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Hawryłkowicz V, Stasiewicz B, Maciejewska D, Sołek-Pastuszka J, Komorniak N, Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Martynova-Van Kley A, Stachowska E. The Link between Inflammation, Lipid Derivatives, and Microbiota Metabolites in COVID-19 Patients: Implications on Eating Behaviors and Nutritional Status. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7899. [PMID: 39063142 PMCID: PMC11276903 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Extreme inflammation that continues even after infections can lead to a cytokine storm. In recent times, one of the most common causes of cytokine storm activation has been SARS-CoV-2 infection. A cytokine storm leads to dysregulation and excessive stimulation of the immune system, producing symptoms typical of post-COVID syndrome, including chronic fatigue, shortness of breath, joint pain, trouble concentrating (known as "brain fog"), and even direct organ damage in the heart, lungs, kidneys, and brain. This work summarizes the current knowledge regarding inflammation and the cytokine storm related to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Additionally, changes in lipid metabolism and microbiota composition under the influence of inflammation in COVID-19, along with the possible underlying mechanisms, are described. Finally, this text explores potential health implications related to changes in eating behaviors and nutritional status in COVID-19 patients. Although research on the cytokine storm is still ongoing, there is convincing evidence suggesting that severe immune and inflammatory responses during the acute phase of COVID-19 may lead to long-term health consequences. Understanding these links is key to developing treatment strategies and supporting patients after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Hawryłkowicz
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (V.H.); (D.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Beata Stasiewicz
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Faculty of Food Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Sloneczna 45f, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dominika Maciejewska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (V.H.); (D.M.); (N.K.)
| | - Joanna Sołek-Pastuszka
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-242 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Natalia Komorniak
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (V.H.); (D.M.); (N.K.)
| | | | | | - Ewa Stachowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland; (V.H.); (D.M.); (N.K.)
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Li J, Yan Y, Fu Y, Chen Z, Yang Y, Li Y, Pan J, Li F, Zha C, Miao K, Ben L, Saleemi MK, Zhu Y, Ye H, Yang L, Wang W. ACE2 mediates tryptophan alleviation on diarrhea by repairing intestine barrier involved mTOR pathway. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:90. [PMID: 38877403 PMCID: PMC11179371 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00603-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The membrane-delimited receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is expressed in the intestine, collaborates with broad neutral amino acid transporter 1 (B0AT1). Tryptophan (Trp) is transported into intestinal epithelial cells by ACE2 and B0AT1. However, whether ACE2 and its binding protein B0AT1 are involved in Trp-mediated alleviation of intestinal injury is largely unknown. Here, we used weaned piglets and IPEC-J2 cells as models and found that ACE2/B0AT1 alleviated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced diarrhea and promoted intestinal barrier recovery via transport of Trp. The levels of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways were altered by ACE2. Dietary Trp supplementation in LPS-treated weaned piglets revealed that Trp alleviated diarrhea by promoting ACE2/B0AT1 expression, and examination of intestinal morphology revealed that the damage to the intestinal barrier was repaired. Our study demonstrated that ACE2 accompanied by B0AT1 mediated the alleviation of diarrhea by Trp through intestinal barrier repair via the mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yingli Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yongjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Zhuhai Tianjiao Technology Co., LTD, Zhuhai, 519000, China
| | - Feiwu Li
- Hunan New Wellful Co., LTD, Changsha, 410005, China
| | - Cuifang Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Kai Miao
- Cancer Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Lukuyu Ben
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | | | - Yongwen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hui Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Wence Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Wang Z, Fan H, Wu J. Food-Derived Up-Regulators and Activators of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:12896-12914. [PMID: 38810024 PMCID: PMC11181331 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a key enzyme in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), also serving as an amino acid transporter and a receptor for certain coronaviruses. Its primary role is to protect the cardiovascular system via the ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MasR cascade. Given the critical roles of ACE2 in regulating numerous physiological functions, molecules that can upregulate or activate ACE2 show vast therapeutic value. There are only a few ACE2 activators that have been reported, a wide range of molecules, including food-derived compounds, have been reported as ACE2 up-regulators. Effective doses of bioactive peptides range from 10 to 50 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day when orally administered for 1 to 7 weeks. Protein hydrolysates require higher doses at 1000 mg/kg BW/day for 20 days. Phytochemicals and vitamins are effective at doses typically ranging from 10 to 200 mg/kg BW/day for 3 days to 6 months, while Traditional Chinese Medicine requires doses of 1.25 to 12.96 g/kg BW/day for 4 to 8 weeks. ACE2 activation is linked to its hinge-bending region, while upregulation involves various signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetic modulators. Future studies are expected to explore novel roles of ACE2 activators or up-regulators in disease treatments and translate the discovery to bedside applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Wang
- Department
of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 4-10 Ag/For Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
- Cardiovascular
Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R7, Canada
| | - Hongbing Fan
- Department
of Animal and Food Sciences, University
of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department
of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, 4-10 Ag/For Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
- Cardiovascular
Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R7, Canada
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4
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Liu J, Liu K, Wang Y, Shi Z, Xu R, Zhang Y, Li J, Liu C, Xue B. Death receptor 5 is required for intestinal stem cell activity during intestinal epithelial renewal at homoeostasis. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:27. [PMID: 38199990 PMCID: PMC10782029 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06409-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial renewal, which depends on the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs), is essential for epithelial homoeostasis. Understanding the mechanism controlling ISC activity is important. We found that death receptor 5 (DR5) gene deletion (DR5-/-) mice had impaired epithelial absorption and barrier function, resulting in delayed weight gain, which might be related to the general reduction of differentiated epithelial cells. In DR5-/- mice, the expression of ISC marker genes, the number of Olfm4+ ISCs, and the number of Ki67+ and BrdU+ cells in crypt were reduced. Furthermore, DR5 deletion inhibited the expression of lineage differentiation genes driving ISC differentiation into enterocytes, goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, and Paneth cells. Therefore, DR5 gene loss may inhibit the intestinal epithelial renewal by dampening ISC activity. The ability of crypts from DR5-/- mice to form organoids decreased, and selective DR5 activation by Bioymifi promoted organoid growth and the expression of ISC and intestinal epithelial cell marker genes. Silencing of endogenous DR5 ligand TRAIL in organoids down-regulated the expression of ISC and intestinal epithelial cell marker genes. So, DR5 expressed in intestinal crypts was involved in the regulation of ISC activity. DR5 deletion in vivo or activation in organoids inhibited or enhanced the activity of Wnt, Notch, and BMP signalling through regulating the production of Paneth cell-derived ISC niche factors. DR5 gene deletion caused apoptosis and DNA damage in transit amplifying cells by inhibiting ERK1/2 activity in intestinal crypts. Inhibition of ERK1/2 with PD0325901 dampened the ISC activity and epithelial regeneration. In organoids, when Bioymifi's effect in activating ERK1/2 activity was completely blocked by PD0325901, its role in stimulating ISC activity and promoting epithelial regeneration was also eliminated. In summary, DR5 in intestinal crypts is essential for ISC activity during epithelial renewal under homoeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of basic medical science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kaixuan Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of basic medical science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of basic medical science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ziru Shi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of basic medical science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Runze Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of basic medical science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yundi Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of basic medical science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jingxin Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of basic medical science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chuanyong Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of basic medical science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Bing Xue
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of basic medical science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
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Esseili MA. In vitro digestion of SARS-CoV-2 contaminated berries reveals high inactivation of infectious virus during gastrointestinal passage. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0133923. [PMID: 37982639 PMCID: PMC10734541 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01339-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE During the pandemic, news outlets occasionally reported on the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA on various foods, raising concerns over contaminated foods initiating infections. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients often experience gastrointestinal symptoms and shed SARS-CoV-2 RNA in their feces. In addition, active virus replication in the gastrointestinal tract was shown; however, infectious viruses were rarely detected in feces. We previously showed that SARS-CoV-2 remained infectious on frozen berries for at least a month. Here, in vitro digestion models showed that SARS-CoV-2 on berries exhibits minimal inactivation at the oral phase and the virus may escape gastric inactivation early during feeding. However, high intestinal inactivation of the virus on berries suggested that SARS-CoV-2 was less likely to initiate infection in the small intestine. In contrast, the oral cavity is a potential site where infection might be initiated, providing more input for the gastrointestinal tract. High intestinal inactivation might explain the difficulty of detecting infectious SARS-CoV-2 in feces but not of virus RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak A. Esseili
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Center for Food Safety, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, USA
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6
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Fauquet J, Carette J, Duez P, Zhang J, Nachtergael A. Microfluidic Diffusion Sizing Applied to the Study of Natural Products and Extracts That Modulate the SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD/ACE2 Interaction. Molecules 2023; 28:8072. [PMID: 38138562 PMCID: PMC10745392 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD and ACE2 proteins is a crucial step for host cell infection by the virus. Without it, the entire virion entrance mechanism is compromised. The aim of this study was to evaluate the capacity of various natural product classes, including flavonoids, anthraquinones, saponins, ivermectin, chloroquine, and erythromycin, to modulate this interaction. To accomplish this, we applied a recently developed a microfluidic diffusional sizing (MDS) technique that allows us to probe protein-protein interactions via measurements of the hydrodynamic radius (Rh) and dissociation constant (KD); the evolution of Rh is monitored in the presence of increasing concentrations of the partner protein (ACE2); and the KD is determined through a binding curve experimental design. In a second time, with the protein partners present in equimolar amounts, the Rh of the protein complex was measured in the presence of different natural products. Five of the nine natural products/extracts tested were found to modulate the formation of the protein complex. A methanol extract of Chenopodium quinoa Willd bitter seed husks (50 µg/mL; bisdesmoside saponins) and the flavonoid naringenin (1 µM) were particularly effective. This rapid selection of effective modulators will allow us to better understand agents that may prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Fauquet
- Unit of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Mons (UMONS), 7000 Mons, Belgium; (J.F.); (P.D.); (A.N.)
| | - Julie Carette
- Unit of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Mons (UMONS), 7000 Mons, Belgium; (J.F.); (P.D.); (A.N.)
| | - Pierre Duez
- Unit of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Mons (UMONS), 7000 Mons, Belgium; (J.F.); (P.D.); (A.N.)
| | - Jiuliang Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Amandine Nachtergael
- Unit of Therapeutic Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Mons (UMONS), 7000 Mons, Belgium; (J.F.); (P.D.); (A.N.)
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7
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Liu S, Zhao Y, Feng X, Xu H. SARS-CoV-2 infection threatening intestinal health: A review of potential mechanisms and treatment strategies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:12578-12596. [PMID: 35894645 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2103090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has brought great problems to mankind, including economic recession and poor health. COVID-19 patients are frequently reported with gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting in clinical diagnosis. Maintaining intestinal health is the key guarantee to maintain the normal function of multiple organs, otherwise it will be a disaster. Therefore, the purpose of this review was deeply understanded the potential mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection threatening intestinal health and put forward reasonable treatment strategies. Combined with the existing researches, we summarized the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection threatening intestinal health, including intestinal microbiome disruption, intestinal barrier dysfunction, intestinal oxidative stress and intestinal cytokine storm. These adverse intestinal events may affect other organs through the circulatory system or aggravate the course of the disease. Typically, intestinal disadvantage may promote the progression of SARS-CoV-2 through the gut-lung axis and increase the disease degree of COVID-19 patients. In view of the lack of specific drugs to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication, the current review described new strategies of probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics and nutrients to combat SARS-CoV-2 infection and maintain intestinal health. To provide new insights for the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal symptoms and pneumonia in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanji Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Hengyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Smyth JS, Truong JK, Rao A, Lin R, Foulke-Abel J, Adorini L, Donowitz M, Dawson PA, Keely SJ. Farnesoid X receptor enhances epithelial ACE2 expression and inhibits virally induced IL-6 secretion: implications for intestinal symptoms of SARS-CoV-2. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2023; 325:G446-G452. [PMID: 37697930 PMCID: PMC10887846 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00099.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal inflammation and diarrhea are often associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, facilitating entry of the virus into epithelial cells, while also regulating mucosal inflammatory responses. Here, we investigated roles for the nuclear bile acid receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in regulating ACE2 expression and virally mediated inflammatory responses in intestinal epithelia. Human colonic or ileal enteroids and cultured T84 and Caco-2 monolayers were treated with the FXR agonists, obeticholic acid (OCA) or GW4064, or infected with live SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV/USA_WA1/2020). Changes in mRNA, protein, or secreted cytokines were measured by qPCR, Western blotting, and ELISA. Treatment of undifferentiated colonic or ileal enteroids with OCA increased ACE2 mRNA by 2.1 ± 0.4-fold (n = 3; P = 0.08) and 2.3 ± 0.2-fold (n = 3; P < 0.05), respectively. In contrast, ACE2 expression in differentiated enteroids was not significantly altered. FXR activation in cultured epithelial monolayers also upregulated ACE2 mRNA, accompanied by increases in ACE2 expression and secretion. Further experiments revealed FXR activation to inhibit IL-6 release from both Caco-2 cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 and T84 cells treated with the viral mimic, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid, by 46 ± 12% (n = 3, P < 0.05) and 35 ± 6% (n = 8; P < 0.01), respectively. By virtue of its ability to modulate epithelial ACE2 expression and inhibit virus-mediated proinflammatory cytokine release, FXR represents a promising target for the development of new approaches to prevent intestinal manifestations of SARS-CoV-2.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Activation of the nuclear bile acid receptor, farnesoid X receptor (FXR), specifically upregulates ACE2 expression in undifferentiated colonic epithelial cells and inhibits virus-induced proinflammatory cytokine release. By virtue of these actions FXR represents a promising target for the development of new approaches to prevent intestinal manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica S Smyth
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer K Truong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Anuradha Rao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Ruxian Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Jennifer Foulke-Abel
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Luciano Adorini
- Intercept Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Mark Donowitz
- Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
- Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Paul A Dawson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Stephen J Keely
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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9
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Zheng SY, Du X, Dong JZ. Re-evaluating serum angiotensin-converting enzyme in sarcoidosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:950095. [PMID: 37868968 PMCID: PMC10586325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.950095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology, which mainly affects the lungs and lymph nodes, as well as extrapulmonary organs. Its incidence, and prevalence rate, and disease course largely vary with regions and populations globally. The clinical manifestations of sarcoidosis depend on the affected organs and the degree of severity, and the diagnosis is mainly based on serum biomarkers, radiographic, magnetic resonance, or positron emission tomography imaging, and pathological biopsy. Noncaseating granulomas composing T cells, macrophages, epithelioid cells, and giant cells, were observed in a pathological biopsy, which was the characteristic pathological manifestation of sarcoidosis. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) was first found in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Its main function is to convert angiotensin I (Ang I) into Ang II, which plays an important role in regulating blood pressure. Also, an ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism exists in the human genome, which is involved in the occurrence and development of many diseases, including hypertension, heart failure, and sarcoidosis. The serum ACE level, most commonly used as a biomarker in diagnosing sarcoidosis, in patients with sarcoidosis increases. because of epithelioid cells and giant cells of sarcoid granuloma expressing ACE. Thus, it serves as the most commonly used biomarker in the diagnosis of sarcoidosis and also aids in analyzing its therapeutic effect and prognosis in patients with sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-yue Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-zeng Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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10
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Tieu V, Tibi S, Ling J. Regulation of SARS-CoV-2 infection by diet-modulated gut microbiota. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1167827. [PMID: 37457959 PMCID: PMC10339388 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1167827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection has claimed millions of lives since late 2019, yet there are still many unexplored areas in its pathogenesis and clinical outcomes. COVID-19 is a disease that can affects multiple systems, some of which are overlapped with those modulated by gut microbiota, especially the immune system, thus leading to our concentration on analyzing the roles of microbiota in COVID-19 pathogenesis through the gut-lung axis. Dysbiosis of the commensal intestinal microbes and their metabolites (e.g., SCFAs) as well as the expression and activity of ACE2 in the gut could influence the host's immune system in COVID-19 patients. Moreover, it has been known that the elderly and individuals diagnosed with comorbidities (e.g., hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, etc.) are more susceptible to gut flora alterations, SARS-CoV-2 infection, and death. Thus, in this review we will focus on analyzing how the gut microbiota regulates the immune system that leads to different responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since diet is a major factor to modulate the status of gut microbiota, dietary influence on COVID-19 pathogenesis will be also discussed, aiming to shed light on how diet-modulated gut microbiota regulates the susceptibility, severity, and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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11
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Romani A, Sergi D, Zauli E, Voltan R, Lodi G, Vaccarezza M, Caruso L, Previati M, Zauli G. Nutrients, herbal bioactive derivatives and commensal microbiota as tools to lower the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1152254. [PMID: 37324739 PMCID: PMC10267353 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1152254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has infected a vast population across the world, causing more than 664 million cases and 6.7 million deaths by January 2023. Vaccination has been effective in reducing the most critical aftermath of this infection, but some issues are still present regarding re-infection prevention, effectiveness against variants, vaccine hesitancy and worldwide accessibility. Moreover, although several old and new antiviral drugs have been tested, we still lack robust and specific treatment modalities. It appears of utmost importance, facing this continuously growing pandemic, to focus on alternative practices grounded on firm scientific bases. In this article, we aim to outline a rigorous scientific background and propose complementary nutritional tools useful toward containment, and ultimately control, of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In particular, we review the mechanisms of viral entry and discuss the role of polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from α-linolenic acid and other nutrients in preventing the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with its entry gateways. In a similar way, we analyze in detail the role of herbal-derived pharmacological compounds and specific microbial strains or microbial-derived polypeptides in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 entry. In addition, we highlight the role of probiotics, nutrients and herbal-derived compounds in stimulating the immunity response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Romani
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Domenico Sergi
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrico Zauli
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rebecca Voltan
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giada Lodi
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mauro Vaccarezza
- Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lorenzo Caruso
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maurizio Previati
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Pérez de la Lastra JM, Curieses Andrés CM, Andrés Juan C, Plou FJ, Pérez-Lebeña E. Hydroxytyrosol and Arginine as Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Immunostimulant Dietary Supplements for COVID-19 and Long COVID. Foods 2023; 12:foods12101937. [PMID: 37238755 DOI: 10.3390/foods12101937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytochemicals from plant extracts are becoming increasingly popular in the world of food science and technology because they have positive effects on human health. In particular, several bioactive foods and dietary supplements are being investigated as potential treatments for chronic COVID. Hydroxytyrosol (HXT) is a natural antioxidant, found in olive oil, with antioxidant anti-inflammatory properties that has been consumed by humans for centuries without reported adverse effects. Its use was approved by the European Food Safety Authority as a protective agent for the cardiovascular system. Similarly, arginine is a natural amino acid with anti-inflammatory properties that can modulate the activity of immune cells, reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α. The properties of both substances may be particularly beneficial in the context of COVID-19 and long COVID, which are characterised by inflammation and oxidative stress. While l-arginine promotes the formation of •NO, HXT prevents oxidative stress and inflammation in infected cells. This combination could prevent the formation of harmful peroxynitrite, a potent pro-inflammatory substance implicated in pneumonia and COVID-19-associated organ dysfunction, as well as reduce inflammation, improve immune function, protect against free radical damage and prevent blood vessel injury. Further research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits of HXT and arginine in the context of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Pérez de la Lastra
- Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology, CSIC-Spanish Research Council, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez, 3, 38206 San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Spain
| | | | - Celia Andrés Juan
- Cinquima Institute and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Valladolid University, Paseo de Belén, 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Plou
- Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, CSIC-Spanish Research Council, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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13
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Acar A. Pan-Cancer Analysis of the COVID-19 Causal Gene SLC6A20. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:13153-13161. [PMID: 37041751 PMCID: PMC10081573 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies demonstrated that the chromosome 3p31.21 locus was linked to the severity of COVID-19 disease. The SLC6A20 gene was reported to be one of the critical causal genes regulated by this locus. Various studies focused on demonstrating the severity of COVID-19 in cancer patients and reported that elevated SARS-CoV-2-associated gene expression might contribute to increased susceptibility for COVID-19 in cancer patients. Given that pan-cancer association for the COVID-19 causal gene SLC6A20 is lacking, we aimed to perform systematic profiling of SLC6A20 in different malignancies. Human Protein Atlas, UALCAN, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCCDB) databases were used to assess SLC6A20 gene expression changes in The Cancer Genome Atlas samples with respect to their normal counterparts. GEPIA and TIMER2.0 databases were used to determine the correlation between SLC6A20 and COVID-19-associated genes. Different databases were used for identification of the correlation of SCL6A20 with infiltrating immune cells. The canSAR database was utilized to determine the association of SCL6A20 with immune profiling in different malignancies. The STRING database was utilized to determine the protein network interacting with SLC6A20. Here, we showed SLC6A20 mRNA expression in pan-cancer samples and their normal counterparts. Increased SCL6A20 expression was associated with tumor grade, and there was a positive correlation with SARS-CoV-2-associated genes. Furthermore, SLC6A20 expression was positively correlated with infiltrating neutrophils and immune-related signatures. Lastly, SLC6A20 expression was found to be associated with the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 homologue, TMEM27, suggesting a potential link between SLC6A20 and COVID-19. Taken together, these results suggest that elevated SLC6A20 levels might be partly responsible for increased susceptibility of cancer patients to COVID-19 disease. Therapeutic intervention strategies against SLC6A20 in cancer patients, alongside other treatment modalities, might offer a benefit in delaying COVID-19 disease.
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14
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Mironov AA, Savin MA, Beznoussenko GV. COVID-19 Biogenesis and Intracellular Transport. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054523. [PMID: 36901955 PMCID: PMC10002980 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The structure of SARS-CoV-2 and most of its proteins of have been deciphered. SARS-CoV-2 enters cells through the endocytic pathway and perforates the endosomes' membranes, and its (+) RNA appears in the cytosol. Then, SARS-CoV-2 starts to use the protein machines of host cells and their membranes for its biogenesis. SARS-CoV-2 generates a replication organelle in the reticulo-vesicular network of the zippered endoplasmic reticulum and double membrane vesicles. Then, viral proteins start to oligomerize and are subjected to budding within the ER exit sites, and its virions are passed through the Golgi complex, where the proteins are subjected to glycosylation and appear in post-Golgi carriers. After their fusion with the plasma membrane, glycosylated virions are secreted into the lumen of airways or (seemingly rarely) into the space between epithelial cells. This review focuses on the biology of SARS-CoV-2's interactions with cells and its transport within cells. Our analysis revealed a significant number of unclear points related to intracellular transport in SARS-CoV-2-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Mironov
- Department of Cell Biology, IFOM ETS—The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Maksim A. Savin
- The Department for Welding Production and Technology of Constructional Materials, Perm National Research Polytechnic University, Komsomolsky Prospekt, 29, 614990 Perm, Russia
| | - Galina V. Beznoussenko
- Department of Cell Biology, IFOM ETS—The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello, 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
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15
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Gao Y, Hao X, Hu Y, Zhou N, Ma Q, Zou L, Yao Y. Modification of the functional properties of chickpea proteins by ultrasonication treatment and alleviation of malnutrition in rat. Food Funct 2023; 14:1773-1784. [PMID: 36723159 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02492f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity ultrasonication (HIU) is an emerging technology for improving the functional properties of the leguminous proteins in the food industry. In this study, chickpea protein (CP) was treated at 150 W for 30 min to obtain ultrasonic chickpea protein (UCP). The physicochemical (particle size, ζ-potential, hydrophobicity, and free sulfhydryl) and structural properties (FTIR) were changed after the HIU treatment, which led to an improvement of functional properties, including the solubility, emulsifying, and foamability in UCP. The chickpea protein diet (CPD) and ultrasound chickpea protein diet (UCPD) were supplemented to undernourished weaning rats to assess their potential in improving malnutrition. After 6 weeks of administration, the body weight of malnourished rats in UCPD increased by 11.97% compared with that in CPD. The results in OMICS showed that beneficial bacteria and short-chain fatty acids were positively related to growth. This work demonstrated the physicochemical and functional properties of CP and UCP and guided the application of the UCP to malnutrition improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gao
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiyu Hao
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., C-16, 10A Jiuxianqiao Rd, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100015, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610106, People's Republic of China
| | - Nong Zhou
- Laboratory for Green Cultivation and Deep Processing of Three Gorges Reservoir Area's Medicinal Herbs, College of Life Science & Engineering, The Chongqing Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, 404000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Department of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing, 404120, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Coarse Cereal Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sichuan Engineering & Technology Research Center of Coarse Cereal Industralization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610106, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yao
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Grain Crop Genetic Resources Evaluation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
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16
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Zhou B, Pang X, Wu J, Liu T, Wang B, Cao H. Gut microbiota in COVID-19: new insights from inside. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2201157. [PMID: 37078497 PMCID: PMC10120564 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2201157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemic of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has grown to be a global health threat. Gastrointestinal symptoms are thought to be common clinical manifestations apart from a series of originally found respiratory symptoms. The human gut harbors trillions of microorganisms that are indispensable for complex physiological processes and homeostasis. Growing evidence demonstrate that gut microbiota alteration is associated with COVID-19 progress and severity, and post-COVID-19 syndrome, characterized by decrease of anti-inflammatory bacteria like Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium and enrichment of inflammation-associated microbiota including Streptococcus and Actinomyces. Therapeutic strategies such as diet, probiotics/prebiotics, herb, and fecal microbiota transplantation have shown positive effects on relieving clinical symptoms. In this article, we provide and summarize the recent evidence about the gut microbiota and their metabolites alterations during and after COVID-19 infection and focus on potential therapeutic strategies targeting gut microbiota. Understanding the connections between intestinal microbiota and COVID-19 would provide new insights into COVID-19 management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqian Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoqi Pang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingyi Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Tianyu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China
| | - Hailong Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, National Key Clinical Specialty, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin, China
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17
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Yao Y, Liu ZJ, Zhang YK, Sun HJ. Mechanism and potential treatments for gastrointestinal dysfunction in patients with COVID-19. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:6811-6826. [PMID: 36632313 PMCID: PMC9827583 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i48.6811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become one of the biggest threats to the world since 2019. The respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts are the main targets for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection for they highly express angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 and transmembrane protease serine 2. In patients suffering from COVID-19, gastrointestinal symptoms have ranged from 12% to 61%. Anorexia, nausea and/or vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain are considered to be the main gastrointestinal symptoms of COVID-19. It has been reported that the direct damage of intestinal mucosal epithelial cells, malnutrition, and intestinal flora disorders are involved in COVID-19. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Thus, in this study, we reviewed and discussed the correlated mechanisms that cause gastrointestinal symptoms in order to help to develop the treatment strategy and build an appropriate guideline for medical workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Genuine Medicinal Materials in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, College of Basic Medical, Chongqing 404120, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
- Ministry of Public Infrastructure, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing 404120, China
| | - Zhu-Jun Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Genuine Medicinal Materials in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, College of Basic Medical, Chongqing 404120, China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing 404120, China
- Department of Business Administration, Metropolitan College of Science and Technology, Chongqing 404120, China
| | - Yu-Kun Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Genuine Medicinal Materials in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, College of Basic Medical, Chongqing 404120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hui-Jun Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization of Genuine Medicinal Materials in Three Gorges Reservoir Area, College of Basic Medical, Chongqing 404120, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, Liaoning Province, China
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18
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L-Theanine Regulates the Abundance of Amino Acid Transporters in Mice Duodenum and Jejunum via the mTOR Signaling Pathway. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010142. [PMID: 36615799 PMCID: PMC9824403 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine is a key organ for the absorption of amino acids. L-theanine (LTA) is a structural analog of glutamine and a characteristic non-protein amino acid found in tea (Camellia sinensis) that regulates lipid and protein metabolism. The present study explored the role of LTA in intestinal amino acid absorption, protein synthesis, and its mechanisms. Overall, our findings suggest that LTA supplementation not only affects serum alkaline phosphatase (AKP), total protein (TP), and urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, but it also upregulates the mRNA and protein expression of amino acid transporters (EAAT3, EAAT1, 4F2hc, y+LAT1, CAT1, ASCT2, and B0AT1), and activates the mTOR signaling pathway. The downstream S6 and S6K1 proteins are regulated, and the expression of amino acid transporters is regulated. These findings suggest that LTA increases intestinal AA absorption, promotes protein metabolism, and increases nitrogen utilization by upregulating AAT expression, activating the mTOR signaling pathway, and phosphorylating the mTOR downstream proteins S6 and S6K1.
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19
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Ferreira LC, Gomes CE, Rodrigues-Neto JF, Jeronimo SM. Genome-wide association studies of COVID-19: Connecting the dots. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 106:105379. [PMID: 36280088 PMCID: PMC9584840 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) are a research approach used to identify genetic variants associated with common diseases, like COVID-19. The lead genetic variants (n = 41) reported by the eleven largest COVID-19 GWASs are mapped to 22 different chromosomal regions. The loci 3q21.31 (LZTFL1 and chemokine receptor genes) and 9q34.2 (ABO), associated with disease severity and susceptibility to infection, respectively, were the most replicated findings across studies. Genes involved with mucociliary clearance (CEP97, FOXP4), viral-entry (ACE2, SLC6A20) and mucosal immunity (MIR6891) are associated with the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection while genes of antiviral immune response (IFNAR2, OAS1), leukocyte trafficking (CCR9, CXCR6) and lung injury (DPP9, NOTCH4) are associated with severe disease. The biological processes underlying the risk of infection occur prominently, but not exclusively, in the upper airways whereas the severe COVID-19-associated processes in alveolar-capillary interface. The COVID-19 GWASs has unraveled key genetic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, although the genetic basis of other COVID-19 related phenotypes (long COVID and neurological impairment) remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo C. Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-900, Brazil,Institute of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-900, Brazil,Corresponding author at: Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos E.M. Gomes
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-900, Brazil
| | - João F. Rodrigues-Neto
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-900, Brazil,Multicampi School of Medical Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Caicó, RN 59078-900, Brazil
| | - Selma M.B. Jeronimo
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-900, Brazil,Institute of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-900, Brazil,Institute of Science and Technology of Tropical Diseases, Natal, RN, Brazil
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20
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L-Tryptophan Differentially Regulated Glucose and Amino Acid Transporters in the Small Intestine of Rat Challenged with Lipopolysaccharide. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12213045. [PMID: 36359168 PMCID: PMC9657314 DOI: 10.3390/ani12213045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) has been shown to improve the growth and gut function of weaned piglets. Whether the growth-promoting effect of Trp is due to the improvement in nutrient transport and absorption during weaning or under conditions of inflammation has not been fully characterized. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of Trp on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced changes in glucose and amino acid (AA) transport in the rat jejunum. Twenty-four 7-week-old Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into one of three groups: control, LPS, and Trp + LPS. Rats were supplemented with 0 or 0.1 mg Trp per gram body weight/d in drinking water for 7 days and were intraperitoneally injected with LPS (5 mg/kg BW) on day 8. After 24 h, rats were sacrificed, and jejunum samples were isolated for the analysis of glucose and AA transport using an Ussing chamber and the expression of glucose and AA transporters. The results showed that Trp alleviated the LPS-induced increase in jejunal permeability (p < 0.05) and decrease in changes in the short-circuit current of glucose, arginine, glutamine, glutamate, glycine, histidine, leucine, lysine, taurine, threonine, and Trp (p < 0.05). Trp reversed (p < 0.05) the LPS-induced downregulation of expression of the glucose transporter SGLT1 and AA transporters solute carrier family 38 member 2 (SNAT2) and solute carrier family 7 member 8 (LAT2), as well as ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 2 (ATP1A2). However, Trp increased (p < 0.01) the LPS-induced upregulation of acidic AA transporter solute carrier family 1 member 1 (EAAT3) expression. The above findings may help to develop nutritional interventions for the differential targeting of gut nutrient transporters, aiming to improve gut function and health in the presence of inflammation in both humans and animals.
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21
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Hernández-Flores TDJ, Pedraza-Brindis EJ, Cárdenas-Bedoya J, Ruíz-Carrillo JD, Méndez-Clemente AS, Martínez-Guzmán MA, Iñiguez-Gutiérrez L. Role of Micronutrients and Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in COVID-19 Recovery. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12324. [PMID: 36293182 PMCID: PMC9604189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A balanced and varied diet provides diverse beneficial effects on health, such as adequate micronutrient availability and a gut microbiome in homeostasis. Besides their participation in biochemical processes as cofactors and coenzymes, vitamins and minerals have an immunoregulatory function; meanwhile, gut microbiota and its metabolites coordinate directly and indirectly the cell response through the interaction with the host receptors. Malnourishment is a crucial risk factor for several pathologies, and its involvement during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 pandemic has been reported. This pandemic has caused a significant decline in the worldwide population, especially those with chronic diseases, reduced physical activity, and elder age. Diet and gut microbiota composition are probable causes for this susceptibility, and its supplementation can play a role in reestablishing microbial homeostasis and improving immunity response against Coronavirus Disease 2019 infection and recovery. This study reviews the role of micronutrients and microbiomes in the risk of infection, the severity of disease, and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresita de Jesús Hernández-Flores
- Departamento de Disciplinas Filosófico, Metodológicas e Instrumentales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Instituto de Investigación de Inmunodeficiencias y VIH, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Guadalajara 44280, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Eliza Julia Pedraza-Brindis
- Departamento de Aparatos y Sistemas I, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44670, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jhonathan Cárdenas-Bedoya
- Departamento de Disciplinas Filosófico, Metodológicas e Instrumentales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Inmunodeficiencias y Retrovirus Humanos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Daniel Ruíz-Carrillo
- Clínica Medicina Familiar 1 del ISSSTE “Dr. Arturo González Guzmán”, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Anibal Samael Méndez-Clemente
- Instituto de Investigación de Inmunodeficiencias y VIH, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Guadalajara 44280, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Marco Alonso Martínez-Guzmán
- Departamento de Aparatos y Sistemas I, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44670, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Liliana Iñiguez-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Investigación de Inmunodeficiencias y VIH, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara “Fray Antonio Alcalde”, Guadalajara 44280, Jalisco, Mexico
- Departamento de Aparatos y Sistemas I, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44670, Jalisco, Mexico
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22
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Genetic variants determine intrafamilial variability of SARS-CoV-2 clinical outcomes in 19 Italian families. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275988. [PMID: 36228008 PMCID: PMC9560599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection results in a wide range of outcomes characterized by a high heterogeneity in both symptomatology and susceptibility to the disease. In such a perspective, COVID-19 may be considered as a multifactorial disease featured by the interaction between the environment, which is the virus itself, and the genetic profile of the host. Our analysis aimed at investigating the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 within families whose members responded in different ways to the infection, although the exposure was common to the entire group and occurred before the availability of any vaccine. The goal was to understand how the genetic background of each subject can influence the viral infection outcome and hence the above-mentioned clinical variability. We performed a segregation analysis in 19 Italian families with a designed custom panel of 42 genes involved in immunity and virus entry and which have also been shown to be related to SARS-CoV-2 host response. We carried out both a familial segregation analysis and a global statistical analysis. In the former we identified eighteen risk variants co-segregating with a COVID-positive status and six variants with a possible protective effect. In addition, sixteen variants showed a trend of association to a severe phenotype. Together with common SNPs, we detected private rare variants that may also provide insight into the observed clinical COVID-19 heterogeneity. The global statistical analysis confirmed statistically significant positive associations between SARS-CoV-2 individual response and some specific gene variants identified in familial analysis. In conclusion our data confirm that the clinical expression of COVID-19 is markedly influenced by the host genetic profile both with a mendelian transmission pattern and a polygenic architecture.
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23
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Vergara A, Wang K, Colombo D, Gheblawi M, Rasmuson J, Mandal R, Del Nonno F, Chiu B, Scholey JW, Soler MJ, Wishart DS, Oudit GY. Urinary angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and metabolomics in COVID-19-mediated kidney injury. Clin Kidney J 2022; 16:272-284. [PMID: 36751625 PMCID: PMC9494506 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfac215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is highly expressed in the kidneys. Beyond serving as a crucial endogenous regulator of the renin-angiotensin system, ACE2 also possess a unique function to facilitate amino acid absorption. Our observational study sought to explore the relationship between urine ACE2 (uACE2) and renal outcomes in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods In a cohort of 104 patients with COVID-19 without acute kidney injury (AKI), 43 patients with COVID-19-mediated AKI and 36 non-COVID-19 controls, we measured uACE2, urine tumour necrosis factor receptors I and II (uTNF-RI and uTNF-RII) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL). We also assessed ACE2 staining in autopsy kidney samples and generated a propensity score-matched subgroup of patients to perform a targeted urine metabolomic study to describe the characteristic signature of COVID-19. Results uACE2 is increased in patients with COVID-19 and further increased in those that developed AKI. After adjusting uACE2 levels for age, sex and previous comorbidities, increased uACE2 was independently associated with a >3-fold higher risk of developing AKI [odds ratio 3.05 (95% confidence interval 1.23‒7.58), P = .017]. Increased uACE2 corresponded to a tubular loss of ACE2 in kidney sections and strongly correlated with uTNF-RI and uTNF-RII. Urine quantitative metabolome analysis revealed an increased excretion of essential amino acids in patients with COVID-19, including leucine, isoleucine, tryptophan and phenylalanine. Additionally, a strong correlation was observed between urine amino acids and uACE2. Conclusions Elevated uACE2 is related to AKI in patients with COVID-19. The loss of tubular ACE2 during SARS-CoV-2 infection demonstrates a potential link between aminoaciduria and proximal tubular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ander Vergara
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kaiming Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniele Colombo
- Department of Pathology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani,” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mahmoud Gheblawi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jaslyn Rasmuson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rupasri Mandal
- Metabolomics Innovation Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Franca Del Nonno
- Department of Pathology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani,” IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Brian Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - James W Scholey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - María José Soler
- Department of Nephrology, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain,Nephrology and Transplantation Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David S Wishart
- Metabolomics Innovation Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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24
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Clerbaux LA, Fillipovska J, Muñoz A, Petrillo M, Coecke S, Amorim MJ, Grenga L. Mechanisms Leading to Gut Dysbiosis in COVID-19: Current Evidence and Uncertainties Based on Adverse Outcome Pathways. J Clin Med 2022; 11:5400. [PMID: 36143044 PMCID: PMC9505288 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11185400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alteration in gut microbiota has been associated with COVID-19. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we outlined three potential interconnected mechanistic pathways leading to gut dysbiosis as an adverse outcome following SARS-CoV-2 presence in the gastrointestinal tract. Evidence from the literature and current uncertainties are reported for each step of the different pathways. One pathway investigates evidence that intestinal infection by SARS-CoV-2 inducing intestinal inflammation alters the gut microbiota. Another pathway links the binding of viral S protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to the dysregulation of this receptor, essential in intestinal homeostasis-notably for amino acid metabolism-leading to gut dysbiosis. Additionally, SARS-CoV-2 could induce gut dysbiosis by infecting intestinal bacteria. Assessing current evidence within the Adverse Outcome Pathway framework justifies confidence in the proposed mechanisms to support disease management and permits the identification of inconsistencies and knowledge gaps to orient further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amalia Muñoz
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | | | - Sandra Coecke
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Maria-Joao Amorim
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oerias, Portugal
- Católica Medical School, Católica Biomedical Research Centre, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 1649-023 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lucia Grenga
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et Aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Université Paris-Saclay, 30200 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France
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25
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Daniell H, Nair SK, Shi Y, Wang P, Montone KT, Shaw PA, Choi GH, Ghani D, Weaver J, Rader DJ, Margulies KB, Collman RG, Laudanski K, Bar KJ. Decrease in Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme activity but not concentration in plasma/lungs in COVID-19 patients offers clues for diagnosis/treatment. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 26:266-278. [PMID: 35818571 PMCID: PMC9258412 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although several therapeutics are used to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, there is still no definitive metabolic marker to evaluate disease severity and recovery or a quantitative test to end quarantine. Because severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects human cells via the angiotensin-converting-enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and COVID-19 is associated with renin-angiotensin system dysregulation, we evaluated soluble ACE2 (sACE2) activity in the plasma/saliva of 80 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 27 non-COVID-19 volunteers, and levels of ACE2/Ang (1-7) in plasma or membrane (mACE2) in lung autopsy samples. sACE2 activity was markedly reduced (p < 0.0001) in COVID-19 plasma (n = 59) compared with controls (n = 27). Nadir sACE2 activity in early hospitalization was restored during disease recovery, irrespective of patient age, demographic variations, or comorbidity; in convalescent plasma-administered patients (n = 45), restoration was statistically higher than matched controls (n = 22, p = 0.0021). ACE2 activity was also substantially reduced in the saliva of COVID-19 patients compared with controls (p = 0.0065). There is a strong inverse correlation between sACE2 concentration and sACE2 activity and Ang (1-7) levels in participant plasmas. However, there were no difference in membrane ACE2 levels in lungs of autopsy tissues of COVID-19 (n = 800) versus other conditions (n = 300). These clinical observations suggest sACE2 activity as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Daniell
- W. D. Miller Professor & Director of Translational Research, Vice Chair, Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 40th Street, 547 Levy Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030, USA
| | - Smruti K. Nair
- W. D. Miller Professor & Director of Translational Research, Vice Chair, Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 40th Street, 547 Levy Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030, USA
| | - Yao Shi
- W. D. Miller Professor & Director of Translational Research, Vice Chair, Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 40th Street, 547 Levy Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6030, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kathleen T. Montone
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Pamela A. Shaw
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Group, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Grace H. Choi
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Danyal Ghani
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - JoEllen Weaver
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kenneth B. Margulies
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ronald G. Collman
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Krzysztof Laudanski
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Katharine J. Bar
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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26
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Li S, Zhou Y, Yan D, Wan Y. An Update on the Mutual Impact between SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Gut Microbiota. Viruses 2022; 14:1774. [PMID: 36016396 PMCID: PMC9415881 DOI: 10.3390/v14081774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is essential for good health. It has also been demonstrated that the gut microbiota can regulate immune responses against respiratory tract infections. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, accumulating evidence suggests that there is a link between the severity of COVID-19 and the alteration of one's gut microbiota. The composition of gut microbiota can be profoundly affected by COVID-19 and vice versa. Here, we summarize the observations of the mutual impact between SARS-CoV-2 infection and gut microbiota composition. We discuss the consequences and mechanisms of the bi-directional interaction. Moreover, we also discuss the immune cross-reactivity between SARS-CoV-2 and commensal bacteria, which represents a previously overlooked connection between COVID-19 and commensal gut bacteria. Finally, we summarize the progress in managing COVID-19 by utilizing microbial interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoshuai Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai 201508, China
- Key Laboratory of Microecology-Immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154000, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Dongmei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Microecology-Immune Regulatory Network and Related Diseases, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154000, China
| | - Yanmin Wan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Department of Radiology, Shanghai 201508, China
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27
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Clerbaux LA, Albertini MC, Amigó N, Beronius A, Bezemer GFG, Coecke S, Daskalopoulos EP, del Giudice G, Greco D, Grenga L, Mantovani A, Muñoz A, Omeragic E, Parissis N, Petrillo M, Saarimäki LA, Soares H, Sullivan K, Landesmann B. Factors Modulating COVID-19: A Mechanistic Understanding Based on the Adverse Outcome Pathway Framework. J Clin Med 2022; 11:4464. [PMID: 35956081 PMCID: PMC9369763 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Addressing factors modulating COVID-19 is crucial since abundant clinical evidence shows that outcomes are markedly heterogeneous between patients. This requires identifying the factors and understanding how they mechanistically influence COVID-19. Here, we describe how eleven selected factors (age, sex, genetic factors, lipid disorders, heart failure, gut dysbiosis, diet, vitamin D deficiency, air pollution and exposure to chemicals) influence COVID-19 by applying the Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP), which is well-established in regulatory toxicology. This framework aims to model the sequence of events leading to an adverse health outcome. Several linear AOPs depicting pathways from the binding of the virus to ACE2 up to clinical outcomes observed in COVID-19 have been developed and integrated into a network offering a unique overview of the mechanisms underlying the disease. As SARS-CoV-2 infectibility and ACE2 activity are the major starting points and inflammatory response is central in the development of COVID-19, we evaluated how those eleven intrinsic and extrinsic factors modulate those processes impacting clinical outcomes. Applying this AOP-aligned approach enables the identification of current knowledge gaps orientating for further research and allows to propose biomarkers to identify of high-risk patients. This approach also facilitates expertise synergy from different disciplines to address public health issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure-Alix Clerbaux
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.C.); (E.P.D.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (B.L.)
| | | | - Núria Amigó
- Biosfer Teslab SL., 43204 Reus, Spain;
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 23204 Reus, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Beronius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Gillina F. G. Bezemer
- Impact Station, 1223 JR Hilversum, The Netherlands;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Coecke
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.C.); (E.P.D.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (B.L.)
| | - Evangelos P. Daskalopoulos
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.C.); (E.P.D.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (B.L.)
| | - Giusy del Giudice
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland; (G.d.G.); (D.G.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Dario Greco
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland; (G.d.G.); (D.G.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Lucia Grenga
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, SPI, F-30200 Bagnols-sur-Ceze, France;
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Amalia Muñoz
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 2440 Geel, Belgium;
| | - Elma Omeragic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Nikolaos Parissis
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.C.); (E.P.D.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (B.L.)
| | - Mauro Petrillo
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.C.); (E.P.D.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (B.L.)
| | - Laura A. Saarimäki
- Finnish Hub for Development and Validation of Integrated Approaches (FHAIVE), Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland; (G.d.G.); (D.G.); (L.A.S.)
| | - Helena Soares
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas Medical School, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Kristie Sullivan
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC 20016, USA;
| | - Brigitte Landesmann
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), 21027 Ispra, Italy; (S.C.); (E.P.D.); (N.P.); (M.P.); (B.L.)
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28
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Rebendenne A, Roy P, Bonaventure B, Chaves Valadão AL, Desmarets L, Arnaud-Arnould M, Rouillé Y, Tauziet M, Giovannini D, Touhami J, Lee Y, DeWeirdt P, Hegde M, Urbach S, Koulali KE, de Gracia FG, McKellar J, Dubuisson J, Wencker M, Belouzard S, Moncorgé O, Doench JG, Goujon C. Bidirectional genome-wide CRISPR screens reveal host factors regulating SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV and seasonal HCoVs. Nat Genet 2022; 54:1090-1102. [PMID: 35879413 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-022-01110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
CRISPR knockout (KO) screens have identified host factors regulating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) replication. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of these screens, which showed a high level of cell-type specificity of the identified hits, highlighting the necessity of additional models to uncover the full landscape of host factors. Thus, we performed genome-wide KO and activation screens in Calu-3 lung cells and KO screens in Caco-2 colorectal cells, followed by secondary screens in four human cell lines. This revealed host-dependency factors, including AP1G1 adaptin and ATP8B1 flippase, as well as inhibitors, including mucins. Interestingly, some of the identified genes also modulate Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and seasonal human coronavirus (HCoV) (HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E) replication. Moreover, most genes had an impact on viral entry, with AP1G1 likely regulating TMPRSS2 activity at the plasma membrane. These results demonstrate the value of multiple cell models and perturbational modalities for understanding SARS-CoV-2 replication and provide a list of potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priyanka Roy
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Lowiese Desmarets
- Lille University, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Yves Rouillé
- Lille University, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Donatella Giovannini
- IGMM, CNRS, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.,Metafora Biosystems, Paris, France
| | - Jawida Touhami
- IGMM, CNRS, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Yenarae Lee
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter DeWeirdt
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mudra Hegde
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Serge Urbach
- IGF, Montpellier University, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Joe McKellar
- IRIM, CNRS, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Dubuisson
- Lille University, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - Sandrine Belouzard
- Lille University, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - John G Doench
- Genetic Perturbation Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Zecevic M, Kotur N, Ristivojevic B, Gasic V, Skodric-Trifunovic V, Stjepanovic M, Stevanovic G, Lavadinovic L, Zukic B, Pavlovic S, Stankovic B. Genome-Wide Association Study of COVID-19 Outcomes Reveals Novel Host Genetic Risk Loci in the Serbian Population. Front Genet 2022; 13:911010. [PMID: 35910207 PMCID: PMC9329799 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.911010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Host genetics, an important contributor to the COVID-19 clinical susceptibility and severity, currently is the focus of multiple genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in populations affected by the pandemic. This is the first study from Serbia that performed a GWAS of COVID-19 outcomes to identify genetic risk markers of disease severity. A group of 128 hospitalized COVID-19 patients from the Serbian population was enrolled in the study. We conducted a GWAS comparing (1) patients with pneumonia (n = 80) against patients without pneumonia (n = 48), and (2) severe (n = 34) against mild disease (n = 48) patients, using a genotyping array followed by imputation of missing genotypes. We have detected a significant signal associated with COVID-19 related pneumonia at locus 13q21.33, with a peak residing upstream of the gene KLHL1 (p = 1.91 × 10−8). Our study also replicated a previously reported COVID-19 risk locus at 3p21.31, identifying lead variants in SACM1L and LZTFL1 genes suggestively associated with pneumonia (p = 7.54 × 10−6) and severe COVID-19 (p = 6.88 × 10−7), respectively. Suggestive association with COVID-19 pneumonia has also been observed at chromosomes 5p15.33 (IRX, NDUFS6, MRPL36, p = 2.81 × 10−6), 5q11.2 (ESM1, p = 6.59 × 10−6), and 9p23 (TYRP1, LURAP1L, p = 8.69 × 10−6). The genes located in or near the risk loci are expressed in neural or lung tissues, and have been previously associated with respiratory diseases such as asthma and COVID-19 or reported as differentially expressed in COVID-19 gene expression profiling studies. Our results revealed novel risk loci for pneumonia and severe COVID-19 disease which could contribute to a better understanding of the COVID-19 host genetics in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Zecevic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Seven Bridges, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nikola Kotur
- Laboratory for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Bojan Ristivojevic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Gasic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Skodric-Trifunovic
- Clinic of Pulmonology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mihailo Stjepanovic
- Clinic of Pulmonology, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Goran Stevanovic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lidija Lavadinovic
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Zukic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sonja Pavlovic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Stankovic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Biljana Stankovic,
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30
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Surgical Treatment of Short Bowel Syndrome—The Past, the Present and the Future, a Descriptive Review of the Literature. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9071024. [PMID: 35884008 PMCID: PMC9322125 DOI: 10.3390/children9071024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a devastating disorder with both short- and long-term implications for patients. Unfortunately, the prevalence of SBS has doubled over the past 40 years. Broadly speaking, the etiology of SBS can be categorized as congenital or secondary, the latter typically due to extensive small bowel resection following diseases of the small intestine, e.g., necrotizing enterocolitis, Hirschsprung’s disease or intestinal atresia. As of yet, no cure exists, thus, conservative treatment, primarily parenteral nutrition (PN), is the first-line therapy. In some cases, weaning from PN is not possible and operative therapy is required. The invention of the longitudinal intestinal lengthening and tailoring (LILT or Bianchi) procedure in 1980 was a major step forward in patient care and spawned further techniques that continue to improve lives for patients with severe SBS (e.g., double barrel enteroplasty, serial transverse enteroplasty, etc.). With this review, we aim to provide an overview of the clinical implications of SBS, common conservative therapies and the development of operative techniques over the past six decades. We also provide a short outlook on the future of operative techniques, specifically with respect to regenerative medicine.
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Amino acid sensor GCN2 promotes SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 expression in response to amino acid deprivation. Commun Biol 2022; 5:651. [PMID: 35778545 PMCID: PMC9249868 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03609-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been identified as a primary receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Here, we investigated the expression regulation of ACE2 in enterocytes under amino acid deprivation conditions. In this study, we found that ACE2 expression was upregulated upon all or single essential amino acid deprivation in human colonic epithelial CCD841 cells. Furthermore, we found that knockdown of general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) reduced intestinal ACE2 mRNA and protein levels in vitro and in vivo. Consistently, we revealed two GCN2 inhibitors, GCN2iB and GCN2-IN-1, downregulated ACE2 protein expression in CCD841 cells. Moreover, we found that increased ACE2 expression in response to leucine deprivation was GCN2 dependent. Through RNA-sequencing analysis, we identified two transcription factors, MAFB and MAFF, positively regulated ACE2 expression under leucine deprivation in CCD841 cells. These findings demonstrate that amino acid deficiency increases ACE2 expression and thereby likely aggravates intestinal SARS-CoV-2 infection. Amino acid deprivation increases ACE2 expression in the gut, potentially aggravating SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Dewulf JP, Martin M, Marie S, Oguz F, Belkhir L, De Greef J, Yombi JC, Wittebole X, Laterre PF, Jadoul M, Gatto L, Bommer GT, Morelle J. Urine metabolomics links dysregulation of the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway to inflammation and severity of COVID-19. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9959. [PMID: 35705608 PMCID: PMC9198612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14292-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 causes major disturbances in serum metabolite levels, associated with severity of the immune response. Despite the numerous advantages of urine for biomarker discovery, the potential association between urine metabolites and disease severity has not been investigated in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In a proof-of-concept study, we performed quantitative urine metabolomics in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 and controls using LC-MS/MS. We assessed whether metabolites alterations were associated with COVID-19, disease severity, and inflammation. The study included 56 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 (26 non-critical and 30 critical disease); 16 healthy controls; and 3 controls with proximal tubule dysfunction unrelated to SARS-CoV-2. Metabolomic profiling revealed a major urinary increase of tryptophan metabolites kynurenine (P < 0.001), 3-hydroxykynurenine (P < 0.001) and 3-hydroxyanthranilate (P < 0.001) in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Urine levels of kynurenines were associated with disease severity and systemic inflammation (kynurenine, r 0.43, P = 0.001; 3-hydroxykynurenine, r 0.44, P < 0.001). Increased urinary levels of neutral amino acids and imino acid proline were also common in COVID-19, suggesting specific transport defects. Urine metabolomics identified major alterations in the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway, consistent with changes in host metabolism during SARS-CoV-2 infection. The association between increased urinary levels of kynurenines, inflammation and COVID-19 severity supports further evaluation of these easily available biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Dewulf
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases/Biochemical Genetics, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium. .,Biochemistry, de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Manon Martin
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Unit (CBIO), de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Marie
- Laboratory of Inherited Metabolic Diseases/Biochemical Genetics, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fabie Oguz
- Division of Nephrology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leila Belkhir
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.,Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julien De Greef
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.,Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean Cyr Yombi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.,Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier Wittebole
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.,Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre-François Laterre
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium.,Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Michel Jadoul
- Division of Nephrology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.,Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laurent Gatto
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics Unit (CBIO), de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guido T Bommer
- Biochemistry, de Duve Institute, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Johann Morelle
- Division of Nephrology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10, 1200, Brussels, Belgium. .,Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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Interactions between Tryptophan Metabolism, the Gut Microbiome and the Immune System as Potential Drivers of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Metabolic Diseases. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12060514. [PMID: 35736447 PMCID: PMC9227929 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12060514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasing and therefore is its burden of disease as NALFD is a risk factor for cirrhosis and is associated with other metabolic conditions such as type II diabetes, obesity, dyslipidaemia and atherosclerosis. Linking these cardiometabolic diseases is a state of low-grade inflammation, with higher cytokines and c-reactive protein levels found in individuals with NAFLD, obesity and type II diabetes. A possible therapeutic target to decrease this state of low-grade inflammation is the metabolism of the essential amino-acid tryptophan. Its three main metabolic pathways (kynurenine pathway, indole pathway and serotonin/melatonin pathway) result in metabolites such as kynurenic acid, xanturenic acid, indole-3-propionic acid and serotonin/melatonin. The kynurenine pathway is regulated by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme that is upregulated by pro-inflammatory molecules such as INF, IL-6 and LPS. Higher activity of IDO is associated with increased inflammation and fibrosis in NAFLD, as well with increased glucose levels, obesity and atherosclerosis. On the other hand, increased concentrations of the indole pathway metabolites, regulated by the gut microbiome, seem to result in more favorable outcomes. This narrative review summarizes the interactions between tryptophan metabolism, the gut microbiome and the immune system as potential drivers of cardiometabolic diseases in NAFLD.
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Zhang Y, Yan R, Zhou Q. ACE2, B 0AT1, and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: Structural and functional implications. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 74:102388. [PMID: 35584583 PMCID: PMC9108414 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has emerged as a public health crisis and led to tremendous economic devastation. The spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 hijacks the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor for virus entry, representing the initial step of viral infection. S is one of the major targets for development of the antiviral drugs, antibodies, and vaccines. ACE2 is a peptidase that plays a physiologically important role in the renin-angiotensin system. Concurrently, it also forms dimer of heterodimer with the neutral amino acid transporter B0AT1 to regulate intestinal amino acid metabolism. The symptoms of COVID-19 are closely correlated with the physiological functions of ACE2. In this review, we summarize the functional and structural studies on ACE2, B0AT1, and their complex with S of SARS-CoV-2, providing insights into the various symptoms caused by viral infection and the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Renhong Yan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China,Corresponding author: Yan, Renhong
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China,Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang Province, China,Corresponding author: Zhou, Qiang
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GLP-1 Mediates Regulation of Colonic ACE2 Expression by the Bile Acid Receptor GPBAR1 in Inflammation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071187. [PMID: 35406751 PMCID: PMC8998127 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims: ACE2, a carboxypeptidase that generates Ang-(1-7) from Ang II, is highly expressed in the lung, small intestine and colon. GPBAR1, is a G protein bile acid receptor that promotes the release of the insulinotropic factor glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and attenuates intestinal inflammation. Methods: We investigated the expression of ACE2, GLP-1 and GPBAR1 in two cohorts of Crohn’s disease (CD) patients and three mouse models of colitis and Gpbar1−/− mice. Activation of GPBAR1 in these models and in vitro was achieved by BAR501, a selective GPBAR1 agonist. Results: In IBD patients, ACE2 mRNA expression was regulated in a site-specific manner in response to inflammation. While expression of ileal ACE2 mRNA was reduced, the colon expression was induced. Colon expression of ACE2 mRNA in IBD correlated with expression of TNF-α and GPBAR1. A positive correlation occurred between GCG and GPBAR1 in human samples and animal models of colitis. In these models, ACE2 mRNA expression was further upregulated by GPABR1 agonism and reversed by exendin-3, a GLP-1 receptor antagonist. In in vitro studies, liraglutide, a GLP-1 analogue, increased the expression of ACE2 in colon epithelial cells/macrophages co-cultures. Conclusions: ACE2 mRNA expression in the colon of IBD patients and rodent models of colitis is regulated in a TNF-α- and GLP-1-dependent manner. We have identified a GPBAR1/GLP-1 mechanism as a positive modulator of ACE2.
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Pastana LF, Silva TA, Gellen LPA, Vieira GM, de Assunção LA, Leitão LPC, da Silva NM, Coelho RDCC, de Alcântara AL, Vinagre LWMS, Rodrigues JCG, Borges Leal DFDV, Fernandes MR, de Souza SJ, Kroll JE, Ribeiro-dos-Santos AM, Burbano RMR, Guerreiro JF, de Assumpção PP, Ribeiro-dos-Santos ÂC, dos Santos SEB, dos Santos NPC. The Genomic Profile Associated with Risk of Severe Forms of COVID-19 in Amazonian Native American Populations. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12040554. [PMID: 35455670 PMCID: PMC9027999 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12040554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic factors associated with COVID-19 disease outcomes are poorly understood. This study aimed to associate genetic variants in the SLC6A20, LZTFL1, CCR9, FYCO1, CXCR6, XCR1, and ABO genes with the risk of severe forms of COVID-19 in Amazonian Native Americans, and to compare the frequencies with continental populations. The study population was composed of 64 Amerindians from the Amazon region of northern Brazil. The difference in frequencies between the populations was analyzed using Fisher’s exact test, and the results were significant when p ≤ 0.05. We investigated 64 polymorphisms in 7 genes; we studied 47 genetic variants that were new or had impact predictions of high, moderate, or modifier. We identified 15 polymorphisms with moderate impact prediction in 4 genes (ABO, CXCR6, FYCO1, and SLC6A20). Among the variants analyzed, 18 showed significant differences in allele frequency in the NAM population when compared to others. We reported two new genetic variants with modifier impact in the Amazonian population that could be studied to validate the possible associations with COVID-19 outcomes. The genomic profile of Amazonian Native Americans may be associated with protection from severe forms of COVID-19. This work provides genomic data that may help forthcoming studies to improve COVID-19 outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Favacho Pastana
- Laboratório do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (L.F.P.); (T.A.S.); (L.P.A.G.); (G.M.V.); (L.A.d.A.); (L.P.C.L.); (N.M.d.S.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (A.L.d.A.); (L.W.M.S.V.); (J.C.G.R.); (D.F.d.V.B.L.); (M.R.F.); (R.M.R.B.); (P.P.d.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Thays Amâncio Silva
- Laboratório do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (L.F.P.); (T.A.S.); (L.P.A.G.); (G.M.V.); (L.A.d.A.); (L.P.C.L.); (N.M.d.S.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (A.L.d.A.); (L.W.M.S.V.); (J.C.G.R.); (D.F.d.V.B.L.); (M.R.F.); (R.M.R.B.); (P.P.d.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Laura Patrícia Albarello Gellen
- Laboratório do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (L.F.P.); (T.A.S.); (L.P.A.G.); (G.M.V.); (L.A.d.A.); (L.P.C.L.); (N.M.d.S.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (A.L.d.A.); (L.W.M.S.V.); (J.C.G.R.); (D.F.d.V.B.L.); (M.R.F.); (R.M.R.B.); (P.P.d.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Giovana Miranda Vieira
- Laboratório do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (L.F.P.); (T.A.S.); (L.P.A.G.); (G.M.V.); (L.A.d.A.); (L.P.C.L.); (N.M.d.S.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (A.L.d.A.); (L.W.M.S.V.); (J.C.G.R.); (D.F.d.V.B.L.); (M.R.F.); (R.M.R.B.); (P.P.d.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Letícia Almeida de Assunção
- Laboratório do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (L.F.P.); (T.A.S.); (L.P.A.G.); (G.M.V.); (L.A.d.A.); (L.P.C.L.); (N.M.d.S.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (A.L.d.A.); (L.W.M.S.V.); (J.C.G.R.); (D.F.d.V.B.L.); (M.R.F.); (R.M.R.B.); (P.P.d.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Luciana Pereira Colares Leitão
- Laboratório do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (L.F.P.); (T.A.S.); (L.P.A.G.); (G.M.V.); (L.A.d.A.); (L.P.C.L.); (N.M.d.S.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (A.L.d.A.); (L.W.M.S.V.); (J.C.G.R.); (D.F.d.V.B.L.); (M.R.F.); (R.M.R.B.); (P.P.d.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Natasha Monte da Silva
- Laboratório do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (L.F.P.); (T.A.S.); (L.P.A.G.); (G.M.V.); (L.A.d.A.); (L.P.C.L.); (N.M.d.S.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (A.L.d.A.); (L.W.M.S.V.); (J.C.G.R.); (D.F.d.V.B.L.); (M.R.F.); (R.M.R.B.); (P.P.d.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Rita de Cássia Calderaro Coelho
- Laboratório do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (L.F.P.); (T.A.S.); (L.P.A.G.); (G.M.V.); (L.A.d.A.); (L.P.C.L.); (N.M.d.S.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (A.L.d.A.); (L.W.M.S.V.); (J.C.G.R.); (D.F.d.V.B.L.); (M.R.F.); (R.M.R.B.); (P.P.d.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Angélica Leite de Alcântara
- Laboratório do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (L.F.P.); (T.A.S.); (L.P.A.G.); (G.M.V.); (L.A.d.A.); (L.P.C.L.); (N.M.d.S.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (A.L.d.A.); (L.W.M.S.V.); (J.C.G.R.); (D.F.d.V.B.L.); (M.R.F.); (R.M.R.B.); (P.P.d.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Lui Wallacy Morikawa Souza Vinagre
- Laboratório do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (L.F.P.); (T.A.S.); (L.P.A.G.); (G.M.V.); (L.A.d.A.); (L.P.C.L.); (N.M.d.S.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (A.L.d.A.); (L.W.M.S.V.); (J.C.G.R.); (D.F.d.V.B.L.); (M.R.F.); (R.M.R.B.); (P.P.d.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Juliana Carla Gomes Rodrigues
- Laboratório do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (L.F.P.); (T.A.S.); (L.P.A.G.); (G.M.V.); (L.A.d.A.); (L.P.C.L.); (N.M.d.S.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (A.L.d.A.); (L.W.M.S.V.); (J.C.G.R.); (D.F.d.V.B.L.); (M.R.F.); (R.M.R.B.); (P.P.d.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Diana Feio da Veiga Borges Leal
- Laboratório do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (L.F.P.); (T.A.S.); (L.P.A.G.); (G.M.V.); (L.A.d.A.); (L.P.C.L.); (N.M.d.S.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (A.L.d.A.); (L.W.M.S.V.); (J.C.G.R.); (D.F.d.V.B.L.); (M.R.F.); (R.M.R.B.); (P.P.d.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Marianne Rodrigues Fernandes
- Laboratório do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (L.F.P.); (T.A.S.); (L.P.A.G.); (G.M.V.); (L.A.d.A.); (L.P.C.L.); (N.M.d.S.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (A.L.d.A.); (L.W.M.S.V.); (J.C.G.R.); (D.F.d.V.B.L.); (M.R.F.); (R.M.R.B.); (P.P.d.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Sandro José de Souza
- Instituto do Cérebro, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59076-550, Brazil; (S.J.d.S.); (J.E.K.)
- BioME, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-400, Brazil
- Institute of Systems Genetics, West China Hospital, University of Sichuan, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - José Eduardo Kroll
- Instituto do Cérebro, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59076-550, Brazil; (S.J.d.S.); (J.E.K.)
| | - André Mauricio Ribeiro-dos-Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (A.M.R.-d.-S.); (J.F.G.); (Â.C.R.-d.-S.)
| | - Rommel Mario Rodríguez Burbano
- Laboratório do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (L.F.P.); (T.A.S.); (L.P.A.G.); (G.M.V.); (L.A.d.A.); (L.P.C.L.); (N.M.d.S.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (A.L.d.A.); (L.W.M.S.V.); (J.C.G.R.); (D.F.d.V.B.L.); (M.R.F.); (R.M.R.B.); (P.P.d.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - João Farias Guerreiro
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (A.M.R.-d.-S.); (J.F.G.); (Â.C.R.-d.-S.)
| | - Paulo Pimentel de Assumpção
- Laboratório do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (L.F.P.); (T.A.S.); (L.P.A.G.); (G.M.V.); (L.A.d.A.); (L.P.C.L.); (N.M.d.S.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (A.L.d.A.); (L.W.M.S.V.); (J.C.G.R.); (D.F.d.V.B.L.); (M.R.F.); (R.M.R.B.); (P.P.d.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Ândrea Campos Ribeiro-dos-Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil; (A.M.R.-d.-S.); (J.F.G.); (Â.C.R.-d.-S.)
| | - Sidney Emanuel Batista dos Santos
- Laboratório do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (L.F.P.); (T.A.S.); (L.P.A.G.); (G.M.V.); (L.A.d.A.); (L.P.C.L.); (N.M.d.S.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (A.L.d.A.); (L.W.M.S.V.); (J.C.G.R.); (D.F.d.V.B.L.); (M.R.F.); (R.M.R.B.); (P.P.d.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
| | - Ney Pereira Carneiro dos Santos
- Laboratório do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66073-000, Brazil; (L.F.P.); (T.A.S.); (L.P.A.G.); (G.M.V.); (L.A.d.A.); (L.P.C.L.); (N.M.d.S.); (R.d.C.C.C.); (A.L.d.A.); (L.W.M.S.V.); (J.C.G.R.); (D.F.d.V.B.L.); (M.R.F.); (R.M.R.B.); (P.P.d.A.); (S.E.B.d.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-(91)-98107-0850
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Zhou T, Wu J, Zeng Y, Li J, Yan J, Meng W, Han H, Feng F, He J, Zhao S, Zhou P, Wu Y, Yang Y, Han R, Jin W, Li X, Yang Y, Li X. SARS-CoV-2 triggered oxidative stress and abnormal energy metabolism in gut microbiota. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e112. [PMID: 35281785 PMCID: PMC8906553 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific roles of gut microbes in COVID-19 progression are critical. However, the circumstantial mechanism remains elusive. In this study, shotgun metagenomic or metatranscriptomic sequencing was performed on fecal samples collected from 13 COVID-19 patients and controls. We analyzed the structure of gut microbiota, identified the characteristic bacteria, and selected biomarkers. Further, gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotations were employed to correlate the taxon alterations and corresponding functions. The gut microbiota of COVID-19 patients was characterized by the enrichment of opportunistic pathogens and depletion of commensals. The abundance of Bacteroides spp. displayed an inverse relationship with COVID-19 severity, whereas Actinomyces oris, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus parasanguini were positively correlated with disease severity. The genes encoding oxidoreductase were significantly enriched in gut microbiome of COVID-19 group. KEGG annotation indicated that the expression of ABC transporter was upregulated, while the synthesis pathway of butyrate was aberrantly reduced. Furthermore, increased metabolism of lipopolysaccharide, polyketide sugar, sphingolipids, and neutral amino acids were found. These results suggested the gut microbiome of COVID-19 patients was in a state of oxidative stress. Healthy gut microbiota may enhance antiviral defenses via butyrate metabolism, whereas the accumulation of opportunistic and inflammatory bacteria may exacerbate COVID-19 progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuoyu Zhou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress AdaptationsSchool of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouP. R. China
| | - Jingyuan Wu
- Gansu Province Key Laboratory Biotherapy and Regenerative MedicineThe First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouP. R. China
| | - Yufei Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution ControlSchool of EnvironmentTsinghua UniversityBeijingP. R. China
| | - Junfeng Li
- Gansu Province Key Laboratory Biotherapy and Regenerative MedicineThe First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouP. R. China
| | - Jun Yan
- Gansu Province Key Laboratory Biotherapy and Regenerative MedicineThe First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouP. R. China
| | - Wenbo Meng
- Gansu Province Key Laboratory Biotherapy and Regenerative MedicineThe First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouP. R. China
| | - Huawen Han
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress AdaptationsSchool of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouP. R. China
| | - Fengya Feng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress AdaptationsSchool of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouP. R. China
| | - Jufang He
- Gansu Province Key Laboratory Biotherapy and Regenerative MedicineThe First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouP. R. China
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress AdaptationsSchool of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouP. R. China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Gansu Province Key Laboratory Biotherapy and Regenerative MedicineThe First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouP. R. China
| | - Ying Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress AdaptationsSchool of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouP. R. China
| | - Yanlin Yang
- Gansu Province Key Laboratory Biotherapy and Regenerative MedicineThe First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouP. R. China
| | - Rong Han
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress AdaptationsSchool of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouP. R. China
| | - Weilin Jin
- Medical Frontier Innovation Research CenterThe First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouP. R. China
| | - Xun Li
- Gansu Province Key Laboratory Biotherapy and Regenerative MedicineThe First Hospital of Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouP. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution ControlSchool of EnvironmentTsinghua UniversityBeijingP. R. China
| | - Xiangkai Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress AdaptationsSchool of Life SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhouP. R. China
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Lumbers ER, Head R, Smith GR, Delforce SJ, Jarrott B, H. Martin J, Pringle KG. The interacting physiology of COVID-19 and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: Key agents for treatment. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e00917. [PMID: 35106954 PMCID: PMC8929333 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 interacting with its receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), turns the host response to viral infection into a dysregulated uncontrolled inflammatory response. This is because ACE2 limits the production of the peptide angiotensin II (Ang II) and SARS-CoV-2, through the destruction of ACE2, allows the uncontrolled production of Ang II. Recovery from trauma requires activation of both a tissue response to injury and activation of a whole-body response to maintain tissue perfusion. Tissue and circulating renin-angiotensin systems (RASs) play an essential role in the host response to infection and injury because of the actions of Ang II, mediated via its AT1 receptor. Both tissue and circulating arms of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system's (RAAS) response to injury need to be regulated. The effects of Ang II and the steroid hormone, aldosterone, on fluid and electrolyte homeostasis and on the circulation are controlled by elaborate feedback networks that respond to alterations in the composition and volume of fluids within the circulatory system. The role of Ang II in the tissue response to injury is however, controlled mainly by its metabolism and conversion to Ang-(1-7) by the enzyme ACE2. Ang-(1-7) has effects that are contrary to Ang II-AT1 R mediated effects. Thus, destruction of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2 results in loss of control of the pro-inflammatory actions of Ang II and tissue destruction. Therefore, it is the response of the host to SARS-CoV-2 that is responsible for the pathogenesis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenie R. Lumbers
- School of Biomedical Sciences & PharmacyUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Richard Head
- University of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Gary R. Smith
- VP System PracticeInternational Society for the System SciencesPontypoolUK
| | - Sarah J. Delforce
- School of Biomedical Sciences & PharmacyUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Bevyn Jarrott
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jennifer H. Martin
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
- Centre for Drug Repurposing and Medicines ResearchClinical PharmacologyUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Kirsty G. Pringle
- School of Biomedical Sciences & PharmacyUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
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Pagliaro P, Thairi C, Alloatti G, Penna C. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: a key enzyme in key organs. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2022; 23:1-11. [PMID: 34091532 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0000000000001218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
2020 marked the 20th anniversary of the discovery of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This major event that changed the way we see the renin-angiotensin system today could have passed quietly. Instead, the discovery that ACE2 is a major player in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic has blown up the literature regarding this enzyme. ACE2 connects the classical arm renin-angiotensin system, consisting mainly of angiotensin II peptide and its AT1 receptor, with a protective arm, consisting mainly of the angiotensin 1-7 peptide and its Mas receptor. In this brief article, we have reviewed the literature to describe how ACE2 is a key protective arm enzyme in the function of many organs, particularly in the context of brain and cardiovascular function, as well as in renal, pulmonary and digestive homeostasis. We also very briefly review and refer to recent literature to present an insight into the role of ACE2 in determining the course of coronavirus diseases 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Pagliaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin
| | - Cecilia Thairi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin
| | | | - Claudia Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin
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40
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Semiz S. SIT1 transporter as a potential novel target in treatment of COVID-19. Biomol Concepts 2021; 12:156-163. [PMID: 34969185 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2021-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies published earlier this year demonstrated the association of the solute carrier SLC6A20 gene with the risk and severity of COVID-19. The SLC6A20 protein product (Sodium-dependent Imino Transporter 1 (SIT1)) is involved in the transport of amino acids, including glycine. Here we summarized the results of recent studies demonstrating the interaction of SIT1 with the ACE2 receptor for SARS-CoV-2 as well as an observed association of SLC6A20 with the risk and traits of Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recently, it was also proposed that SLC6A20 represents the novel regulator of glycine levels and that glycine has beneficial effects against the proinflammatory cytokine secretion induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Ivermectin, as a partial agonist of glycine-gated chloride channels, was also recently suggested to interfere with the COVID-19 cytokine storm by inducing the activation of glycine receptors. Furthermore, plasma glycine levels are found to be decreased in diabetic patients. Thus, further clinical trials are warranted to confirm the potential favorable effects of targeting the SIT1 transporter and glycine levels in the treatment of COVID-19, particularly for the severe case of disease associated with hyperglycemia, inflammation, and T2D. These findings suggest that SIT1 may potentially represent one of the missing pieces in the complex puzzle observed between these two pandemic diseases and the potential novel target for their efficient treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Semiz
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Association South East European Network for Medical Research-SOVE, E-mail:
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41
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Williams TL, Strachan G, Macrae RGC, Kuc RE, Nyimanu D, Paterson AL, Sinha S, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Differential expression in humans of the viral entry receptor ACE2 compared with the short deltaACE2 isoform lacking SARS-CoV-2 binding sites. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24336. [PMID: 34934117 PMCID: PMC8692523 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03731-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ACE2 is a membrane protein that regulates the cardiovascular system. Additionally, ACE2 acts as a receptor for host cell infection by human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2 that emerged as the cause of the on-going COVID-19 pandemic and has brought unprecedented burden to economy and health. ACE2 binds the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 with high affinity and shows little variation in amino acid sequence meaning natural resistance is rare. The discovery of a novel short ACE2 isoform (deltaACE2) provides evidence for inter-individual differences in SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility and severity, and likelihood of developing subsequent 'Long COVID'. Critically, deltaACE2 loses SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding sites in the extracellular domain, and is predicted to confer reduced susceptibility to viral infection. We aimed to assess the differential expression of full-length ACE2 versus deltaACE2 in a panel of human tissues (kidney, heart, lung, and liver) that are implicated in COVID-19, and confirm ACE2 protein in these tissues. Using dual antibody staining, we show that deltaACE2 localises, and is enriched, in lung airway epithelia and bile duct epithelia in the liver. Finally, we also confirm that a fluorescently tagged SARS-CoV-2 spike protein monomer shows low binding at lung and bile duct epithelia where dACE2 is enriched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Williams
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 110, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Gregory Strachan
- Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robyn G C Macrae
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 110, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rhoda E Kuc
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 110, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Duuamene Nyimanu
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 110, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anna L Paterson
- Department of Pathology, Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sanjay Sinha
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 110, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Level 6, Addenbrooke's Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Box 110, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Pearce SC, Suntornsaratoon P, Kishida K, Al‐Jawadi A, Guardia J, Nadler I, Flores J, Shiarella R, Auvinen M, Yu S, Gao N, Ferraris RP. Expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors, electrolyte, and mineral transporters in different mouse intestinal epithelial cell types. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15061. [PMID: 34755492 PMCID: PMC8578880 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane proteases (TMPRSS) are multifunctional proteins required for SARS-CoV-2 infection or for amino acid (AA) transport, and are abundantly expressed in mammalian small intestine, but the identity of the intestinal cell type(s) and sites of expression are unclear. Here we determined expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors in different cell types and then compared it to that of representative AA, electrolyte, and mineral transporters. We tested the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2, AA, electrolyte, and mineral transporters are expressed heterogeneously in different intestinal cell types by making mouse enteroids enriched in enterocytes (ENT), goblet (GOB), Paneth (PAN), or stem (ISC) cells. Interestingly, the expression of ACE2 was apical and modestly greater in ENT, the same pattern observed for its associated AA transporters B0 AT1 and SIT1. TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 were more highly expressed in crypt-residing ISC. Expression of electrolyte transporters was dramatically heterogeneous. DRA, NBCe1, and NHE3 were greatest in ENT, while those of CFTR and NKCC1 that play important roles in secretory diarrhea, were mainly expressed in ISC and PAN that also displayed immunohistochemically abundant basolateral NKCC1. Intestinal iron transporters were generally expressed higher in ENT and GOB, while calcium transporters were expressed mainly in PAN. Heterogeneous expression of its entry factors suggests that the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect the intestine may vary with cell type. Parallel cell-type expression patterns of ACE2 with B0 AT1 and SIT1 provides further evidence of ACE2's multifunctional properties and importance in AA absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Pearce
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and NeurosciencesNew Jersey Medical SchoolRutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
- Present address:
USDA‐ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment1015 N. University Blvd.AmesIowa50011USA
| | - Panan Suntornsaratoon
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and NeurosciencesNew Jersey Medical SchoolRutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of ScienceMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Kunihiro Kishida
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and NeurosciencesNew Jersey Medical SchoolRutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
- Present address:
Department of Science and Technology on Food SafetyKindai UniversityWakayama649‐6493Japan
| | - Arwa Al‐Jawadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and NeurosciencesNew Jersey Medical SchoolRutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
- Present address:
Thermo Fisher Scientific5823 Newton DriveCarlsbadCalifornia92008USA
| | - Joshua Guardia
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and NeurosciencesNew Jersey Medical SchoolRutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
| | - Ian Nadler
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and NeurosciencesNew Jersey Medical SchoolRutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
| | - Juan Flores
- Department of Biological SciencesLife Science CenterRutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
| | - Reilly Shiarella
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and NeurosciencesNew Jersey Medical SchoolRutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
| | - Madelyn Auvinen
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and NeurosciencesNew Jersey Medical SchoolRutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
| | - Shiyan Yu
- Department of Biological SciencesLife Science CenterRutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological SciencesLife Science CenterRutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
| | - Ronaldo P. Ferraris
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and NeurosciencesNew Jersey Medical SchoolRutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
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Guo Y, Wang B, Gao H, Gao L, Hua R, Xu JD. ACE2 in the Gut: The Center of the 2019-nCoV Infected Pathology. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:708336. [PMID: 34631794 PMCID: PMC8493804 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.708336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2019-nCoV is a rapidly contagious pneumonia caused by the recently discovered coronavirus. Although generally the most noticeable symptoms are concentrated in the lungs, the disorders in the gastrointestinal tract are of great importance in the diagnosis of 2019-nCoV. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), an important regulator of many physiological functions, including blood pressure and nutrients absorption, is recently identified as a vital entry for 2019-nCoV to enter host cells. In this review, we summarize its functions both physiologically and pathologically. We also elaborate its conflicting roles from the clews of contemporary researches, which may provide significant indications for pharmacological investigations and clinical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexin Guo
- Department of Oral Medicine "5+3" Program, Basic Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Boya Wang
- Undergraduate Student of 2018 Eight Program of Clinical Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongxuan Hua
- Department of Clinical Medicine "5+3" Program, Basic Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Dong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Neuropsychiatric Ramifications of COVID-19: Short-Chain Fatty Acid Deficiency and Disturbance of Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Signaling. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:7880448. [PMID: 34651049 PMCID: PMC8510788 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7880448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19-associated neuropsychiatric complications are soaring. There is an urgent need to understand the link between COVID-19 and neuropsychiatric disorders. To that end, this article addresses the premise that SARS-CoV-2 infection results in gut dysbiosis and an altered microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis that in turn contributes to the neuropsychiatric ramifications of COVID-19. Altered MGB axis activity has been implicated independently as a risk of neuropsychiatric disorders. A review of the changes in gut microbiota composition in individual psychiatric and neurological disorders and gut microbiota in COVID-19 patients revealed a shared "microbial signature" characterized by a lower microbial diversity and richness and a decrease in health-promoting anti-inflammatory commensal bacteria accompanied by an increase in opportunistic proinflammatory pathogens. Notably, there was a decrease in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producing bacteria. SCFAs are key bioactive microbial metabolites with anti-inflammatory functions and have been recognized as a critical signaling pathway in the MGB axis. SCFA deficiency is associated with brain inflammation, considered a cardinal feature of neuropsychiatric disorders. The link between SARS-CoV-2 infection, gut dysbiosis, and altered MGB axis is further supported by COVID-19-associated gastrointestinal symptoms, a high number of SARS-CoV-2 receptors, angiotensin-cleaving enzyme-2 (ACE-2) in the gut, and viral presence in the fecal matter. The binding of SARS-CoV-2 to the receptor results in ACE-2 deficiency that leads to decreased transport of vital dietary components, gut dysbiosis, proinflammatory gut status, increased permeability of the gut-blood barrier (GBB), and systemic inflammation. More clinical research is needed to substantiate further the linkages described above and evaluate the potential significance of gut microbiota as a diagnostic tool. Meanwhile, it is prudent to propose changes in dietary recommendations in favor of a high fiber diet or supplementation with SCFAs or probiotics to prevent or alleviate the neuropsychiatric ramifications of COVID-19.
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Trovato CM, Montuori M, Pietropaoli N, Oliva S. COVID-19 and celiac disease: A pathogenetic hypothesis for a celiac outbreak. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14452. [PMID: 34145702 PMCID: PMC8420168 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing body of evidence supports the intestinal trophism of SARS-CoV-2, with ciliated cells and intestinal enterocytes being target cells because of the high expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2. Indeed, COVID-19 promotes a "cytokine storm" in the intestinal mucosa: the resulting epithelial damage leads to increased barrier permeability, allowing the passage of gliadin in the intestinal lamina. METHODS Based on current literature, we hypothesize the role of COVID-19 as a potential trigger factor for celiac disease in predisposed patients. CONCLUSIONS Genetically predisposed patients could be more likely to develop celiac disease following SARS-CoV-2 infection, making COVID-19 a candidate culprit for a potential outbreak of celiac disease in the forthcoming future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Maria Trovato
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver UnitMaternal and Child Health DepartmentSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
- Hepatology Gastroenterology and Nutrition Unit"Bambino Gesù" Children HospitalRomeItaly
| | - Monica Montuori
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver UnitMaternal and Child Health DepartmentSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Nicoletta Pietropaoli
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver UnitMaternal and Child Health DepartmentSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
| | - Salvatore Oliva
- Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver UnitMaternal and Child Health DepartmentSapienza University of RomeRomeItaly
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46
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Citrulline, Biomarker of Enterocyte Functional Mass and Dietary Supplement. Metabolism, Transport, and Current Evidence for Clinical Use. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082794. [PMID: 34444954 PMCID: PMC8398474 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
L-Citrulline is a non-essential but still important amino acid that is released from enterocytes. Because plasma levels are reduced in case of impaired intestinal function, it has become a biomarker to monitor intestinal integrity. Moreover, oxidative stress induces protein citrullination, and antibodies against anti-citrullinated proteins are useful to monitor rheumatoid diseases. Citrullinated histones, however, may even predict a worse outcome in cancer patients. Supplementation of citrulline is better tolerated compared to arginine and might be useful to slightly improve muscle strength or protein balance. The following article shall provide an overview of L-citrulline properties and functions, as well as the current evidence for its use as a biomarker or as a therapeutic supplement.
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47
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Abstract
Gut microbiota has emerged as a major metabolically active organ with critical functions in both health and disease. The trillions of microorganisms hosted by the gastrointestinal tract are involved in numerous physiological and metabolic processes including modulation of appetite and regulation of energy in the host spanning from periphery to the brain. Indeed, bacteria and their metabolic byproducts are working in concert with the host chemosensory signaling pathways to affect both short- and long-term ingestive behavior. Sensing of nutrients and taste by specialized G protein-coupled receptor cells is important in transmitting food-related signals, optimizing nutrition as well as in prevention and treatment of several diseases, notably obesity, diabetes and associated metabolic disorders. Further, bacteria metabolites interact with specialized receptors cells expressed by gut epithelium leading to taste and appetite response changes to nutrients. This review describes recent advances on the role of gut bacteria in taste perception and functions. It further discusses how intestinal dysbiosis characteristic of several pathological conditions may alter and modulate taste preference and food consumption via changes in taste receptor expression.
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48
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Castagna M, Cinquetti R, Verri T, Vacca F, Giovanola M, Barca A, Romanazzi T, Roseti C, Galli A, Bossi E. The Lepidopteran KAAT1 and CAATCH1: Orthologs to Understand Structure-Function Relationships in Mammalian SLC6 Transporters. Neurochem Res 2021; 47:111-126. [PMID: 34304372 PMCID: PMC8310414 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03410-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To the SLC6 family belong 20 human transporters that utilize the sodium electrochemical gradient to move biogenic amines, osmolytes, amino acids and related compounds into cells. They are classified into two functional groups, the Neurotransmitter transporters (NTT) and Nutrient amino acid transporters (NAT). Here we summarize how since their first cloning in 1998, the insect (Lepidopteran) Orthologs of the SLC6 family transporters have represented very important tools for investigating functional–structural relationships, mechanism of transport, ion and pH dependence and substate interaction of the mammalian (and human) counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Castagna
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Cinquetti
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Tiziano Verri
- Laboratory of Applied Physiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesca Vacca
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Matteo Giovanola
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134, Milan, Italy
| | - Amilcare Barca
- Laboratory of Applied Physiology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, Via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Tiziana Romanazzi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Cristina Roseti
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy.,Research Centre for Neuroscience, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Alessandra Galli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Trentacoste 2, 20134, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Bossi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy. .,Research Centre for Neuroscience, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
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Gut Dysbiosis and IL-21 Response in Patients with Severe COVID-19. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061292. [PMID: 34199203 PMCID: PMC8231954 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The disease severity, ranging from being asymptomatic to having acute illness, and associated inflammatory responses has suggested that alterations in the gut microbiota may play a crucial role in the development of chronic disorders due to COVID-19 infection. This study describes gut microbiota dysbiosis in COVID-19 patients and its implications relating to the disease. Design: A cross sectional prospective study was performed on thirty RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India, between September 10 and 20, 2020. Ten healthy volunteers were recruited as the control group. IFN, TNF, and IL-21 profiling was conducted using plasma samples, and gut bacterial analysis was performed after obtaining the metagenomics data of stool samples. Results: Patients with a variable COVID-19 severity showed distinct gut microflora and peripheral interleukin-21 levels. A low Firmicute/Bacteroidetes ratio, caused by the depletion of the fibre-utilizing bacteria, F. prausnitzii, B. Plebius, and Prevotella, and an increase in Bacteroidetes has associated gut microbiota dysbiosis with COVID-19 disease severity. Conclusions: The loss of the functional attributes of signature commensals in the gut, due to dysbiosis, is a predisposing factor of COVID-19 pathophysiology.
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Sajdel-Sulkowska EM. A Dual-Route Perspective of SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Lung- vs. Gut-specific Effects of ACE-2 Deficiency. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:684610. [PMID: 34177593 PMCID: PMC8226136 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.684610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, primarily considered a respiratory virus, is increasingly recognized as having gastrointestinal aspects based on its presence in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and feces. SARS-CoV-2 uses as a receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2), a critical member of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) involved in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid system. In addition to the systemic endocrine functions, RAAS components are also involved in intracrine and organ-specific local functions. The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) is a key component of RAAS and a receptor for SARS-CoV-2. It is expressed in many tissues with gastrointestinal (GI) tract ACE-2 levels far exceeding those in the respiratory tract. SARS-CoV-2 binding to its receptor results in a deficiency of ACE-2 activity in endocrine, intracrine, and local lung and GI tract ACE-2. The local ACE-2 has different organ-specific functions, including hypertension-independent activities; dysregulations of these functions may contribute to multiorgan COVID-19 pathology, its severity, long-term effects, and mortality. We review supporting evidence from this standpoint. Notably, COVID-19 comorbidities involving hypertension, obesity, heart disease, kidney disease, and diabetes are associated with gastrointestinal problems and display ACE-2 deficits. While RAAS inhibitors target both endocrine and intracrine ACE-2 activity, the deficit of the local ACE-2 activity in the lungs and more so in the gut have not been targeted. Consequently, the therapeutic approach to COVID-19 should be carefully reconsidered. Ongoing clinical trials testing oral probiotic bound ACE-2 delivery are promising.
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