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Kolla NJ, Bortolato M. The role of monoamine oxidase A in the neurobiology of aggressive, antisocial, and violent behavior: A tale of mice and men. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 194:101875. [PMID: 32574581 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, research has revealed that genetic factors shape the propensity for aggressive, antisocial, and violent behavior. The best-documented gene implicated in aggression is MAOA (Monoamine oxidase A), which encodes the key enzyme for the degradation of serotonin and catecholamines. Congenital MAOA deficiency, as well as low-activity MAOA variants, has been associated with a higher risk for antisocial behavior (ASB) and violence, particularly in males with a history of child maltreatment. Indeed, the interplay between low MAOA genetic variants and early-life adversity is the best-documented gene × environment (G × E) interaction in the pathophysiology of aggression and ASB. Additional evidence indicates that low MAOA activity in the brain is strongly associated with a higher propensity for aggression; furthermore, MAOA inhibition may be one of the primary mechanisms whereby prenatal smoke exposure increases the risk of ASB. Complementary to these lines of evidence, mouse models of Maoa deficiency and G × E interactions exhibit striking similarities with clinical phenotypes, proving to be valuable tools to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms underlying antisocial and aggressive behavior. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the knowledge on the involvement of MAOA in aggression, as defined by preclinical and clinical evidence. In particular, we show how the convergence of human and animal research is proving helpful to our understanding of how MAOA influences antisocial and violent behavior and how it may assist in the development of preventative and therapeutic strategies for aggressive manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Kolla
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) Research Imaging Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Violence Prevention Neurobiological Research Unit, CAMH, Toronto, ON, Canada; Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Penetanguishene, ON, Canada; Translational Initiative on Antisocial Personality Disorder (TrIAD); Program of Research on Violence Etiology, Neurobiology, and Treatment (PReVENT).
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Translational Initiative on Antisocial Personality Disorder (TrIAD); Program of Research on Violence Etiology, Neurobiology, and Treatment (PReVENT).
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8
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M. Nilsen F, Frank J, S. Tulve N. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Investigating the Relationship between Exposures to Chemical and Non-Chemical Stressors during Prenatal Development and Childhood Externalizing Behaviors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072361. [PMID: 32244397 PMCID: PMC7177257 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Childhood behavioral outcomes have been linked to low quality intrauterine environments caused by prenatal exposures to both chemical and non-chemical stressors. The effect(s) from the many stressors a child can be prenatally exposed to may be influenced by complex interactive relationships that are just beginning to be understood. Chemical stressors influence behavioral outcomes by affecting the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) enzyme, which is involved in serotonin metabolism and the neuroendocrine response to stress. Non-chemical stressors, particularly those associated with violence, have been shown to influence and exacerbate the externalizing behavioral outcomes associated with low MAOA activity and slowed serotonin metabolism. The adverse developmental effects associated with high stress and maternal drug use during pregnancy are well documented. However, research examining the combined effects of other non-chemical and chemical stressors on development and childhood outcomes as a result of gestational exposures is scarce but is an expanding field. In this systematic review, we examined the extant literature to explore the interrelationships between exposures to chemical and non-chemical stressors (specifically stressful/traumatic experiences), MAOA characteristics, and childhood externalizing behaviors. We observed that exposures to chemical stressors (recreational drugs and environmental chemicals) are significantly related to externalizing behavioral outcomes in children. We also observed that existing literature examining the interactions between MAOA characteristics, exposures to chemical stressors, and traumatic experiences and their effects on behavioral outcomes is sparse. We propose that maternal stress and cortisol fluctuations during pregnancy may be an avenue to link these concepts. We recommend that future studies investigating childhood behaviors include chemical and non-chemical stressors as well as children’s inherent genetic characteristics to gain a holistic understanding of the relationship between prenatal exposures and childhood behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M. Nilsen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Jessica Frank
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Nicolle S. Tulve
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
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Fite PJ, Brown S, Hossain WA, Manzardo A, Butler MG, Bortolato M. Sex-Dimorphic Interactions of MAOA Genotype and Child Maltreatment Predispose College Students to Polysubstance Use. Front Genet 2020; 10:1314. [PMID: 32010186 PMCID: PMC6978277 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polysubstance use (PSU) is highly prevalent among college students. Recent evidence indicates that PSU is based on gene x environment (G×E) interactions, yet the specific biosocial factors underlying this problem remain elusive. We recently reported that lifetime use of tobacco and cannabis in college students is influenced by the interaction of the X-linked MAOA (monoamine oxidase A) gene and child maltreatment. Building on these premises, here we evaluated whether the same G×E interaction may also predict PSU in this population. Students of a large Midwestern university (n = 470; 50.9% females) took part in a computer survey for substance use, as well as childhood trauma exposure, using the Child Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). DNA was extracted from their saliva samples and genotyped for MAOA variable-number of tandem repeat (VNTR) variants. Findings indicated that the highest number of substances were used by male students harboring low-activity MAOA alleles with a history of childhood emotional abuse. In contrast, female homozygous high-activity MAOA carriers with a history of emotional and physical abuse reported consumption of the greatest number of substances. Our results indicate that PSU among college students is influenced by the interaction of MAOA and child maltreatment in a sex-specific fashion. Further studies are warranted to understand the mechanisms of sex differences in the biosocial interplays underlying PSU in this at-risk group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J. Fite
- Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Shaquanna Brown
- Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
| | - Waheeda A. Hossain
- Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Ann Manzardo
- Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Merlin G. Butler
- Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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10
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Nilsen FM, Tulve NS. A systematic review and meta-analysis examining the interrelationships between chemical and non-chemical stressors and inherent characteristics in children with ADHD. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 180:108884. [PMID: 31706600 PMCID: PMC6937727 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Children may be more vulnerable to the combined interactions of chemical and non-chemical stressors from their built, natural, and social environments when compared to adults. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed childhood neurodevelopmental disorder and is considered a major public health issue, as 75% of childhood cases persist into adulthood. ADHD is characterized by developmentally inappropriate levels of hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention, with the neurotransmitter serotonin regulating these symptoms. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) aids in serotonin uptake and is often implicated in behavioral and emotional disorders, including ADHD. When children are exposed to cigarette smoke, bisphenol A (BPA), or organophosphate pesticides, MAOA activity is inhibited. Non-chemical stressors, such as traumatic childhood experiences, and lifestyle factors, complicate the relationship between genotype and exposures to chemical stressors. But the co-occurrence among outcomes between exposures to chemical stressors, non-chemical stressors, and the low activity MAOA genotype suggest that mental illness in children may be influenced by multiple interacting factors. In this systematic review, we examine the existing literature that combines exposures to chemical and non-chemical stressors (specifically childhood trauma), MAOA characteristics, and ADHD diagnosis to investigate the interrelationships present. We observe that chemical (lead [Pb], phthalates/plasticizers, persistent organic pollutants, and cigarette smoke) exposure is significantly related to ADHD in children. We also observed that existing literature examining the interaction between MAOA, exposures to chemical stressors, and traumatic experiences and their effect on ADHD outcomes is sparse. We recommend that future studies investigating childhood ADHD include chemical and non-chemical stressors and inherent characteristics to gain a holistic understanding of childhood mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M Nilsen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Post-Doctoral Participant, U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Nicolle S Tulve
- U.S. EPA, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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Jiang S, Postovit L, Cattaneo A, Binder EB, Aitchison KJ. Epigenetic Modifications in Stress Response Genes Associated With Childhood Trauma. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:808. [PMID: 31780969 PMCID: PMC6857662 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may be referred to by other terms (e.g., early life adversity or stress and childhood trauma) and have a lifelong impact on mental and physical health. For example, childhood trauma has been associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The heritability of ACE-related phenotypes such as PTSD, depression, and resilience is low to moderate, and, moreover, is very variable for a given phenotype, which implies that gene by environment interactions (such as through epigenetic modifications) may be involved in the onset of these phenotypes. Currently, there is increasing interest in the investigation of epigenetic contributions to ACE-induced differential health outcomes. Although there are a number of studies in this field, there are still research gaps. In this review, the basic concepts of epigenetic modifications (such as methylation) and the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in the stress response are outlined. Examples of specific genes undergoing methylation in association with ACE-induced differential health outcomes are provided. Limitations in this field, e.g., uncertain clinical diagnosis, conceptual inconsistencies, and technical drawbacks, are reviewed, with suggestions for advances using new technologies and novel research directions. We thereby provide a platform on which the field of ACE-induced phenotypes in mental health may build.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui Jiang
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Lynne Postovit
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Annamaria Cattaneo
- Biological Psychiatric Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisabeth B. Binder
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Katherine J. Aitchison
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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12
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Sartor CE, Grant JD, Few LR, Werner KB, McCutcheon VV, Duncan AE, Nelson EC, Madden PAF, Bucholz KK, Heath AC, Agrawal A. Childhood Trauma and Two Stages of Alcohol Use in African American and European American Women: Findings from a Female Twin Sample. PREVENTION SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR PREVENTION RESEARCH 2019; 19:795-804. [PMID: 28875252 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-017-0838-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The current investigation assessed for moderating effects of childhood trauma on genetic and environmental contributions to timing of alcohol use initiation and alcohol use disorder in African American (AA) and European American (EA) women. Data were drawn from diagnostic telephone interviews conducted with 3786 participants (14.6% AA) in a longitudinal female twin study. Childhood trauma was defined alternately as child maltreatment and more broadly to include other events (e.g., witnessing violence). Phenotypic associations between childhood trauma and alcohol outcomes were estimated using logistic regression analyses. Twin modeling was conducted to test for moderating effects of childhood trauma on the contributions of genetic and environmental factors to timing of initiation and alcohol use disorder. Under both definitions, childhood trauma was associated with early initiation (relative risk ratios: 1.90, 1.72) and alcohol use disorder (odds ratios: 1.92, 1.76). Yet gene by environment effects were observed only for child maltreatment and timing of initiation in EA women, with heritable influences less prominent in those who had experienced child maltreatment (0.35, 95% CI: 0.05-0.66 vs. 0.52, 95% CI: 0.30-0.73). We found more similarities than differences in the association of childhood trauma with alcohol outcomes across racial/ethnic groups, trauma type, and stages of alcohol use. However, findings suggest that the relative contribution of genetic factors to alcohol outcomes differs by childhood maltreatment history in EA women specifically in the earliest stage of alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn E Sartor
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 389 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Julia D Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Lauren R Few
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kimberly B Werner
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vivia V McCutcheon
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Alexis E Duncan
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Elliot C Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Pamela A F Madden
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kathleen K Bucholz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Andrew C Heath
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8134, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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13
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Pasman JA, Verweij KJH, Vink JM. Systematic Review of Polygenic Gene-Environment Interaction in Tobacco, Alcohol, and Cannabis Use. Behav Genet 2019; 49:349-365. [PMID: 31111357 PMCID: PMC6554261 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-019-09958-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies testing the effect of single genetic variants on substance use have had modest success. This paper reviewed 39 studies using polygenic measures to test interaction with any type of environmental exposure (G×E) in alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use. Studies using haplotype combinations, sum scores of candidate-gene risk alleles, and polygenic scores (PS) were included. Overall study quality was moderate, with lower ratings for the polygenic methods in the haplotype and candidate-gene score studies. Heterogeneity in investigated environmental exposures, genetic factors, and outcomes was substantial. Most studies (N = 30) reported at least one significant G×E interaction, but overall evidence was weak. The majority (N = 26) found results in line with differential susceptibility and diathesis-stress frameworks. Future studies should pay more attention to methodological and statistical rigor, and focus on replication efforts. Additional work is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn about the importance of G×E in the etiology of substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle A Pasman
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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14
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Single nucleotide polymorphisms, variable number tandem repeats and allele influence on serotonergic enzyme modulators for aggressive and suicidal behaviors: A review. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 180:74-82. [PMID: 30928299 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The serotonergic system plays key regulatory roles in cognition and emotion. Several lines of evidence suggest that genetic variation is associated with aggressive and suicidal behaviors. Genetic studies have largely focused on three types of variations: single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs), and alleles. 95 published papers (49 papers for aggression and 46 for suicide) were reviewed to summarize the impact of SNPs, VNTRs, and alleles of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH, the rate-limiting enzyme in serotonin [5-HT] synthesis), 5-HT transporter (5-HTT), serotonergic receptors, monoamine oxidase (an enzyme that catalyzes 5-HT degradation) on aggression and suicidal behaviors. These study samples include healthy controls, psychiatric disease patients, and animal models. This article mainly reviews studies on the relationship between 5-HT transmissions and genetic variations involved in aggression (particularly impulsive aggression) or suicide in people with different ethnicities and psychiatric disorders. We found that most SNPs, VNTRs, and alleles exerted influences on aggression or suicide. Only A128C in TPH1, A138G in 5-HT2A, and L type in the VNTR of monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) affected both aggression and suicide. The associations between some genetic variations and aggression/suicide may be influenced by gender, age, ethnicity, psychiatric disease, and even parenting or prenatal stress. These findings may help clarify how genetic and environmental factors influence the development of aggressive and suicidal behaviors.
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15
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Does prior traumatization affect the treatment outcome of CBT for panic disorder? The potential role of the MAOA gene and depression symptoms. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 269:161-170. [PMID: 28712090 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-017-0823-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is highly effective in the treatment of anxiety disorders, many patients still do not benefit. This study investigates whether a history of traumatic event experience is negatively associated with outcomes of CBT for panic disorder. The moderating role of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene and depression symptoms as well as the association between trauma history and fear reactivity as a potential mechanism are further analyzed. We conducted a post-hoc analysis of 172 male and 60 female patients with panic disorder treated with CBT in a multi-center study. Treatment outcome was assessed at post-treatment using self-report and clinician rating scales. Fear reactivity before treatment was assessed via heart rate and self-reported anxiety during a behavioral avoidance test. Among females, we did not find any differences in treatment response between traumatized and non-traumatized individuals or any two-way interaction trauma history × MAOA genotype. There was a significant three-way interaction trauma history × MAOA genotype × depression symptoms on all treatment outcomes indicating that in traumatized female patients carrying the low-activity allele, treatment effect sizes decreased with increasing depression symptoms at baseline. No such effects were observed for males. In conclusion, we found no evidence for a differential treatment response in traumatized and non-traumatized individuals. There is preliminary evidence for poorer treatment outcomes in a subgroup of female traumatized individuals carrying the low-active variant of the MAOA gene. These patients also report more symptoms of depression symptomatology and exhibit a dampened fear response before treatment which warrants further investigation.
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16
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Gong AT, Kamboj SK, Curran HV. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in Victims of Sexual Assault With Pre-assault Substance Consumption: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:92. [PMID: 30918487 PMCID: PMC6424881 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance consumption commonly co-occur in victims of sexual assault. Substance consumption can occur pre- andi/or post-assault. Pre-assault substance consumption may have an impact on the subsequent development of PTSD. This review aims to provide an overview of current understanding of the effects of acute substance intoxication and chronic pre-assault problematic substance use on symptoms of PTSD amongst individuals who were victims of sexual assault. Methods: PsycINFO, EMBASE, and MEDLINE were searched using terms related to PTSD, sexual assault, and substance consumption. These yielded 2,121 articles, 268 of which were retrieved for more detailed evaluation and 13 of these met inclusion criteria and were appraised in full. Results: Overall, the reviewed papers supported our hypothesis that acute substance intoxication and chronic pre-assault problematic substance use are associated with fewer initial PTSD symptoms but less improvement over time, resulting in slower overall PTSD recovery. They also highlighted post-assault characterological self-blame and negative social reactions as mediators of recovery in the context of pre-assault substance consumption. Conclusions: Acute substance intoxication and chronic pre-assault problematic substance use appear to have an impact on the development of PTSD symptoms amongst victims of sexual assault. The importance of developing early interventions and routine screening and assessment for PTSD and pre-assault substance consumption is emphasized. The limited research on male victims and on substances other than alcohol is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Tong Gong
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sunjeev K Kamboj
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Valerie Curran
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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17
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Guy N, Newton-Howes G, Ford H, Williman J, Foulds J. The prevalence of comorbid alcohol use disorder in the presence of personality disorder: Systematic review and explanatory modelling. Personal Ment Health 2018; 12:216-228. [PMID: 29611335 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Comorbid personality disorder (PD) worsens outcome in mental state disorders; however, the proportion of people with PD who have an alcohol use disorder (AUD) is poorly described. A systematic review of the literature for studies reporting on AUD in those with PD was completed. Lifetime prevalence figures were meta-analysed using multilevel models, accounting for type of PD and population examined. Sixteen unique studies contributed data to the analysis. PD type accounted for most of the heterogeneity in lifetime AUD prevalence. People with antisocial PD had the highest lifetime AUD prevalence, at 76.7%, followed by those with borderline PD at 52.2%, while those with other forms of PD, or undifferentiated PD, had a prevalence of 38.9%. Lifetime AUD prevalence was not significantly higher in clinical compared with population samples. The majority of people with PD experience an AUD at some time in the life course. This has clinical screening and management implications. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Guy
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Giles Newton-Howes
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Hannah Ford
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Williman
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - James Foulds
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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18
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Kim J, Park A. A systematic review: Candidate gene and environment interaction on alcohol use and misuse among adolescents and young adults. Am J Addict 2018; 27:345-363. [PMID: 29992684 PMCID: PMC6511325 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Youth drinking is a pervasive public health concern with serious negative developmental implications. Candidate gene and environment interaction studies (cGxE) show that environmental effects on drinking behaviors may differ by individuals' genotypes. Yet little is known about whether genetic and environmental effects on drinking behaviors are developmentally specific. METHODS This systematic review evaluated 42 cGxE studies of drinking in adolescence and young adulthood. RESULTS Although there are mixed findings, studies of cGxE effects involving DRD4, 5-HTTLPR, DRD2, and OPRM1 genotypes showed relatively consistent patterns. The effects of under-controlled environments (eg, low levels of parental monitoring) on early and middle adolescent drinking appeared to differ across DRD2 or OPRM1 genotypes. Effects of alcohol-facilitating environments (eg, heavy drinking peers) on late adolescent and young adult drinking appeared to differ across DRD4 or OPRM1 genotypes. Interactions between 5-HTTLPR genotype with stressful environments (eg, negative life events) were found throughout adolescence and young adulthood, although there were some inconsistencies regarding the risk-conferring allele. There was limited evidence for other cGxE effects due to the small number of studies. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE This review suggests that GxE findings may advance our knowledge regarding which developmentally specific conditions result in the expression of candidate genes that influence youth alcohol use and misuse. However, since a significant number of studies had small sample sizes and most studies had small effect sizes, findings need replication across independent studies with large samples. (Am J Addict 2018;XX:1-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueun Kim
- Department of Counseling Psychology, Handong Global University, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Aesoon Park
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York
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19
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Fite PJ, Brown S, Hossain W, Manzardo A, Butler MG, Bortolato M. Tobacco and cannabis use in college students are predicted by sex-dimorphic interactions between MAOA genotype and child abuse. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 25:101-111. [PMID: 29952131 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postsecondary students in Western countries exhibit a high prevalence of cannabis and tobacco use disorders. The etiology of these problems is contributed by several psychosocial factors, including childhood adversity and trauma; however, the mechanisms whereby these environmental determinants predispose to the use of these substances remain elusive, due to our poor knowledge of genetic and biological moderators. Converging evidence points to the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene as a moderator of the effects of lifetime stress on the initiation of substance use. AIMS Building on these premises, in this study, we analyzed whether MAOA upstream variable number tandem repeat (uVNTR) alleles interact with child maltreatment history to predict for lifetime cannabis and tobacco consumption. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five hundred college students (age: 18-25 years) from a large Midwestern University were surveyed for their child maltreatment history (encompassing emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, as well as emotional and physical neglect) and lifetime consumption of cannabis and tobacco. Saliva samples were obtained to determine the MAOA uVNTR genotype of each participant. RESULTS In female students, lifetime tobacco and cannabis use was predicted by the interaction of physical and emotional abuse with high-activity MAOA allelic variants; conversely, in males, the interaction of low-activity MAOA alleles and physical abuse was associated with lifetime use of tobacco, but not cannabis. DISCUSSION These findings collectively suggest that the vulnerability to smoke tobacco and cannabis is predicted by sex-dimorphic interactions of MAOA gene with childhood abuse. CONCLUSION These biosocial underpinnings of tobacco and cannabis use may prove important in the development of novel personalized preventive strategies for substance use disorders in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula J Fite
- Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Shaquanna Brown
- Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Waheeda Hossain
- Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Ann Manzardo
- Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Merlin G Butler
- Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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20
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Nilsson KW, Åslund C, Comasco E, Oreland L. Gene-environment interaction of monoamine oxidase A in relation to antisocial behaviour: current and future directions. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:1601-1626. [PMID: 29881923 PMCID: PMC6224008 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-018-1892-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the pioneering finding of Caspi and co-workers in 2002 that exposure to childhood maltreatment predicted later antisocial behaviour (ASB) in male carriers of the low-activity MAOA-uVNTR allele, frequent replication studies have been published. Two meta-analyses, one in 2006 and the other in 2014, confirmed the original findings by Caspi and co-workers. In the present paper, we review the literature, note some methodological aspects of candidate gene–environment interaction (cG×E) studies and suggest some future directions. Our conclusions are as follows. (1) The direction of the effect in a cG×E model may differ according to the positive and negative environmental background of the population. (2) There is a predictor-intersection problem such that when measuring one type of maltreatment in a person, other kinds of maltreatment often co-occur. Other forms of abuse are implicitly considered in statistical models; therefore, it is difficult to draw conclusions about the effects of timing and the severity of different forms of stressful life events in relation to ASB. (3) There is also an outcome-intersection problem because of the major intersection of ASB and other forms of mental health problems. It is likely that the G×E with MAOA is related to a common unmeasured factor. (4) For the G×E model, in which the effect of the gene on the outcome variable is dependent on other predictor variables, theoretically, hypothesis-driven statistical modelling is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent W Nilsson
- Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, County Hospital, Västerås, Sweden.
| | - Cecilia Åslund
- Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, County Hospital, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Erika Comasco
- Department of Neuroscience, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Oreland
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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21
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Oreland L, Lagravinese G, Toffoletto S, Nilsson KW, Harro J, Robert Cloninger C, Comasco E. Personality as an intermediate phenotype for genetic dissection of alcohol use disorder. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2018; 125:107-130. [PMID: 28054193 PMCID: PMC5754455 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1672-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and environmental interactive influences on predisposition to develop alcohol use disorder (AUD) account for the high heterogeneity among AUD patients and make research on the risk and resiliency factors complicated. Several attempts have been made to identify the genetic basis of AUD; however, only few genetic polymorphisms have consistently been associated with AUD. Intermediate phenotypes are expected to be in-between proxies of basic neuronal biological processes and nosological symptoms of AUD. Personality is likely to be a top candidate intermediate phenotype for the dissection of the genetic underpinnings of different subtypes of AUD. To date, 38 studies have investigated personality traits, commonly assessed by the Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) or Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), in relation to polymorphisms of candidate genes of neurotransmitter systems in alcohol-dependent patients. Particular attention has been given to the functional polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR), however, leading to contradictory results, whereas results with polymorphisms in other candidate monoaminergic genes (e.g., tryptophan hydroxylase, serotonin receptors, monoamine oxidases, dopamine receptors and transporter) are sparse. Only one genome-wide association study has been performed so far and identified the ABLIM1 gene of relevance for novelty seeking, harm avoidance and reward dependence in alcohol-dependent patients. Studies investigating genetic factors together with personality could help to define more homogenous subgroups of AUD patients and facilitate treatment strategies. This review also urges the scientific community to combine genetic data with psychobiological and environmental data to further dissect the link between personality and AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Oreland
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gianvito Lagravinese
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Simone Toffoletto
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kent W Nilsson
- Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, Västmanland County Counci, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Jaanus Harro
- Division of Neuropsychopharmacology, Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Psychiatry Clinic, North Estonia Medical Centre, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - C Robert Cloninger
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Erika Comasco
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593, 751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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22
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Blum K, Gondré-Lewis MC, Baron D, Thanos PK, Braverman ER, Neary J, Elman I, Badgaiyan RD. Introducing Precision Addiction Management of Reward Deficiency Syndrome, the Construct That Underpins All Addictive Behaviors. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:548. [PMID: 30542299 PMCID: PMC6277779 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton VA Medical Center, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States.,University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VM, United States.,Division of Addictive Services, Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingston, RI, United States.,Division of Precision Addiction Management, Geneus Health, LLC, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Institute of Psychology, University of Eötvös Loránd, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, United States.,Division of Neuroscience and Addiction Therapy, Summit Estate Recovery Center, Los Gatos, CA, United States.,Department of Neurogenetics Research and Addiction Therapy, The Florida House Experience, Deerfield Beach, FL, United States.,National Human Genome Center, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Marjorie C Gondré-Lewis
- Division of Precision Addiction Management, Geneus Health, LLC, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States.,Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - David Baron
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, United States.,Division of Precision Addiction Management, Geneus Health, LLC, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Division of Precision Addiction Management, Geneus Health, LLC, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Eric R Braverman
- Department of Clinical Neurology, Path Foundation, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jennifer Neary
- Division of Precision Addiction Management, Geneus Health, LLC, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Igor Elman
- Division of Precision Addiction Management, Geneus Health, LLC, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Rajendra D Badgaiyan
- Division of Precision Addiction Management, Geneus Health, LLC, San Antonio, TX, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Naoi M, Maruyama W, Shamoto-Nagai M. Type A and B monoamine oxidases distinctly modulate signal transduction pathway and gene expression to regulate brain function and survival of neurons. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 125:1635-1650. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1832-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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24
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Kolla NJ, Meyer J, Sanches M, Charbonneau J. Monoamine Oxidase-A Genetic Variants and Childhood Abuse Predict Impulsiveness in Borderline Personality Disorder. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2017; 15:343-351. [PMID: 29073746 PMCID: PMC5678484 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2017.15.4.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Objective Impulsivity is a core feature of borderline personality disorder (BPD) and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) that likely arises from combined genetic and environmental influences. The interaction of the low activity variant of the monoamine oxidase-A (MAOA-L) gene and early childhood adversity has been shown to predict aggression in clinical and non-clinical populations. Although impulsivity is a risk factor for aggression in BPD and ASPD, little research has investigated potential gene-environment (G×E) influences impacting its expression in these conditions. Moreover, G×E interactions may differ by diagnosis. Methods Full factorial analysis of variance was employed to investigate the influence of monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) genotype, childhood abuse, and diagnosis on Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-11 (BIS-11) scores in 61 individuals: 20 subjects with BPD, 18 subjects with ASPD, and 23 healthy controls. Results A group×genotype×abuse interaction was present (F(2,49)=4.4, p=0.018), such that the interaction of MAOA-L and childhood abuse predicted greater BIS-11 motor impulsiveness in BPD. Additionally, BPD subjects reported higher BIS-11 attentional impulsiveness versus ASPD participants (t(1,36)=2.3, p=0.025). Conclusion These preliminary results suggest that MAOA-L may modulate the impact of childhood abuse on impulsivity in BPD. Results additionally indicate that impulsiveness may be expressed differently in BPD and ASPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Kolla
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Meyer
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marcos Sanches
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - James Charbonneau
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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25
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Perry LM, Goldstein-Piekarski AN, Williams LM. Sex differences modulating serotonergic polymorphisms implicated in the mechanistic pathways of risk for depression and related disorders. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:737-762. [PMID: 27870440 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite consistent observations of sex differences in depression and related emotional disorders, we do not yet know how these sex differences modulate the effects of genetic polymorphisms implicated in risk for these disorders. This Mini-Review focuses on genetic polymorphisms of the serotonergic system to illustrate how sex differences might modulate the neurobiological pathways involved in the development of depression. We consider the interacting role of environmental factors such as early-life stress. Given limited current knowledge about this topic, we highlight methodological considerations, challenges, and guidelines for future research. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- LeeAnn M Perry
- Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Andrea N Goldstein-Piekarski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Sierra-Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
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26
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Prom-Wormley EC, Ebejer J, Dick DM, Bowers MS. The genetic epidemiology of substance use disorder: A review. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 180:241-259. [PMID: 28938182 PMCID: PMC5911369 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use disorder (SUD) remains a significant public health issue. A greater understanding of how genes and environment interact to regulate phenotypes comprising SUD will facilitate directed treatments and prevention. METHODS The literature studying the neurobiological correlates of SUD with a focus on the genetic and environmental influences underlying these mechanisms was reviewed. Results from twin/family, human genetic association, gene-environment interaction, epigenetic literature, phenome-wide association studies are summarized for alcohol, nicotine, cannabinoids, cocaine, and opioids. RESULTS There are substantial genetic influences on SUD that are expected to influence multiple neurotransmission pathways, and these influences are particularly important within the dopaminergic system. Genetic influences involved in other aspects of SUD etiology including drug processing and metabolism are also identified. Studies of gene-environment interaction emphasize the importance of environmental context in SUD. Epigenetic studies indicate drug-specific changes in gene expression as well as differences in gene expression related to the use of multiple substances. Further, gene expression is expected to differ by stage of SUD such as substance initiation versus chronic substance use. While a substantial literature has developed for alcohol and nicotine use disorders, there is comparatively less information for other commonly abused substances. CONCLUSIONS A better understanding of genetically-mediated mechanisms involved in the neurobiology of SUD provides increased opportunity to develop behavioral and biologically based treatment and prevention of SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Prom-Wormley
- Dvision of Epidemiology, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 980212, Richmond, VA 23298-0212, USA.
| | - Jane Ebejer
- School of Cognitive Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
| | - Danielle M Dick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, PO Box 842509, Richmond, VA 23284-2509, USA
| | - M Scott Bowers
- Faulk Center for Molecular Therapeutics, Biomedical Engeneering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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27
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Rahikainen AL, Majaharju S, Haukka J, Palo JU, Sajantila A. Serotonergic 5HTTLPR/rs25531 s-allele homozygosity associates with violent suicides in male citalopram users. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:691-700. [PMID: 28608626 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Depressive disorders are involved as a background factor in over 50% of suicide cases. The most widely used antidepressants today are serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). However, not all users benefit from SSRI medication. Although the overall number of suicides in Finland have decreased notably during the last decade, the annual rate is still relatively high, particularly in male population. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the genetic variants associated with decreased citalopram efficiency, 5HTTLPR/rs25531, and increased impulsive behavior, MAOA-uVNTR and HTR2B Q20*, are more frequent among citalopram users committing suicide than among the citalopram users in general. Also the effect of alcohol was evaluated. The study population comprised 349 suicide victims (184 males and 165 females). Based on the suicide method used, cases were divided into two groups; violent (88 males and 49 females) and non-violent (96 males and 116 females). The control group (284; 159 males and 125 females) consisted of citalopram users who died of causes other than suicide. We found that male citalopram users with low functioning s/s genotype of 5HTTLPR/rs25531 were in increased risk to commit violent suicide (OR 2.50, 95%CI 1.15-5.42, p = 0.020). Surprisingly, high blood alcohol concentration was observed to be a risk factor only in non-violent suicides (both males and females), but not in violent ones. No association between suicides and MAOA-uVNTR and HTR2B Q20*, which have been previously connected to violent and impulsive behavior, was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Salla Majaharju
- Metropolia University of Applied Sciences, Metropolia, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Haukka
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jukka U Palo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Forensic Genetics Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Sajantila
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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28
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Chartier KG, Karriker-Jaffe KJ, Cummings CR, Kendler KS. Review: Environmental influences on alcohol use: Informing research on the joint effects of genes and the environment in diverse U.S. populations. Am J Addict 2017; 26:446-460. [PMID: 28117924 PMCID: PMC5695556 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This review aimed to inform the current state of alcohol research on the joint effects of genes and the environment conducted in U.S. racial/ethnic minority populations, focusing on African Americans, Latinos/Hispanics, Asians, and American Indians. METHODS A key-word and author-based search was conducted and supplemented with direct contact to researchers in this area to ensure a comprehensive inclusion of published, peer-reviewed studies. These studies were considered in terms of the racial/ethnic population groups, phenotypes, genetic variants, and environmental influences covered. Research findings from alcohol epidemiologic studies were highlighted to introduce some potential environmental variables for future studies of gene and environment (G-E) relationships. RESULTS Twenty-six (N = 26) studies were reviewed. They predominantly involved African American and Asian samples and had a very limited focus on Latinos/Hispanics and American Indians. There was a wide range of alcohol-related phenotypes examined, and studies almost exclusively used a candidate gene approach. Environmental influences focused on the most proximate social network relationships with family and peers. There was far less examination of community- and societal-level environmental influences on drinking. Epidemiologic studies informing the selection of potential environmental factors at these higher order levels suggest inclusion of indicators of drinking norms, alcohol availability, socioeconomic disadvantage, and unfair treatment. CONCLUSIONS The review of current literature identified a critical gap in the study of environments: There is the need to study exposures at community and societal levels. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE These initial studies provide an important foundation for evolving the dialogue and generating other investigations of G-E relationships in diverse racial/ethnic groups. (Am J Addict 2017;26:446-460).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen G. Chartier
- School of Social Work, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Cory R. Cummings
- School of Social Work, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kenneth S. Kendler
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Abstract
Evidence concerning the ability of genetic risk factors to moderate the effects of environments has continued to accumulate over the last decade or so. For the behavioral sciences, this means that genetic risk factors might interact with environmental triggers to influence various human outcomes, including antisocial and aggressive behaviors. The current study seeks to further expand this line of inquiry by examining data drawn from the National Youth Survey Family Study. More specifically, we examined whether a polymorphism in the promoter region of the MAOA gene might condition the influence of exposure to deviant peer groups in the prediction of criminogenic behavior. Our findings offer some mixed evidence that genotype might condition the influence of delinquent peer affiliation on antisocial behavior during the course of human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fen Lu
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Sam Houston State University, P.O. Box 2296, Huntsville, TX, 77341-2296, USA.
| | - Scott Menard
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Sam Houston State University, P.O. Box 2296, Huntsville, TX, 77341-2296, USA
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30
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Kolla NJ, Vinette SA. Monoamine Oxidase A in Antisocial Personality Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2017; 4:41-48. [PMID: 29568721 PMCID: PMC5846806 DOI: 10.1007/s40473-017-0102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Variation in the monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) gene and MAO-A enzyme levels have been linked to antisocial behavior and aggression in clinical and non-clinical populations. Here, we provide an overview of the genetic, epigenetic, and neuroimaging research that has examined MAO-A structure and function in antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD). Recent Findings The low-activity MAO-A variable nucleotide tandem repeat genetic polymorphism has shown a robust association with large samples of violent and seriously violent offenders, many of whom had ASPD. A recent positron emission tomography (PET) study of ASPD similarly revealed low MAO-A density in brain regions thought to contribute to the psychopathology of the condition. By contrast, PET has also demonstrated that brain MAO-A levels are increased in BPD and that they relate to symptoms of low mood and suicidality. Summary Candidate gene studies have produced the most compelling evidence connecting MAO-A genetic variants to both ASPD and BPD. Still, conflicting results abound in the literature, making it highly unlikely that ASPD or BPD is related to a specific MAO-A genetic variant. Future research should strive to examine how MAO-A genotypes interact with broad-spectrum environmental influences to produce brain endophenotypes that may ultimately become tractable targets for novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Kolla
- 1Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON Canada.,2Violence Prevention Neurobiological Research Unit, CAMH, Toronto, ON Canada.,3Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Sarah A Vinette
- 1Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON Canada
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31
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The interactive effect of the MAOA-VNTR genotype and childhood abuse on aggressive behaviors in Chinese male adolescents. Psychiatr Genet 2017; 26:117-23. [PMID: 26945458 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gene-environment interactions that moderate aggressive behavior have been identified in association with the MAOA (monoamine oxidase A) gene. The present study examined the moderating effect of MAOA-VNTR (variable number of tandem repeats) on aggression behavior relating to child abuse among Chinese adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS A sample of 507 healthy Chinese male adolescents completed the Child Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) and Youth Self-report of the Child Behavior Checklist. The participants' buccal cells were sampled and subjected to DNA analysis. The effects of childhood abuse (CTQ-SF scores), MAOA-VNTR [high-activity allele (H) versus low-activity allele (L)], and their interaction in aggressive behaviors were analyzed by linear regression. RESULTS Child maltreatment was found to be a significant independent factor in the manifestation of aggressive behavior, whereas MAOA activity was not. There was a significant interaction between MAOA-VNTR and childhood maltreatment in the exhibition of aggressive behaviors. In the context of physical or emotional abuse, boys in the MAOA-L group showed a greater tendency toward aggression than those in the MAOA-H group. CONCLUSION Aggressive behavior arising from childhood maltreatment is moderated by MAOA-VNTR, which may be differentially sensitive to the subtype of childhood maltreatment experienced, among Chinese adolescents.
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32
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Langdon KJ, Rubin A, Brief DJ, Enggasser JL, Roy M, Solhan M, Helmuth E, Rosenbloom D, Keane TM. Sexual Traumatic Event Exposure, Posttraumatic Stress Symptomatology, and Alcohol Misuse Among Women: A Critical Review of the Empirical Literature. CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY-SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/cpsp.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten J. Langdon
- National Center for PTSD; Women's Health Sciences Division; VA Boston Healthcare System; Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Amy Rubin
- National Center for PTSD; VA Boston Healthcare System; Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Deborah J. Brief
- National Center for PTSD; VA Boston Healthcare System; Boston University School of Medicine
| | | | - Monica Roy
- VA Boston Healthcare System; Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Marika Solhan
- VA Boston Healthcare System; Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Eric Helmuth
- National Center for PTSD; Boston University School of Public Health
| | - David Rosenbloom
- National Center for PTSD; Boston University School of Public Health
| | - Terence M. Keane
- National Center for PTSD; VA Boston Healthcare System; Boston University School of Medicine
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33
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Enoch MA, Albaugh BJ. Review: Genetic and environmental risk factors for alcohol use disorders in American Indians and Alaskan Natives. Am J Addict 2016; 26:461-468. [PMID: 27599369 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Genetic and environmental predictors for alcohol use disorder (AUD) are both important in the general population. As a group, American Indian and Alaskan Native individuals (AI/AN) are at increased risk for alcohol-related morbidity /mortality, early onset problem drinking and AUD. METHODS Alcohol consumption behaviors amongst AI/AN tribes, environmental stressors and genetic studies in AI/AN and European-ancestry individuals are reviewed followed by an analysis of unique difficulties for undertaking research with AI/AN. RESULTS Some AI/AN tribes have high rates of childhood trauma that predict psychopathology including AUD. The deleterious effects of historical trauma and forced placement in boarding schools cross generations to the present day. There are scanty numbers of genetic studies of AUD in AI/AN and these derive from only a few tribes. However, it is important to note that the results are largely similar to findings in European-ancestry individuals indicating that AI/AN do not have increased genetic risk for AUD. Conducting AI/AN genetic studies has been challenging, in part because of tribe disillusionment and mistrust over past experiences and unique hurdles in getting consent from tribes, each a sovereign nation. However, it is encouraging that a new way forward has been established-community-based participatory research with tangible health benefits and a focus on strength-based approaches. CONCLUSIONS AND SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE Given the high prevalence of AUD in many AI/AN tribes and limited knowledge about genetic risk-resilience factors, it is important for our understanding of prevention and treatment that AI/AN research progresses and that more tribes are represented. (Am J Addict 2017;26:461-468).
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34
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Godar SC, Fite PJ, McFarlin KM, Bortolato M. The role of monoamine oxidase A in aggression: Current translational developments and future challenges. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2016; 69:90-100. [PMID: 26776902 PMCID: PMC4865459 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Drawing upon the recent resurgence of biological criminology, several studies have highlighted a critical role for genetic factors in the ontogeny of antisocial and violent conduct. In particular, converging lines of evidence have documented that these maladaptive manifestations of aggression are influenced by monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), the enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of brain serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine. The interest on the link between MAOA and aggression was originally sparked by Han Brunner's discovery of a syndrome characterized by marked antisocial behaviors in male carriers of a nonsense mutation of this gene. Subsequent studies showed that MAOA allelic variants associated with low enzyme activity moderate the impact of early-life maltreatment on aggression propensity. In spite of overwhelming evidence pointing to the relationship between MAOA and aggression, the neurobiological substrates of this link remain surprisingly elusive; very little is also known about the interventions that may reduce the severity of pathological aggression in genetically predisposed subjects. Animal models offer a unique experimental tool to investigate these issues; in particular, several lines of transgenic mice harboring total or partial loss-of-function Maoa mutations have been shown to recapitulate numerous psychological and neurofunctional endophenotypes observed in humans. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the link between MAOA and aggression; in particular, we will emphasize how an integrated translational strategy coordinating clinical and preclinical research may prove critical to elucidate important aspects of the pathophysiology of aggression, and identify potential targets for its diagnosis, prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Godar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, (KS), USA; Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, (KS), USA
| | - Paula J Fite
- Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, (KS), USA; Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, (KS), USA
| | - Kenneth M McFarlin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, (KS), USA; Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, (KS), USA
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, (KS), USA; Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, (KS), USA.
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35
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Hohmann S, Zohsel K, Buchmann AF, Blomeyer D, Holz N, Boecker-Schlier R, Jennen-Steinmetz C, Rietschel M, Witt SH, Schmidt MH, Esser G, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Banaschewski T, Brandeis D, Hohm E, Laucht M. Interacting effect of MAOA genotype and maternal prenatal smoking on aggressive behavior in young adulthood. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:885-94. [PMID: 27300740 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1582-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Findings on the etiology of aggressive behavior have provided evidence for an effect both of genetic factors, such as variation in the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene, and adverse environmental factors. Recent studies have supported the existence of gene × environment interactions, with early experiences playing a key role. In the present study, the effects of prenatal nicotine exposure, MAOA genotype and their interaction on aggressive behavior during young adulthood were examined. In a sample of 272 young adults (129 males, 143 females) from an epidemiological cohort study, smoking during pregnancy was measured with a standardized parent interview at the offspring's age of 3 months. Aggressive behavior was assessed between the ages of 19 and 25 years using the Young Adult Self-Report. DNA was genotyped for the MAOA 5' untranslated region variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism (VNTR). Results revealed a significant interaction between MAOA and smoking during pregnancy, indicating higher levels of aggressive behavior in young adults carrying the MAOA low-expressing genotype who had experienced prenatal nicotine exposure (n = 8, p = .025). In contrast, in carriers of the MAOA high-expressing genotype, maternal smoking during pregnancy had no effect on aggressive behavior during young adulthood (n = 20, p = .145). This study extends earlier findings demonstrating an interaction between MAOA genotype and prenatal nicotine exposure on aggressive behavior into young adulthood. The results point to the long-term adverse effects of smoking during pregnancy on the offspring's mental health, possibly underlining the importance of smoking cessation during pregnancy. According to the nature of the study (particularly sample size and power), analyses are exploratory and results need to be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, D-68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Katrin Zohsel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, D-68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arlette F Buchmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, D-68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dorothea Blomeyer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, D-68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nathalie Holz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, D-68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Regina Boecker-Schlier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, D-68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christine Jennen-Steinmetz
- Department of Biostatistics, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Marcella Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephanie H Witt
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin H Schmidt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, D-68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Günter Esser
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, D-68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, D-68159, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erika Hohm
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, D-68159, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Manfred Laucht
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, D-68159, Mannheim, Germany. .,Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.
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36
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Palmer RHC, Nugent NR, Brick LA, Bidwell CL, McGeary JE, Keller MC, Knopik VS. Evidence of Shared Genome-Wide Additive Genetic Effects on Interpersonal Trauma Exposure and Generalized Vulnerability to Drug Dependence in a Population of Substance Users. J Trauma Stress 2016; 29:197-204. [PMID: 27214850 PMCID: PMC6344111 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to traumatic experiences is associated with an increased risk for drug dependence and poorer response to substance abuse treatment (Claus & Kindleberger, 2002; Jaycox, Ebener, Damesek, & Becker, 2004). Despite this evidence, the reasons for the observed associations of trauma and the general tendency to be dependent upon drugs of abuse remain unclear. Data (N = 2,596) from the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment were used to analyze (a) the degree to which commonly occurring single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; minor allele frequency > 1%) in the human genome explains exposure to interpersonal traumatic experiences, and (b) the extent to which additive genetic effects on trauma are shared with additive genetic effects on drug dependence. Our results suggested moderate additive genetic influences on interpersonal trauma, h(2) SNP-Interpersonal = .47, 95% confidence interval (CI) [.10, .85], that are partially shared with additive genetic effects on generalized vulnerability to drug dependence, h(2) SNP-DD = .36, 95% CI [.11, .61]; rG-SNP = .49, 95% CI [.02, .96]. Although the design/technique does not exclude the possibility that substance abuse causally increases risk for traumatic experiences (or vice versa), these findings raise the possibility that commonly occurring SNPs influence both the general tendency towards drug dependence and interpersonal trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan H C Palmer
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Nicole R Nugent
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Leslie A Brick
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Cinnamon L Bidwell
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - John E McGeary
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Matthew C Keller
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Institute for Behavior Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Valerie S Knopik
- Division of Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Cervera-Juanes R, Wilhem LJ, Park B, Lee R, Locke J, Helms C, Gonzales S, Wand G, Jones SR, Grant KA, Ferguson B. MAOA expression predicts vulnerability for alcohol use. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:472-9. [PMID: 26148813 PMCID: PMC4705001 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2015.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The role of the monoamines dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5HT) and the monoamine-metabolizing enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) have been repeatedly implicated in studies of alcohol use and dependence. Genetic investigations of MAOA have yielded conflicting associations between a common polymorphism (MAOA-LPR) and risk for alcohol abuse. The present study provides direct comparison of tissue-specific MAOA expression and the level of alcohol consumption. We analyzed rhesus macaque MAOA (rhMAOA) expression in blood from males before and after 12 months of alcohol self-administration. In addition, nucleus accumbens core (NAc core) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were collected from alcohol access and control (no alcohol access) subjects at the 12-month time point for comparison. The rhMAOA expression level in the blood of alcohol-naive subjects was negatively correlated with subsequent alcohol consumption level. The mRNA expression was independent of rhMAOA-LPR genotype and global promoter methylation. After 12 months of alcohol use, blood rhMAOA expression had decreased in an alcohol dose-dependent manner. Also after 12 months, rhMAOA expression in the NAc core was significantly lower in the heavy drinkers, as compared with control subjects. The CSF measured higher levels of DA and lower DOPAC/DA ratios among the heavy drinkers at the same time point. These results provide novel evidence that blood MAOA expression predicts alcohol consumption and that heavy alcohol use is linked to low MAOA expression in both the blood and NAc core. Together, the findings suggest a mechanistic link between dampened MAOA expression, elevated DA and alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Cervera-Juanes
- Department of Neurosciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Larry J. Wilhem
- Department of Neurosciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Byung Park
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Richard Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jason Locke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157
| | - Christa Helms
- Department of Neurosciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Steven Gonzales
- Department of Neurosciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Gary Wand
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Sara R. Jones
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157
| | - Kathleen A. Grant
- Department of Neurosciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Betsy Ferguson
- Department of Neurosciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006,Corresponding author: Betsy Ferguson. Division of Neurosciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006.
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Watts SJ, McNulty TL. Genes, Parenting, Self-Control, and Criminal Behavior. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2016; 60:469-491. [PMID: 25326468 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x14553813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Self-control has been found to predict a wide variety of criminal behaviors. In addition, studies have consistently shown that parenting is an important influence on both self-control and offending. However, few studies have examined the role that biological factors may play in moderating the relationship between parenting, self-control, and offending. Using a sample of adolescent males drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 3,610), we explore whether variants of the monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA) and the dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene interact with parenting to affect self-control and offending. Results reveal that parenting interacts with these genes to influence self-control and offending, and that the parenting-by-gene interaction effect on offending is mediated by self-control. The effects of parenting on self-control and offending are most pronounced for those who carry plasticity alleles for both MAOA and DAT1. Thus, MAOA and DAT1 may be implicated in offending because they increase the negative effects of parenting on self-control. Implications for theory are discussed.
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Stogner JM, Gibson CL. Genetic Modification of the Relationship between Parental Rejection and Adolescent Alcohol Use. Alcohol Alcohol 2016; 51:442-9. [PMID: 26755638 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agv136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Parenting practices are associated with adolescents' alcohol consumption, however not all youth respond similarly to challenging family situations and harsh environments. This study examines the relationship between perceived parental rejection and adolescent alcohol use, and specifically evaluates whether youth who possess greater genetic sensitivity to their environment are more susceptible to negative parental relationships. METHODS Analyzing data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we estimated a series of regression models predicting alcohol use during adolescence. A multiplicative interaction term between parental rejection and a genetic index was constructed to evaluate this potential gene-environment interaction. RESULTS Results from logistic regression analyses show a statistically significant gene-environment interaction predicting alcohol use. The relationship between parental rejection and alcohol use was moderated by the genetic index, indicating that adolescents possessing more 'risk alleles' for five candidate genes were affected more by stressful parental relationships. CONCLUSIONS Feelings of parental rejection appear to influence the alcohol use decisions of youth, but they do not do so equally for all. Higher scores on the constructed genetic sensitivity measure are related to increased susceptibility to negative parental relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Stogner
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Chris L Gibson
- Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, PO Box 117330, Gainesville, FL 32611-7330, USA
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Ouellet-Morin I, Côté SM, Vitaro F, Hébert M, Carbonneau R, Lacourse É, Turecki G, Tremblay RE. Effects of the MAOA gene and levels of exposure to violence on antisocial outcomes. Br J Psychiatry 2016; 208:42-8. [PMID: 26494873 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.114.162081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene has been shown to moderate the impact of maltreatment on antisocial behaviour. Replication efforts have, however, yielded inconsistent results. AIMS To investigate whether the interaction between the MAOA gene and violence is present across the full distribution of violence or emerges at higher levels of exposure. METHOD Participants were 327 male members of the Québec Longitudinal Study of Kindergarten Children. Exposure to violence comprised retrospective reports of mother's and father's maltreatment, sexual and physical abuse. Conduct disorder and antisocial personality symptoms were assessed in semi-structured interviews and partner violence, property-violent crimes and arrest were self-reported. RESULTS Non-linear interactions between the MAOA gene and violence were detected, suggesting that the genetic moderation may come about once a certain level of violence is experienced. CONCLUSIONS Future studies should investigate the mechanisms translating substantial violence exposure, which could, subsequently, trigger the expression of genetically based differences in antisocial behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Ouellet-Morin
- Isabelle Ouellet-Morin, PhD, School of Criminology, Université de Montréal & Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montréal and Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Sylvana M. Côté, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada and International Laboratory for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Development, INSERM U669, Paris, France; Frank Vitaro, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal and School of Psychoéducation, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Martine Hébert, PhD, Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; René Carbonneau, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada;Éric Lacourse, PhD, School of Criminology, Université de Montréal & Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada and Department of Sociology, Université de Montréal & Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montréal, Canada; Gustavo Turecki, MD, PhD, The McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Richard E. Tremblay, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada, International Laboratory for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Development, INSERM U669, Paris, France, Department of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada and School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sylvana M Côté
- Isabelle Ouellet-Morin, PhD, School of Criminology, Université de Montréal & Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montréal and Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Sylvana M. Côté, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada and International Laboratory for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Development, INSERM U669, Paris, France; Frank Vitaro, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal and School of Psychoéducation, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Martine Hébert, PhD, Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; René Carbonneau, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada;Éric Lacourse, PhD, School of Criminology, Université de Montréal & Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada and Department of Sociology, Université de Montréal & Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montréal, Canada; Gustavo Turecki, MD, PhD, The McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Richard E. Tremblay, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada, International Laboratory for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Development, INSERM U669, Paris, France, Department of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada and School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Frank Vitaro
- Isabelle Ouellet-Morin, PhD, School of Criminology, Université de Montréal & Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montréal and Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Sylvana M. Côté, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada and International Laboratory for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Development, INSERM U669, Paris, France; Frank Vitaro, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal and School of Psychoéducation, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Martine Hébert, PhD, Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; René Carbonneau, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada;Éric Lacourse, PhD, School of Criminology, Université de Montréal & Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada and Department of Sociology, Université de Montréal & Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montréal, Canada; Gustavo Turecki, MD, PhD, The McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Richard E. Tremblay, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada, International Laboratory for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Development, INSERM U669, Paris, France, Department of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada and School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martine Hébert
- Isabelle Ouellet-Morin, PhD, School of Criminology, Université de Montréal & Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montréal and Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Sylvana M. Côté, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada and International Laboratory for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Development, INSERM U669, Paris, France; Frank Vitaro, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal and School of Psychoéducation, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Martine Hébert, PhD, Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; René Carbonneau, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada;Éric Lacourse, PhD, School of Criminology, Université de Montréal & Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada and Department of Sociology, Université de Montréal & Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montréal, Canada; Gustavo Turecki, MD, PhD, The McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Richard E. Tremblay, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada, International Laboratory for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Development, INSERM U669, Paris, France, Department of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada and School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - René Carbonneau
- Isabelle Ouellet-Morin, PhD, School of Criminology, Université de Montréal & Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montréal and Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Sylvana M. Côté, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada and International Laboratory for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Development, INSERM U669, Paris, France; Frank Vitaro, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal and School of Psychoéducation, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Martine Hébert, PhD, Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; René Carbonneau, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada;Éric Lacourse, PhD, School of Criminology, Université de Montréal & Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada and Department of Sociology, Université de Montréal & Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montréal, Canada; Gustavo Turecki, MD, PhD, The McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Richard E. Tremblay, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada, International Laboratory for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Development, INSERM U669, Paris, France, Department of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada and School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Éric Lacourse
- Isabelle Ouellet-Morin, PhD, School of Criminology, Université de Montréal & Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montréal and Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Sylvana M. Côté, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada and International Laboratory for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Development, INSERM U669, Paris, France; Frank Vitaro, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal and School of Psychoéducation, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Martine Hébert, PhD, Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; René Carbonneau, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada;Éric Lacourse, PhD, School of Criminology, Université de Montréal & Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada and Department of Sociology, Université de Montréal & Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montréal, Canada; Gustavo Turecki, MD, PhD, The McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Richard E. Tremblay, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada, International Laboratory for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Development, INSERM U669, Paris, France, Department of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada and School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gustavo Turecki
- Isabelle Ouellet-Morin, PhD, School of Criminology, Université de Montréal & Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montréal and Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Sylvana M. Côté, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada and International Laboratory for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Development, INSERM U669, Paris, France; Frank Vitaro, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal and School of Psychoéducation, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Martine Hébert, PhD, Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; René Carbonneau, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada;Éric Lacourse, PhD, School of Criminology, Université de Montréal & Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada and Department of Sociology, Université de Montréal & Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montréal, Canada; Gustavo Turecki, MD, PhD, The McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Richard E. Tremblay, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada, International Laboratory for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Development, INSERM U669, Paris, France, Department of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada and School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Richard E Tremblay
- Isabelle Ouellet-Morin, PhD, School of Criminology, Université de Montréal & Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montréal and Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Sylvana M. Côté, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada and International Laboratory for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Development, INSERM U669, Paris, France; Frank Vitaro, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal and School of Psychoéducation, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Martine Hébert, PhD, Department of Sexology, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada; René Carbonneau, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada;Éric Lacourse, PhD, School of Criminology, Université de Montréal & Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montréal, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada and Department of Sociology, Université de Montréal & Research Center of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital, Montréal, Canada; Gustavo Turecki, MD, PhD, The McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Hospital Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada; Richard E. Tremblay, PhD, Research Group on Child Psychosocial Maladjustment, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada, International Laboratory for Child and Adolescent Mental Health Development, INSERM U669, Paris, France, Department of Pediatrics, Psychiatry and Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada and School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
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Montalvo-Ortiz JL, Gelernter J, Hudziak J, Kaufman J. RDoC and translational perspectives on the genetics of trauma-related psychiatric disorders. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171B:81-91. [PMID: 26592203 PMCID: PMC4754782 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with a history of child abuse are at high risk for depression, anxiety disorders, aggressive behavior, and substance use problems. The goal of this paper is to review studies of the genetics of these stress-related psychiatric disorders. An informative subset of studies that examined candidate gene by environment (GxE) predictors of these psychiatric problems in individuals maltreated as children is reviewed, together with extant genome wide association studies (GWAS). Emerging findings on epigenetic changes associated with adverse early experiences are also reviewed. Meta-analytic support and replicated findings are evident for several genetic risk factors; however, extant research suggests the effects are pleiotropic. Genetic factors are not associated with distinct psychiatric disorders, but rather diverse clinical phenotypes. Research also suggests adverse early life experiences are associated with changes in gene expression of multiple known candidate genes, genes involved in DNA transcription and translation, and genes necessary for brain circuitry development, with changes in gene expression reported in key brain structures implicated in the pathophysiology of psychiatric and substance use disorders. The finding of pleiotropy highlights the value of using the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework in future studies of the genetics of stress-related psychiatric disorders, and not trying simply to link genes to multifaceted clinical syndromes, but to more limited phenotypes that map onto distinct neural circuits. Emerging work in the field of epigenetics also suggests that translational studies that integrate numerous unbiased genome-wide approaches will help to further unravel the genetics of stress-related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut,Veteran's Administration Connecticut Health Care Center, Newington, Connecticut
| | - James Hudziak
- Vermont Center for Children, Youth, and Families, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
| | - Joan Kaufman
- Center for Child and Family Traumatic Stress, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,Correspondence to: Joan Kaufman, Ph.D., Center for Child and Family Traumatic Stress, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 1750 East Fairmont Street, Baltimore, MD 21231.
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Bendre M, Comasco E, Nylander I, Nilsson KW. Effect of voluntary alcohol consumption on Maoa expression in the mesocorticolimbic brain of adult male rats previously exposed to prolonged maternal separation. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e690. [PMID: 26645625 PMCID: PMC5068586 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Discordant associations between monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) genotype and high alcohol drinking have been reported in human and non-human primates. Environmental influences likely moderate genetic susceptibility. The biological basis for this interplay remains elusive, and inconsistencies call for translational studies in which conditions can be controlled and brain tissue is accessible. The present study investigated whether early life stress and subsequent adult episodic alcohol consumption affect Maoa expression in stress- and reward-related brain regions in the rat. Outbred Wistar rats were exposed to rearing conditions associated with stress (prolonged maternal separation) or no stress during early life, and given free choice between alcohol and/or water in adulthood. Transcript levels of Maoa were assessed in the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens (NAc), medial prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, amygdala and dorsal striatum (DS). Blood was collected to assess corticosterone levels. After alcohol consumption, lower blood corticosterone and Maoa expression in the NAc and DS were found in rats exposed to early life stress compared with control rats. An interaction between early life stress and voluntary alcohol intake was found in the NAc. Alcohol intake before death correlated negatively with Maoa expression in DS in high alcohol-drinking rats exposed to early life stress. Maoa expression is sensitive to adulthood voluntary alcohol consumption in the presence of early life stress in outbred rats. These findings add knowledge of the molecular basis of the previously reported associations between early life stress, MAOA and susceptibility to alcohol misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bendre
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E Comasco
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden,Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, BMC, Box 593, Uppsala 751 24, SwedenE-mail:
| | - I Nylander
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 591, Uppsala SE-751 24, Sweden. E-mail:
| | - K W Nilsson
- Centre for Clinical Research, Uppsala University, County Hospital, Västerås, Sweden
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43
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Weeland J, Overbeek G, de Castro BO, Matthys W. Underlying Mechanisms of Gene-Environment Interactions in Externalizing Behavior: A Systematic Review and Search for Theoretical Mechanisms. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2015; 18:413-42. [PMID: 26537239 PMCID: PMC4637001 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-015-0196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, several candidate genes (i.e., MAOA, DRD4, DRD2, DAT1, 5-HTTLPR, and COMT) have been extensively studied as potential moderators of the detrimental effects of postnatal family adversity on child externalizing behaviors, such as aggression and conduct disorder. Many studies on such candidate gene by environment interactions (i.e., cG × E) have been published, and the first part of this paper offers a systematic review and integration of their findings (n = 53). The overview shows a set of heterogeneous findings. However, because of large differences between studies in terms of sample composition, conceptualizations, and power, it is difficult to determine if different findings indeed illustrate inconsistent cG × E findings or if findings are simply incomparable. In the second part of the paper, therefore, we argue that one way to help resolve this problem is the development of theory-driven a priori hypotheses on which biopsychosocial mechanisms might underlie cG × E. Such a theoretically based approach can help us specify our research strategies, create more comparable findings, and help us interpret different findings between studies. In accordance, we describe three possible explanatory mechanisms, based on extant literature on the concepts of (1) emotional reactivity, (2) reward sensitivity, and (3) punishment sensitivity. For each mechanism, we discuss the link between the putative mechanism and externalizing behaviors, the genetic polymorphism, and family adversity. Possible research strategies to test these mechanisms, and implications for interventions, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Weeland
- Utrecht Centre for Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, PO Box 15.804, 1001 NH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Geertjan Overbeek
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bram Orobio de Castro
- Utrecht Centre for Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, PO Box 15.804, 1001 NH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Walter Matthys
- Department of Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Zohsel K, Bianchi V, Mascheretti S, Hohm E, Schmidt MH, Esser G, Brandeis D, Banaschewski T, Nobile M, Laucht M. Monoamine oxidase A polymorphism moderates stability of attention problems and susceptibility to life stress during adolescence. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2015; 14:565-72. [PMID: 26449393 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Attention problems affect a substantial number of children and adolescents and are predictive of academic underachievement and lower global adaptive functioning. Considerable variability has been observed with regard to the individual development of attention problems over time. In particular, the period of adolescence is characterized by substantial maturation of executive functioning including attentional processing, with the influence of genetic and environmental factors on individual trajectories not yet well understood. In the present investigation, we evaluated whether the monoamine oxidase A functional promoter polymorphism, MAOA-LPR, plays a role in determining continuity of parent-rated attention problems during adolescence. At the same time, a potential effect of severe life events (SLEs) was taken into account. A multi-group path analysis was used in a sample of 234 adolescents (149 males, 85 females) who took part in an epidemiological cohort study at the ages of 11 and 15 years. Attention problems during early adolescence were found to be a strong predictor of attention problems in middle adolescence. However, in carriers of the MAOA-LPR low-activity variant (MAOA-L), stability was found to be significantly higher than in carriers of the high-activity variant (MAOA-H). Additionally, only in MAOA-L carriers did SLEs during adolescence significantly impact on attention problems at the age of 15 years, implying a possible gene × environment interaction. To conclude, we found evidence that attention problems during adolescence in carriers of the MAOA-L allele are particularly stable and malleable to life stressors. The present results underline the usefulness of applying a more dynamic GxE perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zohsel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - V Bianchi
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Scientific Institute 'E. Medea', Bosisio Parini, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Imaging and Physiology, National Research Council, Segrate, Milan, Italy
| | - S Mascheretti
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Scientific Institute 'E. Medea', Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - E Hohm
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M H Schmidt
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - G Esser
- Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - D Brandeis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zürich and ETH, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - T Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M Nobile
- Department of Child Psychiatry, Scientific Institute 'E. Medea', Bosisio Parini, Italy.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Hermanas Hospitalarias, FoRiPsi, Albese con Cassano, Italy
| | - M Laucht
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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45
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Appelbaum PS, Scurich N, Raad R. Effects of Behavioral Genetic Evidence on Perceptions of Criminal Responsibility and Appropriate Punishment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:134-144. [PMID: 26240516 DOI: 10.1037/law0000039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Demonstrations of a link between genetic variants and criminal behavior have stimulated increasing use of genetic evidence to reduce perceptions of defendants' responsibility for criminal behavior and to mitigate punishment. However, because only limited data exist regarding the impact of such evidence on decision makers and the public at large, we recruited a representative sample of the U.S. adult population (n=960) for a web-based survey. Participants were presented with descriptions of three legal cases and were asked to: determine the length of incarceration for a convicted murderer; adjudicate an insanity defense; and decide whether a defendant should receive the death penalty. A fully crossed, between-participants, factorial design was used, varying the type of evidence (none, genetic, neuroimaging, both), heinousness of the crime, and past criminal record, with sentence or verdict as the primary outcome. Also assessed were participants' apprehension of the defendant, belief in free will, political ideology, and genetic knowledge. Across all three cases, genetic evidence had no significant effects on outcomes. Neuroimaging data showed an inconsistent effect in one of the two cases in which it was introduced. In contrast, heinousness of the offense and past criminal record were strongly related to participants' decisions. Moreover, participants' beliefs about the controllability of criminal behavior and political orientations were significantly associated with their choices. Our findings suggest that neither hopes that genetic evidence will modify judgments of culpability and punishment nor fears about the impact of genetic evidence on decision makers are likely to come to fruition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Appelbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 122, New York, NY 10032; 646-774-8630;
| | - Nicholas Scurich
- School of Social Ecology, University of California at Irvine; 949-824-4046;
| | - Raymond Raad
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center; (347) 831-3575;
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46
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Chester DS, DeWall CN, Derefinko KJ, Estus S, Peters JR, Lynam DR, Jiang Y. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) genotype predicts greater aggression through impulsive reactivity to negative affect. Behav Brain Res 2015; 283:97-101. [PMID: 25637908 PMCID: PMC4351151 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Low functioning MAOA genotypes have been reliably linked to increased reactive aggression, yet the psychological mechanisms of this effect remain largely unknown. The low functioning MAOA genotype's established link to diminished inhibition and greater reactivity to conditions of negative affect suggest that negative urgency, the tendency to act impulsively in the context of negative affect, may fill this mediating role. Such MAOA carriers may have higher negative urgency, which may in turn predict greater aggressive responses to provocation. To test these hypotheses, 277 female and male participants were genotyped for an MAOA SNP yet to be linked to aggression (rs1465108), and then reported their negative urgency and past aggressive behavior. We replicated the effect of the low functioning MAOA genotype on heightened aggression, which was mediated by greater negative urgency. These results suggest that disrupted serotonergic systems predispose individuals towards aggressive behavior by increasing impulsive reactivity to negative affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Chester
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 0003 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506, USA.
| | - C Nathan DeWall
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 0003 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Karen J Derefinko
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 0003 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Steven Estus
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jessica R Peters
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, 0003 Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Donald R Lynam
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yang Jiang
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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47
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Interactions of early adversity with stress-related gene polymorphisms impact regional brain structure in females. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:1667-79. [PMID: 25630611 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-0996-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Early adverse life events (EALs) have been associated with regional thinning of the subgenual cingulate cortex (sgACC), a brain region implicated in the development of disorders of mood and affect, and often comorbid functional pain disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Regional neuroinflammation related to chronic stress system activation has been suggested as a possible mechanism underlying these neuroplastic changes. However, the interaction of genetic and environmental factors in these changes is poorly understood. The current study aimed to evaluate the interactions of EALs and candidate gene polymorphisms in influencing thickness of the sgACC. 210 female subjects (137 healthy controls; 73 IBS) were genotyped for stress and inflammation-related gene polymorphisms. Genetic variation with EALs, and diagnosis on sgACC thickness was examined, while controlling for race, age, and total brain volume. Compared to HCs, IBS had significantly reduced sgACC thickness (p = 0.03). Regardless of disease group (IBS vs. HC), thinning of the left sgACC was associated with a significant gene-gene environment interaction between the IL-1β genotype, the NR3C1 haplotype, and a history of EALs (p = 0.05). Reduced sgACC thickness in women with the minor IL-1β allele, was associated with EAL total scores regardless of NR3C1 haplotype status (p = 0.02). In subjects homozygous for the major IL-1β allele, reduced sgACC with increasing levels of EALs was seen only with the less common NR3C1 haplotype (p = 0.02). These findings support an interaction between polymorphisms related to stress and inflammation and early adverse life events in modulating a key region of the emotion arousal circuit.
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48
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Naoi M, Riederer P, Maruyama W. Modulation of monoamine oxidase (MAO) expression in neuropsychiatric disorders: genetic and environmental factors involved in type A MAO expression. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2015; 123:91-106. [PMID: 25604428 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1362-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidase types A and B (MAO-A, MAO-B) regulate the levels of monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain, and their dysfunction may be involved in the pathogenesis and influence the clinical phenotypes of neuropsychiatric disorders. Reversible MAO-A inhibitors, such as moclobemide and befloxatone, are currently employed in the treatment of emotional disorders by inhibiting the enzymatic degradation of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine in the central nervous system (CNS). It has been suggested that the irreversible MAO-B inhibitors selegiline and rasagiline exert a neuroprotective effect in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. This effect, however, is not related to their inhibition of MAO activity; in animal and cellular models, selegiline and rasagiline protect neuronal cells through their anti-apoptotic activity and induction of pro-survival genes. There is increasing evidence that MAO-A activity, but not that of MAO-B, is implicated in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders, but also in gene induction by MAO-B inhibitors; on the other hand, selegiline and rasagiline increase MAO-A mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity levels. Taken together, these results suggest that each MAO subtype exerts effects that modulate the expression and activity of the other isoenzyme. The roles of MAO-A and -B in the CNS should therefore be re-evaluated with respect to the "type-specificity" of their inhibitors, which may not be unconditional during chronic treatment. Mao-a expression, in particular, may be implicated in pathogenesis and phenotypes in neuropsychiatric disorders. MAO-A expression is modified by mao polymorphisms affecting its transcriptional efficiency, as well as by mutations and polymorphism of parkin, Sirt1, FOXO, microRNA, presenilin-1, and other regulatory proteins. In addition, childhood maltreatment has been shown to have an impact upon adolescent social behavior in children with mao-a polymorphisms of low transcriptional activity. Low MAO-A activity may increase the levels of serotonin and norepinephrine, resulting in disturbed neurotransmitter system development and behavior. This review discusses genetic and environmental factors involved in the regulation of MAO-A expression, in the contexts of neuropsychiatric function and of the regulation of neuronal survival and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Naoi
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Aichi Gakuin University, 12 Araike, Iwasaki-cho, Nisshin, Aichi, 470-0195, Japan.
| | - Peter Riederer
- Clinical Neurochemistry, National Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wakako Maruyama
- Department of Cognitive Brain Science, National Research Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan
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49
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Meyers JL, Shmulewitz D, Wall MM, Keyes KM, Aharonovich E, Spivak B, Weizman A, Frisch A, Edenberg HJ, Gelernter J, Grant BF, Hasin D. Childhood adversity moderates the effect of ADH1B on risk for alcohol-related phenotypes in Jewish Israeli drinkers. Addict Biol 2015; 20:205-14. [PMID: 24164917 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Childhood adversity and genetic variant ADH1B-rs1229984 have each been shown to influence heavy alcohol consumption and disorders. However, little is known about how these factors jointly influence these outcomes. We assessed the main and additive interactive effects of childhood adversity (abuse, neglect and parental divorce) and the ADH1B-rs1229984 on the quantitative phenotypes 'maximum drinks in a day' (Maxdrinks) and DSM-Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) severity, adjusting for demographic variables, in an Israeli sample of adult household residents (n = 1143) evaluated between 2007 and 2009. Childhood adversity and absence of the protective ADH1B-rs1229984 A allele were associated with greater mean Maxdrinks (mean differences: 1.50; 1.13, respectively) and AUD severity (mean ratios: 0.71; 0.27, respectively). In addition, childhood adversity moderated the ADH1B-rs1229984 effect on Maxdrinks (P < 0.01) and AUD severity (P < 0.05), in that there was a stronger effect of ADH1B-rs1229984 genotype on Maxdrinks and AUD severity among those who had experienced childhood adversity compared with those who had not. ADH1B-rs1229984 impacts alcohol metabolism. Therefore, among those at risk for greater consumption, e.g. those who experienced childhood adversity, ADH1B-rs1229984 appears to have a stronger effect on alcohol consumption and consequently on risk for AUD symptom severity. Evidence for the interaction of genetic vulnerability and early life adversity on alcohol-related phenotypes provides further insight into the complex relationships between genetic and environmental risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn L. Meyers
- Department of Epidemiology; Mailman School of Public Health; Columbia University; New York NY USA
| | - Dvora Shmulewitz
- Department of Psychiatry; College of Physicians and Surgeons; Columbia University; New York NY USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute; New York NY USA
| | - Melanie M. Wall
- Department of Psychiatry; College of Physicians and Surgeons; Columbia University; New York NY USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute; New York NY USA
- Department of Biostatistics; Mailman School of Public Health; Columbia University; New York NY USA
| | - Katherine M. Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology; Mailman School of Public Health; Columbia University; New York NY USA
| | - Efrat Aharonovich
- Department of Psychiatry; College of Physicians and Surgeons; Columbia University; New York NY USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute; New York NY USA
| | - Baruch Spivak
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Abraham Weizman
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center; Petach Tikva Israel
- Research Unit; Geha Mental Health Center; Petach Tikva Israel
| | - Amos Frisch
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine; Tel Aviv University; Tel Aviv Israel
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center; Petach Tikva Israel
| | - Howard J. Edenberg
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Medical and Molecular Genetics; Indiana University School of Medicine; Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Departments of Psychiatry; Genetics and Neurobiology; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven CT USA
| | - Bridget F. Grant
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biometry; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; Bethesda MD USA
| | - Deborah Hasin
- Department of Epidemiology; Mailman School of Public Health; Columbia University; New York NY USA
- Department of Psychiatry; College of Physicians and Surgeons; Columbia University; New York NY USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute; New York NY USA
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50
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Sartor CE, Wang Z, Xu K, Kranzler HR, Gelernter J. The joint effects of ADH1B variants and childhood adversity on alcohol related phenotypes in African-American and European-American women and men. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 38:2907-14. [PMID: 25410943 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ADH1B gene has consistently been implicated in problem drinking, but rarely incorporated into gene by environment investigations of alcohol phenotypes. This study examined the joint effects of variation in ADH1B and childhood adversity-a well-documented risk factor for alcohol problems and moderator of genetic liability to psychiatric outcomes-on maximum drinks consumed in a 24-hour period (maxdrinks) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms. METHODS Data were drawn from 2,617 African-American (AA) and 1,436 European-American (EA) participants (42% female) in a multisite genetic study of substance dependence. We tested the most significant ADH1B single nucleotide polymorphisms for alcohol dependence from a genomewide association study with this sample, ADH1B-rs1229984 (Arg48His) and ADH1B-rs2066702 (Arg370Cys), in EA and AA subsamples, respectively. RESULTS Ordinal regression analyses conducted separately by sex and population revealed significant main effects for childhood adversity for both alcohol phenotypes in AA women and men and for maxdrinks in EA women. A significant rs1229984 by childhood adversity interaction was observed for AUD symptoms in EA men. Unexposed His-allele carriers reported a mean of 3.6 AUD criteria, but adversity-exposed His-allele carriers endorsed approximately the same number (6.3) as those without the protective allele (6.3 and 7.0 for adversity-exposed and -unexposed groups, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that under conditions of childhood adversity, the His allele does not exert its protective effects in EA men (OR = 0.57, CI: 0.32 to 1.01; p = 0.056). Findings highlight the robust risk effect conferred by childhood adversity and the importance of considering population and sex in genetically informative investigations of its association with alcohol outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn E Sartor
- Department of Psychiatry , Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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