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Kim D, Yadav D, Song M. An updated review on animal models to study attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:187. [PMID: 38605002 PMCID: PMC11009407 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02893-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neuropsychiatric disorder affecting both children and adolescents. Individuals with ADHD experience heterogeneous problems, such as difficulty in attention, behavioral hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Recent studies have shown that complex genetic factors play a role in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders. Animal models with clear hereditary traits are crucial for studying the molecular, biological, and brain circuit mechanisms underlying ADHD. Owing to their well-managed genetic origins and the relative simplicity with which the function of neuronal circuits is clearly established, models of mice can help learn the mechanisms involved in ADHD. Therefore, in this review, we highlighting the important genetic animal models that can be used to study ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daegeon Kim
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, South Korea
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, South Korea
| | - Minseok Song
- Department of Life Science, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, South Korea.
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Suzuki T, Hattori S, Mizukami H, Nakajima R, Hibi Y, Kato S, Matsuzaki M, Ikebe R, Miyakawa T, Yamakawa K. Inversed Effects of Nav1.2 Deficiency at Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Ventral Tegmental Area for Prepulse Inhibition in Acoustic Startle Response. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:622-634. [PMID: 37650965 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Numerous pathogenic variants of SCN2A gene, encoding voltage-gated sodium channel α2 subunit Nav1.2 protein, have been identified in a wide spectrum of neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. However, pathological mechanisms for the schizophrenia-relevant behavioral abnormalities caused by the variants remain poorly understood. Here in this study, we characterized mouse lines with selective Scn2a deletion at schizophrenia-related brain regions, medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) or ventral tegmental area (VTA), obtained by injecting adeno-associated viruses (AAV) expressing Cre recombinase into homozygous Scn2a-floxed (Scn2afl/fl) mice, in which expression of the Scn2a was locally deleted in the presence of Cre recombinase. The mice lacking Scn2a in the mPFC exhibited a tendency for a reduction in prepulse inhibition (PPI) in acoustic startle response. Conversely, the mice lacking Scn2a in the VTA showed a significant increase in PPI. We also found that the mice lacking Scn2a in the mPFC displayed increased sociability, decreased locomotor activity, and increased anxiety-like behavior, while the mice lacking Scn2a in the VTA did not show any other abnormalities in these parameters except for vertical activity which is one of locomotor activities. These results suggest that Scn2a-deficiencies in mPFC and VTA are inversely relevant for the schizophrenic phenotypes in patients with SCN2A variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimitsu Suzuki
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Genetics, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan.
| | - Satoko Hattori
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
- Research Creation Support Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Mizukami
- Division of Genetic Therapeutics, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Nakajima
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Yurina Hibi
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Genetics, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Saho Kato
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Genetics, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Mahoro Matsuzaki
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Genetics, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Ryu Ikebe
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Genetics, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Miyakawa
- Division of Systems Medical Science, Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamakawa
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Disorder Genetics, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, 467-8601, Japan
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Traktirov DS, Nazarov IR, Artemova VS, Gainetdinov RR, Pestereva NS, Karpenko MN. Alterations in Serotonin Neurotransmission in Hyperdopaminergic Rats Lacking the Dopamine Transporter. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2881. [PMID: 38001881 PMCID: PMC10669523 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Biogenic amines dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) are among the most significant monoaminergic neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS). Separately, the physiological roles of DA and 5-HT have been studied in detail, and progress has been made in understanding their roles in normal and various pathological conditions (Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, addiction, depression, etc.). In this article we showed that knockout of the gene encoding DAT leads not only to a profound dysregulation of dopamine neurotransmission in the striatum but also in the midbrain, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, medulla oblongata and spinal cord. Furthermore, significant changes were observed in the production of mRNA of enzymes of monoamine metabolism, as well as to a notable alteration in the tissue level of serotonin, most clearly manifested in the cerebellum and the spinal cord. The observed region-specific changes in the tissue levels of serotonin and in the expression of dopamine and serotonergic metabolism enzymes in rats with an excess of dopamine can indicate important consequences for the pharmacotherapy of drugs that modulate the dopaminergic system. The drugs that affect the dopaminergic system could potently affect the serotonergic system, and this fact is important to consider when predicting their possible therapeutic or side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii S. Traktirov
- Department of Physiology (Pavlov’s), Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia (M.N.K.)
| | - Ilya R. Nazarov
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Valeria S. Artemova
- Department of Physiology (Pavlov’s), Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia (M.N.K.)
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg University Hospital, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Nina S. Pestereva
- Department of Physiology (Pavlov’s), Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia (M.N.K.)
| | - Marina N. Karpenko
- Department of Physiology (Pavlov’s), Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia (M.N.K.)
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia
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SCARPA LL, BELLO NT. Dietary-induced binge-like eating impairs acoustic startle responses to acute nisoxetine in male mice. Behav Pharmacol 2023; 34:411-423. [PMID: 37578423 PMCID: PMC10528891 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Sensorimotor gating disruptions have been noted in several psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. However, the involvement of sensorimotor gating processes in eating disorders has not been well characterized. Our objective was to examine the sensorimotor gating of the acoustic startle response following dietary-induced binge eating and high-fat diet (HFD) induced weight gain in male C57B/6J mice. Acute administration of the norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, nisoxetine (0.5 and 5 mg/kg), and a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, GBR 12783 (1.6 and 16 mg/kg), were either given alone or in combination to assess norepinephrine and dopamine alterations, respectively. Male mice with repeated bouts of calorie restriction (Restrict) and with limited access to a sweetened fat food (Binge) demonstrated an escalation of intake over 2.5 weeks under standard chow conditions. Restrict Binge (RB) mice had a reduced startle response to the startle pulse (110 dB) compared with the Naive control group at 5 mg/kg nisoxetine. There was an overall effect of nisoxetine (0.5 and 5 mg/kg) to increase percent inhibition at pre-pulse (74 dB), %PP74. Under HFD conditions, the RB group did not demonstrate a binge-like eating phenotype. The RB group on HFD had a higher response to 74 dB with nisoxetine (5.0 mg/kg) compared with a combinational dose of nisoxetine (5.0 mg/kg) and GBR 12783 (1.6 mg/kg). These findings suggest that dietary conditions that promote binge-like eating can influence the central noradrenergic and dopaminergic controls of the acoustic startle response and potentially influence sensorimotor gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori L. SCARPA
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Nicholas T. BELLO
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey; New Brunswick, NJ 08901
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Savchenko A, Targa G, Fesenko Z, Leo D, Gainetdinov RR, Sukhanov I. Dopamine Transporter Deficient Rodents: Perspectives and Limitations for Neuroscience. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050806. [PMID: 37238676 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The key element of dopamine (DA) neurotransmission is undoubtedly DA transporter (DAT), a transmembrane protein responsible for the synaptic reuptake of the mediator. Changes in DAT's function can be a key mechanism of pathological conditions associated with hyperdopaminergia. The first strain of gene-modified rodents with a lack of DAT were created more than 25 years ago. Such animals are characterized by increased levels of striatal DA, resulting in locomotor hyperactivity, increased levels of motor stereotypes, cognitive deficits, and other behavioral abnormalities. The administration of dopaminergic and pharmacological agents affecting other neurotransmitter systems can mitigate those abnormalities. The main purpose of this review is to systematize and analyze (1) known data on the consequences of changes in DAT expression in experimental animals, (2) results of pharmacological studies in these animals, and (3) to estimate the validity of animals lacking DAT as models for discovering new treatments of DA-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Savchenko
- Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, Lev Tolstoy Str. 6-8, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Giorgia Targa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences "Rodolfo Paoletti", Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Zoia Fesenko
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Damiana Leo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya Emb., 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia
- St. Petersburg University Hospital, St. Petersburg State University, Fontanka River Emb. 154, 190121 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ilya Sukhanov
- Valdman Institute of Pharmacology, Pavlov First St. Petersburg State Medical University, Lev Tolstoy Str. 6-8, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia
- St. Petersburg University Hospital, St. Petersburg State University, Fontanka River Emb. 154, 190121 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Yu Z, Ueno K, Funayama R, Sakai M, Nariai N, Kojima K, Kikuchi Y, Li X, Ono C, Kanatani J, Ono J, Iwamoto K, Hashimoto K, Kinoshita K, Nakayama K, Nagasaki M, Tomita H. Sex-Specific Differences in the Transcriptome of the Human Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1083-1098. [PMID: 36414910 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03109-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia presents clinical and biological differences between males and females. This study investigated transcriptional profiles in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) using postmortem data from the largest RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) database on schizophrenic cases and controls. Data for 154 male and 113 female controls and 160 male and 93 female schizophrenic cases were obtained from the CommonMind Consortium. In the RNA-seq database, the principal component analysis showed that sex effects were small in schizophrenia. After we analyzed the impact of sex-specific differences on gene expression, the female group showed more significantly changed genes compared with the male group. Based on the gene ontology analysis, the female sex-specific genes that changed were overrepresented in the mitochondrion, ATP (phosphocreatine and adenosine triphosphate)-, and metal ion-binding relevant biological processes. An ingenuity pathway analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes related to schizophrenia in the female group were involved in midbrain dopaminergic and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurons and microglia. We used methylated DNA-binding domain-sequencing analyses and microarray to investigate the DNA methylation that potentially impacts the sex differences in gene transcription using a maternal immune activation (MIA) murine model. Among the sex-specific positional genes related to schizophrenia in the PFC of female offspring from MIA, the changes in the methylation and transcriptional expression of loci ACSBG1 were validated in the females with schizophrenia in independent postmortem samples by real-time PCR and pyrosequencing. Our results reveal potential genetic risks in the DLPFC for the sex-dependent prevalence and symptomology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqian Yu
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan.
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Kazuko Ueno
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryo Funayama
- Division of Cell Proliferation, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Mai Sakai
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoki Nariai
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kaname Kojima
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshie Kikuchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ono
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Junpei Kanatani
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Jiro Ono
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kazuya Iwamoto
- Department of Molecular Brain Science, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kengo Kinoshita
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Division of Cell Proliferation, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masao Nagasaki
- Human Biosciences Unit for the Top Global Course Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tomita
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 1-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Disaster Psychiatry, International Research Institute for Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Volnova A, Kurzina N, Belskaya A, Gromova A, Pelevin A, Ptukha M, Fesenko Z, Ignashchenkova A, Gainetdinov RR. Noradrenergic Modulation of Learned and Innate Behaviors in Dopamine Transporter Knockout Rats by Guanfacine. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11010222. [PMID: 36672730 PMCID: PMC9856099 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigation of the precise mechanisms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and other dopamine-associated conditions is crucial for the development of new treatment approaches. In this study, we assessed the effects of repeated and acute administration of α2A-adrenoceptor agonist guanfacine on innate and learned forms of behavior of dopamine transporter knockout (DAT-KO) rats to evaluate the possible noradrenergic modulation of behavioral deficits. DAT-KO and wild type rats were trained in the Hebb-Williams maze to perform spatial working memory tasks. Innate behavior was evaluated via pre pulse inhibition (PPI). Brain activity of the prefrontal cortex and the striatum was assessed. Repeated administration of GF improved the spatial working memory task fulfillment and PPI in DAT-KO rats, and led to specific changes in the power spectra and coherence of brain activity. Our data indicate that both repeated and acute treatment with a non-stimulant noradrenergic drug lead to improvements in the behavior of DAT-KO rats. This study further supports the role of the intricate balance of norepinephrine and dopamine in the regulation of attention. The observed compensatory effect of guanfacine on the behavior of hyperdopaminergic rats may be used in the development of combined treatments to support the dopamine-norepinephrine balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Volnova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Biological Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Natalia Kurzina
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Anastasia Belskaya
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Arina Gromova
- Biological Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Arseniy Pelevin
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Biological Faculty, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Maria Ptukha
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Zoia Fesenko
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | | | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Saint Petersburg University Hospital, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
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Ptukha M, Fesenko Z, Belskaya A, Gromova A, Pelevin A, Kurzina N, Gainetdinov RR, Volnova A. Effects of Atomoxetine on Motor and Cognitive Behaviors and Brain Electrophysiological Activity of Dopamine Transporter Knockout Rats. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101484. [PMID: 36291693 PMCID: PMC9599468 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in dopaminergic and noradrenergic transmission are considered to be the underlying cause of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Atomoxetine (ATX) is a selective norepinephrine transporter (NET) inhibitor that is currently used for ADHD treatment. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of atomoxetine on the behavior and brain activity of dopamine transporter knockout (DAT-KO) rats, which are characterized by an ADHD-like behavioral phenotype. Prepulse inhibition (PPI) was assessed in DAT-KO and wild type rats after saline and ATX injections, as well as behavioral parameters in the Hebb-Williams maze and power spectra and coherence of electrophysiological activity. DAT-KO rats demonstrated a pronounced behavioral and electrophysiological phenotype, characterized by hyperactivity, increased number of errors in the maze, repetitive behaviors and disrupted PPI, changes in cortical and striatal power spectra and interareal coherence. Atomoxetine significantly improved PPI and decreased repetitive behaviors in DAT-KO rats and influenced behavior of wild-type rats. ATX also led to significant changes in power spectra and coherence of DAT-KO and wild type rats. Assessment of noradrenergic modulation effects in DAT-KO provides insight into the intricate interplay of monoaminergic systems, although further research is still required to fully understand the complexity of this interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ptukha
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (A.V.)
| | - Zoia Fesenko
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia Belskaya
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Arina Gromova
- Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Arseniy Pelevin
- Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia Kurzina
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Saint Petersburg State University Hospital, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Volnova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (A.V.)
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9
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Harris SS, Green SM, Kumar M, Urs NM. A role for cortical dopamine in the paradoxical calming effects of psychostimulants. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3129. [PMID: 35210489 PMCID: PMC8873208 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychostimulants have a paradoxical calming effect in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), but their mechanism of action is unclear. Studies using dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) knockout (KO) mice have suggested that the paradoxical calming effect of psychostimulants might occur through actions on serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission. However, newer non-stimulant drugs, such as atomoxetine and guanfacine, suggest that targeting the norepinephrine (NE) system in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) might explain this paradoxical calming effect. Thus, we sought to clarify the mechanism of this paradoxical action of psychostimulants. Our ex vivo efflux experiments reveal that the NE transporter (NET) blocker desipramine elevates both norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA), but not 5-HT levels, in PFC tissue slices from wild-type (WT) and DAT-KO, but not NET-KO mice. However, the 5-HT transporter (SERT) inhibitor fluoxetine elevates only 5-HT in all three genotypes. Systemic administration of desipramine or fluoxetine inhibits hyperactivity in DAT-KO mice, whereas local PFC infusion of desipramine alone produced this same effect. In contrast, pharmacological NE depletion and DA elevation using nepicastat also inhibits hyperactivity in DAT-KO mice. Together, these data suggest elevation of PFC DA and not NE or 5-HT, as a convergent mechanism for the paradoxical effects of psychostimulants observed in ADHD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharonda S Harris
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Dr, ARB-R5-140, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Sara M Green
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Dr, ARB-R5-140, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Mayank Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Dr, ARB-R5-140, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Nikhil M Urs
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Dr, ARB-R5-140, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Stanford SC. Animal Models of ADHD? Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 57:363-393. [PMID: 35604570 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To describe animals that express abnormal behaviors as a model of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) implies that the abnormalities are analogous to those expressed by ADHD patients. The diagnostic features of ADHD comprise inattentiveness, impulsivity, and hyperactivity and so these behaviors are fundamental for validation of any animal model of this disorder. Several experimental interventions such as neurotoxic lesion of neonatal rats with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), genetic alterations, or selective inbreeding of rodents have produced animals that express each of these impairments to some extent. This article appraises the validity of claims that these procedures have produced a model of ADHD, which is essential if they are to be used to investigate the underlying cause(s) of ADHD and its abnormal neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Clare Stanford
- Department of Neuroscience Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.
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11
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Park D, Mabunga DFN, Adil KJ, Ryu O, Valencia S, Kim R, Kim HJ, Cheong JH, Kwon KJ, Kim HY, Han SH, Jeon SJ, Shin CY. Synergistic efficacy and diminished adverse effect profile of composite treatment of several ADHD medications. Neuropharmacology 2021; 187:108494. [PMID: 33587920 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is widely studied, problems regarding the adverse effect risks and non-responder problems still need to be addressed. Combination pharmacotherapy using standard dose regimens of existing medication is currently being practiced mainly to augment the therapeutic efficacy of each drug. The idea of combining different pharmacotherapies with different molecular targets to alleviate the symptoms of ADHD and its comorbidities requires scientific evidence, necessitating the investigation of their therapeutic efficacy and the mechanisms underlying the professed synergistic effects. Here, we injected male ICR mice with MK-801 to induce ADHD behavioral condition. We then modeled a "combined drug" using sub-optimal doses of methylphenidate, atomoxetine, and fluoxetine and investigated the combined treatment effects in MK-801-treated mice. No sub-optimal dose monotherapy alleviated ADHD behavioral condition in MK-801-treated mice. However, treatment with the combined drug attenuated the impaired behavior of MK-801-treated animals. Growth impediment, sleep disturbances, or risk of substance abuse were not observed in mice treated subchronically with the combined drugs. Finally, we observed that the combined ADHD drug rescued alterations in p-AKT and p-ERK1/2 levels in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, respectively, of MK-801-treated mice. Our results provide experimental evidence of a possible new pharmacotherapy option in ameliorating the ADHD behavioral condition without the expected adverse effects. The detailed mechanism of action underlying the synergistic therapeutic efficacy and reduced adverse reaction by combinatorial drug treatment should be investigated further in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Park
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Darine Froy N Mabunga
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Keremkleroo Jym Adil
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Onjeon Ryu
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Schley Valencia
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryeongeun Kim
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Ja Kwon
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahn Young Kim
- Department of Neurology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Center for Geriatric Neuroscience Research, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seol-Heui Han
- Department of Neurology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Center for Geriatric Neuroscience Research, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Jeon
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea; TriNeuro Inc., 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chan Young Shin
- School of Medicine and Center for Neuroscience Research, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea; TriNeuro Inc., 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Arenas MC, Navarro-Francés CI, Montagud-Romero S, Miñarro J, Manzanedo C. Baseline prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex predicts the sensitivity to the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine in male and female mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2651-2663. [PMID: 29955900 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4959-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex is a model of pre-attentional inhibitory function. The dopamine baseline in the nucleus accumbens plays a key role in PPI regulation as well as in the rewarding effects of cocaine. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive ability of PPI to identify the more vulnerable mice of both sexes to the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine. METHODS Male and female OF1 mice were first tested in the PPI paradigm to classify them as high or low PPI. Afterwards, they were evaluated in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm induced by cocaine (1, 6 and 12 mg/kg). Moreover, the D1R and D2R protein expressions in the striatum of high and low PPI animals were analysed by Western blot. RESULTS Only high-PPI mice acquired CPP induced by low doses of cocaine (1 and 6 mg/kg), while the low-PPI mice needed a higher dose of cocaine (12 mg/kg) to acquire the CPP, but once mice were conditioned, males did not extinguish the conditioned preference and females reinstated the preference with lower doses of cocaine than their control counterparts. Low-PPI animals, especially females, showed higher basal levels of D2R than those with a higher PPI. CONCLUSIONS Low-PPI mice presented a lower sensitivity to the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine, but once they were conditioned with a higher dose, they displayed a stronger, perseverant conditioned preference. The predictive capacity of PPI to detect the more vulnerable mice to the conditioned effects of cocaine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Arenas
- Unidad de investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
| | - C I Navarro-Francés
- Unidad de investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - S Montagud-Romero
- Unidad de investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Miñarro
- Unidad de investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - C Manzanedo
- Unidad de investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain
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Pronounced Hyperactivity, Cognitive Dysfunctions, and BDNF Dysregulation in Dopamine Transporter Knock-out Rats. J Neurosci 2018; 38:1959-1972. [PMID: 29348190 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1931-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) controls many vital physiological functions and is critically involved in several neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The major function of the plasma membrane dopamine transporter (DAT) is the rapid uptake of released DA into presynaptic nerve terminals leading to control of both the extracellular levels of DA and the intracellular stores of DA. Here, we present a newly developed strain of rats in which the gene encoding DAT knockout Rats (DAT-KO) has been disrupted by using zinc finger nuclease technology. Male and female DAT-KO rats develop normally but weigh less than heterozygote and wild-type rats and demonstrate pronounced spontaneous locomotor hyperactivity. While striatal extracellular DA lifetime and concentrations are significantly increased, the total tissue content of DA is markedly decreased demonstrating the key role of DAT in the control of DA neurotransmission. Hyperactivity of DAT-KO rats can be counteracted by amphetamine, methylphenidate, the partial Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonist RO5203648 ((S)-4-(3,4-Dichloro-phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-oxazol-2-ylamine) and haloperidol. DAT-KO rats also demonstrate a deficit in working memory and sensorimotor gating tests, less propensity to develop obsessive behaviors and show strong dysregulation in frontostriatal BDNF function. DAT-KO rats could provide a novel translational model for human diseases involving aberrant DA function and/or mutations affecting DAT or related regulatory mechanisms.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Here, we present a newly developed strain of rats in which the gene encoding the dopamine transporter (DAT) has been disrupted (Dopamine Transporter Knockout rats [DAT-KO rats]). DAT-KO rats display functional hyperdopaminergia accompanied by pronounced spontaneous locomotor hyperactivity. Hyperactivity of DAT-KO rats can be counteracted by amphetamine, methylphenidate, and a few other compounds exerting inhibitory action on dopamine-dependent hyperactivity. DAT-KO rats also demonstrate cognitive deficits in working memory and sensorimotor gating tests, less propensity to develop compulsive behaviors, and strong dysregulation in frontostriatal BDNF function. These observations highlight the key role of DAT in the control of brain dopaminergic transmission. DAT-KO rats could provide a novel translational model for human diseases involving aberrant dopamine functions.
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Fan X, Donsante Y, Jinnah HA, Hess EJ. Dopamine Receptor Agonist Treatment of Idiopathic Dystonia: A Reappraisal in Humans and Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:20-26. [PMID: 29348266 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.246348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Although dystonia is often associated with abnormal dopamine neurotransmission, dopaminergic drugs are not currently used to treat dystonia because there is a general view that dopaminergic drugs are ineffective. However, there is little conclusive evidence to support or refute this assumption. Therefore, to assess the therapeutic potential of these compounds, we analyzed results from multiple trials of dopamine receptor agonists in patients with idiopathic dystonias and also tested the efficacy of dopamine receptor agonists in a mouse model of generalized dystonia. Our results suggest that dopamine receptor agonists were effective in some, but not all, patients tested. Further, the mixed D1/D2 dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine was apparently more effective than subtype selective D2 dopamine receptor agonists. However, rigorously controlled trials are still needed. In a mouse model of dystonia, a selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist was not effective while a selective D2 dopamine receptor had modest efficacy. However, when combined, these receptor-selective agonists acted synergistically to ameliorate the dystonia. Coactivation of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors using apomorphine or by increasing extracellular concentrations of dopamine was also effective. Thus, results from both clinical trials and tests in mice suggest that coactivation of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors may be an effective therapeutic strategy in some patients. These results support a reconsideration of dopamine receptors as targets for the treatment of dystonia, particularly because recent genetic and diagnostic advances may facilitate the identification of the subtypes of dystonia patients who respond and those who do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueliang Fan
- Department of Pharmacology (X.F., Y.D., E.J.H.), Department of Neurology (H.A.J., E.J.H.), and Department of Human Genetics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yuping Donsante
- Department of Pharmacology (X.F., Y.D., E.J.H.), Department of Neurology (H.A.J., E.J.H.), and Department of Human Genetics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - H A Jinnah
- Department of Pharmacology (X.F., Y.D., E.J.H.), Department of Neurology (H.A.J., E.J.H.), and Department of Human Genetics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ellen J Hess
- Department of Pharmacology (X.F., Y.D., E.J.H.), Department of Neurology (H.A.J., E.J.H.), and Department of Human Genetics (H.A.J.), School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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15
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de la Peña JB, Dela Peña IJ, Custodio RJ, Botanas CJ, Kim HJ, Cheong JH. Exploring the Validity of Proposed Transgenic Animal Models of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3739-3754. [PMID: 28534274 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, behavioral, and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. Symptoms of this disorder are managed by treatment with methylphenidate, amphetamine, and/or atomoxetine. The cause of ADHD is unknown, but substantial evidence indicates that this disorder has a significant genetic component. Transgenic animals have become an essential tool in uncovering the genetic factors underlying ADHD. Although they cannot accurately reflect the human condition, they can provide insights into the disorder that cannot be obtained from human studies due to various limitations. An ideal animal model of ADHD must have face (similarity in symptoms), predictive (similarity in response to treatment or medications), and construct (similarity in etiology or underlying pathophysiological mechanism) validity. As the exact etiology of ADHD remains unclear, the construct validity of animal models of ADHD would always be limited. The proposed transgenic animal models of ADHD have substantially increased and diversified over the years. In this paper, we compiled and explored the validity of proposed transgenic animal models of ADHD. Each of the reviewed transgenic animal models has strengths and limitations. Some fulfill most of the validity criteria of an animal model of ADHD and have been extensively used, while there are others that require further validation. Nevertheless, these transgenic animal models of ADHD have provided and will continue to provide valuable insights into the genetic underpinnings of this complex disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Bryan de la Peña
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Irene Joy Dela Peña
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Raly James Custodio
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Chrislean Jun Botanas
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea.
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Mereu M, Contarini G, Buonaguro EF, Latte G, Managò F, Iasevoli F, de Bartolomeis A, Papaleo F. Dopamine transporter (DAT) genetic hypofunction in mice produces alterations consistent with ADHD but not schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Neuropharmacology 2017; 121:179-194. [PMID: 28454982 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
ADHD, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are psychiatric diseases with a strong genetic component which share dopaminergic alterations. Dopamine transporter (DAT) genetics might be potentially implicated in all these disorders. However, in contrast to DAT absence, the effects of DAT hypofunction especially in developmental trajectories have been scarcely addressed. Thus, we comprehensively studied DAT hypofunctional mice (DAT+/-) from adolescence to adulthood to disentangle DAT-dependent alterations in the development of psychiatric-relevant phenotypes. From pre-adolescence onward, DAT+/- displayed a hyperactive phenotype, while responses to external stimuli and sensorimotor gating abilities were unaltered. General cognitive impairments in adolescent DAT+/- were partially ameliorated during adulthood in males but not in females. Despite this, attentional and impulsivity deficits were evident in DAT+/- adult males. At the molecular level, DAT+/- mice showed a reduced expression of Homer1a in the prefrontal cortex, while other brain regions as well as Arc and Homer1b expression were mostly unaffected. Amphetamine treatments reverted DAT+/- hyperactivity and rescued cognitive deficits. Moreover, amphetamine shifted DAT-dependent Homer1a altered expression from prefrontal cortex to striatal regions. These behavioral and molecular phenotypes indicate that a genetic-driven DAT hypofunction alters neurodevelopmental trajectories consistent with ADHD, but not with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mereu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - G Contarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - E F Buonaguro
- Section of Psychiatry. Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, University School of Medicine "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - G Latte
- Section of Psychiatry. Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, University School of Medicine "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - F Managò
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - F Iasevoli
- Section of Psychiatry. Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, University School of Medicine "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - A de Bartolomeis
- Section of Psychiatry. Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Science, University School of Medicine "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - F Papaleo
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
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Lohr KM, Masoud ST, Salahpour A, Miller GW. Membrane transporters as mediators of synaptic dopamine dynamics: implications for disease. Eur J Neurosci 2017; 45:20-33. [PMID: 27520881 PMCID: PMC5209277 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine was first identified as a neurotransmitter localized to the midbrain over 50 years ago. The dopamine transporter (DAT; SLC6A3) and the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2; SLC18A2) are regulators of dopamine homeostasis in the presynaptic neuron. DAT transports dopamine from the extracellular space into the cytosol of the presynaptic terminal. VMAT2 then packages this cytosolic dopamine into vesicular compartments for subsequent release upon neurotransmission. Thus, DAT and VMAT2 act in concert to move the transmitter efficiently throughout the neuron. Accumulation of dopamine in the neuronal cytosol can trigger oxidative stress and neurotoxicity, suggesting that the proper compartmentalization of dopamine is critical for neuron function and risk of disease. For decades, studies have examined the effects of reduced transporter function in mice (e.g. DAT-KO, VMAT2-KO, VMAT2-deficient). However, we have only recently been able to assess the effects of elevated transporter expression using BAC transgenic methods (DAT-tg, VMAT2-HI mice). Complemented with in vitro work and neurochemical techniques to assess dopamine compartmentalization, a new focus on the importance of transporter proteins as both models of human disease and potential drug targets has emerged. Here, we review the importance of DAT and VMAT2 function in the delicate balance of neuronal dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Lohr
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Shababa T Masoud
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Salahpour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Research Domain Criteria versus DSM V: How does this debate affect attempts to model corticostriatal dysfunction in animals? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 76:301-316. [PMID: 27826070 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
For decades, the nosology of mental illness has been based largely upon the descriptions in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM). A recent challenge to the DSM approach to psychiatric nosology from the National Institute on Mental Health (USA) defines Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) as an alternative. For RDoC, psychiatric illnesses are not defined as discrete categories, but instead as specific behavioral dysfunctions irrespective of DSM diagnostic categories. This approach was driven by two primary weaknesses noted in the DSM: (1) the same symptoms occur in very different disease states; and (2) DSM criteria lack grounding in the underlying biological causes of mental illness. RDoC intends to ground psychiatric nosology in those underlying mechanisms. This review addresses the suitability of RDoC vs. DSM from the view of modeling mental illness in animals. A consideration of all types of psychiatric dysfunction is beyond the scope of this review, which will focus on models of conditions associated with frontostriatal dysfunction.
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Investigating the genetic basis of attention to facial expressions: the role of the norepinephrine transporter gene. Psychiatr Genet 2016; 26:266-271. [PMID: 27541794 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Levels of norepinephrine (NE) in the brain are related to attention ability in animals and risk of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in humans. Given the modulation of the norepinephrine transporter (NET) on NE levels in the brain and the link between NE and attention impairment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, it was possible that the NET gene underpinned individual differences in attention processes in healthy populations. METHODS To investigate to what extent NET could modulate one's attention orientation to facial expressions, we categorized individuals according to the genotypes of the -182 T/C (rs2242446) polymorphism and measured individuals' attention orientation with the spatial cueing task. RESULTS Our results indicated that the -182 T/C polymorphism significantly modulated attention orientation to facial expressions, of which the CC genotype facilitated attention reorientation to the locations where cued faces were previously presented. However, this polymorphism showed no significant effects on the regulations of emotional cues on attention orientation. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the NET gene modulates the individual difference in attention to facial expressions, which provides new insights into the roles of NE in social interactions.
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Relationship between G1287A of the NET Gene Polymorphisms and Brain Volume in Major Depressive Disorder: A Voxel-Based MRI Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150712. [PMID: 26960194 PMCID: PMC4784887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Earlier studies implicated norepinephrine transporter (NET) gene (SLC6A2) polymorphisms in the etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD). Recently, two single nucleotide SLC6A2 polymorphisms, G1287A in exon 9 and T-182C in the promoter region, were found to be associated with MDD in different populations. We investigated the relationship between the brain volume and these two polymorphisms of the SLC6A2 in MDD patients. Methods We obtained 3D high-resolution T1-weighted images of 30 first-episode MDD patients and 48 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects (HS). All were divided into 4 groups based on polymorphism of either the G1287A or the T-182C genotype. VBM analysis examined the effects of diagnosis, genotype, and genotype-diagnosis interactions. Results Diagnosis effects on the brain morphology were found in the left superior temporal cortex. No significant genotype effects were found in the T-182C and the G1287A. A significant genotype (G1287A)–diagnosis interaction was found in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. No significant genotype (T-182C)–diagnosis interaction effects were observed in any brain region. Conclusions In MDD patients there seems to be a relationship between the volume of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and polymorphism of the SLC6A2 G1287A gene.
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Hall FS, Der-Avakian A, Gould TJ, Markou A, Shoaib M, Young JW. Negative affective states and cognitive impairments in nicotine dependence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 58:168-85. [PMID: 26054790 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Smokers have substantial individual differences in quit success in response to current treatments for nicotine dependence. This observation may suggest that different underlying motivations for continued tobacco use across individuals and nicotine cessation may require different treatments in different individuals. Although most animal models of nicotine dependence emphasize the positive reinforcing effects of nicotine as the major motivational force behind nicotine use, smokers generally report that other consequences of nicotine use, including the ability of nicotine to alleviate negative affective states or cognitive impairments, as reasons for continued smoking. These states could result from nicotine withdrawal, but also may be associated with premorbid differences in affective and/or cognitive function. Effects of nicotine on cognition and affect may alleviate these impairments regardless of their premorbid or postmorbid origin (e.g., before or after the development of nicotine dependence). The ability of nicotine to alleviate these symptoms would thus negatively reinforce behavior, and thus maintain subsequent nicotine use, contributing to the initiation of smoking, the progression to dependence and relapse during quit attempts. The human and animal studies reviewed here support the idea that self-medication for pre-morbid and withdrawal-induced impairments may be more important factors in nicotine addiction and relapse than has been previously appreciated in preclinical research into nicotine dependence. Given the diverse beneficial effects of nicotine under these conditions, individuals might smoke for quite different reasons. This review suggests that inter-individual differences in the diverse effects of nicotine associated with self-medication and negative reinforcement are an important consideration in studies attempting to understand the causes of nicotine addiction, as well as in the development of effective, individualized nicotine cessation treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Scott Hall
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
| | - Andre Der-Avakian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas J Gould
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Athina Markou
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mohammed Shoaib
- Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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Atomoxetine reverses locomotor hyperactivity, impaired novel object recognition, and prepulse inhibition impairment in mice lacking pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide. Neuroscience 2015; 297:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Itohara S, Kobayashi Y, Nakashiba T. Genetic factors underlying attention and impulsivity: mouse models of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Hall FS, Sora I, Hen R, Uhl GR. Serotonin/dopamine interactions in a hyperactive mouse: reduced serotonin receptor 1B activity reverses effects of dopamine transporter knockout. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115009. [PMID: 25514162 PMCID: PMC4267809 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Knockout (KO) mice that lack the dopamine transporter (SL6A3; DAT) display increased locomotion that can be attenuated, under some circumstances, by administration of drugs that normally produce psychostimulant-like effects, such as amphetamine and methylphenidate. These results have led to suggestions that DAT KO mice may model features of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and that these drugs may act upon serotonin (5-HT) systems to produce these unusual locomotor decreasing effects. Evidence from patterns of brain expression and initial pharmacologic studies led us to use genetic and pharmacologic approaches to examine the influence of altered 5-HT1B receptor activity on hyperactivity in DAT KO mice. Heterozygous 5-HT1B KO and pharmacologic 5-HT1B antagonism both attenuated locomotor hyperactivity in DAT KO mice. Furthermore, DAT KO mice with reduced, but not eliminated, 5-HT1B receptor expression regained cocaine-stimulated locomotion, which was absent in DAT KO mice with normal levels of 5-HT1B receptor expression. Further experiments demonstrated that the degree of habituation to the testing apparatus determined whether cocaine had no effect on locomotion in DAT KO or reduced locomotion, helping to resolve differences among prior reports. These findings of complementation of the locomotor effects of DAT KO by reducing 5-HT1B receptor activity underscore roles for interactions between specific 5-HT receptors and dopamine (DA) systems in basal and cocaine-stimulated locomotion and support evaluation of 5-HT1B antagonists as potential, non-stimulant ADHD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Scott Hall
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ichiro Sora
- Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - René Hen
- Departments of Pharmacology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America; Division of Integrative Neuroscience, The New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - George R. Uhl
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse – Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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van Enkhuizen J, Henry BL, Minassian A, Perry W, Milienne-Petiot M, Higa KK, Geyer MA, Young JW. Reduced dopamine transporter functioning induces high-reward risk-preference consistent with bipolar disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:3112-22. [PMID: 25005251 PMCID: PMC4229584 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) exhibit deleterious decision making, negatively impacting their lives. Such aberrant decision making can be quantified using the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), which requires choosing between advantageous and disadvantageous options based on different reward/punishment schedules. The mechanisms underlying this behavioral deficit are unknown, but may include the reduced dopamine transporter (DAT) functioning reported in BD patients. Using both human and mouse IGTs, we tested whether reduced DAT functioning would recreate patterns of deficient decision making of BD patients. We assessed the IGT performance of 16 BD subjects (7 female) and 17 healthy control (HC) subjects (12 female). We recorded standard IGT performance measures and novel post-reward and post-punishment decision-making strategies. We characterized a novel single-session mouse IGT using C57BL/6J mice (n = 44). The BD and HC IGT performances were compared with the effects of chronic (genetic knockdown (KD; n = 31) and wild-type (n = 28) mice) and acute (C57BL/6J mice (n = 89) treated with the DAT inhibitor GBR12909) reductions of DAT functioning in mice performing this novel IGT. BD patients exhibited impaired decision making compared with HC subjects. Both the good-performing DAT KD and GBR12909-treated mice exhibited poor decision making in the mouse IGT. The deficit of each population was driven by high-reward sensitivity. The single-session mouse IGT measures dynamic risk-based decision making similar to humans. Chronic and acute reductions of DAT functioning in mice impaired decision-making consistent with poor IGT performance of BD patients. Hyperdopaminergia caused by reduced DAT may impact poor decision making in BD patients, which should be confirmed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordy van Enkhuizen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Brook L Henry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Arpi Minassian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - William Perry
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Morgane Milienne-Petiot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kerin K Higa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark A Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jared W Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA,Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive MC 0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA, Tel: +1 619 543 3582, Fax: +1 619 735 9205, E-mail:
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The effects of atomoxetine and methylphenidate on the prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle response in mice. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 54:206-15. [PMID: 24953433 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Atomoxetine (ATM) and methylphenidate (MPD) have been used for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ATM is a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, whereas MPD is a psychostimulant and acts as a norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibitor. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ATM (1, 3 or 10mg/kg) and MPD (5, 10 or 20mg/kg) on pharmacological mouse models of sensorimotor gating measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI) using the acoustic startle response test. MK-801, a non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonist, or apomorphine, a non-competitive dopamine receptor agonist, was used to induce PPI deficits. ATM (3 or 10mg/kg, s.c.) significantly attenuated the MK-801-, but not apomorphine-, induced PPI deficits. In contrast to ATM, MPD did not reverse the PPI deficits induced by either MK-801 or apomorphine. Immunostaining revealed that the number of c-Fos-immunopositive cells was increased in the nucleus accumbens following MK-801 treatment, and this was reversed by the administration of ATM (3mg/kg), but not MPD (10mg/kg). However, neither ATM nor MPD reversed the increased number of c-Fos-immunopositive cells in the nucleus accumbens following apomorphine treatment. These results suggest that the attenuating effect of ATM on the increased c-Fos immunoreactivity in the nucleus accumbens induced by MK-801 may be attributed to the PPI deficit-ameliorating effects of ATM and that ATM would be useful to treat sensorimotor gating-related disorders by improving the patient's attention span or cognitive function.
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Choi CS, Hong M, Kim KC, Kim JW, Yang SM, Seung H, Ko MJ, Choi DH, You JS, Shin CY, Bahn GH. Effects of atomoxetine on hyper-locomotive activity of the prenatally valproate-exposed rat offspring. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:406-13. [PMID: 25414770 PMCID: PMC4201219 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A substantial proportion of patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) display hyperactivity as a comorbid symptom. Exposure to valproic acid (VPA) during pregnancy produces ASD-like core behavioral phenotypes as well as hyperactivity in offspring both in human and experimental animals, which makes it a plausible model to study ASD-related neurobiological processes. In this study, we examined the effects of two of currently available attention defecit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications, methylphenidate (MPH) and atomoxetine (ATX) targeting dopamine and norepinephrine transporters (DAT and NET), respectively, on hyperactive behavior of prenatally VPA-exposed rat offspring. In the prefrontal cortex of VPA exposed rat offspring, both mRNA and protein expression of DAT was increased as compared with control. VPA function as a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that the acetylation of histone bound to DAT gene promoter was increased in VPA-exposed rat offspring suggesting epigenetic mechanism of DAT regulation. Similarly, the expression of NET was increased, possibly via increased histone acetylation in prefrontal cortex of VPA-exposed rat offspring. When we treated the VPA-exposed rat offspring with ATX, a NET selective inhibitor, hyperactivity was reversed to control level. In contrast, MPH that inhibits both DAT and NET, did not produce inhibitory effects against hyperactivity. The results suggest that NET abnormalities may underlie the hyperactive phenotype in VPA animal model of ASD. Profiling the pharmacological responsiveness as well as investigating underlying mechanism in multiple models of ASD and ADHD may provide more insights into the neurobiological correlates regulating the behavioral abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Soon Choi
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience Research, SMART Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Seoul 143-701 ; Department of Advanced Translational Medical Science, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701
| | - Minha Hong
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Dankook University Hospital, Cheonan 330-715 ; Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-702, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Chan Kim
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience Research, SMART Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Seoul 143-701 ; Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742
| | - Ji-Woon Kim
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience Research, SMART Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Seoul 143-701 ; Department of Advanced Translational Medical Science, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701
| | - Sung Min Yang
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience Research, SMART Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Seoul 143-701 ; Department of Advanced Translational Medical Science, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701
| | - Hana Seung
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience Research, SMART Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Seoul 143-701 ; Department of Advanced Translational Medical Science, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701
| | - Mee Jung Ko
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience Research, SMART Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Seoul 143-701 ; Department of Advanced Translational Medical Science, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701
| | - Dong-Hee Choi
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience Research, SMART Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Seoul 143-701
| | - Jueng Soo You
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience Research, SMART Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Seoul 143-701
| | - Chan Young Shin
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neuroscience Research, SMART Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Seoul 143-701 ; Department of Advanced Translational Medical Science, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701
| | - Geon Ho Bahn
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-702, Republic of Korea
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Godar SC, Mosher LJ, Di Giovanni G, Bortolato M. Animal models of tic disorders: a translational perspective. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 238:54-69. [PMID: 25244952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tics are repetitive, sudden movements and/or vocalizations, typically enacted as maladaptive responses to intrusive premonitory urges. The most severe tic disorder, Tourette syndrome (TS), is a childhood-onset condition featuring multiple motor and at least one phonic tic for a duration longer than 1 year. The pharmacological treatment of TS is mainly based on antipsychotic agents; while these drugs are often effective in reducing tic severity and frequency, their therapeutic compliance is limited by serious motor and cognitive side effects. The identification of novel therapeutic targets and development of better treatments for tic disorders is conditional on the development of animal models with high translational validity. In addition, these experimental tools can prove extremely useful to test hypotheses on the etiology and neurobiological bases of TS and related conditions. In recent years, the translational value of these animal models has been enhanced, thanks to a significant re-organization of our conceptual framework of neuropsychiatric disorders, with a greater focus on endophenotypes and quantitative indices, rather than qualitative descriptors. Given the complex and multifactorial nature of TS and other tic disorders, the selection of animal models that can appropriately capture specific symptomatic aspects of these conditions can pose significant theoretical and methodological challenges. In this article, we will review the state of the art on the available animal models of tic disorders, based on genetic mutations, environmental interventions as well as pharmacological manipulations. Furthermore, we will outline emerging lines of translational research showing how some of these experimental preparations have led to significant progress in the identification of novel therapeutic targets for tic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean C Godar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy; University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Laura J Mosher
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy; University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida, Malta; School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marco Bortolato
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy; University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Consortium for Translational Research on Aggression and Drug Abuse (ConTRADA), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
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Hall FS, Drgonova J, Jain S, Uhl GR. Implications of genome wide association studies for addiction: are our a priori assumptions all wrong? Pharmacol Ther 2013; 140:267-79. [PMID: 23872493 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Substantial genetic contributions to addiction vulnerability are supported by data from twin studies, linkage studies, candidate gene association studies and, more recently, Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS). Parallel to this work, animal studies have attempted to identify the genes that may contribute to responses to addictive drugs and addiction liability, initially focusing upon genes for the targets of the major drugs of abuse. These studies identified genes/proteins that affect responses to drugs of abuse; however, this does not necessarily mean that variation in these genes contributes to the genetic component of addiction liability. One of the major problems with initial linkage and candidate gene studies was an a priori focus on the genes thought to be involved in addiction based upon the known contributions of those proteins to drug actions, making the identification of novel genes unlikely. The GWAS approach is systematic and agnostic to such a priori assumptions. From the numerous GWAS now completed several conclusions may be drawn: (1) addiction is highly polygenic; each allelic variant contributing in a small, additive fashion to addiction vulnerability; (2) unexpected, compared to our a priori assumptions, classes of genes are most important in explaining addiction vulnerability; (3) although substantial genetic heterogeneity exists, there is substantial convergence of GWAS signals on particular genes. This review traces the history of this research; from initial transgenic mouse models based upon candidate gene and linkage studies, through the progression of GWAS for addiction and nicotine cessation, to the current human and transgenic mouse studies post-GWAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Scott Hall
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
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Fox MA, Panessiti MG, Hall FS, Uhl GR, Murphy DL. An evaluation of the serotonin system and perseverative, compulsive, stereotypical, and hyperactive behaviors in dopamine transporter (DAT) knockout mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 227:685-95. [PMID: 23417514 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-2988-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mice lacking the dopamine transporter (DAT) display major behavioral alterations that include hyperactivity, perseverative locomotor patterns, and reduced prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to investigate perseverative, compulsive, stereotypical, and hyperactive behaviors, as well as serotonin and its involvement with these behaviors, in DAT gene-altered mice. RESULTS In the open field, mean turn angle and meandering were decreased in DAT knockout (DAT-KO) mice. DAT-KO mice displayed increased hyperactivity, increased velocity, less time immobile, and a failure to habituate over time in the open field unlike their DAT wildtype (DAT-WT) and heterozygous (DAT-HET) littermates. DAT-KO mice buried fewer marbles than DAT-WT and -HET mice in an assessment of compulsive-like behaviors, likely due to extreme hyperactivity and related inattention. Stereotypical head weaving was increased in untreated DAT-KO mice. Following administration of the 5-HT1A/7 agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), stereotypical head weaving and forepaw treading were increased more in DAT-KO mice than in DAT-WT or -HET mice. By contrast, head twitches induced by treatment with the 5-HT2A/2C agonist (±)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl-2-aminopropane (DOI) were similar in mice of all three DAT genotypes. 5-HT1A autoreceptor function was intact in DAT-KO mice. Compared to DAT-WT mice, serotonin levels were increased in DAT-HET and -KO mice in frontal cortex and hippocampus, respectively, and serotonin turnover rates were increased ∼30 % in the striatum of DAT-KO mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings extend and confirm prior behavioral and biochemical characterization of DAT-KO mice. Hyperactivity, stereotypy, and perseverative behaviors are increased in these mice, with brain-area specific increases in serotonin levels and serotonin turnover, and marked increases in postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptor-mediated stereotypic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Fox
- Laboratory of Clinical Science, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10-3D41, MSC 1264, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Yamashita M, Sakakibara Y, Hall FS, Numachi Y, Yoshida S, Kobayashi H, Uchiumi O, Uhl GR, Kasahara Y, Sora I. Impaired cliff avoidance reaction in dopamine transporter knockout mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 227:741-9. [PMID: 23397052 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Impulsivity is a key feature of disorders that include attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The cliff avoidance reaction (CAR) assesses maladaptive impulsive rodent behavior. Dopamine transporter knockout (DAT-KO) mice display features of ADHD and are candidates in which to test other impulsive phenotypes. OBJECTIVES Impulsivity of DAT-KO mice was assessed in the CAR paradigm. For comparison, attentional deficits were also assessed in prepulse inhibition (PPI) in which DAT-KO mice have been shown to exhibit impaired sensorimotor gating. RESULTS DAT-KO mice exhibited a profound CAR impairment compared to wild-type (WT) mice. As expected, DAT-KO mice showed PPI deficits compared to WT mice. Furthermore, the DAT-KO mice with the most impaired CAR exhibited the most severe PPI deficits. Treatment with methylphenidate or nisoxetine ameliorated CAR impairments in DAT-KO mice. CONCLUSION These results suggest that DAT-KO mice exhibit impulsive CAR behavior that correlates with their PPI deficits. Blockade of monoamine transporters, especially the norepinephrine transporter (NET) in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), may contribute to pharmacological improvement of impulsivity in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motoyasu Yamashita
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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Gallagher JJ, Zhang X, Hall FS, Uhl GR, Bearer EL, Jacobs RE. Altered reward circuitry in the norepinephrine transporter knockout mouse. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57597. [PMID: 23469209 PMCID: PMC3587643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic levels of the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine are modulated by their respective plasma membrane transporters, albeit with a few exceptions. Monoamine transporters remove monoamines from the synaptic cleft and thus influence the degree and duration of signaling. Abnormal concentrations of these neuronal transmitters are implicated in a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including addiction, depression, and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. This work concentrates on the norepinephrine transporter (NET), using a battery of in vivo magnetic resonance imaging techniques and histological correlates to probe the effects of genetic deletion of the norepinephrine transporter on brain metabolism, anatomy and functional connectivity. MRS recorded in the striatum of NET knockout mice indicated a lower concentration of NAA that correlates with histological observations of subtle dysmorphisms in the striatum and internal capsule. As with DAT and SERT knockout mice, we detected minimal structural alterations in NET knockout mice by tensor-based morphometric analysis. In contrast, longitudinal imaging after stereotaxic prefrontal cortical injection of manganese, an established neuronal circuitry tracer, revealed that the reward circuit in the NET knockout mouse is biased toward anterior portions of the brain. This is similar to previous results observed for the dopamine transporter (DAT) knockout mouse, but dissimilar from work with serotonin transporter (SERT) knockout mice where Mn2+ tracings extended to more posterior structures than in wildtype animals. These observations correlate with behavioral studies indicating that SERT knockout mice display anxiety-like phenotypes, while NET knockouts and to a lesser extent DAT knockout mice display antidepressant-like phenotypic features. Thus, the mainly anterior activity detected with manganese-enhanced MRI in the DAT and NET knockout mice is likely indicative of more robust connectivity in the frontal portion of the reward circuit of the DAT and NET knockout mice compared to the SERT knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J. Gallagher
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - F. Scott Hall
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George R. Uhl
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elaine L. Bearer
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Russell E. Jacobs
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Arime Y, Kasahara Y, Hall FS, Uhl GR, Sora I. Cortico-subcortical neuromodulation involved in the amelioration of prepulse inhibition deficits in dopamine transporter knockout mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2012; 37:2522-30. [PMID: 22781838 PMCID: PMC3442347 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits are among the most reproducible phenotypic markers found in schizophrenic patients. We recently reported that nisoxetine, a selective norepinephrine transporter (NET) inhibitor, reversed the PPI deficits that have been identified in dopamine transporter (DAT) knockout (KO) mice. However, the mechanisms underlying nisoxetine-induced PPI recovery in DAT KO mice were unclear in previous experiments. To clarify these mechanisms, PPI was tested after microinjections of nisoxetine into the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFc) or nucleus accumbens (NAc) in wildtype (WT) and DAT KO mice. c-Fos immunohistochemistry provided an indicator of neural activation. Multiple-fluorescent-labeling procedures and the retrograde tracer fluorogold were employed to identify nisoxetine-activated neurons and circuits. Systemic nisoxetine activated the mPFc, the NAc shell, the basolateral amygdala, and the subiculum. Infusions of nisoxetine into the mPFc reversed PPI deficits in DAT KO mice, but produced no changes in WT mice, while infusion of nisoxetine into the NAc had no effect on PPI in both WT and DAT KO mice. Experiments using multiple-fluorescent labeling/fluorogold revealed that nisoxetine activates presumed glutamatergic pyramidal cells that project from the mPFc to the NAc. Activated glutamatergic projections from the mPFc to the NAc appear to have substantial roles in the ability of a NET inhibitor to normalize PPI deficits in DAT KO. Thus, this data suggest that selective NET inhibitors such as nisoxetine might improve information processing deficits in schizophrenia via regulation of cortico-subcortical neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosefu Arime
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan,Department of Biological Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Dokkyo Medical University School of Medicine, Mibu, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kasahara
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - F Scott Hall
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Division of Intramural Research, NIH/DHSS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George R Uhl
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Division of Intramural Research, NIH/DHSS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ichiro Sora
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan,Department of Biological Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai, 980-8574, Japan, Tel: +81 22 717 8593, Fax: +81 22 717 7809, E-mail:
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Uchiumi O, Kasahara Y, Fukui A, Hall FS, Uhl GR, Sora I. Serotonergic involvement in the amelioration of behavioral abnormalities in dopamine transporter knockout mice by nicotine. Neuropharmacology 2012; 64:348-56. [PMID: 22809709 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine transporter knockout (DAT KO) mice exhibit elevated extracellular dopamine levels in brain regions that include the striatum and the nucleus accumbens, but not the prefrontal cortex. DAT KO mice model some aspects of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Smoking is more common in patients with schizophrenia, suggesting that nicotine might ameliorate aspects of the behavioral abnormalities and/or treatment side effects seen in these individuals. We report nicotine-induced normalization of effects on locomotion and prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle (PPI) in DAT KO mice that require intact serotonin 5-HT1A systems. First, we observed that the marked hyperactivity displayed by DAT KO mice was reduced by administration of nicotine. This nicotine effect was blocked by pretreatment with the non-specific nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptor antagonist mecamylamine, or the 5-HT1A antagonist WAY100635. Secondly, we examined the effects of nicotine on PPI in DAT KO mice. Treatment with nicotine significantly ameliorated the PPI deficits observed in DAT KO mice. The ameliorating action of nicotine on PPI deficits in DAT KO mice was blocked by mecamylamine, the α₇ nACh receptor antagonist methyllycaconitine or WAY100635, while the α₄β₂ nACh receptor antagonist dihydro-β-erythroidinehydrobromide (DHβE) produced only a non-significant trend toward attenuation of nicotine effects. Finally, we observed that administration of the 5-HT1A receptor agonist 8-OH-DPAT also ameliorated the deficit in PPI observed in DAT KO mice. This amelioration was antagonized by pretreatment with WAY100635. These data support the idea that nicotine might ameliorate some of the cognitive dysfunctions found in schizophrenia in a 5-HT1A-dependent fashion. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Cognitive Enhancers'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Uchiumi
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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Dichter GS, Damiano CA, Allen JA. Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings. J Neurodev Disord 2012; 4:19. [PMID: 22958744 PMCID: PMC3464940 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-4-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes evidence of dysregulated reward circuitry function in a range of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders and genetic syndromes. First, the contribution of identifying a core mechanistic process across disparate disorders to disease classification is discussed, followed by a review of the neurobiology of reward circuitry. We next consider preclinical animal models and clinical evidence of reward-pathway dysfunction in a range of disorders, including psychiatric disorders (i.e., substance-use disorders, affective disorders, eating disorders, and obsessive compulsive disorders), neurodevelopmental disorders (i.e., schizophrenia, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, Tourette's syndrome, conduct disorder/oppositional defiant disorder), and genetic syndromes (i.e., Fragile X syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, Williams syndrome, Angelman syndrome, and Rett syndrome). We also provide brief overviews of effective psychopharmacologic agents that have an effect on the dopamine system in these disorders. This review concludes with methodological considerations for future research designed to more clearly probe reward-circuitry dysfunction, with the ultimate goal of improved intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel S Dichter
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, CB# 7255, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 275997255, USA
| | - Cara A Damiano
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John A Allen
- Neuroscience Research Unit Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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Meck WH, Cheng RK, MacDonald CJ, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG, Çevik MÖ. Gene-dose dependent effects of methamphetamine on interval timing in dopamine-transporter knockout mice. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:1221-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Leppä E, Linden AM, Vekovischeva OY, Swinny JD, Rantanen V, Toppila E, Höger H, Sieghart W, Wulff P, Wisden W, Korpi ER. Removal of GABA(A) receptor γ2 subunits from parvalbumin neurons causes wide-ranging behavioral alterations. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24159. [PMID: 21912668 PMCID: PMC3166293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the behavioral significance of fast synaptic inhibition by αβγ2-type GABAA receptors on parvalbumin (Pv) cells. The GABAA receptor γ2 subunit gene was selectively inactivated in Pv-positive neurons by Cre/loxP recombination. The resulting Pv-Δγ2 mice were relatively healthy in the first postnatal weeks; but then as Cre started to be expressed, the mice progressively developed wide-ranging phenotypic alterations including low body weight, motor deficits and tremor, decreased anxiety levels, decreased pain sensitivity and deficient prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex and impaired spatial learning. Nevertheless, the deletion was not lethal, and mice did not show increased mortality even after one year. Autoradiography with t-butylbicyclophosphoro[35S]thionate suggested an increased amount of GABAA receptors with only α and β subunits in central nervous system regions that contained high levels of parvalbumin neurons. Using BAC-transgenesis, we reduced some of the Pv-Δγ2 phenotype by selectively re-expressing the wild-type γ2 subunit back into some Pv cells (reticular thalamic neurons and cerebellar Pv-positive neurons). This produced less severe impairments of motor skills and spatial learning compared with Pv-Δγ2 mice, but all other deficits remained. Our results reveal the widespread significance of fast GABAergic inhibition onto Pv-positive neurons for diverse behavioral modalities, such as motor coordination, sensorimotor integration, emotional behavior and nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Leppä
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
The possible role of the CB(2) receptor (CB(2)r) in psychiatric disorders has been considered. Several animal models use knockout (KO) mice that display schizophrenia-like behaviors and this study evaluated the role of CB(2)r in the regulation of such behaviors. Mice lacking the CB(2)r (CB(2)KO) were challenged in open field, light-dark box, elevated plus-maze, tail suspension, step down inhibitory avoidance, and pre-pulse inhibition tests (PPI). Furthermore, the effects of treatment with cocaine and risperidone were evaluated using the OF and the PPI test. Gene expression of dopamine D(2) (D(2)r), adrenergic-α(2C) (α(2C)r), serotonergic 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2C) receptors (5-HT(2A)r and 5-HT(2C)r) were studied by RT-PCR in brain regions related to schizophrenia. Deletion of CB(2)r decreased motor activity in the OF test, but enhanced response to acute cocaine and produced mood-related alterations, PPI deficit, and cognitive impairment. Chronic treatment with risperidone tended to impair PPI in WT mice, whereas it 'normalized' the PPI deficit in CB(2)KO mice. CB(2)KO mice presented increased D(2)r and α(2C)r gene expressions in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and locus coeruleus (LC), decreased 5-HT(2C)r gene expression in the dorsal raphe (DR), and 5-HT(2A)r gene expression in the PFC. Chronic risperidone treatment in WT mice left α(2C)r gene expression unchanged, decreased D(2)r gene expression (15 μg/kg), and decreased 5-HT(2C)r and 5-HT(2A)r in PFC and DR. In CB(2)KO, the gene expression of D(2)r in the PFC, of α(2C)r in the LC, and of 5-HT(2C)r and 5-HT(2A)r in PFC was reduced; 5-HT(2C)r and 5-HT(2A)r gene expressions in DR were increased after treatment with risperidone. These results suggest that deletion of CB(2)r has a relation with schizophrenia-like behaviors. Pharmacological manipulation of CB(2)r may merit further study as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of schizophrenia-related disorders.
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Issy AC, Lazzarini M, Szawka RE, Carolino ROG, Anselmo-Franci JA, Del Bel EA. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors improve prepulse inhibition responses of Wistar rats. Behav Brain Res 2010; 217:416-23. [PMID: 21074571 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cognitive and attentional deficits in schizophrenia include impairment of the sensorimotor filter as measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI). In this way, the study of animals that naturally present low PPI responses could be a useful approach for screening new antipsychotic drugs. Several pieces of evidence suggest that dopamine and nitric oxide (NO) can modulate PPI but their role in those animals is unknown. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the role of dopamine and NO in Wistar rats with naturally low PPI response. METHODS Male Wistar rats with low PPI responses received an i.p. injection of the antipsychotics haloperidol (0.1, 0.3 or 1mg/kg) or clozapine (0.5, 1.5 or 5mg/kg), the anxiolytic diazepam (1 or 3mg/kg) or the NO synthase (NOS) inhibitors, N(G)- nitro-l-arginine (l-NOARG; 40mg/kg, acutely or sub-chronically) or 7-Nitroindazole (7-NI; 3, 10 or 30mg/kg). All animals were submitted to the PPI test 1h after injection. Striatal and cortical dopamine, DOPAC, and noradrenaline levels of rats with low PPI responses were compared to rats with normal PPI responses. RESULTS We found increased levels of catecholamines on the striatum and prefrontal cortex of Wistar rats with low PPI. In these animals, both antipsychotics, typical and atypical, and NOS inhibitors significantly increased PPI. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings suggest that the low PPI phenotype may be driven by an overactive catecholamine system. Additionally, our results corroborate the hypothesis of dopamine and NO interaction on PPI modulation and suggest that Wistar rats with low PPI may represent an interesting non-pharmacological model to evaluate new potential antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Issy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Zhang X, Bearer EL, Boulat B, Hall FS, Uhl GR, Jacobs RE. Altered neurocircuitry in the dopamine transporter knockout mouse brain. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11506. [PMID: 20634895 PMCID: PMC2901340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane transporters for the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine modulate the dynamics of these monoamine neurotransmitters. Thus, activity of these transporters has significant consequences for monoamine activity throughout the brain and for a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Gene knockout (KO) mice that reduce or eliminate expression of each of these monoamine transporters have provided a wealth of new information about the function of these proteins at molecular, physiological and behavioral levels. In the present work we use the unique properties of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to probe the effects of altered dopaminergic dynamics on meso-scale neuronal circuitry and overall brain morphology, since changes at these levels of organization might help to account for some of the extensive pharmacological and behavioral differences observed in dopamine transporter (DAT) KO mice. Despite the smaller size of these animals, voxel-wise statistical comparison of high resolution structural MR images indicated little morphological change as a consequence of DAT KO. Likewise, proton magnetic resonance spectra recorded in the striatum indicated no significant changes in detectable metabolite concentrations between DAT KO and wild-type (WT) mice. In contrast, alterations in the circuitry from the prefrontal cortex to the mesocortical limbic system, an important brain component intimately tied to function of mesolimbic/mesocortical dopamine reward pathways, were revealed by manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI). Analysis of co-registered MEMRI images taken over the 26 hours after introduction of Mn2+ into the prefrontal cortex indicated that DAT KO mice have a truncated Mn2+ distribution within this circuitry with little accumulation beyond the thalamus or contralateral to the injection site. By contrast, WT littermates exhibit Mn2+ transport into more posterior midbrain nuclei and contralateral mesolimbic structures at 26 hr post-injection. Thus, DAT KO mice appear, at this level of anatomic resolution, to have preserved cortico-striatal-thalamic connectivity but diminished robustness of reward-modulating circuitry distal to the thalamus. This is in contradistinction to the state of this circuitry in serotonin transporter KO mice where we observed more robust connectivity in more posterior brain regions using methods identical to those employed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Elaine L. Bearer
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Benoit Boulat
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - F. Scott Hall
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George R. Uhl
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Russell E. Jacobs
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Siuta MA, Robertson SD, Kocalis H, Saunders C, Gresch PJ, Khatri V, Shiota C, Kennedy JP, Lindsley CW, Daws LC, Polley DB, Veenstra-Vanderweele J, Stanwood GD, Magnuson MA, Niswender KD, Galli A. Dysregulation of the norepinephrine transporter sustains cortical hypodopaminergia and schizophrenia-like behaviors in neuronal rictor null mice. PLoS Biol 2010; 8:e1000393. [PMID: 20543991 PMCID: PMC2882427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 2 (mTORC2) is a multimeric signaling unit that phosphorylates protein kinase B/Akt following hormonal and growth factor stimulation. Defective Akt phosphorylation at the mTORC2-catalyzed Ser473 site has been linked to schizophrenia. While human imaging and animal studies implicate a fundamental role for Akt signaling in prefrontal dopaminergic networks, the molecular mechanisms linking Akt phosphorylation to specific schizophrenia-related neurotransmission abnormalities have not yet been described. Importantly, current understanding of schizophrenia suggests that cortical decreases in DA neurotransmission and content, defined here as cortical hypodopaminergia, contribute to both the cognitive deficits and the negative symptoms characteristic of this disorder. We sought to identify a mechanism linking aberrant Akt signaling to these hallmarks of schizophrenia. We used conditional gene targeting in mice to eliminate the mTORC2 regulatory protein rictor in neurons, leading to impairments in neuronal Akt Ser473 phosphorylation. Rictor-null (KO) mice exhibit prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits, a schizophrenia-associated behavior. In addition, they show reduced prefrontal dopamine (DA) content, elevated cortical norepinephrine (NE), unaltered cortical serotonin (5-HT), and enhanced expression of the NE transporter (NET). In the cortex, NET takes up both extracellular NE and DA. Thus, we propose that amplified NET function in rictor KO mice enhances accumulation of both NE and DA within the noradrenergic neuron. This phenomenon leads to conversion of DA to NE and ultimately supports both increased NE tissue content as well as a decrease in DA. In support of this hypothesis, NET blockade in rictor KO mice reversed cortical deficits in DA content and PPI, suggesting that dysregulation of DA homeostasis is driven by alteration in NET expression, which we show is ultimately influenced by Akt phosphorylation status. These data illuminate a molecular link, Akt regulation of NET, between the recognized association of Akt signaling deficits in schizophrenia with a specific mechanism for cortical hypodopaminergia and hypofunction. Additionally, our findings identify Akt as a novel modulator of monoamine homeostasis in the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Siuta
- Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Sabrina D. Robertson
- Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Heidi Kocalis
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Christine Saunders
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Gresch
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Vivek Khatri
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Chiyo Shiota
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - J. Philip Kennedy
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Craig W. Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Lynette C. Daws
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Daniel B. Polley
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Veenstra-Vanderweele
- Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gregg D. Stanwood
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Magnuson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kevin D. Niswender
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Aurelio Galli
- Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Tejeda HA, Chefer VI, Zapata A, Shippenberg TS. The effects of kappa-opioid receptor ligands on prepulse inhibition and CRF-induced prepulse inhibition deficits in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 210:231-40. [PMID: 20232058 PMCID: PMC2946822 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1799-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) agonists produce dysphoria and psychotomimesis in humans. KORs are enriched in the prefrontal cortex and other brain regions that regulate mood and cognitive function. Dysregulation of the dynorphin/KOR system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, depression, and bipolar disorder. Prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex (PPI), a sensorimotor gating process, is disrupted in many psychiatric disorders. OBJECTIVES The present study determined whether KOR ligands alter PPI in rats. RESULTS Utilizing a range of doses of the synthetic KOR agonists (+/-) U50,488, (-) U50,488, and U69,593 and the naturally occurring KOR agonist, Salvinorin A, we demonstrate that KOR activation does not alter PPI or startle reactivity in rats. Similarly, selective KOR blockade using the long-acting antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) was without effect. In contrast to KOR ligands, MK-801 and quinpirole produced deficits in PPI. Stress and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) decrease PPI levels. The dynorphin/KOR system has been suggested to be a key mediator of various behavioral effects produced by stress and CRF. We therefore examined the contribution of KORs to CRF-induced alterations in PPI. Intracerebroventricular infusion of CRF decreased PPI. Administration of nor-BNI failed to affect the CRF-evoked disruption in PPI. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results provide no evidence of a link between the dynorphin/KOR system and deficits in sensory gating processes. Additional studies, however, examining whether dysregulation of this opioid system contributes to cognitive deficits and other behavioral abnormalities associated with psychiatric disorders are warranted.
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MESH Headings
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/pharmacology
- Animals
- Benzeneacetamides/pharmacology
- Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone/pharmacology
- Diterpenes, Clerodane/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Ligands
- Male
- Naltrexone/analogs & derivatives
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Neural Inhibition
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/antagonists & inhibitors
- Reflex, Startle/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A. Tejeda
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, Integrative Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, NIDA/IRP 333 Cassell Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 20 Penn St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Vladimir I. Chefer
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, Integrative Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, NIDA/IRP 333 Cassell Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Agustin Zapata
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, Integrative Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, NIDA/IRP 333 Cassell Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Toni S. Shippenberg
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, Integrative Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, NIDA/IRP 333 Cassell Dr., Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Bellesi M, Conti F. The mGluR2/3 agonist LY379268 blocks the effects of GLT-1 upregulation on prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in adult rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:1253-60. [PMID: 20072121 PMCID: PMC3055342 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The main glutamate transporter GLT-1 is responsible for clearing synaptically released glutamate from the extracellular space and contributes to the shaping of glutamatergic transmission. Recently, it has been shown that ceftriaxone (CEF)-induced GLT-1 upregulation is associated with an impairment of the prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex, a simple form of information processing that is reduced in schizophrenia, and determines a strong reduction in hippocampal metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)2/3-dependent long-term depression. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that administration of the mGluR2/3 agonist LY379268 blocks the effect of GLT-1 upregulation on PPI of the startle. We showed that administration of LY379268 (1 mg/kg) prevented PPI alterations associated with GLT-1 upregulation, suggesting that CEF-induced PPI impairment was mGluR2/3 dependent. In addition, we showed that CEF-induced GLT-1 upregulaton did not alter the expression of mGluR2/3, and also that it occurred at sites of mGluR2/3 expression. These results indicate a novel mechanism by which GLT-1 upregulation modulates PPI of the startle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bellesi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Conti
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
- Fondazione di Medicina Molecolare, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Sora I, Li B, Igari M, Hall FS, Ikeda K. Transgenic mice in the study of drug addiction and the effects of psychostimulant drugs. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1187:218-46. [PMID: 20201856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The first transgenic models used to study addiction were based upon a priori assumptions about the importance of particular genes in addiction, including the main target molecules of morphine, amphetamine, and cocaine. This consequently emphasized the importance of monoamine transporters, opioid receptors, and monoamine receptors in addiction. Although the effects of opiates were largely eliminated by mu opioid receptor gene knockout, the case for psychostimulants was much more complex. Research using transgenic models supported the idea of a polygenic basis for psychostimulant effects and has associated particular genes with different behavioral consequences of psychostimulants. Phenotypic analysis of transgenic mice, especially gene knockout mice, has been instrumental in identifying the role of specific molecular targets of addictive drugs in their actions. In this article, we summarize studies that have provided insight into the polygenic determination of drug addiction phenotypes in ways that are not possible with other methods, emphasizing research into the effects of psychostimulant drugs in gene knockouts of the monoamine transporters and monoamine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Sora
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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45
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Li B, Arime Y, Hall FS, Uhl GR, Sora I. Impaired spatial working memory and decreased frontal cortex BDNF protein level in dopamine transporter knockout mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 628:104-7. [PMID: 19932884 PMCID: PMC3724416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), one of the key brain neurotrophins, has been implicated in neuronal plasticity and memory. Recent studies document the importance of BDNF for normal long-term memory functions. However, there are few studies of the roles of BDNF in short-term memory. Dopamine is likely to play important roles in BDNF gene expression in specific brain regions, including frontal cortical regions that are implicated in short-term working memory processes that include spontaneous alternation. We have thus tested spatial working memory in dopamine transporter knockout (DAT KO) and wild-type mice. Spontaneous alternation in the Y-maze, an index of short-term spatial working memory in mice, was significantly decreased in DAT KO mice compared to wild-type mice. BDNF protein was significantly decreased in frontal cortex, though not in striatum or hippocampus, of the DAT KO mice. The data support the hypothesis that impaired spatial working memory in DAT KO mice may be related to decreased frontal cortical BDNF in these animals, and document apparent roles for BDNF in a short-term memory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- BingJin Li
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
- Morden Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine of Shanxi University, TaiYuan, China
| | - Yosefu Arime
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - F. Scott Hall
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George R. Uhl
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH/DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ichiro Sora
- Department of Biological Psychiatry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Frye CA, Sora I. Progesterone reduces hyperactivity of female and male dopamine transporter knockout mice. Behav Brain Res 2010; 209:59-65. [PMID: 20093142 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There are gender differences in prevalence, course, and/or prognosis of schizophrenia. Yet, neurobiological factors that may account for the more favorable outcomes of women with schizophrenia are not well understood. Evidence that the steroid hormone, progesterone (P(4)), may influence mood and/or arousal among some people with schizophrenia led us to examine the effects of P(4) on dopamine transporter knockout (DATKO) mice, an animal model of schizophrenia. Our hypothesis was that P(4) would have greater effects than vehicle to improve the behavioral phenotype of DATKO, more so than wildtype, mice. Young adult, male and female DATKO mice and their wildtype counterparts were subcutaneously administered P(4) (10mg/kg) or vehicle 1h prior to testing in pre-pulse inhibition (PPI), activity monitor, or open field. DATKO mice had impaired PPI compared to their wildtype counterparts, but there was no effect of P(4). In the activity monitor, DATKO mice showed significantly greater distance traveled during the 60min test compared to wildtype controls. In the open field, DATKO mice made a significantly greater number of total, but fewer central, entries than did wildtype mice. Administration of P(4) decreased the hyperactivity of DATKO mice in the activity monitor and open field, but did not alter motor behavior of wildtype mice. P(4) increased the number of central entries made by DATKO and wildtype mice. Thus, P(4) administration to DATKO female or male mice partially attenuated their hyperactive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Frye
- Department of Psychology and Biology, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA.
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Issy A, Salum C, Del Bel E. Nitric oxide modulation of methylphenidate-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition in Swiss mice. Behav Brain Res 2009; 205:475-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Jones JD, Hall FS, Uhl GR, Rice K, Riley AL. Differential involvement of the norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine reuptake transporter proteins in cocaine-induced taste aversion. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2009; 93:75-81. [PMID: 19376154 PMCID: PMC3089432 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the impact of cocaine's aversive effects on its abuse potential, the neurochemical basis of these aversive effects remains poorly understood. By blocking the reuptake of the monoamine neurotransmitters dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) into the presynaptic terminal, cocaine acts as a potent indirect agonist of each of these systems. The following studies attempted to assess the extent of monoaminergic mediation of cocaine's aversive effects using conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning [Garcia, J., Kimeldorf, D.J., Koelling, R.A., Conditioned aversion to saccharin resulting from exposure to gamma radiation. Science 1955;122:157-158.]. Specifically, Experiment 1 assessed the ability of selective monoamine transporter inhibitors, e.g., DAT (vanoxerine), NET (nisoxetine) and SERT (fluoxetine), to induce taste aversions (relative to cocaine). Only the NET inhibitor approximated the aversive strength of cocaine. Experiment 2 compared the effects of pretreatment of each of these transport inhibitors on the development of a cocaine-induced CTA. Pretreatment with nisoxetine and fluoxetine both attenuated cocaine-induced aversions in a manner comparable to that produced by cocaine itself. The DAT inhibitor was without effect. Combined, the results of these investigations indicate little or no involvement of dopaminergic systems in cocaine's aversive effects while NE appears to contribute most substantially, with a possible modulatory involvement by serotonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jermaine D Jones
- Substance Use Research Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute/Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Dr., New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Powell SB, Zhou X, Geyer MA. Prepulse inhibition and genetic mouse models of schizophrenia. Behav Brain Res 2009; 204:282-94. [PMID: 19397931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutant mouse models related to schizophrenia have been based primarily on the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, the known effects of antipsychotic drugs, and candidate genes for schizophrenia. Sensorimotor gating deficits in schizophrenia patients, as indexed by measures of prepulse inhibition of startle (PPI), have been well characterized and suggested to meet the criteria as a useful endophenotype in human genetic studies. PPI refers to the ability of a non-startling "prepulse" to inhibit responding to the subsequent startling stimulus or "pulse." Because of the cross-species nature of PPI, it has been used primarily in pharmacological animal models to screen putative antipsychotic medications. As techniques in molecular genetics have progressed over the past 15 years, PPI has emerged as a phenotype used in assessing genetic mouse models of relevance to schizophrenia. In this review, we provide a selected overview of the use of PPI in mouse models of schizophrenia and discuss the contribution and usefulness of PPI as a phenotype in the context of genetic mouse models. To that end, we discuss mutant mice generated to address hypotheses regarding the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and candidate genes (i.e., hypothesis driven). We also briefly discuss the usefulness of PPI in phenotype-driven approaches in which a PPI phenotype could lead to "bottom up" approaches of identifying novel genes of relevance to PPI (i.e., hypothesis generating).
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan B Powell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. MC0804, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States.
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Bearer EL, Zhang X, Janvelyan D, Boulat B, Jacobs RE. Reward circuitry is perturbed in the absence of the serotonin transporter. Neuroimage 2009; 46:1091-104. [PMID: 19306930 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin transporter (SERT) modulates the entire serotonergic system in the brain and influences both the dopaminergic and norepinephrinergic systems. These three systems are intimately involved in normal physiological functioning of the brain and implicated in numerous pathological conditions. Here we use high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy to elucidate the effects of disruption of the serotonin transporter in an animal model system: the SERT knock-out mouse. Employing manganese-enhanced MRI, we injected Mn(2+) into the prefrontal cortex and obtained 3D MR images at specific time points in cohorts of SERT and normal mice. Statistical analysis of co-registered datasets demonstrated that active circuitry originating in the prefrontal cortex in the SERT knock-out is dramatically altered, with a bias towards more posterior areas (substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and Raphé nuclei) directly involved in the reward circuit. Injection site and tracing were confirmed with traditional track tracers by optical microscopy. In contrast, metabolite levels were essentially normal in the SERT knock-out by in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy and little or no anatomical differences between SERT knock-out and normal mice were detected by MRI. These findings point to modulation of the limbic cortical-ventral striatopallidal by disruption of SERT function. Thus, molecular disruptions of SERT that produce behavioral changes also alter the functional anatomy of the reward circuitry in which all the monoamine systems are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine L Bearer
- Biological Imaging Center, Beckman Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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