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Su D, Gan Y, Zhang Z, Cui Y, Zhang Z, Liu Z, Wang Z, Zhou J, Sossi V, Stoessl AJ, Wu T, Jing J, Feng T. Multimodal Imaging of Substantia Nigra in Parkinson's Disease with Levodopa-Induced Dyskinesia. Mov Disord 2023; 38:616-625. [PMID: 36799459 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Degeneration of the substantia nigra (SN) may contribute to levodopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) in Parkinson's disease (PD), but the exact characteristics of SN in LID remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To further understand the pathogenesis of patients with PD with LID (PD-LID), we explored the structural and functional characteristics of SN in PD-LID using multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS Twenty-nine patients with PD-LID, 37 patients with PD without LID (PD-nLID), and 28 healthy control subjects underwent T1-weighted MRI, quantitative susceptibility mapping, neuromelanin-sensitive MRI, multishell diffusion MRI, and resting-state functional MRI. Different measures characterizing the SN were obtained using a region of interest-based approach. RESULTS Compared with patients with PD-nLID and healthy control subjects, the quantitative susceptibility mapping values of SN pars compacta (SNpc) were significantly higher (P = 0.049 and P = 0.00002), and the neuromelanin contrast-to-noise ratio values in SNpc were significantly lower (P = 0.012 and P = 0.000002) in PD-LID. The intracellular volume fraction of the posterior SN in PD-LID was significantly higher compared with PD-nLID (P = 0.037). Resting-state fMRI indicated that PD-LID in the medication off state showed higher functional connectivity between the SNpc and putamen compared with PD-nLID (P = 0.031), and the functional connectivity changes in PD-LID were positively correlated with Unified Dyskinesia Rating Scale total scores (R = 0.427, P = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS Our multimodal imaging findings highlight greater neurodegeneration in SN and the altered nigrostriatal connectivity in PD-LID. These characteristics provide a new perspective into the role of SN in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PD-LID. © 2023 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongning Su
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yawen Gan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Tiantan Neuroimaging Center of Excellence, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yusha Cui
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Junhong Zhou
- Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Roslindale, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vesna Sossi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia & Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - A Jon Stoessl
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia & Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jing
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Tiantan Neuroimaging Center of Excellence, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
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2
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Prenatal hypoxia alters the early ontogeny of dopamine neurons. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:238. [PMID: 35672280 PMCID: PMC9174174 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02005-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic (DA) dysfunction is a significant feature in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Established developmental risk factors for schizophrenia such as maternal immune activation (MIA) or developmental vitamin D (DVD) deficiency, when modelled in animals, reveal the differentiation of early DA neurons in foetal brains is delayed suggesting this may be a convergent aetiological pathway. Here we have assessed the effects of prenatal hypoxia, another well-known developmental risk factor for schizophrenia, on developing DA systems. Pregnant mice were exposed to a hypoxic environment of 10% oxygen for 48 h from embryonic day 10 (E10) to E12. Embryonic brains were collected and the positioning of mesencephalic cells, expression of DA specification and maturation factors were examined along with the expression of factors that may govern the migration of these neurons. We show that prenatal hypoxia results in a decrease in dopaminergic progenitors retards early DA neuron lateral migration and reduces expression of the receptors known to govern this process. A second time-point, postnatal day 10 (P10) was also examined in order to assess whether prenatal hypoxia alters early presynaptic architecture in the developing striatum. We show reduced expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the postnatal striatum along with increases in the density of high-probability DA release sites within TH varicosities. These findings add to the emerging literature showing that multiple epidemiologically validated environmental risk factors for schizophrenia may induce early alterations to develop DA systems. This may represent a possible convergent mechanism in the onset of presynaptic DA dysfunction in patients.
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3
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Díaz I, Colmenárez-Raga AC, Pérez-González D, Carmona VG, Plaza Lopez I, Merchán MA. Effects of Multisession Anodal Electrical Stimulation of the Auditory Cortex on Temporary Noise-Induced Hearing Loss in the Rat. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:642047. [PMID: 34393701 PMCID: PMC8358804 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.642047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective effect of the efferent system against acoustic trauma (AT) has been shown by several experimental approaches, including damage to one ear, sectioning of the olivocochlear bundle (OCB) in the floor of the IV ventricle, and knock-in mice overexpressing outer hair cell (OHC) cholinergic receptors, among others. Such effects have been related to changes in the regulation of the cholinergic efferent system and in cochlear amplification, which ultimately reverse upon protective hearing suppression. In addition to well-known circuits of the brainstem, the descending corticofugal pathway also regulates efferent neurons of the olivary complex. In this study, we applied our recently developed experimental paradigm of multiple sessions of electrical stimulation (ES) to activate the efferent system in combination with noise overstimulation. ABR thresholds increased 1 and 2 days after AT (8-16 kHz bandpass noise at 107 dB for 90 min) recovering at AT + 14 days. However, after multiple sessions of epidural anodal stimulation, no changes in thresholds were observed following AT. Although an inflammatory response was also observed 1 day after AT in both groups, the counts of reactive macrophages in both experimental conditions suggest decreased inflammation in the epidural stimulation group. Quantitative immunocytochemistry for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) showed a significant decrease in the size and optical density of the efferent terminals 1 day after AT and a rebound at 14 days, suggesting depletion of the terminals followed by a long-term compensatory response. Such a synthesis recovery was significantly higher upon cortical stimulation. No significant correlation was found between ChAT optical density and size of the buttons in sham controls (SC) and ES/AT + 1day animals; however, significant negative correlations were shown in all other experimental conditions. Therefore, our comparative analysis suggests that cochleotopic cholinergic neurotransmission is also better preserved after multisession epidural stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Miguel A. Merchán
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Castilla y León (INCYL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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4
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Hou L, Chen W, Liu X, Qiao D, Zhou FM. Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection of the Nigrostriatal Dopamine System in Parkinson's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:358. [PMID: 29163139 PMCID: PMC5675869 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that physical activity and exercise may reduce the risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD), and clinical observations suggest that physical exercise can reduce the motor symptoms in PD patients. In experimental animals, a profound observation is that exercise of appropriate timing, duration, and intensity can reduce toxin-induced lesion of the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) system in animal PD models, although negative results have also been reported, potentially due to inappropriate timing and intensity of the exercise regimen. Exercise may also minimize DA denervation-induced medium spiny neuron (MSN) dendritic atrophy and other abnormalities such as enlarged corticostriatal synapse and abnormal MSN excitability and spiking activity. Taken together, epidemiological studies, clinical observations, and animal research indicate that appropriately dosed physical activity and exercise may not only reduce the risk of developing PD in vulnerable populations but also benefit PD patients by potentially protecting the residual DA neurons or directly restoring the dysfunctional cortico-basal ganglia motor control circuit, and these benefits may be mediated by exercise-triggered production of endogenous neuroprotective molecules such as neurotrophic factors. Thus, exercise is a universally available, side effect-free medicine that should be prescribed to vulnerable populations as a preventive measure and to PD patients as a component of treatment. Future research needs to establish standardized exercise protocols that can reliably induce DA neuron protection, enabling the delineation of the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms that in turn can maximize exercise-induced neuroprotection and neurorestoration in animal PD models and eventually in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Hou
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Department of Exercise and Rehabilitation, Physical Education College, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Decai Qiao
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, College of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Ming Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Memphis, TN, United States
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5
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Hernandez-Baltazar D, Zavala-Flores L, Villanueva-Olivo A. The 6-hydroxydopamine model and parkinsonian pathophysiology: Novel findings in an older model. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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6
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Nieuwhof F, Bloem BR, Reelick MF, Aarts E, Maidan I, Mirelman A, Hausdorff JM, Toni I, Helmich RC. Impaired dual tasking in Parkinson’s disease is associated with reduced focusing of cortico-striatal activity. Brain 2017; 140:1384-1398. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Freek Nieuwhof
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud university medical center, Departments of Geriatric Medicine, Neurology and Parkinson’s disease Center Nijmegen (ParC), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud university medical center, Departments of Geriatric Medicine, Neurology and Parkinson’s disease Center Nijmegen (ParC), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam F Reelick
- Radboud university medical center, Departments of Geriatric Medicine, Neurology and Parkinson’s disease Center Nijmegen (ParC), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Aarts
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Inbal Maidan
- Center for the study of Movement, Cognition and Mobility, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anat Mirelman
- Center for the study of Movement, Cognition and Mobility, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jeffrey M Hausdorff
- Center for the study of Movement, Cognition and Mobility, Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ivan Toni
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick C Helmich
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud university medical center, Departments of Geriatric Medicine, Neurology and Parkinson’s disease Center Nijmegen (ParC), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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7
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Bez F, Francardo V, Cenci MA. Dramatic differences in susceptibility to l-DOPA-induced dyskinesia between mice that are aged before or after a nigrostriatal dopamine lesion. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 94:213-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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8
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Lerner RP, Bimpisidis Z, Agorastos S, Scherrer S, Dewey SL, Cenci MA, Eidelberg D. Dissociation of metabolic and hemodynamic levodopa responses in the 6-hydroxydopamine rat model. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 96:31-37. [PMID: 27544483 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissociation of vasomotor and metabolic responses to levodopa has been observed in human subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD) studied with PET and in autoradiograms from 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat. In both species, acute levodopa administration was associated with increases in basal ganglia cerebral blood flow (CBF) with concurrent reductions in cerebral metabolic rate (CMR) for glucose in the same brain regions. In this study, we used a novel dual-tracer microPET technique to measure CBF and CMR levodopa responses in the same animal. Rats with unilateral 6-OHDA or sham lesion underwent sequential 15O-water (H215O) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) microPET to map CBF and CMR following the injection of levodopa or saline. A subset of animals was separately scanned under ketamine/xylazine and isoflurane to compare the effects of these anesthetics. Regardless of anesthetic agent, 6-OHDA animals exhibited significant dissociation of vasomotor (ΔCBF) and metabolic (ΔCMR) responses to levodopa, with stereotyped increases in CBF and reductions in CMR in the basal ganglia ipsilateral to the dopamine lesion. No significant changes were seen in sham-lesioned animals. These data faithfully recapitulate analogous dissociation effects observed previously in human PD subjects scanned sequentially during levodopa infusion. This approach may have utility in the assessment of new drugs targeting the exaggerated regional vasomotor responses seen in human PD and in experimental models of levodopa-induced dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata P Lerner
- Center for Neurosciences, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - Zisis Bimpisidis
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Stergiani Agorastos
- Center for Neurosciences, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - Sandra Scherrer
- Center for Neurosciences, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - Stephen L Dewey
- Center for Neurosciences, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
| | - M Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - David Eidelberg
- Center for Neurosciences, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA.
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9
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Smith MA, Xia CZ, Dengler-Crish CM, Fening KM, Inman DM, Schofield BR, Crish SD. Persistence of intact retinal ganglion cell terminals after axonal transport loss in the DBA/2J mouse model of glaucoma. J Comp Neurol 2016; 524:3503-3517. [PMID: 27072596 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Axonal transport defects are an early pathology occurring within the retinofugal projection of the DBA/2J mouse model of glaucoma. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons and terminals are detectable after transport is affected, yet little is known about the condition of these structures. We examined the ultrastructure of the glaucomatous superior colliculus (SC) with three-dimensional serial block-face scanning electron microscopy to determine the distribution and morphology of retinal terminals in aged mice exhibiting varying levels of axonal transport integrity. After initial axonal transport failure, retinal terminal densities did not vary compared with either transport-intact or control tissue. Although retinal terminals lacked overt signs of neurodegeneration, transport-intact areas of glaucomatous SC exhibited larger retinal terminals and associated mitochondria. This likely indicates increased oxidative capacity and may be a compensatory response to the stressors that this projection is experiencing. Areas devoid of transported tracer label showed reduced mitochondrial volumes as well as decreased active zone number and surface area, suggesting that oxidative capacity and synapse strength are reduced as disease progresses but before degeneration of the synapse. Mitochondrial volume was a strong predictor of bouton size independent of pathology. These findings indicate that RGC axons retain connectivity after losing function early in the disease process, creating an important therapeutic opportunity for protection or restoration of vision in glaucoma. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:3503-3517, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, 44272.,Integrated Pharmaceutical Medicine Program, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, 44272
| | - Christina Z Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, 44272
| | | | - Kelly M Fening
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, 44272
| | - Denise M Inman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, 44272
| | - Brett R Schofield
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, 44272
| | - Samuel D Crish
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, Ohio, 44272.
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10
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Tomas D, Stanic D, Chua HK, White K, Boon WC, Horne M. Restoration of the Dopamine Transporter through Cell Therapy Improves Dyskinesia in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153424. [PMID: 27077649 PMCID: PMC4831749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The dyskinesia of Parkinson's Disease is most likely due to excess levels of dopamine in the striatum. The mechanism may be due to aberrant synthesis but also, a deficiency or absence of the Dopamine Transporter. In this study we have examined the proposition that reinstating Dopamine Transporter expression in the striatum would reduce dyskinesia. We transplanted c17.2 cells that stably expressed the Dopamine Transporter into dyskinetic rats. There was a reduction in dyskinesia in rats that received grafts expressing the Dopamine Transporter. Strategies designed to increase Dopamine Transporter in the striatum may be useful in treating the dyskinesia associated with human Parkinson's Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Tomas
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia, 3010
| | - D. Stanic
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia, 3010
| | - H. K. Chua
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia, 3010
| | - K. White
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia, 3010
| | - W. C. Boon
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia, 3010
| | - M. Horne
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia, 3010
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent’s Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia, 3065
- * E-mail:
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11
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Koos BJ, Rajaee A, Ibe B, Guerra C, Kruger L. Thalamic mediation of hypoxic respiratory depression in lambs. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R586-95. [PMID: 26818057 PMCID: PMC4867384 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00412.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Immaturity of respiratory controllers in preterm infants dispose to recurrent apnea and oxygen deprivation. Accompanying reductions in brain oxygen tensions evoke respiratory depression, potentially exacerbating hypoxemia. Central respiratory depression during moderate hypoxia is revealed in the ventilatory decline following initial augmentation. This study determined whether the thalamic parafascicular nuclear (Pf) complex involved in adult nociception and sensorimotor regulation (Bentivoglio M, Balerecia G, Kruger L. Prog Brain Res 87: 53-80, 1991) also becomes a postnatal controller of hypoxic ventilatory decline. Respiratory responses to moderate isocapnic hypoxia were studied in conscious lambs. Hypoxic ventilatory decline was compared with peak augmentation. Pf and/or adjacent thalamic structures were destroyed by the neuron-specific toxin ibotenic acid (IB). IB lesions involving the thalamic Pf abolished hypoxic ventilatory decline. Lesions of adjacent thalamic nuclei that spared Pf and control injections of vehicle failed to blunt hypoxic respiratory depression. Our findings reveal that the thalamic Pf region is a critical controller of hypoxic ventilatory depression and thus a key target for exploring molecular concomitants of forebrain pathways regulating hypoxic ventilatory depression in early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Koos
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Arezoo Rajaee
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Basil Ibe
- Department of Pediatrics, C. W. Steers Biological Resource Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California; and
| | - Catalina Guerra
- C. W. Steers Biological Resource Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Lawrence Kruger
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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12
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Finkelstein DI, Hare DJ, Billings JL, Sedjahtera A, Nurjono M, Arthofer E, George S, Culvenor JG, Bush AI, Adlard PA. Clioquinol Improves Cognitive, Motor Function, and Microanatomy of the Alpha-Synuclein hA53T Transgenic Mice. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:119-29. [PMID: 26481462 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein (α-syn) has been linked to a number of neurodegenerative disorders, the most noteworthy of which is Parkinson's disease. Alpha-synuclein itself is not toxic and fulfills various physiological roles in the central nervous system. However, specific types of aggregates have been shown to be toxic, and metals have been linked to the assembly of these toxic aggregates. In this paper, we have characterized a transgenic mouse that overexpresses the A53T mutation of human α-syn, specifically assessing cognition, motor performance, and subtle anatomical markers that have all been observed in synucleinopathies in humans. We hypothesized that treatment with the moderate-affinity metal chelator, clioquinol (CQ), would reduce the interaction between metals and α-syn to subsequently improve the phenotype of the A53T animal model. We showed that CQ prevents an iron-synuclein interaction, the formation of urea-soluble α-syn aggregates, α-syn-related substantia nigra pars compacta cell loss, reduction in dendritic spine density of hippocampal and caudate putamen medium spiny neurons, and the decline in motor and cognitive function. In conclusion, our data suggests that CQ is capable of mitigating the pathological metal/α-syn interactions, suggesting that the modulation of metal ions warrants further study as a therapeutic approach for the synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I. Finkelstein
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Dominic J. Hare
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Elemental
Bio-imaging Facility, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales 2007, Australia
- Senator
Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Science Laboratory, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Jessica L. Billings
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Amelia Sedjahtera
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Milawaty Nurjono
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Elisa Arthofer
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department
of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institut, Stockholm SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Sonia George
- School
of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Janetta G. Culvenor
- School
of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Paul A. Adlard
- The
Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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Müller-Oehring EM, Sullivan EV, Pfefferbaum A, Huang NC, Poston KL, Bronte-Stewart HM, Schulte T. Task-rest modulation of basal ganglia connectivity in mild to moderate Parkinson's disease. Brain Imaging Behav 2015; 9:619-38. [PMID: 25280970 PMCID: PMC4385510 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-014-9317-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with abnormal synchronization in basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops. We tested whether early PD patients without demonstrable cognitive impairment exhibit abnormal modulation of functional connectivity at rest, while engaged in a task, or both. PD and healthy controls underwent two functional MRI scans: a resting-state scan and a Stroop Match-to-Sample task scan. Rest-task modulation of basal ganglia (BG) connectivity was tested using seed-to-voxel connectivity analysis with task and rest time series as conditions. Despite substantial overlap of BG-cortical connectivity patterns in both groups, connectivity differences between groups had clinical and behavioral correlates. During rest, stronger putamen-medial parietal and pallidum-occipital connectivity in PD than controls was associated with worse task performance and more severe PD symptoms suggesting that abnormalities in resting-state connectivity denote neural network dedifferentiation. During the executive task, PD patients showed weaker BG-cortical connectivity than controls, i.e., between caudate-supramarginal gyrus and pallidum-inferior prefrontal regions, that was related to more severe PD symptoms and worse task performance. Yet, task processing also evoked stronger striatal-cortical connectivity, specifically between caudate-prefrontal, caudate-precuneus, and putamen-motor/premotor regions in PD relative to controls, which was related to less severe PD symptoms and better performance on the Stroop task. Thus, stronger task-evoked striatal connectivity in PD demonstrated compensatory neural network enhancement to meet task demands and improve performance levels. fMRI-based network analysis revealed that despite resting-state BG network compromise in PD, BG connectivity to prefrontal, premotor, and precuneus regions can be adequately invoked during executive control demands enabling near normal task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Müller-Oehring
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, 94305-5723, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - Edith V Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, 94305-5723, USA
| | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, 94305-5723, USA
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Neng C Huang
- Valley Parkinson Clinic, Los Gatos, CA, 95032, USA
| | - Kathleen L Poston
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Helen M Bronte-Stewart
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Tilman Schulte
- Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
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Hernandez-Baltazar D, Zavala-Flores LM, Villanueva-Olivo A. The 6-hydroxydopamine model and parkinsonian pathophysiology: Novel findings in an older model. Neurologia 2015; 32:533-539. [PMID: 26304655 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is widely used to induce models of Parkinson's disease (PD). We now know that the model induced by 6-OHDA does not include all PD symptoms, although it does reproduce the main cellular processes involved in PD, such as oxidative stress, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, and neuronal death by apoptosis. In this review we analyse the factors affecting the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons as well as the close relationships between neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and apoptosis in the 6-OHDA model. Knowledge of the mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration and cell death in this model is the key to identifying potential therapeutic targets for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hernandez-Baltazar
- Cátedra CONACyT, Dirección Adjunta de Desarrollo Científico CONACyT, México, D. F., México; Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México.
| | - L M Zavala-Flores
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica del Noreste, IMSS, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - A Villanueva-Olivo
- Departamento de Histología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
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15
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El Arfani A, Albertini G, Bentea E, Demuyser T, Van Eeckhaut A, Smolders I, Massie A. Alterations in the motor cortical and striatal glutamatergic system and D-serine levels in the bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine rat model for Parkinson's disease. Neurochem Int 2015; 88:88-96. [PMID: 26172319 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is hallmarked by progressive degeneration of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) neurons and is associated with aberrant glutamatergic activity. However, studies on the glutamatergic system in the motor cortex and striatum, two motor loop-related areas, are lacking in the clinically relevant bilateral SNc 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model, and therefore led to the rationale behind the present investigations. Using Western blotting, the expression levels of the glial glutamate transporters, GLT-1 and GLAST, as well as xCT, the specific subunit of system xc(-), and the vesicular glutamate transporters, VGLUT1 and 2 were investigated at two different time points (1 week and 2 weeks) post-lesion. In addition, the total content of glutamate was measured. Moreover, the total D-serine levels were, to the best of our knowledge, studied for the first time in these two PD-related areas in the bilateral 6-OHDA rat model. In the motor cortex, no significant changes were observed in the different glutamate transporter expression levels in the bilaterally-lesioned rats. In the striatum, GLAST expression was significantly decreased at both time points whereas VGLUT1 and 2 expressions were significantly decreased 2 weeks after bilateral 6-OHDA lesion. Interestingly, bilateral 6-OHDA SNc lesion resulted in an enhancement of the total d-serine content in both motor cortex and striatum at 1 week post-lesion suggesting its possible involvement in the pathophysiology of PD. In conclusion, this study demonstrates disturbed glutamate and D-serine regulation in the bilateral SNc-lesioned brain which could contribute to the behavioral impairments in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa El Arfani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Giulia Albertini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Eduard Bentea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Demuyser
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ann Van Eeckhaut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ilse Smolders
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Drug Information, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ann Massie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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Tian L, Karimi M, Brown CA, Loftin SK, Perlmutter JS. In vivo measures of nigrostriatal neuronal response to unilateral MPTP treatment. Brain Res 2014; 1571:49-60. [PMID: 24845719 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A single unilateral intracarotid infusion of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) into non-human primates causes injury to the nigrostriatal pathway including nigral cell bodies, axons and striatal terminal fields. In this model, motor parkinsonism correlates well with the loss of nigral dopaminergic cell bodies but only correlates with in vitro measures of nigrostriatal terminal fields when nigral cell loss does not exceed 50%. The goals of this study are to determine the relationship of motor parkinsonism with the degree of injury to nigrostriatal axons, as reflected by in vitro fiber length density measures, and compare in vivo with in vitro measures of striatal terminal fields. We determined axon integrity by measuring fiber length density with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunohistology and dopamine transporter (DAT) density with DAT immunohistology. We then calculated the terminal arbor size and compared these measures with previously published data of quantified in vivo positron emission tomography (PET) measures of presynaptic dopaminergic neurons, autoradiographic measures of DAT and vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2), striatal dopamine, nigral cell counts, and parkinsonian motor ratings in the same animals. Our data demonstrate that in vivo and in vitro measures of striatal terminal fields correlate with each other regardless of the method of measurement. PET-based in vivo striatal measures accurately reflect in vitro measures of DAT and VMAT2. Terminal arbor size and other terminal field measures correlate with nigral TH immunoreactive (TH-ir) cell counts only when nigral TH-ir cell loss does not exceed 50%. Fiber length density was the only striatal measure that linearly correlated with motor ratings (Spearman: r=-0.81, p<0.001, n=16).
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Affiliation(s)
- LinLin Tian
- Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Chris A Brown
- Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Susan K Loftin
- Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Neurobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Occupational Therapy, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Physical Therapy, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Kozina EA, Khakimova GR, Khaindrava VG, Kucheryanu VG, Vorobyeva NE, Krasnov AN, Georgieva SG, Kerkerian-Le Goff L, Ugrumov MV. Tyrosine hydroxylase expression and activity in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons of MPTP-treated mice at the presymptomatic and symptomatic stages of parkinsonism. J Neurol Sci 2014; 340:198-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Lu-Nguyen NB, Broadstock M, Schliesser MG, Bartholomae CC, von Kalle C, Schmidt M, Yáñez-Muñoz RJ. Transgenic expression of human glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor from integration-deficient lentiviral vectors is neuroprotective in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 25:631-41. [PMID: 24635742 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2014.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard integration-proficient lentiviral vectors (IPLVs) are effective at much lower doses than other vector systems and have shown promise for gene therapy of Parkinson's disease (PD). Their main drawback is the risk of insertional mutagenesis. The novel biosafety-enhanced integration-deficient lentiviral vectors (IDLVs) may offer a significant enhancement in biosafety, but have not been previously tested in a model of a major disease. We have assessed biosafety and transduction efficiency of IDLVs in a rat model of PD, using IPLVs as a reference. Genomic insertion of lentivectors injected into the lesioned striatum was studied by linear amplification-mediated polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by deep sequencing and insertion site analysis, demonstrating lack of significant IDLV integration. Reporter gene expression studies showed efficient, long-lived, and transcriptionally targeted expression from IDLVs injected ahead of lesioning in the rat striatum, although at somewhat lower expression levels than from IPLVs. Transgenic human glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (hGDNF) expression from IDLVs was used for a long-term investigation of lentivector-mediated, transcriptionally targeted neuroprotection in this PD rat model. Vectors were injected before striatal lesioning, and the results showed improvements in nigral dopaminergic neuron survival and behavioral tests regardless of lentiviral integration proficiency, although they confirmed lower expression levels of hGDNF from IDLVs. These data demonstrate the effectiveness of IDLVs in a model of a major disease and indicate that these vectors could provide long-term PD treatment at low dose, combining efficacy and biosafety for targeted central nervous system applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc B Lu-Nguyen
- 1 School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London , Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, United Kingdom
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19
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Hung LW, Villemagne VL, Cheng L, Sherratt NA, Ayton S, White AR, Crouch PJ, Lim S, Leong SL, Wilkins S, George J, Roberts BR, Pham CLL, Liu X, Chiu FCK, Shackleford DM, Powell AK, Masters CL, Bush AI, O'Keefe G, Culvenor JG, Cappai R, Cherny RA, Donnelly PS, Hill AF, Finkelstein DI, Barnham KJ. The hypoxia imaging agent CuII(atsm) is neuroprotective and improves motor and cognitive functions in multiple animal models of Parkinson's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:837-54. [PMID: 22473957 PMCID: PMC3328361 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20112285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The PET imaging agent CuII(atsm) improves motor and cognitive function in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive, chronic disease characterized by dyskinesia, rigidity, instability, and tremors. The disease is defined by the presence of Lewy bodies, which primarily consist of aggregated α-synuclein protein, and is accompanied by the loss of monoaminergic neurons. Current therapeutic strategies only give symptomatic relief of motor impairment and do not address the underlying neurodegeneration. Hence, we have identified CuII(atsm) as a potential therapeutic for PD. Drug administration to four different animal models of PD resulted in improved motor and cognition function, rescued nigral cell loss, and improved dopamine metabolism. In vitro, this compound is able to inhibit the effects of peroxynitrite-driven toxicity, including the formation of nitrated α-synuclein oligomers. Our results show that CuII(atsm) is effective in reversing parkinsonian defects in animal models and has the potential to be a successful treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin W Hung
- The Mental Health Research Institute, the University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010 Australia
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20
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Zeng X, Shen H, Zhao J, Cai Q, Wang C, Xu Q. Long-term changes in morphology, D2R expression and targets of regenerated dopaminergic terminals in the striatum after a partial lesion in the substantia nigra in the rat. Brain Res 2012; 1450:166-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Lipski J, Nistico R, Berretta N, Guatteo E, Bernardi G, Mercuri NB. L-DOPA: a scapegoat for accelerated neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease? Prog Neurobiol 2011; 94:389-407. [PMID: 21723913 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is consensus that amelioration of the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease is most effective with L-DOPA (levodopa). However, this necessary therapeutic step is biased by an enduring belief that L-DOPA is toxic to the remaining substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons by itself, or by specific metabolites such as dopamine. The concept of L-DOPA toxicity originated from pre-clinical studies conducted mainly in cell culture, demonstrating that L-DOPA or its derivatives damage dopaminergic neurons due to oxidative stress and other mechanisms. However, the in vitro data remain controversial as some studies showed neuroprotective, rather than toxic action of the drug. The relevance of this debate needs to be considered in the context of the studies conducted on animals and in clinical trials that do not provide convincing evidence for L-DOPA toxicity in vivo. This review presents the current views on the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease, focusing on mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative/proteolytic stress, the factors that can be affected by L-DOPA or its metabolites. We then critically discuss the evidence supporting the two opposing views on the effects of L-DOPA in vitro, as well as the animal and human data. We also address the problem of inadequate experimental models used in these studies. L-DOPA remains the symptomatic 'hero' of Parkinson's disease. Whether it contributes to degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons, or is a 'scapegoat' for explaining undesirable or unexpected effects of the treatment, remains a hotly debated topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Lipski
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd., Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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22
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Francardo V, Recchia A, Popovic N, Andersson D, Nissbrandt H, Cenci MA. Impact of the lesion procedure on the profiles of motor impairment and molecular responsiveness to L-DOPA in the 6-hydroxydopamine mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2011; 42:327-40. [PMID: 21310234 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2011.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions are being used in the mouse for basic research on Parkinson's disease and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. We set out to compare unilateral lesion models produced by intrastriatal or intramesencephalic injections of a fixed 6-OHDA concentration (3.2 μg/μl) in C57BL/6 mice. In the first experiment, toxin injections were performed either at two striatal coordinates (1 or 2 μl per site, termed "striatum(2 × 1 μl)" and "striatum(2 × 2 μl)" models), in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB), or in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SN) (1 μl per site). All the four lesion models produced significant forelimb use asymmetry, but spontaneous turning asymmetry only occurred in the MFB and striatum(2 × 2 μl) models. After the behavioral studies, the induction of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (pERK1/2) by acute L-DOPA (30 mg/kg) was used as a marker of post-synaptic supersensitivity. Striatal pERK1/2 expression was sparse in the SN and striatum(2 × 1 μl) groups, but pronounced in the striatum(2 × 2 μl) and MFB-lesioned mice. In further experiments, mice with MFB and striatal(2 × 2 μl) lesions were used to compare behavioral and molecular responses to chronic L-DOPA treatment (12 days at 3 and 6 mg/kg/day). Maximally severe abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) occurred in all MFB-lesioned mice, whereas only 35% of the mice with striatal lesions developed dyskinesia. Striatal tissue levels of dopamine were significantly lower in the dyskinetic animals (both MFB and striatum(2 × 2 μl) groups) in comparison with the non-dyskinetic ones. Noradrenaline levels were significantly reduced only in MFB lesioned animals and did not differ among the dyskinetic and non-dyskinetic cases with striatal lesions. In all groups, the L-DOPA-induced AIM scores correlated closely with the number of cells immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase or FosB/∆FosB in the striatum. In conclusion, among the four lesion procedures examined here, only the MFB and striatum(2 × 2 μl) models yielded a degree of dopamine denervation sufficient to produce spontaneous postural asymmetry and molecular supersensitivity to L-DOPA. Both lesion models are suitable to reproduce L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, although only MFB lesions yield a pronounced and widespread expression of post-synaptic supersensitivity markers in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Francardo
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC F11, Sölvegatan 19, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
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Chronic cocaine administration reduces striatal dopamine terminal density and striatal dopamine release which leads to drug-seeking behaviour. Neuroscience 2010; 174:143-50. [PMID: 21129449 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Drug addiction is associated with altered dopamine (DA) neurotransmission in the basal ganglia. We have previously shown that chronic stimulation of the dopamine D2 receptor (D(2)R) with cocaine results in reduced striatal DA terminal density. The aims of this study were to establish whether this reduction in DA terminal density results in reduced striatal DA release and increased cocaine-seeking behaviour and whether D(2)R antagonism can restore the cocaine-induced alterations in DA neurotransmission and drug-seeking behaviour. Rats were housed individually and either control, cocaine, haloperidol (D(2)R antagonist), or cocaine and haloperidol was administered in the drinking water for 16 weeks. Chronic cocaine treatment, which reduced striatal DA terminal density by 20%, resulted in a reduction in basal (-34%) and cocaine-evoked (-33%) striatal DA release and increased cocaine-seeking behaviour. These cocaine-mediated effects on striatal DA terminal density, DA release and drug-seeking could be prevented by co-administration with haloperidol. Basal and cocaine-evoked DA release in the striatum directly correlated with DA terminal density and with preference for cocaine. We conclude that striatal DA terminal density and DA release is an important factor in maintaining drug preference and should be considered as a factor in drug-seeking behaviour and relapse.
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Fernagut PO, Li Q, Dovero S, Chan P, Wu T, Ravenscroft P, Hill M, Chen Z, Bezard E. Dopamine transporter binding is unaffected by L-DOPA administration in normal and MPTP-treated monkeys. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14053. [PMID: 21124922 PMCID: PMC2989907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotracer imaging of the presynaptic nigrostriatal dopaminergic system is used to assess disease progression in Parkinson's disease (PD) and may provide a useful adjunct to clinical assessment during therapeutic trials of potential neuroprotective agents. Several clinical trials comparing dopamine agonists to L-DOPA or early vs. late L-DOPA have revealed differences between clinical assessment and imaging of the presynaptic dopaminergic system, hence questioning the comparability of these measures as neuroprotection outcome variables. Thus, results of these studies may have been affected by factors other than the primary biological process investigated. Methodology/Principal Findings We tested the possibility that L-DOPA might interfere with DAT binding. Post-mortem DAT binding was conducted in normal and MPTP-treated macaque monkeys that were administered L-DOPA, acutely or chronically. In parallel, DAT SPECT was conducted in MPTP-treated animals that were administered chronic L-DOPA. [99mTc]TRODAT-1 SPECT binding was similarly reduced in all MPTP monkeys regardless of L-DOPA treatment. L-DOPA had no significant effect on post-mortem DAT binding either in saline or in MPTP-lesioned animals. Conclusions/Significance These data indicate that L-DOPA does not induce modifications of DAT expression detectable by SPECT of by DAT binding autoradiography, suggesting that differences between clinical assessment and radiotracer imaging in clinical trials may not be specifically related to L-DOPA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Olivier Fernagut
- Université Victor Segalen-Bordeaux 2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Bordeaux Institute of Neuroscience, UMR 5227, Bordeaux, France.
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25
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Nisbet DR, Rodda AE, Horne MK, Forsythe JS, Finkelstein DI. Implantation of Functionalized Thermally Gelling Xyloglucan Hydrogel Within the Brain: Associated Neurite Infiltration and Inflammatory Response. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:2833-42. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David R. Nisbet
- Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- CRC For Polymers, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
- The Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew E. Rodda
- Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- CRC For Polymers, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Malcolm K. Horne
- Florey Neurosciences Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Neurosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - John S. Forsythe
- Department of Materials Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- CRC For Polymers, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - David I. Finkelstein
- The Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Neurosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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26
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Tinsley RB, Bye CR, Parish CL, Tziotis-Vais A, George S, Culvenor JG, Li QX, Masters CL, Finkelstein DI, Horne MK. Dopamine D2 receptor knockout mice develop features of Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 2009; 66:472-84. [PMID: 19847912 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study questions whether increased dopamine (DA) turnover in nigral neurons leads to formation of Lewy bodies (LBs), the characteristic alpha-synuclein-containing cytoplasmic inclusion of Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS Mice with targeted deletion of the dopamine D(2) receptor gene (D(2)R[-/-]) have higher striatal and nigral dopamine turnover and elevated oxidative stress. These mice were examined for evidence of histological, biochemical, and gene expression changes consistent with a synucleinopathy. RESULTS LB-like cytoplasmic inclusions containing alpha-synuclein and ubiquitin were present in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) neurons of older D(2)R(-/-) mice, and were also occasionally seen in aged wild-type mice. These inclusions displaced the nucleus of affected cells and were eosinophilic. Diffuse cytosolic alpha-synuclein immunoreactivity in SNpc neurons increased with age in both wild-type and D(2)R(-/-) mice, most likely because of redistribution of alpha-synuclein from striatal terminals to SNpc cell bodies. Gene and protein expression studies indicated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and changes in trafficking and autophagic pathways in D(2)R(-/-) SNpc. These changes were accompanied by a loss of DA terminals in the dorsal striatum, although there was no evidence of progressive cell death in the SNpc. INTERPRETATION Increased sprouting and DA turnover, as observed in PD and D(2)R(-/-) mice, augments LB-like inclusions and axonal degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. These changes are associated with ER stress and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogan B Tinsley
- Howard Florey Institute, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Helmich RC, Derikx LC, Bakker M, Scheeringa R, Bloem BR, Toni I. Spatial remapping of cortico-striatal connectivity in Parkinson's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 20:1175-86. [PMID: 19710357 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by striatal dopamine depletion, especially in the posterior putamen. The dense connectivity profile of the striatum suggests that these local impairments may propagate throughout the whole cortico-striatal network. Here we test the effect of striatal dopamine depletion on cortico-striatal network properties by comparing the functional connectivity profile of the posterior putamen, the anterior putamen, and the caudate nucleus between 41 PD patients and 36 matched controls. We used multiple regression analyses of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data to quantify functional connectivity across different networks. Each region had a distinct connectivity profile that was similarly expressed in patients and controls: the posterior putamen was uniquely coupled to cortical motor areas, the anterior putamen to the pre-supplementary motor area and anterior cingulate cortex, and the caudate nucleus to the dorsal prefrontal cortex. Differences between groups were specific to the putamen: although PD patients showed decreased coupling between the posterior putamen and the inferior parietal cortex, this region showed increased functional connectivity with the anterior putamen. We conclude that dopamine depletion in PD leads to a remapping of cerebral connectivity that reduces the spatial segregation between different cortico-striatal loops. These alterations of network properties may underlie abnormal sensorimotor integration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick C Helmich
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Sedaghat K, Finkelstein DI, Gundlach AL. Effect of unilateral lesion of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway on survival and neurochemistry of parafascicular nucleus neurons in the rat — Evaluation of time-course and LGR8 expression. Brain Res 2009; 1271:83-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Reed MC, Best J, Nijhout HF. Passive and active stabilization of dopamine in the striatum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bihy.2009.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Avila-Costa M, Gutierrez-Valdez A, Ordoñez-Librado J, Martinez V, Colin-Barenque L, Espinosa-Villanueva J, Aley-Medina P, Montiel-Flores E, Velazquz-Mata A, Machado-Salas JP. Time course changes of the striatum neuropil after unilateral dopamine depletion and the usefulness of the contralateral striatum as a control structure. Neurol Res 2008; 30:1068-74. [PMID: 18826753 DOI: 10.1179/174313208x346116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION After unilateral dopamine depletion, some ipsilateral alterations occur and the contralateral structure has been utilized as control. OBJECTIVE Our aim is to analyse the evolution of the ultrastructural alterations of the ipsilateral and contralateral striata of the 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rats to demonstrate that the contralateral striatum should not be used as control structure. METHODS After the surgery and the rotation behavior evaluation, animals were killed from 3 to 120 days after lesioning, and their striata were compared with those of aged rats. RESULTS The ultrastructural analysis shows increased diameter of the synaptic ending in ipsilateral (since the third day) and contralateral striata (since day 30) and an increase in perforated synaptic contacts. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the contralateral striatum should not be taken as control structure at least after 20-30 days after lesioning, as the alterations found here may result in wrong interpretations when comparing with the ipsilateral-lesioned one.
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Affiliation(s)
- MaríaRosa Avila-Costa
- Departamento de Neurociencias, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, UNAM, Mexico City, México.
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Horne MK, Lee J, Chen F, Lanning K, Tomas D, Lawrence AJ. Long-term administration of cocaine or serotonin reuptake inhibitors results in anatomical and neurochemical changes in noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonin pathways. J Neurochem 2008; 106:1731-44. [PMID: 18624911 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The catechol and indole pathways are important components underlying plasticity in the frontal cortex and basal ganglia. This study demonstrates that administering rats either cocaine or a selective serotonin (or 5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) for 16 weeks results in reduced density of dopaminergic and noradrenergic terminals in the striatum and olfactory bulb, respectively, reflecting pruning of the terminal arbor of ventral midbrain dopaminergic and locus coeruleus noradrenergic neurones. In the striatum of cocaine-treated animals, basal dopamine levels, as well as cocaine-induced dopamine release, is diminished compared with controls. In contrast, serotonergic fibers, projecting from the raphe, sprout and have increased terminal density in the lateral septal nucleus and frontal cortex, following long-term cocaine or SSRI treatment. This is associated with elevated basal 5-HT and enhanced cocaine-induced 5-HT release in the frontal cortex. The anatomical and neurochemical changes in serotonergic fibers following cocaine or SSRI treatment may be explained by attenuated 5-HT(1A) autoreceptor function in the raphe. This study demonstrates extensive plasticity in the morphology and neurochemistry of the catechol and indole pathways that contribute to drug-induced plasticity of the corticostriatal (and other) projections. Moreover, our data suggest that drug-induced plastic adaptation is anatomically widespread and consequently, likely to have multiple and complex consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm K Horne
- Brain Injury and Repair, Howard Florey Institute, and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Effects of hypophysectomy on compulsive checking and cortical dendrites in an animal model of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behav Pharmacol 2008; 19:271-83. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e3283095223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lee J, Zhu WM, Stanic D, Finkelstein DI, Horne MH, Henderson J, Lawrence AJ, O'Connor L, Tomas D, Drago J, Horne MK. Sprouting of dopamine terminals and altered dopamine release and uptake in Parkinsonian dyskinaesia. Brain 2008; 131:1574-87. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awn085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Mazloom M, Smith Y. Synaptic microcircuitry of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons and terminals in the striatum of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated monkeys. J Comp Neurol 2006; 495:453-69. [PMID: 16485290 PMCID: PMC2597082 DOI: 10.1002/cne.20894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A population of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-containing neurons that is up-regulated after lesion of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway has been described in the primate striatum. The goal of this study was to examine the morphology, synaptology, and chemical phenotype of these neurons and TH-immunoreactive (-ir) terminals in the striatum of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated rhesus monkeys. TH-ir perikarya were small (10-12 microm), displayed nuclear invaginations, and received very few synaptic inputs. On the other hand, TH-containing dendrites were typically large in diameter (>1.0 microm) and received scarce synaptic innervation from putative excitatory and inhibitory terminals forming asymmetric and symmetric synapses, respectively. More than 70% of TH-positive intrastriatal cell bodies were found in the caudate nucleus and the precommissural putamen, considered as the associative functional territories of the primate striatum. Under 10% of these cells displayed calretinin immunoreactivity. TH-ir terminals rarely formed clear synaptic contacts, except for a few that established asymmetric axodendritic synapses. Almost two-thirds of TH-containing boutons displayed gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactivity in the striatum of parkinsonian monkeys, whereas under 5% did so in the normal striatum. These findings provide strong support for the existence of a population of putative catecholaminergic interneurons in the associative territory of the striatum in parkinsonian monkeys. Their sparse synaptic innervation raises interesting issues regarding synaptic and nonsynaptic mechanisms involved in the regulation and integration of these neurons in the striatal microcircuitry. Finally, the coexpression of GABA in TH-positive terminals in the striatum of dopamine-depleted monkeys suggests dramatic neurochemical changes in the catecholaminergic modulation of striatal activity in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maney Mazloom
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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35
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Porritt M, Stanic D, Finkelstein D, Batchelor P, Lockhart S, Hughes A, Kalnins R, Howells D. Dopaminergic innervation of the human striatum in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2005; 20:810-8. [PMID: 15726582 DOI: 10.1002/mds.20399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), dopaminergic input to the caudate nucleus and a band of putaminal tissue abutting the external globus pallidus seems well preserved on immunohistochemical staining for the dopamine transporter. Counting of dopaminergic terminals showed that terminal density in these regions in PD was the same as that in controls, which indicates that input is truly preserved and not a consequence of a compensatory upregulation of metabolism in a reduced pool of surviving terminals. When the branching pattern of dopaminergic axons coursing through the globus pallidus was examined, we found no evidence for increased axonal sprouting in PD that might have contributed to preservation of dopaminergic input to the putamen or caudate nucleus. Although terminal counting indicated that anatomic input was preserved to parts of the striatum, dopamine uptake site density in these regions was reduced significantly. This suggests that the impact of disease in these areas is more profound than was thought previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Porritt
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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36
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Parish CL, Nunan J, Finkelstein DI, McNamara FN, Wong JY, Waddington JL, Brown RM, Lawrence AJ, Horne MK, Drago J. Mice lacking the alpha4 nicotinic receptor subunit fail to modulate dopaminergic neuronal arbors and possess impaired dopamine transporter function. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 68:1376-86. [PMID: 16077034 DOI: 10.1124/mol.104.004820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) at presynaptic sites can modulate dopaminergic synaptic transmission by regulating dopamine (DA) release and uptake. Dopaminergic transmission in nigrostriatal and mesolimbic pathways is vital for the coordination of movement and is associated with learning and behavioral reinforcement. We reported recently that the D2 DA receptor plays a central role in regulating the arbor size of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. Given the known effects of nAChRs on dopaminergic neurotransmission, we assessed the ability of the alpha4 nAChR subunit to regulate arbor size of dopaminergic neurons by comparing responses of wild-type and alpha4 nAChR subunit knockout [alpha4(-/-)] mice to long-term exposure to cocaine, amphetamine, nicotine, and haloperidol, and after substantia nigra neurotoxic lesioning. We found that dopaminergic neurons in adult drug-naive alpha4(-/-) mice had significantly larger terminal arbors, and despite normal short-term behavioral responses to drugs acting on pre- and postsynaptic D2 DA receptors, they were unable to modulate their terminal arbor in response to pharmacological manipulation or after lesioning. In addition, although synaptosome DA uptake studies showed that the interaction of the D2 DA receptor and the dopamine transporter (DAT) was preserved in alpha4(-/-) mice, DAT function was found to be impaired. These findings suggest that the alpha4 subunit of the nAChR is an independent regulator of terminal arbor size of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and that reduced functionality of presynaptic DAT may contribute to this effect by impairing DA uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Parish
- Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
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Sliwinski A, Stanic D, Finkelstein DI, Ilic M, West JM, Dooley PC. Alterations in the proportions of skeletal muscle proteins following a unilateral lesion to the substantia nigra pars compacta of rats. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2005; 26:149-55. [PMID: 15999226 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-005-6833-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that mammalian skeletal muscles exhibit a considerable degree of plasticity and one of the main determining factors of this plasticity is the activity pattern and duration of motoneurone discharge. Lesions to the right substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) of six adult rats were made to determine whether altered output from the SNpc ultimately leads to a change in the expression of proteins in contralateral skeletal muscles. After 4 months, altered motor performance was identified by the administration of amphetamine. After 7 months, 30-70% of dopaminergic cells in the SNpc had been destroyed. The protein content of muscles was then quantified from densitometric scans of gels, and expressed as a % of the amount of actin (the protein used as a reference in this study). The lesion affected the expression of different protein isoforms in the fast- and slow-twitch muscles. In slow-twitch soleus muscles, the lesion decreased the proportion of alpha-tropomyosin and increased the proportion of beta-tropomyosin. In the fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus muscles, the lesion increased the proportion of the fast isoform of troponin-T1f, and decreased the proportions of the two isoforms of myosin light chain. This study establishes a connection between the chronic effects of a lesion to the SNpc, with a loss of dopaminergic neurones, impaired motor performance, and altered expression of proteins in skeletal muscle. The implication of these results is that the altered motor function observed in Parkinson's disease may be associated with alterations to the expression of skeletal muscle proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sliwinski
- School of Human Biosciences, La Trobe University, 3086, Victoria, Australia
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38
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Yuan H, Sarre S, Ebinger G, Michotte Y. Histological, behavioural and neurochemical evaluation of medial forebrain bundle and striatal 6-OHDA lesions as rat models of Parkinson's disease. J Neurosci Methods 2005; 144:35-45. [PMID: 15848237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2004.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2004] [Revised: 10/05/2004] [Accepted: 10/12/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We compared the effect of an injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) and into the striatum on different parameters for evaluation of motor dysfunction and dopamine denervation in rats, as a function of time. A combination of behavioural, neurochemical and histological techniques was employed. Amphetamine-induced rotation is shown to provide a first rough estimation of motor impairment. Indeed, the number of rotations observed after amphetamine administration can distinguish between a partial and a near complete (>90%) denervation in the substantia nigra. However, lesion sizes of 50-80% resulted in similar rotational behaviour. Similarly, the elevated body swing test (EBST) can determine severe lesions, but is not sensitive enough in the partial model. In both models, determination of the dopamine tissue content with HPLC is a more precise measure of striatal dopamine innervation than striatal TH-immunostaining. The number of cells estimated by TH- and Nissl-staining correlated well in the striatal model, but there was a discrepancy between both measures in the MFB-lesioned animals. Therefore, additional Nissl-staining is necessary for better estimation of the size of the lesion at the level of the substantia nigra or ventral tegmental area in the severely lesioned animals. The MFB lesion model mimics end-stage Parkinson's disease. The striatal injection of 6-OHDA described here cannot be considered a progressive model, since there was no change in the number of TH-immunoreactive cells in the substantia nigra up to 8 weeks post-lesioning. However, the partial denervation renders its quite suitable for mimicking early stage Parkinson's disease, and is thus suitable for testing possible neuroprotective and neurotrophic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, Research Group Experimental Pharmacology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
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López-Pérez SJ, Vergara P, Ventura-Valenzuela JP, Ureña-Guerrero ME, Segovia J, Beas-Zárate C. Modification of dopaminergic markers expression in the striatum by neonatal exposure to glutamate during development. Int J Dev Neurosci 2005; 23:335-42. [PMID: 15927757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2004] [Revised: 12/14/2004] [Accepted: 12/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monosodium l-glutamate (MSG) was administered subcutaneously to male neonatal rats, and the effect on developmental profile of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), D1, D2 receptors, and dopamine (DA) transporter expression in the striatum was examined using Western blot. In addition, TH-immunopositive neurons at substantia nigra (SN) were also examined. MSG treatment (4mg/g of body weight, administered on postnatal days 1, 3, 5, and 7) resulted in a reduction of D1 and D2 receptor expression from 30 days of age and persisted to adulthood (120 days of age), while DA transporter expression was significantly reduced from 14 days of age to adulthood. TH immunopositive neurons at SN showed a significant reduction, as well as TH expression on postnatal days 10, 30, 60, and 120 at striatum was reduced. No changes of TH were observed at 14 days of age. Results indicate that an over-stimulation of the glutamatergic system by neonatal exposure to a high glutamate concentration induces a partial loss in TH-positive neurons in the SN and an important reduction in dopaminergic markers expression in the striatum, suggesting that early excitotoxicity could contribute to developmental alterations in the nigrostriatal pathway, which may be associated with various disorders of the basal ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J López-Pérez
- Lab. de Neurobiología., Depto. de Biol. Cel. y Mol., C.U.C.B.A., U. de G., Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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40
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Lai A, Sum J, Fan H, McIntosh JM, Quik M. Selective recovery of striatal 125I-alpha-conotoxinmii nicotinic receptors after nigrostriatal damage in monkeys. Neuroscience 2004; 127:399-408. [PMID: 15262330 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2004] [Revised: 04/19/2004] [Accepted: 04/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that nicotinic receptors play a role in nigrostriatal function, a finding that may be relevant to Parkinson's disease. Knowledge of the conditions that regulate nicotinic receptor expression is therefore important. Previous studies showed that several different nicotinic receptors, including alpha-conotoxinMII (alpha-CtxMII)-sensitive receptors, are decreased after nigrostriatal damage. Nigrostriatal dopaminergic terminals also demonstrate a capacity for recovery after lesioning. The present experiments were therefore done to determine whether there were changes in striatal nicotinic receptors with recovery. To address this, we used two well-characterized animal models of nigrostriatal damage produced using the selective dopaminergic neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Studies in mice showed that striatal 125I-alpha-CtxMII, as well as 125I-epibatidine and 125I-A85380 binding sites significantly recovered 1 month after lesioning, suggesting that alpha6* and most likely alpha4* receptors are increased. Experiments were next done in monkeys since striatal 125I-alpha-CtxMII receptors constitute a large percentage of nicotinic receptors and are more vulnerable to nigrostriatal damage in this model that closely mirrors Parkinson's disease. In monkeys allowed to recover from the toxic effects of MPTP for a 1-2 year period, there was a significant improvement in the Parkinson disability score. There was also a reversal in lesion-induced declines in striatal alpha-CtxMII-sensitive receptors, but no significant change in 125I-epibatidine and 125I-A85380 receptors. These findings suggest that alpha3*/alpha6* sites are selectively increased in monkey striatum with recovery. The present data show that recovery of 125I-alpha-CtxMII receptors occurs in parallel with the dopamine transporter, indicating that these nicotinic receptors sites are localized to presynaptic dopamine terminals in both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lai
- The Parkinson's Institute, Sunnyvale, CA 94089, USA
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41
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Stanic D, Tripanichkul W, Drago J, Finkelstein DI, Horne MK. Glial responses associated with dopaminergic striatal reinnervation following lesions of the rat substantia nigra. Brain Res 2004; 1023:83-91. [PMID: 15364022 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lesioning of dopaminergic substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) neurons leads to depletion of dopamine (DA) and dopaminergic axons in the dorsal striatum, followed by subsequent compensatory sprouting of dopaminergic fibers and striatal reinnervation. In this study, the response of striatal glia (microglia and astroglia) was compared with the degeneration and regeneration of dopaminergic axons following SNpc lesions. Following partial SNpc lesions, density of dopamine transporter (DAT) immunoreactive (-ir) terminals in the dorsal striatum returned to normal within 16 weeks of injury, suggesting that dopaminergic reinnervation of the striatum was complete. In conjunction, the glial responses in the dorsal striatum consisted of two peaks. The first peak in glial density occurred immediately after lesioning, peaking at 7 days, implying that it was likely to be associated with removal of debris from degenerating terminals. The second glial response commenced 8 weeks after lesioning and peaked some time after 16 weeks. The time of onset of the second peak suggests that it may be associated with the establishment of synapses rather than with axonal guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Stanic
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Block E, Level 5, 246 Clayton Rd, Clayton 3168, Australia
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Picconi B, Centonze D, Rossi S, Bernardi G, Calabresi P. Therapeutic doses of L-dopa reverse hypersensitivity of corticostriatal D2-dopamine receptors and glutamatergic overactivity in experimental parkinsonism. Brain 2004; 127:1661-9. [PMID: 15155524 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awh190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Levodopa (l-dopa) therapy is still considered the gold-standard in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, the synaptic and cellular mechanisms involved in the amelioration of motor symptoms during this treatment are still unclear. To address this issue, we analysed the physiological and pharmacological properties of striatal glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission in an experimental model of Parkinson's disease. Single-cell recordings were performed in sham-operated rats, in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned animals and in rats receiving chronic l-dopa treatment following dopamine (DA) denervation. We utilized a dose of l-dopa (10 mg/kg, twice daily for 21 days) able to reverse motor deficits in about half of parkinsonian animals. In the striatum of parkinsonian animals showing therapeutic benefits following l-dopa treatment, we observed a reversal of glutamatergic overactivity and of the hypersensitivity of presynaptic D2 DA receptors controlling glutamate release from corticostriatal terminals. Conversely, no change was detected in the sensitivity of presynaptic D2 DA receptors modulating striatal GABA transmission in both parkinsonian and l-dopa-treated rats. We suggest that the reversal of striatal glutamatergic overactivity and the normalization of hypersensitive D2 DA receptors modulating excitatory transmission might underlie some of the therapeutic actions of l-dopa in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Picconi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Clinica Neurologica, Universita di Roma 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy
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Stanic D, Finkelstein DI, Bourke DW, Drago J, Horne MK. Timecourse of striatal re-innervation following lesions of dopaminergic SNpc neurons of the rat. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 18:1175-88. [PMID: 12956716 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previously we described the extent of sprouting that axons of the rat substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) undergo to grow new synapses and re-innervate the dorsal striatum 16 weeks after partial lesions. Here we provide insights into the timing of events related to the re-innervation of the dorsal striatum by regenerating dopaminergic nigrostriatal axons over a 104-week period after partial SNpc lesioning. Density of dopamine transporter and tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive axonal varicosities (terminals) decreased up to 80% 4 weeks after lesioning but returned to normal by 16 weeks, unless SNpc lesions were greater than 75%. Neuronal tracer injections into the SNpc revealed a 119% increase in axon fibres (4 mm rostral to the SNpc) along the medial forebrain bundle 4 weeks after lesioning. SNpc cells underwent phenotypic changes. Four weeks after lesioning the proportion of SNpc neurons that expressed tyrosine hydroxylase fell from 90% to 38% but returned to 78% by 32 weeks. We discuss these phenotype changes in the context of neurogenesis. Significant reductions in dopamine levels in rats with medium (30-75%) lesions returned to normal by 16 weeks whereas recovery was not observed if lesions were larger than 75%. Finally, rotational behaviour of animals in response to amphetamine was examined. The clear rightward turning bias observed after 2 weeks recovered by 16 weeks in animals with medium (30-75%) lesions but was still present when lesions were larger. These studies provide insights into the processes that regulate sprouting responses in the central nervous system following injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stanic
- Department of Medicine, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Australia
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