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Insyari’ati T, Hamid PH, Rahayu ET, Sugar DL, Rahma NN, Kusumarini S, Kurnianto H, Wardhana AH. Ectoparasites Infestation to Small Ruminants and Practical Attitudes among Farmers toward Acaricides Treatment in Central Region of Java, Indonesia. Vet Sci 2024; 11:162. [PMID: 38668429 PMCID: PMC11053668 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11040162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Ectoparasite infestations are one of the major problems affecting goat and sheep farming. Disease resulting from these infestations can cause changes in physical appearance, such as severe lesions on the skin, and economic consequences in the form of significantly reduced selling prices. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ectoparasites in the Boyolali district, Central Java, Indonesia. A total of 651 sheep and goats were surveyed in this study. The parasites were collected via skin scraping, twister, or manually from clinically infected goats and sheep in traditional farms. All of the ectoparasites collected were successfully identified. The prevalence of ectoparasites in ruminants in Boyolali was 97.8% (637/651). The species make-up was as follows: Bovicola caprae 97.8% (637/651), Linognathus africanus 39% (254/651), Haemaphysalis bispinosa 3.5% (23/651), Ctenocephalides spp. 0.2% (1/651), and Sarcoptes scabiei 5.2% (34/651). The predilection sites were in the face, ear, and leg areas, and in the axillary, dorsal, abdomen, and scrotum regions of the surveyed animals. An evaluation of farmers' attitudes to ectoparasites was performed using a questionnaire. The findings of this study imply that animals in the investigated area are highly exposed to ectoparasite infestations. Given the importance of ectoparasites in both livestock and human communities, specifically in the health domain, more research into appropriate control strategies is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titis Insyari’ati
- Department of Animal Science, Sebelas Maret University, Kota Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; (T.I.); (E.T.R.); (D.L.S.); (N.N.R.)
| | - Penny Humaidah Hamid
- Department of Animal Science, Sebelas Maret University, Kota Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; (T.I.); (E.T.R.); (D.L.S.); (N.N.R.)
| | - Endang Tri Rahayu
- Department of Animal Science, Sebelas Maret University, Kota Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; (T.I.); (E.T.R.); (D.L.S.); (N.N.R.)
| | - Diah Lutfiah Sugar
- Department of Animal Science, Sebelas Maret University, Kota Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; (T.I.); (E.T.R.); (D.L.S.); (N.N.R.)
| | - Nadya Nurvita Rahma
- Department of Animal Science, Sebelas Maret University, Kota Surakarta 57126, Indonesia; (T.I.); (E.T.R.); (D.L.S.); (N.N.R.)
| | - Shelly Kusumarini
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Brawijaya University, Kota Malang 65151, Indonesia;
| | - Heri Kurnianto
- National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16122, Indonesia; (H.K.); (A.H.W.)
| | - April Hari Wardhana
- National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16122, Indonesia; (H.K.); (A.H.W.)
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Zengin HB, Tan PH, Liu R, Smoller BR. 'Eczematous' dermatitis of the nipple: clinical and histopathological differential diagnosis of Paget disease. Pathology 2024; 56:300-312. [PMID: 38307774 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2023.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The nipple can be affected by many malignant and benign entities. A wide variety of diseases including Paget disease, atopic dermatitis and nipple candidiasis can cause eczema-like changes in the nipple. In cases of diagnostic uncertainty, tissue sampling may be indicated. A true eczematous lesion, such as atopic dermatitis, typically shows a spongiotic dermatitis pattern. Paget disease, on the other hand, presents with infiltration of the nipple epidermis by neoplastic cells. The presence of atypical cells scattered in the epidermis in a pagetoid pattern opens up a histopathological differential diagnosis encompassing squamous cell carcinoma in situ and malignant melanoma, among others. Immunohistochemistry is commonly used to render a diagnosis. The objective of this article is to discuss Paget disease and highlight relevant clinical and histopathological differential diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatice B Zengin
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Puay Hoon Tan
- Luma Medical Centre, Pathology, Royal Square Medical Centre, Singapore
| | - Regina Liu
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Bruce R Smoller
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA; University of Rochester Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Rochester, NY, USA
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Kim DH, Kim Y, Yun SY, Yu HS, Ko HC, Kim M. Risk factors for scabies in hospital: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:353. [PMID: 38575893 PMCID: PMC10993523 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09167-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annually, 175.4 million people are infected with scabies worldwide. Although parasitic infections are important nosocomial infections, they are unrecognized compared to bacterial, fungal, and viral infections. In particular, nonspecific cutaneous manifestations of scabies lead to delayed diagnosis and frequent nosocomial transmission. Hospital-based studies on the risk factors for scabies have yet to be systematically reviewed. METHODS The study followed the PRISMA guidelines and was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD42023363278). Literature searches were conducted in three international (PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL) and four Korean (DBpia, KISS, RISS, and Science ON) databases. We included hospital-based studies with risk estimates calculated with 95% confidence intervals for risk factors for scabies infection. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tools. Two authors independently performed the screening and assessed the quality of the studies. RESULTS A total of 12 studies were included. Personal characteristics were categorized into demographic, economic, residential, and behavioral factors. The identified risk factors were low economic status and unhygienic behavioral practices. Being a patient in a long-term care facility or institution was an important factor. Frequent patient contact and lack of personal protective equipment were identified as risk factors. For clinical characteristics, factors were categorized as personal health and hospital environment. People who had contact with itchy others were at higher risk of developing scabies. Patients with higher severity and those with a large number of catheters are also at increased risk for scabies infection. CONCLUSIONS Factors contributing to scabies in hospitals range from personal to clinical. We emphasize the importance of performing a full skin examination when patients present with scabies symptoms and are transferred from settings such as nursing homes and assisted-living facilities, to reduce the transmission of scabies. In addition, patient education to prevent scabies and infection control systems for healthcare workers, such as wearing personal protective equipment, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hee Kim
- College of NursingᆞResearch Institute of Nursing Science, Pusan National University, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
| | - Yujin Kim
- College of Nursing, Pusan National University, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea.
| | - Sook Young Yun
- College of Nursing, Pusan National University, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
| | - Hak Sun Yu
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
| | - Hyun-Chang Ko
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
| | - MinWoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Convergence Engineering, Pusan National University, Mulgeum-eup, Yangsan-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea
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Abstract
HIV infection alters the skin microbiome and predisposes to a wide range of cutaneous infections, from atypical presentations of common skin infections to severe disseminated infections involving the skin that are AIDS-defining illnesses. Bacterial infection of the skin, most commonly caused by Staphylococcus aureus, occurs frequently and can result in bacteremia. Nontuberculous mycobacterial infections that are usually localized to the skin may disseminate, and guidance on the treatment of these infections is limited. Herpes simplex can be severe, and less common presentations such as herpetic sycosis and herpes vegetans have been reported. Severe herpes zoster, including disseminated infection, requires intravenous antiviral treatment. Viral warts can be particularly difficult to treat, and in atypical or treatment-resistant cases a biopsy should be considered. Superficial candidosis occurs very commonly in people living with HIV, and antifungal resistance is an increasing problem in non-albicans Candida species. Systemic infections carry a poor prognosis. In tropical settings the endemic mycoses including histoplasmosis are a problem for people living with HIV, and opportunistic infections can affect those with advanced HIV in all parts of the world. Most cutaneous infections can develop or worsen as a result of immune reconstitution in the weeks to months after starting antiretroviral therapy. Direct microscopic examination of clinical material can facilitate rapid diagnosis and treatment initiation, although culture is important to provide microbiological confirmation and guide treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Chandler
- Dermatology Department, University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK; Department of Global Health & Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK.
| | - Stephen L Walker
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Hospital for Tropical Diseases and Department of Dermatology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Blaizot R, Armanville F, Michaud C, Boceno C, Dupart O, Pansart C, Niemetzky F, Couppie P, Nacher M, Adenis A, Chosidow O, Duvignaud A. Scabies in French Guiana: Quantitative and qualitative factors associated with therapeutic failure. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024; 38:602-612. [PMID: 38041562 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strategies for the control of scabies should be adapted to local settings. Traditional communities in French Guiana have non-Western conceptions of disease and health. OBJECTIVES The objectives for this study were to explore knowledge, attitudes and practices to identify potential factors associated with the failure of scabies treatment in these communities. METHODS Patients with a clinical diagnosis of scabies, seen at either the Cayenne Hospital or one of 13 health centres between 01 April 2021 and 31 August 2021, were included as participants, and were seen again after 6 weeks to check for persistence of lesions. Factors associated with treatment failure were looked for both at inclusion and at 6 weeks. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a diversified subsample of participants. RESULTS In total, 164 participants were included in the quantitative component, and 21 were interviewed for the qualitative component. Declaring that the second treatment dose had been taken was associated with therapeutic success. Western treatments were not always affordable. Better adherence was observed with topical treatments than with oral ivermectin, whereas permethrin monotherapy was associated with failure. Scabies-associated stigma was high among Amerindians and Haitians but absent in Ndjuka Maroons. Participants reported environmental disinfection as being very complex. CONCLUSIONS The treatment of scabies in traditional Guianan communities may vary depending on local perceptions of galenic formulations, disease-associated stigma and differences in access to health care. These factors should be taken into account when devising strategies for the control of scabies aimed at traditional communities living in remote areas, and migrant populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Blaizot
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Service de Dermatologie, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Inserm CIC 1424, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques, Cayenne, French Guiana
- UMR 1019 Tropical Biomes and Immunophysiopathology (TBIP), Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Groupe Infectiologie Dermatologique- Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles, Société Française de Dermatologie, Paris, France
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - F Armanville
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - C Michaud
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - C Boceno
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Permanence d'Accès aux Soins de Santé, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - O Dupart
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Permanence d'Accès aux Soins de Santé, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - C Pansart
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Permanence d'Accès aux Soins de Santé, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - F Niemetzky
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Centres Délocalisés de Prévention et de Soins, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - P Couppie
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Service de Dermatologie, Cayenne, French Guiana
- UMR 1019 Tropical Biomes and Immunophysiopathology (TBIP), Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - M Nacher
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Inserm CIC 1424, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - A Adenis
- Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne Inserm CIC 1424, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - O Chosidow
- Groupe Infectiologie Dermatologique- Infections Sexuellement Transmissibles, Société Française de Dermatologie, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Universitaire La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - A Duvignaud
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux Population Health Centre, University of Bordeaux, INSERM UMR 1219, IRD EMR 271, Bordeaux, France
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Hansmann A, Wamba Lékémo G, Fomba C, Kaddoura J, Toure R, Diop A, Ndiaye M, Chosidow O, Marks M, Ly F. Low prevalence of scabies and impetigo in Dakar/Senegal: A cluster-randomised, cross-sectional survey. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002942. [PMID: 38417092 PMCID: PMC10901544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scabies, a parasitic infection caused by Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, is a public health problem with significant morbidity worldwide, particularly in low-resource countries. Impetigo, a complication of scabies infection, is a risk factor for sepsis, glomerulonephritis and possibly acute rheumatic fever. Currently, the majority of epidemiological data has been collected in rural populations in the Pacific with limited applicability to urban populations in sub-Saharan Africa, where scabies is also believed to be a problem. To inform future public health programs, more reliable information about the burden of disease is required. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In July/August 2022, we conducted a cross sectional, cluster-randomised, household survey in Pikine/Dakar using the 'International Association for the Control of Scabies (IACS)' criteria to diagnose scabies and impetigo. All participants underwent a standardised clinical examination by post-graduate dermatology students. For those diagnosed with scabies, an age-adapted 'Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI)' questionnaire was filled. We recruited and examined 1697 participants to detect 27 cases of scabies (prevalence: 1.6%, 95% CI 0.8-3.2), mostly in school aged children. Ten participants suffered from impetigo (prevalence: 0.6%, 95% CI 0.3-1.3), 5 of which were dually infected with scabies. Risk factors for scabies infection were young age, male gender and Koranic school attendance. Of those found to have scabies, in 7 out of 22 cases (31.8%) it had a large effect on their lives according to the DLQI questionnaires filled. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study adds to the mapping of the burden of scabies across Africa to support public health action. With a low prevalence of scabies that is concentrated amongst poor households and children attending Koranic schools, a focused public health approach targeting Koranic schools and poor households seems to be most appropriate in this community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hansmann
- Department of Neonatology and Paediatric Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Genevia Wamba Lékémo
- Service de Dermatologie, Institut d’Hygiène Sociale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Chiaka Fomba
- Service de Dermatologie, Institut d’Hygiène Sociale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Jade Kaddoura
- Service de Dermatologie, Institut d’Hygiène Sociale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ramatoullaye Toure
- Service de Dermatologie, Institut d’Hygiène Sociale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Assane Diop
- Service de Dermatologie, Institut d’Hygiène Sociale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
| | | | - Olivier Chosidow
- Service de Dermatologie, Henri Mondor Hospital, Université Paris-Est, Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Michael Marks
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fatimata Ly
- Service de Dermatologie, Institut d’Hygiène Sociale, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Sénégal
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Yirgu R, Middleton J, Fekadu A, Davey G, Bremner S, Jones CI, Cassell JA. No secondary impact of ivermectin mass drug administration for onchocerciasis elimination on the prevalence of scabies in northwestern Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2024; 118:110-117. [PMID: 37665766 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mass drug administration (MDA) is among the five major strategies that are currently in use to control, eliminate or eradicate Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). Optimising MDA to control multiple NTDs maximises impact. The objective of this study is to estimate the secondary impact of ivermectin MDA for onchocerciasis on the prevalence of scabies. METHODS This quasi-experimental study was conducted in Ayu Guagusa district, northwestern Ethiopia. Scabies prevalence was estimated in surveys before the MDA, at 6 and 12 months afterwards. The sample size was 1437 people from a panel of 381 randomly selected study households. Multistage sampling was employed in randomly selecting six kebeles (the lowest administrative unit) with respective gotes (small villages) and households. All members of the selected households were invited to participate in the study and participants who were available in all three surveys formed a cohort. RESULTS Scabies prevalence was similar prior to the MDA (13.4%, 95% CI 11.7 to 15.2%) and 6 months after (11.7%, 95% CI 10.1 to 13.2%) but was substantially greater at 12 months (22.1%, 95% CI 20.1 to 24.1%). The 6-month incidence and disappearance rates were 10.8% (95% CI 8.8 to 13.2%) and 82.6% (95% CI 75.0 to 88.6%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Ivermectin MDA for onchocerciasis was not observed to have a secondary impact on the prevalence of scabies over the follow-up period of 12 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robel Yirgu
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Neglected Tropical Diseases, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, 9086, Ethiopia
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT)-Africa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, 9086, Ethiopia
| | - Jo Middleton
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Neglected Tropical Diseases, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, UK
| | - Abebaw Fekadu
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Neglected Tropical Diseases, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, UK
- Center for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT)-Africa, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, 9086, Ethiopia
| | - Gail Davey
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Neglected Tropical Diseases, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, 9086, Ethiopia
| | - Stephen Bremner
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Neglected Tropical Diseases, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, UK
| | - Christopher Iain Jones
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, UK
| | - Jackie A Cassell
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Neglected Tropical Diseases, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9PX, UK
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, UK
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Buettcher M, Stebler AK, Theiler M, Kobylinski K, Pfister M. National survey in Switzerland calls for improved diagnosis and treatment in children with scabies. Swiss Med Wkly 2023; 153:40129. [PMID: 38579328 DOI: 10.57187/smw.2023.40129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY The global prevalence of scabies is estimated to be up to 200 million cases annually, with young children particularly affected. In Europe, most cases are thought to originate in migrant populations. Scabies management is challenging in children. To identify knowledge gaps and research needs, we aimed to descriptively evaluate the management of children with scabies by different Swiss healthcare providers. METHODS An invitation for an anonymous online survey (36 questions) was sent to members of Swiss societies of dermatologists, general practitioners, paediatricians, paediatric dermatologists, paediatric infectious diseases specialists, and tropical medicine specialists, inviting clinicians to participate from 25th May to 8th August 2020. One reminder invitation was sent. Hospital pharmacies and the distributor of permethrin were contacted to report consumption trends of scabicides in 2018 and 2019. RESULTS The survey was completed by 248 clinicians: 146 (59%) paediatricians, 47 (19%) dermatologists, 28 (11%) general practitioners, 6 (2%) paediatric dermatologists, 13 (5%) paediatric infectious diseases specialists, and 8 (3%) tropical medicine specialists. Most consulted up to 10 scabies cases within a 16-month period, with similar numbers in migrant and Swiss children. Dermoscopy was used by 24% of non-dermatologists. Non-dermatologists did not consider co-treatment of close contacts in up to 59% of cases. While permethrin was the first-line treatment, treatment failures were frequently reported in children aged <5 years. Up to 67% of paediatric dermatologists regularly used oral ivermectin off-label in children weighing <15 kg. None of the paediatric dermatologists, 15% of the dermatologists, and 9% of the non-dermatologists used only one treatment cycle.Scabicide consumption increased. Treatment studies on ivermectin use in children weighing <15 kg had the highest research priority. CONCLUSION In Switzerland, scabies is a frequent dermatosis in migrant and Swiss children. While accessible, optimal diagnostics are underutilised, and treatment is suboptimal. Permethrin resistance appears to be an increasing problem. Dermatologists regularly use ivermectin off-label in children weighing <15 kg. Treatment studies on ivermectin use in children weighing <15 kg, user-friendly diagnostic tools, new treatment protocols, and child-friendly dosage forms are needed to improve the diagnosis and treatment of children with scabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Buettcher
- Paediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics Research Center, University Children's Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Lucerne Children's Hospital, Lucerne Cantonal Hospital, Lucerne, Switzerland
- Faculty of Health Science and Medicine, University Lucerne, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Anita K Stebler
- Master of Medicine Student, Faculty of Medicine, University Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Theiler
- Paediatric Skin Center, Dermatology Department, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Kobylinski
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Marc Pfister
- Paediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics Research Center, University Children's Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Yirgu R, Middleton J, Fekadu A, Cassell JA, Tesfaye A, Jones CI, Bremner S, Enbiale W, Davey G. Scabies in the Amhara region of northern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study of prevalence, determinants, clinical presentation and community knowledge. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e075038. [PMID: 37880172 PMCID: PMC10603513 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The WHO aims to prevent, eliminate or control neglected tropical diseases, including scabies, by 2030. However, limited epidemiological data presented a challenge to control efforts, especially in high burden countries. There was a major scabies outbreak in northern Ethiopia starting in 2015 and prevalence has since increased across much of the country. OBJECTIVE To estimate scabies prevalence, identify its predictors, and assess community perception of, and knowledge about, the infestation. DESIGN Population-based cross-sectional study. STUDY SETTING Ayu Guagusa district, Amhara region, northern Ethiopia. PARTICIPANTS 1437 people who were members of 381 randomly selected households participated in the study. Five trained mid-level health workers clinically diagnosed people with scabies. OUTCOME MEASURES Clinically diagnosed scabies infestation. DATA ANALYSIS Multi-level logistic regression models were fitted to adjust for individual and household-level confounding variables, and identify predictors of scabies infestation. RESULTS Scabies prevalence was 13.4% (95% CI 11.8 to 15.5). Households of more than five people (adjusted OR (aOR)=3.5, 95% CI 1.2 to 10.2) were associated with increased odds of developing scabies, however, females had lower odds (aOR=0.5 95% CI 0.3 to 0.8). Scabietic lesions most frequently involved the trunk (62.0%), and vesicles were the most common types of lesions (67.7%). Two-thirds of adult study participants had heard about scabies and most obtained scabies related information from informal sources. Only 32% of cases sought care for scabies from any source. CONCLUSION Scabies prevalence was high, signifying the need for community-based control interventions. Host density and sex were important predictors of scabies. Despite the favourable attitude toward the effectiveness of scabies treatment, healthcare seeking was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robel Yirgu
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Neglected Tropical Diseases, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, UK
- Centre for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jo Middleton
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Neglected Tropical Diseases, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, UK
- Department of Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, UK
| | - Abebaw Fekadu
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Neglected Tropical Diseases, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, UK
- Centre for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jackie A Cassell
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Neglected Tropical Diseases, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, UK
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, UK
| | - Abraham Tesfaye
- Centre for Innovative Drug Development and Therapeutic Trials for Africa (CDT-Africa), Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Christopher Iain Jones
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, UK
| | - Stephen Bremner
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Neglected Tropical Diseases, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, UK
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, UK
| | - Wendemagegn Enbiale
- College of Medical and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Gail Davey
- School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Neglected Tropical Diseases, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, UK
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10
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Vázquez-Prieto S, Vaamonde A, Paniagua E. Study of the Use of Permethrin 5% Cream in Galicia (Spain) between 2018 and 2021. Infect Dis Rep 2023; 15:222-230. [PMID: 37102983 PMCID: PMC10138315 DOI: 10.3390/idr15020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug utilization studies can provide direct insights into how a drug is used in real-world conditions and can give a rough estimate of the proportion of the study population treated with it. In the present work, we examined the consumption of permethrin 5% cream in the four provinces of Galicia (a Spanish autonomous community) and described the seasonal variability and the annual evolution of its consumption between 2018 and 2021. A descriptive, cross-sectional, and retrospective study of the consumption of this drug, expressed in defined daily dose per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID), was carried out. The results obtained revealed differences between the amounts consumed in the four Galician provinces (p < 0.001). No specific geographical pattern was observed; however, the results suggested a marked seasonality and a slightly increasing global trend in the consumption of permethrin 5% cream throughout the study period. Since the only authorized indication of this drug in the study area is the treatment of scabies, this work may give an idea of the epidemiological situation of the disease in Galicia and serve to establish public health strategies against this parasitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severo Vázquez-Prieto
- Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile
- Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Antonio Vaamonde
- Departamento de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, Universidad de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Esperanza Paniagua
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación en Análisis Químicos y Biológicos (IAQBUS), Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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11
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A Survey on Scabies Inpatients in South Korea Based on Health Insurance Claims Data from 2010 to 2019. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11060841. [PMID: 36981498 PMCID: PMC10048336 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11060841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the growing aging population and the increased number of long-term patients staying in nursing facilities, the prevalence of scabies has recently been increasing, even in developed countries. This study aimed to identify the actual status of hospitalized patients with scabies in South Korea using the national health insurance claims data. From 2010 to 2019, 2586 patients were hospitalized with scabies (B86) as the primary diagnosis. There were more females than males (χ2 = 31.960, p < 0.001) and patients aged 80 years or older in long-term care hospitals (χ2 = 431.410, p < 0.001). Scabies patients were mainly hospitalized in internal medicine, family medicine, and dermatology for all provider types (χ2 = 170.033, p < 0.001). In long-term care hospitals, the rate of accompanying dementia was 31.9% (χ2 = 193.418, p < 0.001), cerebral infarction was 10.4% (χ2 = 106.271, p < 0.001), and cancer was 2.1% (χ2 = 17.963, p < 0.001), which was higher than other provider types. Additionally, 20.6% in general hospitals (χ2 = 198.952, p < 0.001) had an indwelling catheter, while 49.1% in hospitals and 41.1% in general hospitals were administered steroids (χ2 = 214.440, p < 0.001). The KOH smear test was performed in 11.3% of all inpatients with scabies. We suggest recognizing these characteristics of scabies patients and thoroughly checking the skin lesions during physical examination for early diagnosis and prevention of scabies infection.
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12
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Skayem C, Majda A, Gary C, Hemery F, Mahé E, Caux F, Dupin N, Senet P, Greder-Belan A, Hillion B, Meni C, Saiag P, Bellaud G, Bleibtreu A, Lariven S, Bollens D, Descamps V, Molina JM, Bouchaud O, Vittecoq D, Do-Pham G, Foulet F, Botterel F, Chosidow O, Bernigaud C. Severe Scabies: A French Multi-centre Study Involving 95 Patients with Crusted and Profuse Disease and Review of the Literature. Acta Derm Venereol 2023; 103:adv00878. [PMID: 36861856 PMCID: PMC9993169 DOI: 10.2340/actadv.v103.5351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this multi-centre French retrospective study was to identify severe, i.e. crusted and profuse, scabies patients. Records were retrieved from 22 Dermatology or Infectious Diseases departments in the Ile-de-France from January 2009 to January 2015 to characterize epidemiology, demography, diagnosis, contributing factors, treatment features, and outcomes in severe scabies. A total of 95 inpatients (57 crusted and 38 profuse) were included. A higher number of cases was observed among elderly patients (>75 years), mostly living in institutions. Thirteen patients (13.6%) reported a history of previously treated scabies. Sixty-three patients (66.3%) had been seen by a previous practitioner for the current episode (up to 8 previous visits). Initial misdiagnosis (e.g. eczema, prurigo, drug-related eruptions, psoriasis) was documented in 41 patients (43.1%). Fifty-eight patients (61%) had already received 1 or more previous treatments for their current episode. Forty percent received corticosteroids or acitretin for an initial diagnosis of eczema or psoriasis. Median time from the onset of symptoms to the diagnosis of severe scabies was 3 months (range 0.3-22). Itch was present in all patients at diagnosis. Most patients (n=84, 88.4%) had comorbidities. Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches varied. Complications occurred in 11.5% of cases. To date, there is no consensus for diagnosis and treatment, and future standardization of is required for optimal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel Skayem
- Dermatology Department, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France.
| | - Askour Majda
- Dermatology Department, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Charlotte Gary
- Dermatology Department, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Francois Hemery
- Service d'Information Médicale, DSIGHM, APHP, Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Emmanuel Mahé
- Dermatology Department, Centre Hospitalier Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil, France
| | - Frederic Caux
- Dermatology Department, APHP, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - Nicolas Dupin
- Dermatology Department, APHP, Hôpital Cochin, Pavillon Tarnier, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Senet
- Dermatology Department, APHP, Hôpital Tenon, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Alix Greder-Belan
- Service de Médecine Interne et Unité de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Hôpital Mignot, Le Chesnay, France
| | - Brigitte Hillion
- Dermatology Department, Centre Hospitalier Marne la Vallée, Jossigny, France
| | - Cecile Meni
- Dermatology Department, APHP, Hôpital Necker-Enfants malades, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Saiag
- Dermatology Department, APHP, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Guillaume Bellaud
- Infectious Diseases Department, APHP, Hôpital Tenon, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Est, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Bleibtreu
- Infectious Diseases Department, APHP, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Lariven
- Infectious Diseases Department, APHP, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Diane Bollens
- Infectious Diseases Department, APHP, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Descamps
- Dermatology Department, APHP, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Molina
- Infectious Diseases Department, APHP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Bouchaud
- Infectious Diseases Department, APHP, Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France
| | - Daniel Vittecoq
- Infectious Diseases Department, APHP, CHU Bicêtre, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Gia Do-Pham
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Francoise Foulet
- Research Group Dynamic, EA7380, Faculté de Santé de Créteil, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC ANSES, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Francoise Botterel
- Research Group Dynamic, EA7380, Faculté de Santé de Créteil, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, USC ANSES, Université Paris-Est Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Olivier Chosidow
- Dermatology Department, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Charlotte Bernigaud
- Dermatology Department, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Henri-Mondor, Créteil, France.
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Pruritic papules and nodules as sign of persistent scabies infestation despite treatment according to current guidelines evidence for treatment resistance to ivermectin, benzylbenzoat and permethrin proven by videomicroscopy. IDCases 2023; 31:e01678. [PMID: 36660738 PMCID: PMC9843168 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2023.e01678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Scabies infestation is a growing public health issue due to its world wide increase of incidence. The objective of this study was to proof treatment resistance towards treatment, which was applied according to international guidelines. This is a controversial issue since treatment failures were believed to be due to false application oft he treatment. Here, we proof fort he first time this treatment resistance by videomicroscopic evaluation. Additionally an escalation therapy is described, which led to an effective treatment.
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Ararsa G, Merdassa E, Shibiru T, Etafa W. Prevalence of scabies and associated factors among children aged 5-14 years in Meta Robi District, Ethiopia. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0277912. [PMID: 36595503 PMCID: PMC9810185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scabies is a public health problem that affects children and elders predominantly. Its burden is higher in resource-poor settings, and scabies has a significant impact on the long-term health of children. In Ethiopia, there is limited information about scabies in children. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of scabies and its associated factors among children aged 5-14 years in Meta Robi District, Ethiopia. METHODS A community-based cross-sectional study design using a multistage sampling technique was used to collect data from 457 participants by systematic random sampling. Scabies was diagnosed based on the clinical criteria set by the International Alliance for the Control of Scabies (IACS, 2020). FINDINGS The prevalence of scabies among children aged 5-14 years old was 19.26% (95%CI: 17.20-22.52). In addition, over half (54.6%) of identified cases of scabies were of moderate severity. Factors like families' low income (aOR = 2.72; 95%CI: 1.32-5.59), being a male child (aOR = 1.96, 95%CI: 1.61-4.01), using only water for hand washing (aOR = 2.01, 95%CI: 1.84-4.79), having a contact history of scabies/skin lesions (aOR = 4.15, 95%CI: 2.02-13.67), and sharing sleeping beds (aOR = 6.33, 95%CI: 2.09-19.13) were significantly associated with scabies. CONCLUSION The study highlights a high prevalence of scabies among children aged 5-14 years in the district. Provision of adequate health education for the community and children about the scabies and delivering mass drug administration to the district is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemechu Ararsa
- Gemechu Ararsa, West Shoa Zone Health Bureau, Oromia Region, Ambo, Ethiopia
| | - Emiru Merdassa
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Health Sciences, Wallaga University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Tesfaye Shibiru
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Wallaga University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
| | - Werku Etafa
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, Institute of Health Sciences, Wallaga University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
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15
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Increased Scabies Incidence at the Beginning of the 21st Century: What Do Reports from Europe and the World Show? LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12101598. [PMID: 36295033 PMCID: PMC9604680 DOI: 10.3390/life12101598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Reports from various countries have described increasing numbers of scabies cases, especially in the past two decades. The epidemiological data for various world regions showed prevalence estimates ranging from 0.2% to 71%, with the highest prevalence in the Pacific region and Latin America. Therefore, geographically, scabies occurs more commonly in the developing world, tropical climates, and in areas with a lack of access to water. According to results from specific regions of the world, the greatest burdens from scabies were recorded for East Asia, Southeast Asia, Oceania, tropical Latin America, and South Asia. Among countries with the highest rates, the top 10 were Indonesia, China, Timor-Leste, Vanuatu, Fiji, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Vietnam, and the Seychelles. From Europe, available data shows an increasing trend in scabies infestation, particularly evident among populations with associated contributing factors, such as those who travel frequently, refugees, asylum seekers, those who regularly lack drinking water and appropriate hygiene and are of a younger age, etc. This increase in observed cases in the last 10–20 years has been evidenced by research conducted in Germany, France, Norway, and Croatia, among other countries. In addition, increased scabies transmission was also recorded during the COVID-19 pandemic and may have been the result of increased sexual intercourse during that time. Despite all the available treatment options, scabies commonly goes unrecognized and is therefore not treated accordingly. This trend calls for a prompt and synergistic reaction from all healthcare professionals, governmental institutions, and non-governmental organizations, especially in settings where population migration is common and where living standards are low. Furthermore, the proper education of whole populations and accessible healthcare are cornerstones of outbreak prevention. Accurate national data and proper disease reporting should be a goal for every country worldwide when developing strategic plans for preventing and controlling the community spread of scabies.
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16
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Xu T, Durst M, Keck T, Dixon H, Yassin MH. A Scabies Outbreak in an Inpatient Rehabilitation Setting. Am J Infect Control 2022; 51:705-709. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rasti S, Talaee R, Abdoli A. Disseminated scabies in a 2‐month‐old infant. Clin Case Rep 2022; 10:e6334. [PMID: 36110337 PMCID: PMC9465694 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.6334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scabies is a skin disease caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. We report disseminated scabies in a 2‐month‐old girl as well as eczematoid lesions in her mother. The diagnosis was made by skin scraping and microscopic examination of the crusts. The patients were successfully treated with permethrin cream (5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima Rasti
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology and Infectious Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
| | - Rezvan Talaee
- Department of Dermatology, Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Kashan University of Medical Sciences Kashan Iran
| | - Amir Abdoli
- Zoonoses Research Center Jahrom University of Medical Sciences Jahrom Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology Jahrom University of Medical Sciences Jahrom Iran
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18
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Fernando DD, Fischer K. Spinosad topical suspension (0.9%): a new topical treatment for scabies. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2022; 20:1149-1154. [PMID: 35799317 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2099376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Scabies is a highly contagious skin disease caused by the parasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei. There is no vaccine and for the past 30 years, the first line treatments have been topical permethrin and oral ivermectin. These drugs target mainly the parasite nervous system, killing only the motile stages. As they lack ovicidal activities, repeat treatments are required to achieve complete cure. Incompliance to repeat treatments causing prolonged drug usage, has contributed to emerging drug resistances. In addition, they are not appropriate for all patient categories, specifically for infants and young children or pregnant and breast feeding women. Consequently, new single dose scabicides are urgently needed. AREAS COVERED In 2021, spinosad, a drug previously used to treat head lice, was approved by the US FDA as a topical scabies treatment. Here the pharmacology, clinical efficacy and tolerability of this drug are discussed. EXPERT OPINION As the first single dose scabicide the formulated 0.9% topical Spinosad solution shows significant efficacy, little systemic absorption and no serious adverse reactions, making it a promising treatment for classical scabies in patients older than four years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepani D Fernando
- Infection and Inflammation Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Katja Fischer
- Infection and Inflammation Program, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia
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Ju T, Vander Does A, Ingrasci G, Norton SA, Yosipovitch G. Tropical parasitic itch in returned travellers and immigrants from endemic areas. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 36:2279-2290. [PMID: 35793476 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Itch is the most common skin symptom among tropical parasitic diseases (TPD), but there are limited data about its characteristics in these conditions. In dermatology practices and travellers' health clinics in the developed world, itch is a common complaint among travellers returning from endemic areas, as well among migrants arriving from endemic areas, where they may have been exposed to TPD. Studying aspects of pruritus among TPD may lead to improvements in prompt, accurate diagnosis and management of these conditions. This review examines the major itch-inducing TPDs, including schistosomiasis, echinococcosis, onchocerciasis, scabies, cutaneous larva migrans, larva currens, African trypanosomiasis, dracunculiasis and other causes of travel associated pruritus. We focus on the link between pruritus and other symptoms, aetiology, clinical staging and therapeutic options for these parasitic illnesses. Because some tropical parasitic diseases can present with significant pruritus, we attempt to identify aspects of the pruritus that are characteristic of-or unique to-specific conditions. These diagnostic insights may help clinicians create a rational and focused differential diagnosis and help determine optimal disease management pathways. In this sense, management involves treating the individual, seeking epidemiologically linked cases, preventing recurrences or relapses, and reducing spread of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ju
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Miami Itch Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - A Vander Does
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Miami Itch Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - G Ingrasci
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Miami Itch Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - S A Norton
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatrics, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - G Yosipovitch
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Miami Itch Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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20
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Ouango M, Romba R, Drabo SF, Ouedraogo N, Gnankiné O. Indigenous knowledge system associated with the uses of insects for therapeutic or medicinal purposes in two main provinces of Burkina Faso, West Africa. JOURNAL OF ETHNOBIOLOGY AND ETHNOMEDICINE 2022; 18:50. [PMID: 35790988 PMCID: PMC9254572 DOI: 10.1186/s13002-022-00547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some insects are harmful to humans, plants and animals, but some of them can also be a source of proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals and be of therapeutic value. The therapeutic potential requires that medicinal insects and their derived products need to be scrutinized. This study highlights the indigenous knowledge related to their use of medicinal insects in peri-urban and urban areas of Burkina Faso. METHODS The survey was carried out among 60 traditional healers spread across two phytogeographical zones of Burkina Faso. The questionnaire focused on medicinal insects used by experienced traditional healers. Chi-square tests and principal component analysis were performed to test for significant differences regarding knowledge of how insects in phytogeographically different areas were used therapeutically in connection with different disease categories. RESULTS A total of 19 species of medicinal insects belonging to 6 orders were cited in connection with treatments of at least 78 pathologies and symptoms. Most frequently mentioned was gastroenteritis. Our study showed that 48.78% of the insects and their products were associated with 46 plant species for the treatment of pathologies. In addition, honey, beeswax and nests were the most widely insect products used. CONCLUSION The current study allows us to identify medicinal insects as well as their products used in the treatment of pathologies and symptoms, suggesting the presence of a considerable diversity of therapeutically important insect species. These insects are used alone and/or with their products but often in association with medicinal plants. The results constitute a useful database for future studies of medicinal insects in central and western parts of Burkina Faso.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamadou Ouango
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la vie et de la Terre (UFR-SVT), Université Joseph KI ZERBO, 03 BP, 7021, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Rahim Romba
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la vie et de la Terre (UFR-SVT), Université Joseph KI ZERBO, 03 BP, 7021, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Samuel Fogné Drabo
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la vie et de la Terre (UFR-SVT), Université Joseph KI ZERBO, 03 BP, 7021, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Noufou Ouedraogo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, (IRSS), 03 BP, 7192, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Olivier Gnankiné
- Laboratoire d'Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Sciences de la vie et de la Terre (UFR-SVT), Université Joseph KI ZERBO, 03 BP, 7021, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
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Crusted Scabies, a Neglected Tropical Disease: Case Series and Literature Review. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:479-491. [PMID: 35735761 PMCID: PMC9223105 DOI: 10.3390/idr14030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Crusted scabies is a rare form of scabies that presents with more severe symptoms than those of classic scabies. It is characterized by large crusted lesions, extensive scales, thick hyperkeratosis, and contains a large number of highly contagious itch mites. Crusted scabies is more prevalent in immunocompromised, malnourished, and disabled individuals. This disease has been linked to a variety of health problems, including delayed diagnosis, infection risk, and high mortality, mainly from sepsis, and it has the potential to cause an outbreak due to its hyper-infestation, which makes it highly infectious. This article reports three cases of crusted scabies in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Recent updates and a comprehensive review of the literature on the disease are also included, emphasizing the critical importance of early diagnosis and effective medical management of patients, which are necessary to prevent the complications and spread in communities.
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22
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Bullous Scabies in an Immunocompromised Host. Case Rep Infect Dis 2022; 2022:3797745. [PMID: 35387093 PMCID: PMC8979707 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3797745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 40-year-old woman with a history of poorly controlled HIV presented to a district referral hospital in rural Botswana for a generalized skin rash of several months duration. The highly pruritic rash predominantly involved her hands and feet and was associated with bullae that were present for days at a time before rupturing without drainage or discharge. The patient endorsed night sweats, periodic fevers, occasional cough productive of blood-tinged sputum, fatigue, and weight loss. On admission, CD4 count was 46 cells/mm3 and viral load was >750000 copies/mL. Pulmonary tuberculosis testing via sputum was negative twice. A blood count demonstrated eosinophilia. Oral acyclovir was started empirically for disseminated herpes virus infection, with topical beclomethasone and intravenous antibiotics for possible superinfected bullous dermatosis. With inadequate response to treatment, a skin biopsy was obtained and microscopic examination demonstrated scabies mites. The absence of skin burrows, the presence of bullae, and working in a low-resource setting without direct access to microscopic examination delayed diagnosis. The patient was initiated on topical permethrin. Oral ivermectin was not available in country and was obtained from overseas shipment, delaying treatment initiation. Drastic improvement was seen after the patient initiated ivermectin. A local nurse in the patient's village visited her community and found multiple individuals with active scabies infection. The patient's discharge was delayed until these community members were treated successfully with topical permethrin. This case describes an atypical presentation of scabies in an under-resourced setting, demonstrating unique diagnostic, therapeutic, and public health challenges.
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Moroni B, Rossi L, Bernigaud C, Guillot J. Zoonotic Episodes of Scabies: A Global Overview. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020213. [PMID: 35215156 PMCID: PMC8877739 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic scabies (ZS), also referred to as “pseudoscabies”, is considered a self-limiting disease with a short incubation period and transient clinical skin signs. It is commonly thought that Sarcoptes scabiei mites from animals are unable to successfully reproduce and persist on human skin; however, several ZS case reports have mentioned the persistence of symptoms and occasionally mites for weeks. The aim of this review was to collect and organize the sparse literature explicitly referring to S. scabiei zoonotic transmission, focusing on the source of the outbreak, the circumstances leading to the transmission of the parasite, the diagnosis including the identification of the Sarcoptes “strain” involved, and the applied treatments. A total of 46 articles, one conference abstract and a book were collected describing ZS cases associated with twenty animal hosts in five continents. Dogs were by far the most common source among pet owners, while diverse livestock and wildlife contributed to the caseload as an occupational disease. Genetic epidemiological studies of ZS outbreaks are still limited in number, but tools are available to fill this knowledge gap in the near future. Further research is also needed to understand the apparent heterogeneity in the morbidity, disease severity and timing of the response to treatment among people infected with different animal-derived strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Moroni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Luca Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
| | - Charlotte Bernigaud
- Research Group Dynamic, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UPEC, USC Anses, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.B.); (J.G.)
- Department of Dermatology, AP-HP, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Faculté de Santé, UPEC, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Jacques Guillot
- Research Group Dynamic, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, UPEC, USC Anses, 94704 Maisons-Alfort, France; (C.B.); (J.G.)
- Department of Dermatology, Parasitology and Mycology, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes, Oniris, 44307 Nantes, France
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Liu N, Bai Y, Li X, Zhang Y. Scabies Knowledge Among Undergraduate Nursing Students in China: A Questionnaire Survey. CLINICAL, COSMETIC AND INVESTIGATIONAL DERMATOLOGY 2022; 15:133-138. [PMID: 35115801 PMCID: PMC8801327 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s340427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Scabies is a common, neglected, and a major health concern skin disease in the world. Improper care may produce a series of complications and even lead to the spread of diseases. Nursing students, as future health-care workers, are vital to the prevention and care of diseases. However, to date, few studies have focused on the basis of their disease cognition for scabies. This study aims to evaluate the level of undergraduate nursing students' awareness of scabies disease. METHODS A questionnaire survey was conducted among all undergraduate nursing students in Xi'an FanYi University, Xian, Shaanxi Province, China. RESULTS All the 132 undergraduate nursing students completed the questionnaire. The true ignorance rate of scabies in this survey was 82.6%. However, among the 56 students (42.4% of total) who thought they knew about the disease. Only 23 students (17.4% of the samples) had 75% or more satisfactory knowledge. Fewer students claimed that they had read about the itchy-mite-disease in books (N = 20, 15.2%). Compared with college textbooks (P-value < 0.05) and medical books (P-value < 0.05), other books (medical journals) provide more information about scabies. Nearly half of the students did not know that the scabies can be contagious. All students expressed their willingness to learn about scabies knowledge and participate in the diagnosis and treatment of scabies (100%). CONCLUSION This study shows that undergraduate nursing students have a poor level of knowledge about scabies. There is an urgent need to improve nursing students' awareness of scabies and increase their knowledge base, so as to strengthen the standardized nursing of scabies and reduce the prevalence of scabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Liu
- College of Public Health of Xi'an FanYi University, Xian, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchun Bai
- College of Public Health of Xi'an FanYi University, Xian, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Li
- College of Public Health of Xi'an FanYi University, Xian, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfei Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xian, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
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Sartorio MUA, Munari AM, Carlucci P, Erba P, Calcaterra V, Fabiano V. MRSA Femoral Osteomyelitis from Superinfected Scabies Lesions: A Pediatric Case Report. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19021007. [PMID: 35055830 PMCID: PMC8775834 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19021007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Scabies is a skin infestation from the Sarcoptes scabiei. It is considered a public health issue causing concern in developing countries and is considered a “neglected tropical disease” by the World Health Organization (WHO). Scabies skin lesions may cause severe itching and can be the portal of entry for opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria, which can cause serious systemic infections. We report the case of a 3-year-old boy with recurrent scabies infections who presented to the emergency department because of a fever and refusal to walk. Blood tests showed neutrophilic leukocytosis and significantly increased C reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin. Upon medical examination, his right thigh was extremely painful upon palpation, knee flexion was lost and he was unable to stand, so magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed. MRI showed osteomyelitis of metaphysis and distal diaphysis of the right femur with associated subperiosteal purulent collection and concomitant pyomyositis and fasciitis of the distal right thigh. Blood cultures were positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The patient received a long course of intravenous antibiotic therapy and his condition slowly improved. Follow-up femur X-ray showed a mixed pattern of erosion and sclerosis at the meta-diaphyseal region and periosteal reaction at the diaphyseal region. This case highlights the importance of early scabies diagnosis even in Western countries where poverty and household overcrowding are uncommon. Early diagnosis, timely initiation of proper treatment and evidence of clinical resolution are important elements to prevent recurrence of infection and serious systemic superinfections even from multi-drug resistant bacteria. Clinical consequences from unrecognized disease or inadequate eradication are preventable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ugo Andrea Sartorio
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, Via Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milan, Italy; (P.C.); (P.E.); (V.C.); (V.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alice Marianna Munari
- Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Carlucci
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, Via Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milan, Italy; (P.C.); (P.E.); (V.C.); (V.F.)
| | - Paola Erba
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, Via Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milan, Italy; (P.C.); (P.E.); (V.C.); (V.F.)
| | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, Via Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milan, Italy; (P.C.); (P.E.); (V.C.); (V.F.)
- Pediatrics and Adolescentology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Valentina Fabiano
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, Via Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milan, Italy; (P.C.); (P.E.); (V.C.); (V.F.)
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Chiu LW, Berger TG, Chang AY. Management of common scabies and postscabetic itch in adults: Lessons learned from a single-center retrospective cohort study. Int J Womens Dermatol 2022; 7:716-720. [PMID: 35028370 PMCID: PMC8714596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwd.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined topical permethrin plus oral ivermectin treats common scabies Patients 55 years or older may be more likely to experience post-scabetic itch Post-scabetic itch may persist for a median of 52.5 days (interquartile range, 28-135)
Background Common scabies can be difficult to diagnose and treat. There are limited data on the clinical characteristics of patients who may benefit from combined topical permethrin plus oral ivermectin. Postscabetic itch is common, but there is scant data describing its prognosis and management. Objective This study describes the clinical characteristics and evaluates treatment outcomes of participants with common scabies treated with combined topical permethrin plus oral ivermectin and describes the prognosis and management of postscabetic itch. Methods We conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study of participants with common scabies treated with combined topical permethrin plus oral ivermectin therapy and topical permethrin only. Participants previously treated with permethrin and/or ivermectin were excluded. The primary outcome was clinical outcome at follow-up, categorized as cure, worsening, or no change. Secondary outcomes included time from treatment initiation to cure, duration of follow-up after cure, recurrence rate, frequency of postscabetic itch, and duration of postscabetic itch. Results Of 55 participants treated with combined topical permethrin plus oral ivermectin, 49 (89%) achieved cure, 5 (9%) had no change, and 1 (2%) had worsening disease. Of 48 participants treated with topical permethrin only, 46 (96%) achieved cure, 2 (4%) had no change, and 0 (0%) had worsening disease. Thirty-five participants (34%) experienced postscabetic itch for 52.5 days (interquartile range, 28–135). More participants in the older (mean: 55 years; standard deviation: 21 years; p = .002) combined treatment group experienced postscabetic itch than in the younger (mean: 42 years; standard deviation: 19 years) permethrin-only treatment group (42% vs. 25%; p = .072). Conclusion These findings support the use of combined topical permethrin plus oral ivermectin therapy in treating common scabies, highlight that postscabetic itch can persist for longer than previously reported, and reveal a potential relationship between older age and postscabetic itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Wen Chiu
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Timothy G Berger
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Aileen Y Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Center, San Francisco, California
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Fernando DD, Korhonen PK, Gasser RB, Fischer K. An RNA Interference Tool to Silence Genes in Sarcoptes scabiei Eggs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020873. [PMID: 35055058 PMCID: PMC8777771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In a quest for new interventions against scabies-a highly significant skin disease of mammals, caused by a parasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei-we are focusing on finding new intervention targets. RNA interference (RNAi) could be an efficient functional genomics approach to identify such targets. The RNAi pathway is present in S. scabiei and operational in the female adult mite, but other developmental stages have not been assessed. Identifying potential intervention targets in the egg stage is particularly important because current treatments do not kill this latter stage. Here, we established an RNAi tool to silence single-copy genes in S. scabiei eggs. Using sodium hypochlorite pre-treatment, we succeeded in rendering the eggshell permeable to dsRNA without affecting larval hatching. We optimised the treatment of eggs with gene-specific dsRNAs to three single-copy target genes (designated Ss-Cof, Ss-Ddp, and Ss-Nan) which significantly and repeatedly suppressed transcription by ~66.6%, 74.3%, and 84.1%, respectively. Although no phenotypic alterations were detected in dsRNA-treated eggs for Ss-Cof and Ss-Nan, the silencing of Ss-Ddp resulted in a 38% reduction of larval hatching. This RNAi method is expected to provide a useful tool for larger-scale functional genomic investigations for the identification of essential genes as potential drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepani D. Fernando
- Infectious Diseases Program, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia;
| | - Pasi K. Korhonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (P.K.K.); (R.B.G.)
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; (P.K.K.); (R.B.G.)
| | - Katja Fischer
- Infectious Diseases Program, Cell and Molecular Biology Department, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia;
- Correspondence:
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Morelli S, Diakou A, Di Cesare A, Colombo M, Traversa D. Canine and Feline Parasitology: Analogies, Differences, and Relevance for Human Health. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e0026620. [PMID: 34378954 PMCID: PMC8404700 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00266-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cats and dogs are treated as family members by most pet owners. Therefore, a high quality of veterinary care and preventive medicine is imperative for animal health and welfare and for the protection of humans from zoonotic pathogens. There is a general perception of cats being treated as "small dogs," especially in the field of clinical parasitology. As a result, several important differences between the two animal species are not taken into proper consideration and are often overlooked. Dogs and cats are profoundly different under evolutionary, biological, ethological, behavioral, and immunological standpoints. These differences impact clinical features, diagnosis, and control of canine and feline parasites and transmission risk for humans. This review outlines the most common parasitoses and vector-borne diseases of dogs and cats, with a focus on major convergences and divergences, and discusses parasites that have (i) evolved based on different preys for dogs and cats, (ii) adapted due to different immunological or behavioral animal profiles, and (iii) developed more similarities than differences in canine and feline infections and associated diseases. Differences, similarities, and peculiarities of canine and feline parasitology are herein reviewed in three macrosections: (i) carnivorism, vegetarianism, anatomy, genetics, and parasites, (ii) evolutionary adaptation of nematodes, including veterinary reconsideration and zoonotic importance, and (iii) behavior and immune system driving ectoparasites and transmitted diseases. Emphasis is given to provide further steps toward a more accurate evaluation of canine and feline parasitology in a changing world in terms of public health relevance and One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Morelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Anastasia Diakou
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Angela Di Cesare
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | | | - Donato Traversa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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Jung J, Jeong J, Hong MJ, Kim EO, Kim MJ, Chang SE, Kim SH. Recurrence of Classic Scabies in a Patient Who had Unchanged Tie String of the T-Cannula. Infect Chemother 2021; 54:378-381. [PMID: 34951533 PMCID: PMC9259923 DOI: 10.3947/ic.2021.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A 64-year old woman who underwent lung transplantation and had t-cannula contracted classic scabies from her daughter. The patient was treated with 5% permethrin 10 times and had two consecutive negative follow-up microscopic examinations. However, the patient had recurrent symptoms and diagnosed with recurrent classic scabies 22 days after the last treatment. Unchanged tie string and unapplied topical agent around the t-cannula skin lesion may be reasons for recurrence. Thus, accurate application of topical treatment and changing the tie string of the t-cannula is needed to prevent a recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Jung
- Office for Infection Control, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihye Jeong
- Office for Infection Control, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Jee Hong
- Office for Infection Control, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Ok Kim
- Office for Infection Control, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Jae Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Eun Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- Office for Infection Control, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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30
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Rutter A, Haas M. Laboratory and Diagnostic Light Office Procedures. Prim Care 2021; 48:685-705. [PMID: 34752278 DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Office-based laboratory and bedside diagnostic procedures can be a helpful tool when assessing patients in the ambulatory setting. Diagnostic tests using a microscope (including assessment of vaginal discharge, urinary sediment, or skin scraping) or a diagnostic ultraviolet (UV) light (when evaluating the cornea or skin) can add valuable information to aid in proper diagnosis. This chapter will review necessary materials, technique, and interpretation for these often simple and inexpensive evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Rutter
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, Albany Medical College, 43 New Scotland Avenue, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Madeline Haas
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, Albany Medical College, 391 Myrtle Avenue, Suite 4B, Albany, NY 12208, USA.
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Redondo-Bravo L, Fernandez-Martinez B, Gómez-Barroso D, Gherasim A, García-Gómez M, Benito A, Herrador Z. Scabies in Spain? A comprehensive epidemiological picture. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258780. [PMID: 34723979 PMCID: PMC8559925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Scabies is a neglected disease stablished worldwide with a fairy well determined incidence. In high-income countries, it often causes outbreaks affecting the residents and staff of institutions and long-term facilities, usually hard to detect and control due to the difficult diagnosis and notification delay. This study aim at characterizing the affected population, geographical distribution, and evolution of scabies in Spain from 1997-2019 as well as to describe the main environments of transmission using different data sources. METHODS We carried out a nationwide retrospective study using four databases, which record data from different perspectives: hospital admissions, patients attended at primary healthcare services, outbreaks, and occupational diseases. We described the main characteristics from each database and calculated annual incidences in order to evaluate temporal and geographical patterns. We also analyzed outbreaks and occupational settings to characterize the main transmission foci and applied Joinpoint regression models to detect trend changes. RESULTS The elderly was the most frequent collective among the hospital admitted patients and notified cases in outbreaks, while children and young adults were the most affected according to primary care databases. The majority of the outbreaks occurred in homes and nursing homes; however, the facilities with more cases per outbreak were military barracks, healthcare settings and nursing homes. Most occupational cases occurred also in healthcare and social services settings, being healthcare workers the most common affected professional group. We detected a decreasing trend in scabies admissions from 1997 to 2014 (annual percentage change -APC- = -11.2%) and an increasing trend from 2014 to 2017 (APC = 23.6%). Wide geographical differences were observed depending on the database explored. DISCUSSION An increasing trend in scabies admissions was observed in Spain since 2014, probably due to cutbacks in social services and healthcare in addition to worsen of living conditions as a result of the 2008 economic crisis, among other reasons. The main transmission foci were healthcare and social settings. Measures including enhancing epidemic studies and national registries, reinforcing clinical diagnosis and early detection of cases, hygiene improvements and training of the staff and wide implementation of scabies treatment (considering mass drug administration in institutions outbreaks) should be considered to reduce the impact of scabies among most vulnerable groups in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Redondo-Bravo
- National Centre for Tropical Medicine, Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernandez-Martinez
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Gómez-Barroso
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alin Gherasim
- Subdirección General de Sanidad Ambiental y Salud Laboral, Ministerio de Sanidad, Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat García-Gómez
- Subdirección General de Sanidad Ambiental y Salud Laboral, Ministerio de Sanidad, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Benito
- National Centre for Tropical Medicine, Health Institute Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Network Biomedical Research on Tropical Diseases (RICET in Spanish), Madrid, Spain
| | - Zaida Herrador
- National Centre for Epidemiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- Network Biomedical Research on Tropical Diseases (RICET in Spanish), Madrid, Spain
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Izri A, Akhoundi M. An Atypical Presentation of Scabies. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 105:1442. [PMID: 34910446 PMCID: PMC8641319 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.21-0714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arezki Izri
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Paris 13 University, Bobigny, France.,Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection), Marseille, France
| | - Mohammad Akhoundi
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, Paris 13 University, Bobigny, France
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Caumes E, Marty M, Cadot M, Boulanger P, Rousseaux C, Petit A. A prospective cohort of patients with common scabies treated with 10% benzyl benzoate emulsion as monotherapy: EPIGALE study. Int J Dermatol 2021; 61:434-441. [PMID: 34510429 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to general measures, pharmacological treatment is the basis of the management of scabies. No recent data in real-life are available on the efficacy and safety of 10% benzyl benzoate emulsion for skin application administered as monotherapy. METHOD This prospective, multicenter, French observational study comprised a registry and a prospective cohort with a follow-up at 28 days and a telephone call at week 12. To participate in the registry, patients had to be over 1 month old, ambulatory, presenting common, nonhyperkeratotic, untreated scabies. To be included in the cohort, patients had to be included in the registry and treated with two applications of 10% benzyl benzoate emulsion 8 days apart. The primary endpoint was cure at day 28. RESULTS Of the 186 patients included in the registry, 116 were included in the cohort. Fourteen patients were included in the cohort without being included in the registry, which led to a total of 130 patients in the cohort. At day 28, 119/130 (91.5%; 95% CI 85.4-95.6%) were clinically cured. The cure was confirmed by dermoscopy in 44/47 patients (93%). Among the 130 patients, the cure rate was 82% at week 12. Of the 119 patients cured at day 28, the rate of cure at week 12 was 89.9%. CONCLUSION In real life, two applications of 10% benzyl benzoate emulsion 8 days apart provides high cure rates in patients with common scabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Caumes
- Service de Maladies infectieuses et Tropicales, Sorbonne Université, INSERM 1136, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Marc Marty
- Clinical Research Department, Nukleus, Paris, France
| | - Michel Cadot
- Dermatology Office, La Varenne Saint Hilaire, France
| | | | | | - Antoine Petit
- Dermatology Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
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Seetan K, Rashdan Y, Alsharei A, Al Bashir S, Al Madani A, Alqa'dan M, Al Momani A, Al Samarah H. Impact of socio-demographic factors on knowledge, attitude and practices toward scabies among syrian refugees in Jordan: A prospective cross sectional study. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2021; 69:102738. [PMID: 34471529 PMCID: PMC8387899 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2021.102738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scabies is one of the prevalent dermatological conditions, accounting for a substantial proportion of skin diseases in developing countries. It represents a significant health challenge when an outbreak appears in homecare and refugee camps as it may lead to enormous morbidity and high treatment costs. Because Scabies can be easily prevented through education, the purpose of this study was to assess the impact of socio-demographic factors on the level of knowledge, attitude, and practices among Syrian refugees in Jordan's northern region. Methods A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted among Syrian refugees attending primary health centers in northern Jordan, Ramtha, Mafraq, and Irbid, from February 2021 to May 2021. The targeted population was adult Syrian refugees above the age of 18. Two thousand participants were included in this study using simple random selection. The study questionnaire included socio-demographic characteristics and knowledge questions such as hearing about Scabies, causes of Scabies, signs and symptoms of Scabies, and its way of transmission. The data was analyzed using (SPSS) version 25. Results Females with a mean age of 37.9 years old comprised the majority of the participants. The majority of the participants were married and had intermediate levels of education. The knowledge about Scabies lacked among the majority of the respondents (N = 1259); 321 respondents had moderate knowledge, while only 650 had good knowledge. A statistically significant association was found between knowledge scores and all demographic characteristics, including gender, marital status, income, and educational level. Conclusion The general knowledge about Scabies among Syrian refugees is relatively low, with 1259 out of 2000 participants having a bad knowledge score. Moreover, the level of knowledge, attitude, and practices toward Scabies is highly affected by the demographic factors of the Syrian refugees' Health education for refugees is needed to improve their knowledge and help implement prevention programs. Scabies is quite a common medical problem among Syrian Refugees in Jordan. The socio-demographics of Syrian Refugees affect the level of knowledge and attitude toward scabies infestation. The level of knowledge regarding scabies infestation is poor among Syrian Refugees in Jordan. Health education for refugees is needed to improve their knowledge and help implement prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Seetan
- Department of clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Yasser Rashdan
- Department of clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Adel Alsharei
- Department of clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Sharaf Al Bashir
- Department of clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Abdallah Al Madani
- Department of clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | | | - Hashem Al Samarah
- Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of science and technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Sharifi-Rad J, Quispe C, Rahavian A, Pereira Carneiro JN, Rocha JE, Alves Borges Leal AL, Bezerra Morais Braga MF, Melo Coutinho HD, Ansari Djafari A, Alarcón-Zapata P, Martorell M, Antika G, Tumer TB, Cruz-Martins N, Helon P, Paprocka P, Koch W, Docea AO, Calina D. Bioactive Compounds as Potential Agents for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Management: A Review to Explore Molecular Mechanisms of Action. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:674682. [PMID: 34504422 PMCID: PMC8421529 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.674682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are produced by pathogens like bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses, and may generate severe health problems such as cancer, ulcers, and even problems in the newborn. This narrative review aims to present updated information about the use of natural bioactive compounds for the prevention and treatment of sexually transmitted infections. A search of the literature was performed using databases and search engines such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Science Direct. From the pharmacotherapeutic management point of view, any strategies for prevention should contain medical approaches. The bioactive compounds obtained from natural products have shown biological effects against different microorganisms for the treatment of these diseases. The main results showed antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, antifungal and antiviral effects such as HIV. Also, the molecular mechanisms, signalling pathways and action targets of natural compounds were highlighted, thus justifying bacterial and antifungal inhibition, apoptosis or reduction of viral replication. From the data of our study, we can conclude that natural compounds may be a significant source for adjuvant drugs / complementary therapies in the treatment of STDs. With all these benefits, the future must conduct extensive clinical trials and the development of pharmaceutical nanotechnologies for a greater therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cristina Quispe
- Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad Arturo Prat, Iquique, Chile
| | - Amirhossein Rahavian
- Andrology Research Center, Yazd Reproductive Sciences Institute, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anahita Ansari Djafari
- Department of Urology, Shohada-e-Tajrish Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pedro Alarcón-Zapata
- Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Miquel Martorell
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, and Centre for Healthy Living, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Universidad de Concepción, Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, UDT, Concepción, Chile
| | - Gizem Antika
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Science, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Tugba Boyunegmez Tumer
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Arts and Science, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, Turkey
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paweł Helon
- Branch in Sandomierz, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, Sandomierz, Poland
| | - Paulina Paprocka
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Kielce, Poland
| | - Wojciech Koch
- Chair and Department of Food and Nutrition, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anca Oana Docea
- Department of Toxicology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
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Ofori-Amoah J, Ofori Addai S, Ampratwum O, Rockson Adjei M, Asare G, Adu Mensah J, Obeng A, Natogmah Z, Thomas Sevugu J, Agyemang-Duah W, Kusi J, Gumah F, Ampem Amoako Y. Scabies outbreak investigation and treatment in the Sekyere East District, Ghana: A call to end the neglect. COGENT MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/2331205x.2021.1964185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gideon Asare
- Surveillance, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Aziz Obeng
- Health Promotion, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | | | | | - Williams Agyemang-Duah
- Department of Planning, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Job Kusi
- Health Information, Ghana Health Service, Accra, Ghana
| | - Francis Gumah
- Health, World Vision Ghana, World Vision Sekyere Cluster, Ghana
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El-Moamly AA. Scabies as a part of the World Health Organization roadmap for neglected tropical diseases 2021-2030: what we know and what we need to do for global control. Trop Med Health 2021; 49:64. [PMID: 34399850 PMCID: PMC8366162 DOI: 10.1186/s41182-021-00348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Scabies is an under-recognized global health problem with an unacceptably high prevalence in many settings worldwide. Fortunately, the World Health Organization (WHO) has formally designated scabies as a neglected tropical disease in 2017, in the hope of increasing awareness and encouraging efforts to eradicate it. Also, scabies has recently been included as part of the WHO roadmap for neglected tropical diseases 2021–2030, aimed at ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals. Main abstract body This review article places scabies in focus. The literature was reviewed to explore discussions on controversial issues in scabies control, with the aim of clarifying whether global control of scabies is a feasible and worthwhile objective. The existing status of scabies and its burden are discussed along with future prospects for its global control. The article investigates the feasibility of scabies control and provides updates on the various impediments to this goal, such as challenges related to transmission, diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development. Also examined are relevant research needs, success factors, and reasons for failure. This article aims to increase the global awareness of scabies and promote discussion, enhance coordinated international efforts, and ultimately, enact change at the national and worldwide levels toward the control of this preventable disease of the poor. Conclusion Despite the current challenges, scabies control is now within reach. With sustained interventions, continuous resources, and sincere commitment and support, scabies global control appears to be a worthwhile, realistic goal that is potentially achievable in the not so distant future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal A El-Moamly
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Round Road, Ismailia, Postal Code 41522, Egypt.
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Seiler JC, Keech RC, Aker JL, Miller W, Belcher C, Mettert KW. Spinosad at 0.9% in the treatment of scabies: Efficacy results from 2 multicenter, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled studies. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 86:97-103. [PMID: 34391812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.07.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scabies is a contagious skin disease resulting from Sarcoptes scabiei infestation. There are no approved over-the-counter treatments, and approved prescription products have disadvantages, including potential resistance. Spinosad, an insecticide derived from fermentation of a soil actinobacterium, shows promise as a potential treatment agent. OBJECTIVE Combined results from 2 controlled clinical studies were used to evaluate the efficacy of 0.9% spinosad topical suspension in the eradication of scabies. METHODS Each study included index subjects (the youngest household members with active scabies) and up to 5 other members in each household. Subjects applied 0.9% spinosad or vehicle once. Primary efficacy was the percentage of index subjects with complete cure on day 28. Additional efficacy included clinical cure, microscopic cure, and lesion counts. RESULTS Spinosad at 0.9% is not equivalent to vehicle in the percentage of index subjects achieving complete cure on day 28 (78.1% vs 39.6%, respectively; P < .0001; n = 206). Additional efficacy analyses confirmed the consistent treatment effect of 0.9% spinosad. No safety signals were observed. LIMITATIONS The studies used small sample sizes to assess equivalency. CONCLUSIONS Spinosad at 0.9% performed better than vehicle in the treatment of scabies in these studies of subjects of 4 years of age or older following 1 application of study drug.
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Abstract
Dermatitis is a common condition frequently encountered by dermatologists. The diagnosis of dermatitis can be challenging because this condition is often multifactorial, and many skin diseases that can mimic dermatitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis. It is important to recognize and be familiar with these conditions because some of them can represent signs of systemic disease or malignancies and misdiagnosis can lead to mismanagement and adverse outcomes for the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana A Bailiff
- Geisinger Dermatology, 16 Woodbine Lane, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Christen M Mowad
- Geisinger Dermatology, 16 Woodbine Lane, Danville, PA 17822, USA.
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Reichert F, Schulz M, Mertens E, Lachmann R, Aebischer A. Reemergence of Scabies Driven by Adolescents and Young Adults, Germany, 2009-2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1693-1696. [PMID: 34013873 PMCID: PMC8153882 DOI: 10.3201/eid2706.203681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To validate anecdotal evidence on scabies infestations, we analyzed inpatient and outpatient claims data in Germany. Scabies diagnoses increased 9-fold and treatment failure 4-fold during 2009–2018, driven mainly by persons 15–24 years of age. Prevention and control in young adults appear key because of these persons’ high mobility and social connectivity.
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Lipman ZM, Ingrasci G, Yosipovitch G. Approach to the Patient with Chronic Pruritus. Med Clin North Am 2021; 105:699-721. [PMID: 34059246 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pruritus (itch lasting ≥6 weeks) is a bothersome chief complaint that may present in a broad variety of diseases. Most itch-causing diagnoses fit into 1 of 5 categories (inflammatory, secondary to systemic disease, neuropathic, chronic pruritus of undetermined origin, and psychogenic itch) and this broad differential can be narrowed using key findings in the history and physical. In this article, we discuss which key findings are most pertinent for narrowing this differential and guiding further workup and treatment, as well as how to treat many itchy conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe M Lipman
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Miami Itch Center, University of Miami, University of Miami Hospital, 1600 Northwest 10th Avenue RMSB Building, 10th Street, 2067B Miami, FL, USA
| | - Giuseppe Ingrasci
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Miami Itch Center, University of Miami, University of Miami Hospital, 1600 Northwest 10th Avenue RMSB Building, 10th Street, 2067B Miami, FL, USA
| | - Gil Yosipovitch
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Miami Itch Center, University of Miami, University of Miami Hospital, 1600 Northwest 10th Avenue RMSB Building, 10th Street, 2067B Miami, FL, USA.
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Ingrasci G, Lipman ZM, Hawash AA, Girolomoni G, Yosipovitch G. The pruritogenic role of the type 2 immune response in diseases associated with chronic itch. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1208-1217. [PMID: 34033148 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While there is a vast array of aetiologies that may lead to chronic pruritus, recent data suggests that many of these conditions share similar interactions between keratinocytes, nerves, and the immune system. Specifically, the type 2 immune response, including Th2 T Cells and their related cytokines, has been noted to play a major role in the development of pruritus in a variety of itchy conditions. To date, atopic dermatitis is the most striking example of this pathogenesis. However, the body of literature supporting its role in many other itchy conditions, including other inflammatory, bullous, as well as systemic diseases, continues to grow. In addition, new treatments targeting this type 2 immune system continue to be developed and investigated. In the current review, we present the current body of literature supporting the role of the type 2 immune response in itchy conditions beyond atopic dermatitis as well as potential therapeutic options that target this pathway for chronic itch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ingrasci
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Miami Itch Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Zoe M Lipman
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Miami Itch Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Ahmed A Hawash
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Miami Itch Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | | | - Gil Yosipovitch
- Dr Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Miami Itch Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
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A facility and community-based assessment of scabies in rural Malawi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009386. [PMID: 34061851 PMCID: PMC8195395 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scabies is a neglected tropical disease of the skin, causing severe itching, stigmatizing skin lesions and systemic complications. Since 2015, the DerMalawi project provide an integrated skin diseases clinics and Tele-dermatology care in Malawi. Clinic based data suggested a progressive increase in scabies cases observed. To better identify and treat individuals with scabies in the region, we shifted from a clinic-based model to a community based outreach programme. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS From May 2015, DerMalawi project provide integrated skin diseases and Tele-dermatological care in the Nkhotakota and Salima health districts in Malawi. Demographic and clinical data of all patients personally attended are recorded. Due to a progressive increase in the number of cases of scabies the project shifted to a community-based outreach programme. For the community outreach activities, we conducted three visits between 2018 to 2019 and undertook screening in schools and villages of Alinafe Hospital catchment area. Treatment was offered for all the cases and school or household contacts. Scabies increased from 2.9% to 39.2% of all cases seen by the DerMalawi project at clinics between 2015 to 2018. During the community-based activities approximately 50% of the population was assessed in each of three visits. The prevalence of scabies was similar in the first two rounds, 15.4% (2392) at the first visit and 17.2% at the second visit. The prevalence of scabies appeared to be lower (2.4%) at the third visit. The prevalence of impetigo appeared unchanged and was 6.7% at the first visit and 5.2% at the final visit. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Prevalence of scabies in our setting was very high suggesting that scabies is a major public health problem in parts of Malawi. Further work is required to more accurately assess the burden of disease and develop appropriate public health strategies for its control.
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First Description of the Composition and the Functional Capabilities of the Skin Microbial Community Accompanying Severe Scabies Infestation in Humans. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050907. [PMID: 33922793 PMCID: PMC8146700 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies link Sarcoptes scabiei infection and impetigo. Scabies mites can promote Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus) and Staphylococcus aureus infections by breaching the skin barrier and excreting molecules that inhibit host innate immune responses. However, little is known about the composition and the function of the scabies-associated microbiota. Here, high-throughput whole-metagenome sequencing was used to explore the scabies-associated microbiome. Scabies mites including their immediate microenvironments were isolated from two patients with severe scabies in Northern Australia. Two ~45–50 million paired-end reads Illumina libraries were generated of which ~2 (5.1%) and 0.7 million (1.3%) microbial reads were filtered out by mapping to human (hg19) and mite draft genomes. Taxonomic profiling revealed a microbial community dominated by the phylum Firmicutes (A: 79% and B: 59%) and genera that comprise Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, and Corynebacterium. Assembly of the metagenome reads resulted in genome bins representing reference genomes of Acinetobacter baumannii, Streptococcus dysgalactiae (Group C/G), Proteus mirablis and Staphylococcus aureus. The contigs contained genes relevant to pathogenicity and antibiotics resistance. Confocal microscopy of a patient skin sample confirmed A. baumannii, Streptococci and S. aureus in scabies mite gut and faeces and the surrounding skin. The study provides fundamental evidence for the association of opportunistic pathogens with scabies infection.
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Thompson R, Westbury S, Slape D. Paediatrics: how to manage scabies. Drugs Context 2021; 10:dic-2020-12-3. [PMID: 33828606 PMCID: PMC8007207 DOI: 10.7573/dic.2020-12-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This narrative review addresses scabies, a highly contagious, pruritic infestation of the skin caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var hominis. Scabies is a common disorder that has a prevalence worldwide estimated to be between 200 and 300 million cases per year. Infestation is of greatest concern in children, the elderly, immunocompromised people and resource-poor endemic populations at risk of chronic complications. A diagnosis of scabies involves a clinical suspicion, a detailed targeted history, clinical examination and contact tracing. Dermoscopy and microscopy, where available, is confirmatory. Due to its infectivity and transmissibility, the management for scabies requires a multimodal approach: topical antiscabetic agents are the first line for most cases of childhood classic scabies and their contacts, which must also be identified and treated to prevent treatment failure and reacquisition. Environmental strategies to control fomite-related reinfestation are also recommended. Oral ivermectin, where available, is reserved for use in high-risk cases in children or in mass drug administration programmes in endemic communities. The prevention of downstream complications of scabies includes surveillance, early identification and prompt treatment for secondary bacterial infections, often superficial but can be serious and invasive with associated chronic morbidity and mortality. Post-scabetic itch and psychosocial stigma are typical sequelae of the scabies mite infestation. The early identification of patients with scabies and treatment of their contacts reduces community transmission. Although time consuming and labour intensive for caregivers, the implementation of appropriate treatment strategies usually results in prompt cure for the child and their contacts. Here, we provide a summary of treatments and recommendations for the management of paediatric scabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Thompson
- Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Kensington Campus, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, Sydney, NSW, 2031, Australia
| | - Sean Westbury
- St George Hospital, Kogarah, Sydney, NSW, 2217, Australia
| | - Dana Slape
- Department of Dermatology, Liverpool and Campbelltown Hospitals, South Western Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Justice Health and Forensic Mental Health Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Maglie R, Souza Monteiro de Araujo D, Antiga E, Geppetti P, Nassini R, De Logu F. The Role of TRPA1 in Skin Physiology and Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3065. [PMID: 33802836 PMCID: PMC8002674 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), a member of the TRP superfamily of channels, acts as 'polymodal cellular sensor' on primary sensory neurons where it mediates the peripheral and central processing of pain, itch, and thermal sensation. However, the TRPA1 expression extends far beyond the sensory nerves. In recent years, much attention has been paid to its expression and function in non-neuronal cell types including skin cells, such as keratinocytes, melanocytes, mast cells, dendritic cells, and endothelial cells. TRPA1 seems critically involved in a series of physiological skin functions, including formation and maintenance of physico-chemical skin barriers, skin cells, and tissue growth and differentiation. TRPA1 appears to be implicated in mechanistic processes in various immunological inflammatory diseases and cancers of the skin, such as atopic and allergic contact dermatitis, psoriasis, bullous pemphigoid, cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and melanoma. Here, we report recent findings on the implication of TRPA1 in skin physiology and pathophysiology. The potential use of TRPA1 antagonists in the treatment of inflammatory and immunological skin disorders will be also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Maglie
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (R.M.); (E.A.)
| | - Daniel Souza Monteiro de Araujo
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (D.S.M.d.A.); (P.G.); (F.D.L.)
| | - Emiliano Antiga
- Department of Health Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (R.M.); (E.A.)
| | - Pierangelo Geppetti
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (D.S.M.d.A.); (P.G.); (F.D.L.)
| | - Romina Nassini
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (D.S.M.d.A.); (P.G.); (F.D.L.)
| | - Francesco De Logu
- Department of Health Sciences, Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (D.S.M.d.A.); (P.G.); (F.D.L.)
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Thomas C, Rehmus W, Chang AY. Treatment practices in the management of scabies in infants younger than two months. Pediatr Dermatol 2021; 38:431-435. [PMID: 33486822 DOI: 10.1111/pde.14523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Efficacy and safety data of scabies treatments in infants are limited. Although topical permethrin is used in the treatment of scabies in adults, it is not approved for use in infants younger than 2 months of age in many parts of the world. This study aimed to describe treatment practices in the management of scabies in infants younger than 2 months. METHODS An online survey was developed and distributed to physicians worldwide through the Society of Pediatric Dermatology and the Pediatric Dermatology Research Alliance. Data collected included demographics, medication availability, experience using medications, deterrents to medication use, medication administration preferences, perceived and experienced medication side effects, and preferred treatment agent in this population. RESULTS In total, 57 physicians from seven countries responded. The majority of respondents were board-certified in pediatric dermatology (48/57, 84.2%) and resided in the United States (44/57, 77.2%). Respondents had experience using permethrin (47/57, 82.5%) and precipitated sulfur (35/57, 61.4%) most frequently. Most (38/57, 66.7%) preferred permethrin as their treatment of choice. Among those who did not use permethrin, potential side effects (8/10, 80%) were most frequently reported as a deterrent from its use. However, only 4.3% (22/47) of those who used permethrin reported side effects, including itching, erythema, and xerosis. CONCLUSIONS Permethrin is frequently used in the treatment of infants younger than 2 months with scabies. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that permethrin is the preferred treatment agent among sampled dermatologists for infants younger than 2 months. Few side effects were reported, and none were serious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Thomas
- Harvard Medicine-Dermatology Combined Residency Training Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wingfield Rehmus
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Aileen Y Chang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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48
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Chng L, Holt DC, Field M, Francis JR, Tilakaratne D, Dekkers MH, Robinson G, Mounsey K, Pavlos R, Bowen AC, Fischer K, Papenfuss AT, Gasser RB, Korhonen PK, Currie BJ, McCarthy JS, Pasay C. Molecular diagnosis of scabies using a novel probe-based polymerase chain reaction assay targeting high-copy number repetitive sequences in the Sarcoptes scabiei genome. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009149. [PMID: 33626043 PMCID: PMC7939366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The suboptimal sensitivity and specificity of available diagnostic methods for scabies hampers clinical management, trials of new therapies and epidemiologic studies. Additionally, parasitologic diagnosis by microscopic examination of skin scrapings requires sample collection with a sharp scalpel blade, causing discomfort to patients and difficulty in children. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based diagnostic assays, combined with non-invasive sampling methods, represent an attractive approach. In this study, we aimed to develop a real-time probe-based PCR test for scabies, test a non-invasive sampling method and evaluate its diagnostic performance in two clinical settings. Methodology/Principal findings High copy-number repetitive DNA elements were identified in draft Sarcoptes scabiei genome sequences and used as assay targets for diagnostic PCR. Two suitable repetitive DNA sequences, a 375 base pair microsatellite (SSR5) and a 606 base pair long tandem repeat (SSR6), were identified. Diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were tested using relevant positive and negative control materials and compared to a published assay targeting the mitochondrial cox1 gene. Both assays were positive at a 1:100 dilution of DNA from a single mite; no amplification was observed in DNA from samples from 19 patients with other skin conditions nor from house dust, sheep or dog mites, head and body lice or from six common skin bacterial and fungal species. Moderate sensitivity of the assays was achieved in a pilot study, detecting 5/7 (71.4% [95% CI: 29.0% - 96.3%]) of clinically diagnosed untreated scabies patients). Greater sensitivity was observed in samples collected by FLOQ swabs compared to skin scrapings. Conclusions/Significance This newly developed qPCR assay, combined with the use of an alternative non-invasive swab sampling technique offers the possibility of enhanced diagnosis of scabies. Further studies will be required to better define the diagnostic performance of these tests. As scabies control efforts continue to grow, scarcity of diagnostic options hinders success of elimination efforts in endemic areas. Efficiency in large-scale monitoring is further obstructed by invasive sample collection techniques, which are often uncomfortable for patients, and lack sensitivity. We have developed two PCR-based diagnostic assays targeting repetitive DNA elements. These were identified using new data on the S. scabiei genome. Targeting these elements by PCR improved the detection of scabies DNA. Enhanced sensitivity was demonstrated when tested against routine microscopy and a published PCR-based diagnostic assay. When combined with a non-invasive, effective FLOQ swab sampling method, the developed qPCR-based assays may provide a useful complementary tool for diagnosis of scabies, and its application will likely improve scabies control in target populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Chng
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Deborah C. Holt
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- College of Health and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Matt Field
- Centre for Tropical Bioinformatics and Molecular Biology and Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
- Genome Informatics, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Joshua R. Francis
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Australia
| | - Dev Tilakaratne
- Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Australia
- Darwin Dermatology, Tiwi, Australia
| | - Milou H. Dekkers
- Queensland Animal Science Precinct, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Greg Robinson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kate Mounsey
- University of Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Rebecca Pavlos
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Asha C. Bowen
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Perth Children’s Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Katja Fischer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Robin B. Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Pasi K. Korhonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Bart J. Currie
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
- Royal Darwin Hospital, Tiwi, Australia
| | | | - Cielo Pasay
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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49
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Fölster-Holst R. [Parasitoses in childhood]. Hautarzt 2021; 72:232-242. [PMID: 33599802 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-021-04767-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Parasitoses are a frequent occurrence in pediatric consultations in both hospitals and private practices. Responsible for this are parasites that permanently infest human skin, such as Sarcoptes scabiei hominis and Pediculus humanus capitis (persistent parasites) as well as those that only attack the skin for feeding, such as Pulex irritans, Cimex lectularius und Neotrombicula autumnalis (transient parasites). The main symptom of parasitoses is pruritus, which is caused by a delayed allergic reaction to proteins in the saliva of the parasites. In some parasitoses, such as scabies, the pruritus is typical, occurs particularly at night and is associated with a considerable impairment in the quality of life due to the resulting lack of sleep, whereas the pruritus is often absent in the case of pediculosis capitis. In this article persistent and transient parasitoses are characterized based on the patient history, morphology and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fölster-Holst
- Dermatologie, Venerologie, Allergologie, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Rosalind-Franklin-Str. 7, 24105, Kiel, Deutschland.
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50
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Brockman R, Leitenberger S. Review of Scabies Infestation and Selected Common Cutaneous Infections. Pediatr Rev 2021; 42:21-32. [PMID: 33386302 DOI: 10.1542/pir.2018-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross Brockman
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Sabra Leitenberger
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
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