1
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Nath S. Size matters in metabolic scaling: Critical role of the thermodynamic efficiency of ATP synthesis and its dependence on mitochondrial H + leak across mammalian species. Biosystems 2024; 242:105255. [PMID: 38901165 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
In this last article of the trilogy, the unified biothermokinetic theory of ATP synthesis developed in the previous two papers is applied to a major problem in comparative physiology, biochemistry, and ecology-that of metabolic scaling as a function of body mass across species. A clear distinction is made between intraspecific and interspecific relationships in energy metabolism, clearing up confusion that had existed from the very beginning since Kleiber first proposed his mouse-to-elephant rule almost a century ago. It is shown that the overall mass exponent of basal/standard metabolic rate in the allometric relationship [Formula: see text] is composed of two parts, one emerging from the relative intraspecific constancy of the slope (b), and the other (b') arising from the interspecific variation of the mass coefficient, a(M) with body size. Quantitative analysis is shown to reveal the hidden underlying relationship followed by the interspecific mass coefficient, a(M)=P0M0.10, and a universal value of P0=3.23 watts, W is derived from empirical data on mammals from mouse to cattle. The above relationship is shown to be understood only within an evolutionary biological context, and provides a physiological explanation for Cope's rule. The analysis also helps in fundamentally understanding how variability and a diversity of scaling exponents arises in allometric relations in biology and ecology. Next, a molecular-level understanding of the scaling of metabolism across mammalian species is shown to be obtained by consideration of the thermodynamic efficiency of ATP synthesis η, taking mitochondrial proton leak as a major determinant of basal metabolic rate in biosystems. An iterative solution is obtained by solving the mathematical equations of the biothermokinetic ATP theory, and the key thermodynamic parameters, e.g. the degree of coupling q, the operative P/O ratio, and the metabolic efficiency of ATP synthesis η are quantitatively evaluated for mammals from rat to cattle. Increases in η (by ∼15%) over a 2000-fold body size range from rat to cattle, primarily arising from an ∼3-fold decrease in the mitochondrial H+ leak rate are quantified by the unified ATP theory. Biochemical and mechanistic consequences for the interpretation of basal metabolism, and the various molecular implications arising are discussed in detail. The results are extended to maximum metabolic rate, and interpreted mathematically as a limiting case of the general ATP theory. The limitations of the analysis are pointed out. In sum, a comprehensive quantitative analysis based on the unified biothermokinetic theory of ATP synthesis is shown to solve a central problem in biology, physiology, and ecology on the scaling of energy metabolism with body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Nath
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, 110016, India.
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2
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Škop V, Liu N, Xiao C, Stinson E, Chen KY, Hall KD, Piaggi P, Gavrilova O, Reitman ML. Beyond day and night: The importance of ultradian rhythms in mouse physiology. Mol Metab 2024; 84:101946. [PMID: 38657735 PMCID: PMC11070603 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Our circadian world shapes much of metabolic physiology. In mice ∼40% of the light and ∼80% of the dark phase time is characterized by bouts of increased energy expenditure (EE). These ultradian bouts have a higher body temperature (Tb) and thermal conductance and contain virtually all of the physical activity and awake time. Bout status is a better classifier of mouse physiology than photoperiod, with ultradian bouts superimposed on top of the circadian light/dark cycle. We suggest that the primary driver of ultradian bouts is a brain-initiated transition to a higher defended Tb of the active/awake state. Increased energy expenditure from brown adipose tissue, physical activity, and cardiac work combine to raise Tb from the lower defended Tb of the resting/sleeping state. Thus, unlike humans, much of mouse metabolic physiology is episodic with large ultradian increases in EE and Tb that correlate with the active/awake state and are poorly aligned with circadian cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtěch Škop
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Naili Liu
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cuiying Xiao
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Emma Stinson
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
| | - Kong Y Chen
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kevin D Hall
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA; Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa 56122, Italy
| | - Oksana Gavrilova
- Mouse Metabolism Core, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marc L Reitman
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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3
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Sidhu JS, Lynch JP. Cortical cell size regulates root metabolic cost. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 118:1343-1357. [PMID: 38340035 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that vacuolar occupancy in mature root cortical parenchyma cells regulates root metabolic cost and thereby plant fitness under conditions of drought, suboptimal nutrient availability, and increased soil mechanical impedance. However, the mechanistic role of vacuoles in reducing root metabolic cost was unproven. Here we provide evidence to support this hypothesis. We first show that root cortical cell size is determined by both cortical cell diameter and cell length. Significant genotypic variation for both cortical cell diameter (~1.1- to 1.5-fold) and cortical cell length (~ 1.3- to 7-fold) was observed in maize and wheat. GWAS and QTL analyses indicate cortical cell diameter and length are heritable and under independent genetic control. We identify candidate genes for both phenes. Empirical results from isophenic lines contrasting for cortical cell diameter and length show that increased cell size, due to either diameter or length, is associated with reduced root respiration, nitrogen content, and phosphorus content. RootSlice, a functional-structural model of root anatomy, predicts that an increased vacuolar: cytoplasmic ratio per unit cortical volume causes reduced root respiration and nutrient content. Ultrastructural imaging of cortical parenchyma cells with varying cortical diameter and cortical cell length confirms the in silico predictions and shows that an increase in cell size is correlated with increased vacuolar volume and reduced cytoplasmic volume. Vacuolar occupancy and its relationship with cell size merits further investigation as a phene for improving crop adaptation to edaphic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdeep Singh Sidhu
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Jonathan P Lynch
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
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4
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Li HM, Liu BY, Shi MH, Zhang L, Yang SC, Sahu SK, Cui LY, Liu SL, Dussex N, Ma Y, Liu D, Kong WY, Lu HR, Zhao Y, Dalén L, Liu H, Lan TM, Jiang GS, Xu YC. Haplotype-resolved and chromosome-scale genomes provide insights into co-adaptation between the Amur tiger and Amur leopard. Zool Res 2024; 45:464-467. [PMID: 38583937 PMCID: PMC11188614 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Meng Li
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Bo-Yang Liu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Min-Hui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Le Zhang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Shang-Chen Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Sunil Kumar Sahu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
- BGI Research, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Liang-Yu Cui
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Shan-Lin Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nicolas Dussex
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Yue Ma
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Heilongjiang Siberian Tiger Park, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, China
| | - Wei-Yao Kong
- Jinlin Provincial Academy of Forestry Science, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Hao-Rong Lu
- China National GeneBank, BGI Research, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518120, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Genome Read and Write, BGI Research, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Love Dalén
- Centre for Palaeogenetics, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm 10691, Sweden
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
- BGI Life Science Joint Research Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
| | - Tian-Ming Lan
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genomics, BGI Research, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518083, China
- BGI Life Science Joint Research Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China. E-mail:
| | - Guang-Shun Jiang
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
- Feline Research Center of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China. E-mail:
| | - Yan-Chun Xu
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
- BGI Life Science Joint Research Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Research Center of Engineering Technology for Wildlife Conservation and Utilization, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150040, China. E-mail:
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5
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Chang C, Vong C, Wang X, Hazra A, Diehl A, Nicholas T, Mukherjee A. Tofacitinib pharmacokinetics in children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2024; 13:599-611. [PMID: 38298058 PMCID: PMC11015083 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.13104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
These analyses characterized tofacitinib pharmacokinetics (PKs) in children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Data were pooled from phase I (NCT01513902), phase III (NCT02592434), and open-label, long-term extension (NCT01500551) studies of tofacitinib tablet/solution (weight-based doses administered twice daily [b.i.d.]) in patients with JIA aged 2 to less than 18 years. Population PK modeling used a nonlinear mixed-effects approach, with covariates identified using stepwise forward-inclusion backward-deletion procedures. Simulations were performed to derive dosing recommendations for children and adolescents with JIA. Two hundred forty-six pediatric patients were included in the population PK model. A one-compartment model with first-order elimination and absorption with body weight as a covariate for oral clearance and apparent volume of distribution sufficiently described the data. Oral solution was associated with comparable average concentration (Cavg) and slightly higher (113.9%) maximum concentration (Cmax) versus tablet, which was confirmed by a subsequent randomized, open-label, bioavailability study conducted in healthy adult participants (n = 12) by demonstrating adjusted geometric mean ratios (90% confidence interval) between oral solution and tablet of 1.04 (1.00-1.09) and 1.10 (1.00-1.21) for area under the curve extrapolated to infinity and Cmax, respectively (NCT04111614). A dosing regimen of 3.2 mg b.i.d. solution in patients 10 to less than 20 kg, 4 mg b.i.d. solution in patients 20 to less than 40 kg, and 5 mg b.i.d. tablet/solution in patients greater than or equal to 40 kg, irrespective of age, was proposed to achieve constant Cavg across weight groups. In summary, population PK characterization informed a simplified tofacitinib dosing regimen that has been implemented in pediatric patients with JIA.
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6
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Kriete A. Dissipative scaling of development and aging in multicellular organisms. Biosystems 2024; 237:105157. [PMID: 38367762 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Evolution, self-replication and ontogenesis are highly dynamic, irreversible and self-organizing processes dissipating energy. While progress has been made to decipher the role of thermodynamics in cellular fission, it is not yet clear how entropic balances shape organism growth and aging. This paper derives a general dissipation theory for the life history of organisms. It implies a self-regulated energy dissipation facilitating exponential growth within a hierarchical and entropy lowering self-organization. The theory predicts ceilings in energy expenditures imposed by geometric constrains, which promote thermal optimality during development, and a dissipative scaling across organisms consistent with ecological scaling laws combining isometric and allometric terms. The theory also illustrates how growing organisms can tolerate damage through continuous extension and production of new dissipative structures low in entropy. However, when organisms reduce their rate of cell division and reach a steady adult state, they become thermodynamically unstable, increase internal entropy by accumulating damage, and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Kriete
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Bossone Research Center, 3141 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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7
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Silva MP, Oliveira C, Prieto R, Silva MA, New L, Pérez‐Jorge S. Bioenergetic modelling of a marine top predator's responses to changes in prey structure. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11135. [PMID: 38529024 PMCID: PMC10961477 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Determining how animals allocate energy, and how external factors influence this allocation, is crucial to understand species' life history requirements and response to disturbance. This response is driven in part by individuals' energy balance, prey characteristics, foraging behaviour and energy required for essential functions. We developed a bioenergetic model to estimate minimum foraging success rate (FSR), that is, the lowest possible prey capture rate for individuals to obtain the minimum energy intake needed to meet daily metabolic requirements, for female sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus). The model was based on whales' theoretical energetic requirements using foraging and prey characteristics from animal-borne tags and stomach contents, respectively. We used this model to simulate two prey structure change scenarios: (1) decrease in mean prey size, thus lower prey energy content and (2) decrease in prey size variability, reducing the variability in prey energy content. We estimate the whales need minimum of ~14% FSR to meet their energetic requirements, and energy intake is more sensitive to energy content changes than a decrease in energy variability. To estimate vulnerability to prey structure changes, we evaluated the compensation level required to meet bioenergetic demands. Considering a minimum 14% FSR, whales would need to increase energy intake by 21% (5-35%) and 49% (27-67%) to compensate for a 15% and 30% decrease in energy content, respectively. For a 30% and 50% decrease in energy variability, whales would need to increase energy intake by 13% (0-23%) and 24% (10-35%) to meet energetic demands, respectively. Our model demonstrates how foraging and prey characteristics can be used to estimate impact of changing prey structure in top predator energetics, which can help inform bottom-up effects on marine ecosystems. We showed the importance of considering different FSR in bioenergetics models, as it can have decisive implications on estimates of energy acquired and affect the conclusions about top predator's vulnerability to possible environmental fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P. Silva
- Institute of Marine Sciences – OKEANOSUniversity of the AzoresHortaPortugal
- Institute of Marine Research – IMARHortaPortugal
| | - Cláudia Oliveira
- Institute of Marine Sciences – OKEANOSUniversity of the AzoresHortaPortugal
- Institute of Marine Research – IMARHortaPortugal
| | - Rui Prieto
- Institute of Marine Sciences – OKEANOSUniversity of the AzoresHortaPortugal
- Institute of Marine Research – IMARHortaPortugal
| | - Mónica A. Silva
- Institute of Marine Sciences – OKEANOSUniversity of the AzoresHortaPortugal
- Institute of Marine Research – IMARHortaPortugal
| | - Leslie New
- Department of Mathematics and Computer ScienceUrsinus CollegeCollegevillePennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Sergi Pérez‐Jorge
- Institute of Marine Sciences – OKEANOSUniversity of the AzoresHortaPortugal
- Institute of Marine Research – IMARHortaPortugal
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8
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Carnahan AM, Pagano AM, Christian AL, Rode KD, Robbins CT. Ursids evolved dietary diversity without major alterations in metabolic rates. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4751. [PMID: 38413768 PMCID: PMC10899188 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55549-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The diets of the eight species of ursids range from carnivory (e.g., polar bears, Ursus maritimus) to insectivory (e.g., sloth bears, Melursus ursinus), omnivory (e.g., brown bears, U. arctos), and herbivory (e.g., giant pandas, Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Dietary energy availability ranges from the high-fat, highly digestible, calorically dense diet of polar bears (~ 6.4 kcal digestible energy/g fresh weight) to the high-fiber, poorly digestible, calorically restricted diet (~ 0.7) of giant pandas. Thus, ursids provide the opportunity to examine the extent to which dietary energy drives evolution of energy metabolism in a closely related group of animals. We measured the daily energy expenditure (DEE) of captive brown bears in a relatively large, zoo-type enclosure and compared those values to previously published results on captive brown bears, captive and free-ranging polar bears, and captive and free-ranging giant pandas. We found that all three species have similar mass-specific DEE when travel distances and energy intake are normalized even though their diets differ dramatically and phylogenetic lineages are separated by millions of years. For giant pandas, the ability to engage in low-cost stationary foraging relative to more wide-ranging bears likely provided the necessary energy savings to become bamboo specialists without greatly altering their metabolic rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Carnahan
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA.
| | - A M Pagano
- U. S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - A L Christian
- Department of Rangeland, Wildlife and Fisheries Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - K D Rode
- U. S. Geological Survey, Alaska Science Center, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA
| | - Charles T Robbins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-4236, USA.
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-2812, USA.
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9
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Damoiseaux D, Schinkel AH, Beijnen JH, Huitema ADR, Dorlo TPC. Predictability of human exposure by human-CYP3A4-transgenic mouse models: A meta-analysis. Clin Transl Sci 2024; 17:e13668. [PMID: 38037826 PMCID: PMC10766057 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
First-in-human dose predictions are primarily based on no-observed-adverse-effect levels in animal studies. Predictions from these animal models are only as effective as their ability to predict human results. To narrow the gap between human and animals, researchers have, among other things, focused on the replacement of animal cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes with their human counterparts (called humanization), especially in mice. Whereas research in humanized mice is extensive, the emphasis has been particularly on qualitative rather than quantitative predictions. Because the CYP3A4 enzyme is most involved in the metabolism of clinically used drugs, most benefit was expected from CYP3A4 models. There are several applications of these mouse models regarding in vivo CYP3A4 functionality, one of which might be their capacity to help improve first-in-human (FIH) dose predictions for CYP3A4-metabolized drugs. To evaluate whether human-CYP3A4-transgenic mouse models are better predictors of human exposure compared to the wild-type mouse model, we performed a meta-analysis comparing both mouse models in their ability to accurately predict human exposure of small-molecule drugs metabolized by CYP3A4. Results showed that, in general, the human-CYP3A4-transgenic mouse model had similar accuracy in the prediction of human exposure compared to the wild-type mouse model, suggesting that there is limited added value in humanization of the mouse Cyp3a enzymes if the primary aim is to acquire more accurate FIH dose predictions. Despite the results of this meta-analysis, corrections for interspecies differences through extension of human-CYP3A4-transgenic mouse models with pharmacokinetic modeling approaches seems a promising contribution to more accurate quantitative predictions of human pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Damoiseaux
- Department of Pharmacy & PharmacologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Alfred H. Schinkel
- Division of PharmacologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jos H. Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy & PharmacologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Alwin D. R. Huitema
- Department of Pharmacy & PharmacologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of PharmacologyPrincess Máxima Center for Pediatric OncologyUtrechtThe Netherlands
- Department of Clinical PharmacyUniversity Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Thomas P. C. Dorlo
- Department of Pharmacy & PharmacologyThe Netherlands Cancer InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of PharmacyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
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10
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Notley SR, Mitchell D, Taylor NAS. A century of exercise physiology: concepts that ignited the study of human thermoregulation. Part 3: Heat and cold tolerance during exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1-145. [PMID: 37796292 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In this third installment of our four-part historical series, we evaluate contributions that shaped our understanding of heat and cold stress during occupational and athletic pursuits. Our first topic concerns how we tolerate, and sometimes fail to tolerate, exercise-heat stress. By 1900, physical activity with clothing- and climate-induced evaporative impediments led to an extraordinarily high incidence of heat stroke within the military. Fortunately, deep-body temperatures > 40 °C were not always fatal. Thirty years later, water immersion and patient treatments mimicking sweat evaporation were found to be effective, with the adage of cool first, transport later being adopted. We gradually acquired an understanding of thermoeffector function during heat storage, and learned about challenges to other regulatory mechanisms. In our second topic, we explore cold tolerance and intolerance. By the 1930s, hypothermia was known to reduce cutaneous circulation, particularly at the extremities, conserving body heat. Cold-induced vasodilatation hindered heat conservation, but it was protective. Increased metabolic heat production followed, driven by shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis, even during exercise and work. Physical endurance and shivering could both be compromised by hypoglycaemia. Later, treatments for hypothermia and cold injuries were refined, and the thermal after-drop was explained. In our final topic, we critique the numerous indices developed in attempts to numerically rate hot and cold stresses. The criteria for an effective thermal stress index were established by the 1930s. However, few indices satisfied those requirements, either then or now, and the surviving indices, including the unvalidated Wet-Bulb Globe-Thermometer index, do not fully predict thermal strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Notley
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Department of Defence, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Nigel A S Taylor
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Claar DC, Faiad SM, Mastick NC, Welicky RL, Williams MA, Sasser KT, Weber JN, Wood CL. Estimating the magnitude and sensitivity of energy fluxes for stickleback hosts and Schistocephalus solidus parasites using the metabolic theory of ecology. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10755. [PMID: 38053794 PMCID: PMC10694383 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasites are ubiquitous, yet their effects on hosts are difficult to quantify and generalize across ecosystems. One promising metric of parasitic impact uses the metabolic theory of ecology (MTE) to calculate energy flux, an estimate of energy lost to parasites. We investigated the feasibility of using metabolic scaling rules to compare the energetic burden of parasitism among individuals. Specifically, we found substantial sensitivity of energy flux estimates to input parameters used in the MTE equation when using available data from a model host-parasite system (Gasterosteus aculeatus and Schistocephalus solidus). Using literature values, size data from parasitized wild fish, and a respirometry experiment, we estimate that a single S. solidus tapeworm may extract up to 32% of its stickleback host's baseline metabolic energy requirement, and that parasites in multiple infections may collectively extract up to 46%. The amount of energy siphoned from stickleback to tapeworms is large but did not instigate an increase in respiration rate in the current study. This emphasizes the importance of future work focusing on how parasites influence ecosystem energetics. The approach of using the MTE to calculate energy flux provides great promise as a quantitative foundation for such estimates and provides a more concrete metric of parasite impact on hosts than parasite abundance alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle C. Claar
- Washington State Department of Natural ResourcesOlympiaWashingtonUSA
- School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Sara M. Faiad
- School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Natalie C. Mastick
- School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Rachel L. Welicky
- School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and ManagementNorth‐West UniversityPotchefstroomSouth Africa
- College of Arts and SciencesNeumann UniversityAstonPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Maureen A. Williams
- School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
- Biology DepartmentMcDaniel CollegeWestminsterMarylandUSA
| | - Kristofer T. Sasser
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Alaska AnchorageAnchorageAlaskaUSA
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Wisconsin MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Jesse N. Weber
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of Alaska AnchorageAnchorageAlaskaUSA
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Wisconsin MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Chelsea L. Wood
- School of Aquatic and Fishery SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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12
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Mancini IAD, Levato R, Ksiezarczyk MM, Castilho MD, Chen M, van Rijen MHP, IJsseldijk LL, Kik M, van Weeren PR, Malda J. Microstructural differences in the osteochondral unit of terrestrial and aquatic mammals. eLife 2023; 12:e80936. [PMID: 38009703 PMCID: PMC10781421 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During evolution, animals have returned from land to water, adapting with morphological modifications to life in an aquatic environment. We compared the osteochondral units of the humeral head of marine and terrestrial mammals across species spanning a wide range of body weights, focusing on microstructural organization and biomechanical performance. Aquatic mammals feature cartilage with essentially random collagen fiber configuration, lacking the depth-dependent, arcade-like organization characteristic of terrestrial mammalian species. They have a less stiff articular cartilage at equilibrium with a significantly lower peak modulus, and at the osteochondral interface do not have a calcified cartilage layer, displaying only a thin, highly porous subchondral bone plate. This totally different constitution of the osteochondral unit in aquatic mammals reflects that accommodation of loading is the primordial function of the osteochondral unit. Recognizing the crucial importance of the microarchitecture-function relationship is pivotal for understanding articular biology and, hence, for the development of durable functional regenerative approaches for treatment of joint damage, which are thus far lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina AD Mancini
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Riccardo Levato
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Marlena M Ksiezarczyk
- Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Miguel Dias Castilho
- Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of TechnologyEindhovenNetherlands
| | - Michael Chen
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of AdelaideAdelaideAustralia
| | - Mattie HP van Rijen
- Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Lonneke L IJsseldijk
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Marja Kik
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - P René van Weeren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medical Centre UtrechtUtrechtNetherlands
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13
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Chimal-Eguia JC, Páez-Hernández RT, Pacheco-Paez JC, Ladino-Luna D. Linear Irreversible Thermodynamics: A Glance at Thermoelectricity and the Biological Scaling Laws. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 25:1575. [PMID: 38136455 PMCID: PMC10743106 DOI: 10.3390/e25121575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents so-called thermoelectric generators (TEGs), which are considered thermal engines that transform heat into electricity using the Seebeck effect for this purpose. By using linear irreversible thermodynamics (LIT), it is possible to study the thermodynamic properties of TEGs for three different operating regimes: maximum power output (MPO), maximum ecological function (MEF) and maximum power efficiency (MPE). Then, by considering thermoelectricty, using the correspondence between the heat capacity of a solid and the metabolic rate, and taking the generation of energy by means of the metabolism of an organism as a process out of equilibrium, it is plausible to use linear irreversible thermodynamics (LIT) to obtain some interesting results in order to understand how metabolism is generated by a particle's released energy, which explains the empirically studied allometric laws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Chimal-Eguia
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Matemáticas y Computacionales, Centro de Investigación en Computacion, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Teodoro Páez-Hernández
- Area de Fisica de Procesos Irreversibles, Departamento de Ciencias Basicas, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, U-Azcapotzalco, Av. San Pablo 180, Col. Reynosa, Ciudad de Mexico 02200, Mexico;
| | - Juan Carlos Pacheco-Paez
- Departamento de Ciencias Basicas, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, Ciudad de Mexico 02200, Mexico;
| | - Delfino Ladino-Luna
- Area de Fisica de Procesos Irreversibles, Departamento de Ciencias Basicas, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, U-Azcapotzalco, Av. San Pablo 180, Col. Reynosa, Ciudad de Mexico 02200, Mexico;
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14
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White CR, Marshall DJ. How and Why Does Metabolism Scale with Body Mass? Physiology (Bethesda) 2023; 38:0. [PMID: 37698354 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00015.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Most explanations for the relationship between body size and metabolism invoke physical constraints; such explanations are evolutionarily inert, limiting their predictive capacity. Contemporary approaches to metabolic rate and life history lack the pluralism of foundational work. Here, we call for reforging of the lost links between optimization approaches and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R White
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dustin J Marshall
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Notley SR, Mitchell D, Taylor NAS. A century of exercise physiology: concepts that ignited the study of human thermoregulation. Part 1: Foundational principles and theories of regulation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2379-2459. [PMID: 37702789 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05272-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
This contribution is the first of a four-part, historical series encompassing foundational principles, mechanistic hypotheses and supported facts concerning human thermoregulation during athletic and occupational pursuits, as understood 100 years ago and now. Herein, the emphasis is upon the physical and physiological principles underlying thermoregulation, the goal of which is thermal homeostasis (homeothermy). As one of many homeostatic processes affected by exercise, thermoregulation shares, and competes for, physiological resources. The impact of that sharing is revealed through the physiological measurements that we take (Part 2), in the physiological responses to the thermal stresses to which we are exposed (Part 3) and in the adaptations that increase our tolerance to those stresses (Part 4). Exercising muscles impose our most-powerful heat stress, and the physiological avenues for redistributing heat, and for balancing heat exchange with the environment, must adhere to the laws of physics. The first principles of internal and external heat exchange were established before 1900, yet their full significance is not always recognised. Those physiological processes are governed by a thermoregulatory centre, which employs feedback and feedforward control, and which functions as far more than a thermostat with a set-point, as once was thought. The hypothalamus, today established firmly as the neural seat of thermoregulation, does not regulate deep-body temperature alone, but an integrated temperature to which thermoreceptors from all over the body contribute, including the skin and probably the muscles. No work factor needs to be invoked to explain how body temperature is stabilised during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Notley
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Department of Defence, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Duncan Mitchell
- Brain Function Research Group, School of Physiology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Nigel A S Taylor
- Research Institute of Human Ecology, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Vaglietti S, Villeri V, Dell’Oca M, Marchetti C, Cesano F, Rizzo F, Miller D, LaPierre L, Pelassa I, Monje FJ, Colnaghi L, Ghirardi M, Fiumara F. PolyQ length-based molecular encoding of vocalization frequency in FOXP2. iScience 2023; 26:108036. [PMID: 37860754 PMCID: PMC10582585 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor FOXP2, a regulator of vocalization- and speech/language-related phenotypes, contains two long polyQ repeats (Q1 and Q2) displaying marked, still enigmatic length variation across mammals. We found that the Q1/Q2 length ratio quantitatively encodes vocalization frequency ranges, from the infrasonic to the ultrasonic, displaying striking convergent evolution patterns. Thus, species emitting ultrasonic vocalizations converge with bats in having a low ratio, whereas species vocalizing in the low-frequency/infrasonic range converge with elephants and whales, which have higher ratios. Similar, taxon-specific patterns were observed for the FOXP2-related protein FOXP1. At the molecular level, we observed that the FOXP2 polyQ tracts form coiled coils, assembling into condensates and fibrils, and drive liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS). By integrating evolutionary and molecular analyses, we found that polyQ length variation related to vocalization frequency impacts FOXP2 structure, LLPS, and transcriptional activity, thus defining a novel form of polyQ length-based molecular encoding of vocalization frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Vaglietti
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Veronica Villeri
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Dell’Oca
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Marchetti
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Federico Cesano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR 518057, China
| | - Dave Miller
- Cascades Pika Watch, Oregon Zoo, Portland, OR 97221, USA
| | - Louis LaPierre
- Deptartment of Natural Science, Lower Columbia College, Longview, WA 98632, USA
| | - Ilaria Pelassa
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Francisco J. Monje
- Department of Neurophysiology and Neuropharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Luca Colnaghi
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- School of Medicine, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Mirella Ghirardi
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Fiumara
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
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17
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Candiani D, Drewe J, Forkman B, Herskin MS, Van Soom A, Aboagye G, Ashe S, Mountricha M, Van der Stede Y, Fabris C. Scientific and technical assistance on welfare aspects related to housing and health of cats and dogs in commercial breeding establishments. EFSA J 2023; 21:e08213. [PMID: 37719917 PMCID: PMC10500269 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This Scientific Report addresses a mandate from the European Commission according to Article 31 of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 on the welfare of cats and dogs in commercial breeding establishments kept for sport, hunting and companion purposes. The aim was to scrutinise recent recommendations made by the EU Platform on Animal Welfare Voluntary Initiative on measures to assist the preparation of policy options for the legal framework of commercial breeding of cats and dogs. Specifically, the main question addressed was if there is scientific evidence to support the measures for protection of cats and dogs in commercial breeding related to housing, health considerations and painful procedures. Three judgements were carried out based on scientific literature reviews and, where possible a review of national regulations. The first judgement addressed housing and included: type of accommodation, outdoor access, exercise, social behaviour, housing temperature and light requirements. The second judgement addressed health and included: age at first and last breeding, and breeding frequency. Judgement 3 addressed painful procedures (mutilations or convenience surgeries) and included: ear cropping, tail docking and vocal cord resections in dogs and declawing in cats. For each of these judgements, considerations were provided indicating where scientific literature is available to support recommendations on providing or avoiding specific housing, health or painful surgical interventions. Areas where evidence is lacking are indicated.
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18
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Meng X, Huang G, Wang Z, Niu H, Zhang H. Asymmetric competition for seeds between two sympatric food hoarding rodents: implications for coexistence. Integr Zool 2023; 18:817-830. [PMID: 35416418 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric competition occurs when some species have distinct advantages over their competitors and is common in animals with overlapping habitats and diet. However, the mechanism allowing coexistence between asymmetric competitors is not fully clear. Chinese white-bellied rats (Niviventer confucianus, CWR) and Korean field mice (Apodemus peninsulae, KFM) are common asymmetric competitors in shrublands and forests west of Beijing city. They share similar diet (e.g. plant seeds) and activity (nocturnal), but differ in body size (CWR are bigger than KFM), food hoarding habit (CWR: mainly larder hoarding; KFM: both larder and scatter hoarding), and ability to protect cached food (CWR are more aggressive than KFM). Here, we tested seed competition in 15 CWR-KFM pairs over a 10-day period under semi-natural enclosure conditions to uncover the differences in food hoarding, cache pilferage, and food protection between the 2 rodents, and discuss the implication for coexistence. Prior to pilferage, CWR harvested and ate more seeds than KFM. CWR tended to larder hoard seeds, whereas KFM preferred to scatter hoard seeds. Following pilferage, CWR increased consumption, decreased intensity of hoarding, and pilfered more caches from KFM than they lost, while KFM increased consumption more than they hoarded, and they preferred to hoard seeds in low and medium competition areas. Accordingly, both of the 2 rodent species increased their total energy consumption and hoarding following pilferage. Both rodent species tended to harvest seeds from the source, rather than pilfer caches from each other to compensate for cache loss via pilferage. Compared to CWR, KFM consumed fewer seeds when considering seed number, but hoarded more seeds when considering the seeds' relative energy (energy of hoarded seeds/rodent body mass2/3 ) at the end of the trials. These results suggest that asymmetric competition for food exists between CWR and KFM, but differentiation in hoarding behavior could help the subordinate species (i.e. KFM) hoard more energy than the dominant species (i.e. CWR), and may contribute to their coexistence in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Meng
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangchuan Huang
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongyu Niu
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongmao Zhang
- Institute of Evolution and Ecology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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19
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He RS, De Ruiter S, Westover T, Somarelli JA, Blawas AM, Dayanidhi DL, Singh A, Steves B, Driesinga S, Halsey LG, Fahlman A. Allometric scaling of metabolic rate and cardiorespiratory variables in aquatic and terrestrial mammals. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15698. [PMID: 37271741 PMCID: PMC10239733 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While basal metabolic rate (BMR) scales proportionally with body mass (Mb ), it remains unclear whether the relationship differs between mammals from aquatic and terrestrial habitats. We hypothesized that differences in BMR allometry would be reflected in similar differences in scaling of O2 delivery pathways through the cardiorespiratory system. We performed a comparative analysis of BMR across 63 mammalian species (20 aquatic, 43 terrestrial) with a Mb range from 10 kg to 5318 kg. Our results revealed elevated BMRs in small (>10 kg and <100 kg) aquatic mammals compared to small terrestrial mammals. The results demonstrated that minute ventilation, that is, tidal volume (VT )·breathing frequency (fR ), as well as cardiac output, that is, stroke volume·heart rate, do not differ between the two habitats. We found that the "aquatic breathing strategy", characterized by higher VT and lower fR resulting in a more effective gas exchange, and by elevated blood hemoglobin concentrations resulting in a higher volume of O2 for the same volume of blood, supported elevated metabolic requirements in aquatic mammals. The results from this study provide a possible explanation of how differences in gas exchange may serve energy demands in aquatic versus terrestrial mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S. He
- Duke University Marine LaboratoryNicholas School of the EnvironmentBeaufortNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Stacy De Ruiter
- Department of Mathematics and StatisticsCalvin UniversityGrand RapidsMichiganUSA
| | - Tristan Westover
- Duke University Marine LaboratoryNicholas School of the EnvironmentBeaufortNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of BiologyDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Jason A. Somarelli
- Department of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Ashley M. Blawas
- Duke University Marine LaboratoryNicholas School of the EnvironmentBeaufortNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Divya L. Dayanidhi
- Department of MedicineDuke University Medical CenterDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Ana Singh
- Department of Mathematics and StatisticsCalvin UniversityGrand RapidsMichiganUSA
| | - Benjamin Steves
- Department of Mathematics and StatisticsCalvin UniversityGrand RapidsMichiganUSA
| | - Samantha Driesinga
- Department of Mathematics and StatisticsCalvin UniversityGrand RapidsMichiganUSA
| | - Lewis G. Halsey
- School of Life and Health SciencesUniversity of RoehamptonLondonUK
| | - Andreas Fahlman
- Fundación Oceanogràfic de la Comunitat ValencianaValenciaSpain
- Kolmarden Wildlife ParkKolmardenSweden
- Linkoping University, IFMLinköpingSweden
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20
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Akingbesote ND, Leitner BP, Jovin DG, Desrouleaux R, Owusu D, Zhu W, Li Z, Pollak MN, Perry RJ. Gene and protein expression and metabolic flux analysis reveals metabolic scaling in liver ex vivo and in vivo. eLife 2023; 12:e78335. [PMID: 37219930 PMCID: PMC10205083 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic scaling, the inverse correlation of metabolic rates to body mass, has been appreciated for more than 80 years. Studies of metabolic scaling have largely been restricted to mathematical modeling of caloric intake and oxygen consumption, and mostly rely on computational modeling. The possibility that other metabolic processes scale with body size has not been comprehensively studied. To address this gap in knowledge, we employed a systems approach including transcriptomics, proteomics, and measurement of in vitro and in vivo metabolic fluxes. Gene expression in livers of five species spanning a 30,000-fold range in mass revealed differential expression according to body mass of genes related to cytosolic and mitochondrial metabolic processes, and to detoxication of oxidative damage. To determine whether flux through key metabolic pathways is ordered inversely to body size, we applied stable isotope tracer methodology to study multiple cellular compartments, tissues, and species. Comparing C57BL/6 J mice with Sprague-Dawley rats, we demonstrate that while ordering of metabolic fluxes is not observed in in vitro cell-autonomous settings, it is present in liver slices and in vivo. Together, these data reveal that metabolic scaling extends beyond oxygen consumption to other aspects of metabolism, and is regulated at the level of gene and protein expression, enzyme activity, and substrate supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngozi D Akingbesote
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine – Endocrinology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Brooks P Leitner
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine – Endocrinology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Daniel G Jovin
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine – Endocrinology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Reina Desrouleaux
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Dennis Owusu
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine – Endocrinology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Wanling Zhu
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine – Endocrinology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Zongyu Li
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine – Endocrinology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Michael N Pollak
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General HospitalMontrealCanada
- Department of Oncology, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Rachel J Perry
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine – Endocrinology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
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21
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Scott JPR, Green DA, Weerts G, Cheuvront SN. Effects of body size and countermeasure exercise on estimates of life support resources during all-female crewed exploration missions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5950. [PMID: 37045858 PMCID: PMC10097614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31713-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Employing a methodology reported in a recent theoretical study on male astronauts, this study estimated the effects of body size and aerobic countermeasure (CM) exercise in a four-person, all-female crew composed of individuals drawn from a stature range (1.50- to 1.90-m) representative of current space agency requirements (which exist for stature, but not for body mass) upon total energy expenditure (TEE), oxygen (O2) consumption, carbon dioxide (CO2) and metabolic heat (Hprod) production, and water requirements for hydration, during space exploration missions. Assuming geometric similarity across the stature range, estimates were derived using available female astronaut data (mean age: 40-years; BMI: 22.7-kg·m-2; resting VO2 and VO2max: 3.3- and 40.5-mL·kg-1·min-1) on 30- and 1080-day missions, without and with, ISS-like countermeasure exercise (modelled as 2 × 30-min aerobic exercise at 75% VO2max, 6-day·week-1). Where spaceflight-specific data/equations were not available, terrestrial equivalents were used. Body size alone increased 24-h TEE (+ 30%), O2 consumption (+ 60%), CO2 (+ 60%) and Hprod (+ 60%) production, and water requirements (+ 17%). With CM exercise, the increases were + 25-31%, + 29%, + 32%, + 38% and + 17-25% across the stature range. Compared to the previous study of theoretical male astronauts, the effect of body size on TEE was markedly less in females, and, at equivalent statures, all parameter estimates were lower for females, with relative differences ranging from -5% to -29%. When compared at the 50th percentile for stature for US females and males, these differences increased to - 11% to - 41% and translated to larger reductions in TEE, O2 and water requirements, and less CO2 and Hprod during 1080-day missions using CM exercise. Differences between female and male theoretical astronauts result from lower resting and exercising O2 requirements (based on available astronaut data) of female astronauts, who are lighter than male astronauts at equivalent statures and have lower relative VO2max values. These data, combined with the current move towards smaller diameter space habitat modules, point to a number of potential advantages of all-female crews during future human space exploration missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P R Scott
- Institut Médecine Physiologie Spatiale (MEDES), Toulouse, France.
- Space Medicine Team, European Astronaut Centre, European Space Agency, Cologne, Germany.
| | - David A Green
- Space Medicine Team, European Astronaut Centre, European Space Agency, Cologne, Germany
- KBR GmbH, Cologne, Germany
- Centre of Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Guillaume Weerts
- Space Medicine Team, European Astronaut Centre, European Space Agency, Cologne, Germany
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22
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Light, Water, and Melatonin: The Synergistic Regulation of Phase Separation in Dementia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065835. [PMID: 36982909 PMCID: PMC10054283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The swift rise in acceptance of molecular principles defining phase separation by a broad array of scientific disciplines is shadowed by increasing discoveries linking phase separation to pathological aggregations associated with numerous neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, that contribute to dementia. Phase separation is powered by multivalent macromolecular interactions. Importantly, the release of water molecules from protein hydration shells into bulk creates entropic gains that promote phase separation and the subsequent generation of insoluble cytotoxic aggregates that drive healthy brain cells into diseased states. Higher viscosity in interfacial waters and limited hydration in interiors of biomolecular condensates facilitate phase separation. Light, water, and melatonin constitute an ancient synergy that ensures adequate protein hydration to prevent aberrant phase separation. The 670 nm visible red wavelength found in sunlight and employed in photobiomodulation reduces interfacial and mitochondrial matrix viscosity to enhance ATP production via increasing ATP synthase motor efficiency. Melatonin is a potent antioxidant that lowers viscosity to increase ATP by scavenging excess reactive oxygen species and free radicals. Reduced viscosity by light and melatonin elevates the availability of free water molecules that allow melatonin to adopt favorable conformations that enhance intrinsic features, including binding interactions with adenosine that reinforces the adenosine moiety effect of ATP responsible for preventing water removal that causes hydrophobic collapse and aggregation in phase separation. Precise recalibration of interspecies melatonin dosages that account for differences in metabolic rates and bioavailability will ensure the efficacious reinstatement of the once-powerful ancient synergy between light, water, and melatonin in a modern world.
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McGrosky A, Pontzer H. The fire of evolution: energy expenditure and ecology in primates and other endotherms. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:297166. [PMID: 36916459 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Total energy expenditure (TEE) represents the total energy allocated to growth, reproduction and body maintenance, as well as the energy expended on physical activity. Early experimental work in animal energetics focused on the costs of specific tasks (basal metabolic rate, locomotion, reproduction), while determination of TEE was limited to estimates from activity budgets or measurements of subjects confined to metabolic chambers. Advances in recent decades have enabled measures of TEE in free-living animals, challenging traditional additive approaches to understanding animal energy budgets. Variation in lifestyle and activity level can impact individuals' TEE on short time scales, but interspecific differences in TEE are largely shaped by evolution. Here, we review work on energy expenditure across the animal kingdom, with a particular focus on endotherms, and examine recent advances in primate energetics. Relative to other placental mammals, primates have low TEE, which may drive their slow pace of life and be an evolved response to the challenges presented by their ecologies and environments. TEE variation among hominoid primates appears to reflect adaptive shifts in energy throughput and allocation in response to ecological pressures. As the taxonomic breadth and depth of TEE data expand, we will be able to test additional hypotheses about how energy budgets are shaped by environmental pressures and explore the more proximal mechanisms that drive intra-specific variation in energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda McGrosky
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Herman Pontzer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.,Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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The metabolic cost of physical activity in mice using a physiology-based model of energy expenditure. Mol Metab 2023; 71:101699. [PMID: 36858190 PMCID: PMC10090438 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physical activity is a major component of total energy expenditure (TEE) that exhibits extreme variability in mice. Our objective was to construct a general, physiology-based model of TEE to accurately quantify the energy cost of physical activity. METHODS Spontaneous home cage physical activity, body temperature, TEE, and energy intake were measured with frequent sampling. The energy cost of activity was modeled considering six contributors to TEE (basal metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, body temperature, cold induced thermogenesis, physical activity, and body weight). An ambient temperature of 35 °C was required to remove the contribution from cold induced thermogenesis. Basal metabolic rate was adjusted for body temperature using a Q10 temperature coefficient. RESULTS We developed a TEE model that robustly explains 70-80% of the variance in TEE at 35 °C while fitting only two parameters, the basal metabolic rate and the mass-specific energy cost per unit of physical activity, which averaged 60 cal/km/g body weight. In Ucp1-/- mice the activity cost was elevated by 60%, indicating inefficiency and increased muscle thermogenesis. The diurnal rhythm in TEE was quantitatively explained by the combined diurnal differences in physical activity, body temperature, and energy intake. CONCLUSIONS The physiology-based model of TEE allows quantifying the energy cost of physical activity. While applied here to mice, the model should be generally valid across species. Due to the effect of body temperature, we suggest that basal metabolic rate measurements be corrected to a reference body temperature, including in humans. Having an accurate cost of physical activity allows mechanistic dissection of disorders of energy homeostasis, including obesity.
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Gavrilov VM, Golubeva TB, Bushuev AV. Metabolic rate, sleep duration, and body temperature in evolution of mammals and birds: the influence of geological time of principal groups divergence. Zookeys 2023; 1148:1-27. [DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1148.93458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study contains an analysis of basal metabolic rate (BMR) in 1817 endothermic species. The aim was to establish how metabolic scaling varies between the main groups of endotherms during evolution. The data for all the considered groups were combined and the common exponent in the allometric relationship between the BMR and body weight was established as b = 0.7248. Reduced to the common slope, the relative metabolic rate forms the following series: Neognathae – Passeriformes – 1.00, Neognathae – Non-Passeriformes – 0.75, Palaeognathae – 0.53, Eutheria – 0.57, Marsupialia – 0.44, and Monotremata – 0.26. The main finding is that the metabolic rate in the six main groups of mammals and birds consistently increases as the geological time of the group’s divergence approaches the present. In parallel, the average body temperature in the group rises, the duration of sleep decreases and the duration of activity increases. BMR in a taxon correlates with its evolutionary age: the later a clade diverged, the higher is its metabolic rate and the longer is its activity period; group exponents decrease as group divergence nears present times while with increase metabolic rate during activity, they not only do not decrease but can increase. Sleep duration in mammals was on average 40% longer than in birds while BMR, in contrast, was 40% higher in birds. The evolution of metabolic scaling, body temperature, sleep duration, and activity during the development of endothermic life forms is demonstrated, allowing for a better understanding of the underlying principles of endothermy formation.
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Haddad F, Li X, Perelman D, Santana EJ, Kuznetsova T, Cauwenberghs N, Busque V, Contrepois K, Snyder MP, Leonard MB, Gardner C. Challenging obesity and sex based differences in resting energy expenditure using allometric modeling, a sub-study of the DIETFITS clinical trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 53:43-52. [PMID: 36657929 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Resting energy expenditure (REE) is a major component of energy balance. While REE is usually indexed to total body weight (BW), this may introduce biases when assessing REE in obesity or during weight loss intervention. The main objective of the study was to quantify the bias introduced by ratiometric scaling of REE using BW both at baseline and following weight loss intervention. DESIGN Participants in the DIETFITS Study (Diet Intervention Examining The Factors Interacting with Treatment Success) who completed indirect calorimetry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were included in the study. Data were available in 438 participants at baseline, 340 at 6 months and 323 at 12 months. We used multiplicative allometric modeling based on lean body mass (LBM) and fat mass (FM) to derive body size independent scaling of REE. Longitudinal changes in indexed REE were then assessed following weight loss intervention. RESULTS A multiplicative model including LBM, FM, age, Black race and the double product (DP) of systolic blood pressure and heart rate explained 79% of variance in REE. REE indexed to [LBM0.66 × FM0.066] was body size and sex independent (p = 0.91 and p = 0.73, respectively) in contrast to BW based indexing which showed a significant inverse relationship to BW (r = -0.47 for female and r = -0.44 for male, both p < 0.001). When indexed to BW, significant baseline differences in REE were observed between male and female (p < 0.001) and between individuals who are overweight and obese (p < 0.001) while no significant differences were observed when indexed to REE/[LBM0.66 × FM0.066], p > 0.05). Percentage predicted REE adjusted for LBM, FM and DP remained stable following weight loss intervention (p = 0.614). CONCLUSION Allometric scaling of REE based on LBM and FM removes body composition-associated biases and should be considered in obesity and weight-based intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois Haddad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, CA, USA; Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, CA, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, CA, USA.
| | | | - Everton Jose Santana
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, CA, USA; Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Belgium.
| | - Tatiana Kuznetsova
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Belgium.
| | - Nicholas Cauwenberghs
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Belgium.
| | - Vincent Busque
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, CA, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Kevin Contrepois
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, CA, USA.
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, CA, USA; Department of Genetics, Stanford University, CA, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Mary B Leonard
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, CA, USA.
| | - Christopher Gardner
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, CA, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Gomes B, Hedman K, Kuznetsova T, Cauwenberghs N, Hsu D, Kobayashi Y, Ingelsson E, Oxborough D, George K, Salerno M, Ashley E, Haddad F. Defining left ventricular remodeling using lean body mass allometry: a UK Biobank study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:989-1001. [PMID: 36617359 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The geometric patterns of ventricular remodeling are determined using indexed left ventricular mass (LVM), end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and concentricity, most often measured using the mass-to-volume ratio (MVR). The aims of this study were to validate lean body mass (LBM)-based allometric coefficients for scaling and to determine an index of concentricity that is independent of both volume and LBM. METHODS Participants from the UK Biobank who underwent both CMR and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) during 2014-2015 were considered (n = 5064). We excluded participants aged ≥ 70 years or those with cardiometabolic risk factors. We determined allometric coefficients for scaling using linear regression of the logarithmically transformed ventricular remodeling parameters. We further defined a multiplicative allometric relationship for LV concentricity (LVC) adjusting for both LVEDV and LBM. RESULTS A total of 1638 individuals (1057 female) were included. In subjects with lower body fat percentage (< 25% in males, < 35% in females, n = 644), the LBM allometric coefficients for scaling LVM and LVEDV were 0.85 ± 0.06 and 0.85 ± 0.03 respectively (R2 = 0.61 and 0.57, P < 0.001), with no evidence of sex-allometry interaction. While the MVR was independent of LBM, it demonstrated a negative association with LVEDV in (females: r = - 0.44, P < 0.001; males: - 0.38, P < 0.001). In contrast, LVC was independent of both LVEDV and LBM [LVC = LVM/(LVEDV0.40 × LBM0.50)] leading to increased overlap between LV hypertrophy and higher concentricity. CONCLUSIONS We validated allometric coefficients for LBM-based scaling for CMR indexed parameters relevant for classifying geometric patterns of ventricular remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Gomes
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Cardiology, Pneumology and Angiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
| | - Kristofer Hedman
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Clinical Physiology in Linköping, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Tatiana Kuznetsova
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicholas Cauwenberghs
- Research Unit Hypertension and Cardiovascular Epidemiology, KU Leuven Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Hsu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Yukari Kobayashi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - David Oxborough
- Research Institute for Sports and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 9UT, UK
| | - Keith George
- Research Institute for Sports and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 9UT, UK
| | - Michael Salerno
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Euan Ashley
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Francois Haddad
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Falk Building 870 Quarry Rd, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA.
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Lidsky PV, Yuan J, Rulison JM, Andino-Pavlovsky R. Is Aging an Inevitable Characteristic of Organic Life or an Evolutionary Adaptation? BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:1413-1445. [PMID: 36717438 PMCID: PMC9839256 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922120021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Aging is an evolutionary paradox. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain it, but none fully explains all the biochemical and ecologic data accumulated over decades of research. We suggest that senescence is a primitive immune strategy which acts to protect an individual's kin from chronic infections. Older organisms are exposed to pathogens for a longer period of time and have a higher likelihood of acquiring infectious diseases. Accordingly, the parasitic load in aged individuals is higher than in younger ones. Given that the probability of pathogen transmission is higher within the kin, the inclusive fitness cost of infection might exceed the benefit of living longer. In this case, programmed lifespan termination might be an evolutionarily stable strategy. Here, we discuss the classical evolutionary hypotheses of aging and compare them with the pathogen control hypothesis, discuss the consistency of these hypotheses with existing empirical data, and present a revised conceptual framework to understand the evolution of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V Lidsky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Jing Yuan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jacob M Rulison
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA
- University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Raul Andino-Pavlovsky
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA.
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29
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Suvorov A. Modalities of aging in organisms with different strategies of resource allocation. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 82:101770. [PMID: 36330930 PMCID: PMC10435286 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although the progress of aging research relies heavily on a theoretical framework, today there is no consensus on many critical questions in aging biology. I hypothesize that a systematic analysis of the intersection of different evolutionary mechanisms of aging with diverse resource allocation strategies in different organisms may reconcile aging hypotheses. The application of disposable soma, mutation accumulation, antagonistic pleiotropy, and life-history theory is considered across organisms with asexual reproduction, organisms with sexual reproduction and indeterminate growth in different conditions of extrinsic mortality, and organisms with determinate growth, with endotherms/homeotherms as a subgroup. This review demonstrates that different aging mechanisms are complementary to each other, and in organisms with different resource allocation strategies they form aging modalities ranging from immortality to suicidal programs. It also revamps the role of growth arrest in aging. Growth arrest evolved in many different groups of organisms as a result of resource reallocation from growth to reproduction (e.g., semelparous animals, holometabolic insects), or from growth to nutrient storage (endotherms/homeotherms). Growth arrest in different animal lineages has similar molecular mechanisms and similar consequences for longevity due to the conflict between growth-promoting and growth-suppressing programs and suppression of regenerative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Suvorov
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst 240B Goessmann, 686 Noth Pleasant Str., Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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30
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Effect of different masses, ages, and coats on the thermoregulation of dogs before and after exercise across different seasons. Vet Res Commun 2022; 47:833-847. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-10045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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31
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Nespolo RF, Mejias C, Bozinovic F. Isometric scaling of hibernation: when trees do not let the forest be seen. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221719. [PMID: 36476001 PMCID: PMC9554729 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto F. Nespolo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Los Ríos, Chile,Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Los Ríos, Chile,Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile,Millennium Nucleus of Patagonian Limit of Life (LiLi) and iBio Millennium Institute, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Mejias
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Los Ríos, Chile,Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Los Ríos, Chile,Magister en Ecología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Los Ríos, Chile
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile,Departamento de Ecología Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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32
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Tøien Ø, Barnes BM, Ruf T. Do bears hibernate in the woods? Comment on 'Why bears hibernate? Redefining the scaling energetics of hibernation'. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221396. [PMID: 36476007 PMCID: PMC9554731 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Øivind Tøien
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Brian M. Barnes
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - Thomas Ruf
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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Yap KN, Wong HS, Ramanathan C, Rodriguez-Wagner CA, Roberts MD, Freeman DA, Buffenstein R, Zhang Y. Naked mole-rat and Damaraland mole-rat exhibit lower respiration in mitochondria, cellular and organismal levels. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2022; 1863:148582. [PMID: 35667393 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Naked mole-rats (NMR) and Damaraland mole-rats (DMR) exhibit extraordinary longevity for their body size, high tolerance to hypoxia and oxidative stress and high reproductive output; these collectively defy the concept that life-history traits should be negatively correlated. However, when life-history traits share similar underlying physiological mechanisms, these may be positively associated with each other. We propose that one such potential common mechanism might be the bioenergetic properties of mole-rats. Here, we aim to characterize the bioenergetic properties of two African mole-rats. We adopted a top-down perspective measuring the bioenergetic properties at the organismal, cellular, and molecular level in both species and the biological significance of these properties were compared with the same measures in Siberian hamsters and C57BL/6 mice, chosen for their similar body size to the mole-rat species. We found mole-rats shared several bioenergetic properties that differed from their comparison species, including low basal metabolic rates, a high dependence on glycolysis rather than on oxidative phosphorylation for ATP production, and low proton conductance across the mitochondrial inner membrane. These shared mole-rat features could be a result of evolutionary adaptation to tolerating variable oxygen atmospheres, in particular hypoxia, and may in turn be one of the molecular mechanisms underlying their extremely long lifespans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Nian Yap
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America; Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim 7491, Norway
| | - Hoi Shan Wong
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America
| | - Chidambaram Ramanathan
- College of Health Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, United States of America
| | | | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States of America
| | - David A Freeman
- Department of Biological Science, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, United States of America
| | - Rochelle Buffenstein
- Calico Life Sciences LLC, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States of America.
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- College of Health Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, United States of America.
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Siegel JM. Sleep function: an evolutionary perspective. Lancet Neurol 2022; 21:937-946. [PMID: 36115365 PMCID: PMC9670796 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(22)00210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Prospective epidemiological studies in industrial societies indicate that 7 h of sleep per night in people aged 18 years or older is optimum, with higher and lower amounts of sleep predicting a shorter lifespan. Humans living a hunter-gatherer lifestyle (eg, tribal groups) sleep for 6-8 h per night, with the longest sleep durations in winter. The prevalence of insomnia in hunter-gatherer populations is low (around 2%) compared with the prevalence of insomnia in industrial societies (around 10-30%). Sleep deprivation studies, which are done to gain insights into sleep function, are often confounded by the effects of stress. Consideration of the duration of spontaneous daily sleep across species of mammals, which ranges from 2 h to 20 h, can provide important insights into sleep function without the stress of deprivation. Sleep duration is not related to brain size or cognitive ability. Rather, sleep duration across species is associated with their ecological niche and feeding requirements, indicating a role for wake-sleep balance in food acquisition and energy conservation. Brain temperature drops from waking levels during non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep and rises during REM sleep. Average daily REM sleep time of homeotherm orders is negatively correlated with average body and brain temperature, with the largest amount of REM sleep in egg laying (monotreme) mammals, moderate amounts in pouched (marsupial) mammals, lower amounts in placental mammals, and the lowest amounts in birds. REM sleep might, therefore, have a key role in the regulation of temperature and metabolism of the brain during sleep and in the facilitation of alert awakening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome M Siegel
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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35
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Oliveira-Cunha P, McIntyre PB, Neres-Lima V, Caliman A, Moreira-Ferreira B, Zandonà E. Body size has primacy over stoichiometric variables in nutrient excretion by a tropical stream fish community. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14844. [PMID: 36050417 PMCID: PMC9436996 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19149-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological Stoichiometry (ES) and the Metabolic Theory of Ecology (MTE) are the main theories used to explain consumers’ nutrient recycling. ES posits that imbalances between an animal’s body and its diet stoichiometry determine its nutrient excretion rates, whereas the MTE predicts that excretion reflects metabolic activity arising from body size and temperature. We measured nitrogen, phosphorus and N:P excretion, body N:P stoichiometry, body size, and temperature for 12 fish species from a Brazilian stream. We fitted competing models reflecting different combinations of ES (body N:P, armor classification, diet group) and MTE (body size, temperature) variables. Only body size predicted P excretion rates, while N excretion was predicted by body size and time of day. N:P excretion was not explained by any variable. There was no interspecific difference in size-scaling coefficients neither for N nor for P. Fitted size scaling coefficients were lower than the MTE prediction of 0.75 for N (0.58), and for P (0.56). We conclude that differences in nutrient excretion among species within a shared environment primarily reflect contrasts in metabolic rates arising from body size, rather than disparities between consumer and resource stoichiometry. Our findings support the MTE as the primary framework for predicting nutrient excretion rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Oliveira-Cunha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20550-013, Brazil.
| | - Peter B McIntyre
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Vinicius Neres-Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20550-013, Brazil
| | - Adriano Caliman
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Moreira-Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20550-013, Brazil
| | - Eugenia Zandonà
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, Maracanã, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20550-013, Brazil.,Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Vasseur F, Westgeest AJ, Vile D, Violle C. Solving the grand challenge of phenotypic integration: allometry across scales. Genetica 2022; 150:161-169. [PMID: 35857239 PMCID: PMC9355930 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-022-00158-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Phenotypic integration is a concept related to the cascade of trait relationships from the lowest organizational levels, i.e. genes, to the highest, i.e. whole-organism traits. However, the cause-and-effect linkages between traits are notoriously difficult to determine. In particular, we still lack a mathematical framework to model the relationships involved in the integration of phenotypic traits. Here, we argue that allometric models developed in ecology offer testable mathematical equations of trait relationships across scales. We first show that allometric relationships are pervasive in biology at different organizational scales and in different taxa. We then present mechanistic models that explain the origin of allometric relationships. In addition, we emphasized that recent studies showed that natural variation does exist for allometric parameters, suggesting a role for genetic variability, selection and evolution. Consequently, we advocate that it is time to examine the genetic determinism of allometries, as well as to question in more detail the role of genome size in subsequent scaling relationships. More broadly, a possible-but so far neglected-solution to understand phenotypic integration is to examine allometric relationships at different organizational levels (cell, tissue, organ, organism) and in contrasted species.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Vasseur
- CEFE, University Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France.
| | | | - Denis Vile
- LEPSE, University Montpellier, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE, University Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
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Metabolic Scaling in Birds and Mammals: How Taxon Divergence Time, Phylogeny, and Metabolic Rate Affect the Relationship between Scaling Exponents and Intercepts. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071067. [PMID: 36101445 PMCID: PMC9312277 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary This study is based on a large dataset and re-evaluates data on the metabolic rate, providing new insights into the similarities and differences across different groups of birds and mammals. We compared six taxonomic groups of mammals and birds according to their energetic characteristics and the geological time of evolutionary origin. The overall metabolic rate of a taxonomic group increases with the geological time of evolutionary origin. The terrestrial mammals and flightless birds have almost equal metabolic levels. The higher the metabolic rate in a group, the less it increases within increasing body size in this group. Abstract Analysis of metabolic scaling in currently living endothermic animal species allowed us to show how the relationship between body mass and the basal metabolic rate (BMR) has evolved in the history of endothermic vertebrates. We compared six taxonomic groups according to their energetic characteristics and the time of evolutionary divergence. We transformed the slope of the regression lines to the common value and analyzed three criteria for comparing BMR of different taxa regardless of body size. Correlation between average field metabolic rate (FMR) of the group and its average BMR was shown. We evaluated the efficiency of self-maintenance in ordinary life (defined BMR/FMR) in six main groups of endotherms. Our study has shown that metabolic scaling in the main groups of endothermic animals correlates with their evolutionary age: the younger the group, the higher the metabolic rate, but the rate increases more slowly with increasing body weight. We found negative linear relationship for scaling exponents and the allometric coefficient in five groups of endotherms: in units of mL O2/h per g, in relative units of allometric coefficients, and also in level or scaling elevation. Mammals that diverged from the main vertebrate stem earlier have a higher “b” exponent than later divergent birds. A new approach using three criteria for comparing BMR of different taxa regardless of body mass will be useful for many biological size-scaling relationships that follow the power function.
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Semper-Pascual A, Bischof R, Milleret C, Beaudrot L, Vallejo-Vargas AF, Ahumada JA, Akampurira E, Bitariho R, Espinosa S, Jansen PA, Kiebou-Opepa C, Moreira Lima MG, Martin EH, Mugerwa B, Rovero F, Salvador J, Santos F, Uzabaho E, Sheil D. Occupancy winners in tropical protected forests: a pantropical analysis. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220457. [PMID: 35858066 PMCID: PMC9277235 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of forest mammal communities appears surprisingly consistent across the continental tropics, presumably due to convergent evolution in similar environments. Whether such consistency extends to mammal occupancy, despite variation in species characteristics and context, remains unclear. Here we ask whether we can predict occupancy patterns and, if so, whether these relationships are consistent across biogeographic regions. Specifically, we assessed how mammal feeding guild, body mass and ecological specialization relate to occupancy in protected forests across the tropics. We used standardized camera-trap data (1002 camera-trap locations and 2-10 years of data) and a hierarchical Bayesian occupancy model. We found that occupancy varied by regions, and certain species characteristics explained much of this variation. Herbivores consistently had the highest occupancy. However, only in the Neotropics did we detect a significant effect of body mass on occupancy: large mammals had lowest occupancy. Importantly, habitat specialists generally had higher occupancy than generalists, though this was reversed in the Indo-Malayan sites. We conclude that habitat specialization is key for understanding variation in mammal occupancy across regions, and that habitat specialists often benefit more from protected areas, than do generalists. The contrasting examples seen in the Indo-Malayan region probably reflect distinct anthropogenic pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asunción Semper-Pascual
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Richard Bischof
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Cyril Milleret
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Lydia Beaudrot
- Program in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, USA
| | - Andrea F. Vallejo-Vargas
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jorge A. Ahumada
- Moore Center for Science, Conservation International, Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Emmanuel Akampurira
- Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Kabale, Uganda,Conflict Research Group, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Robert Bitariho
- Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Kabale, Uganda
| | - Santiago Espinosa
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, Mexico,Escuela de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Patrick A. Jansen
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama,Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Cisquet Kiebou-Opepa
- Wildlife Conservation Society - Congo Program, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo,Nouabalé-Ndoki Foundation, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Marcela Guimarães Moreira Lima
- Biogeography of Conservation and Macroecology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Pará, Pará, Brazil
| | - Emanuel H. Martin
- Department of Wildlife Management, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Badru Mugerwa
- Department of Ecological Dynamics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany,Department of Ecology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Rovero
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy,MUSE-Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Douglas Sheil
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway,Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands,Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia
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Gusztak RW, MacArthur RA, Campbell KL. Dive performance and aquatic thermoregulation of the world’s smallest mammalian diver, the American water shrew (Sorex palustris). Physiol Biochem Zool 2022; 95:438-463. [DOI: 10.1086/721186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractExtractive foraging tasks, such as digging, are broadly practiced among hunter-gatherer populations in different ecological conditions. Despite tuber-gathering tasks being widely practiced by children and adolescents, little research has focused on the physical traits associated with digging ability. Here, we assess how age and energetic expenditure affect the performance of this extractive task. Using an experimental approach, the energetic cost of digging to extract simulated tubers is evaluated in a sample of 40 urban children and adolescents of both sexes to measure the intensity of the physical effort and the influence of several anatomical variables. Digging is a moderately vigorous activity for inexperienced girls and boys from 8 to 14 years old, and it requires significant physical effort depending on strength and body size. However, extracting subterranean resources is a task that may be performed effectively without previous training. Sex-specific and age-specific differences in the net energy expenditure of digging were detected, even though both sexes exhibited similar proficiency levels when performing the task. Our results highlight that both boys and girls spend considerable energy while digging, with differences largely driven by body size and age. Other factors beyond ability and experience, such as strength and body size, may influence the proficiency of juveniles in performing certain physically intensive foraging tasks, such as gathering tubers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mateos
- National Research Center On Human Evolution (CENIEH), 09002, Burgos, Spain.
| | | | - Jesús Rodríguez
- National Research Center On Human Evolution (CENIEH), 09002, Burgos, Spain
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41
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Kettemer LE, Rikardsen AH, Biuw M, Broms F, Mul E, Blanchet MA. Round-trip migration and energy budget of a breeding female humpback whale in the Northeast Atlantic. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268355. [PMID: 35622815 PMCID: PMC9140263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the northern hemisphere, humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) typically migrate between summer/autumn feeding grounds at high latitudes, and specific winter/spring breeding grounds at low latitudes. Northeast Atlantic (NEA) humpback whales for instance forage in the Barents Sea and breed either in the West Indies, or the Cape Verde Islands, undertaking the longest recorded mammalian migration (~ 9 000 km). However, in the past decade hundreds of individuals have been observed foraging on herring during the winter in fjord systems along the northern Norwegian coast, with unknown consequences to their migration phenology, breeding behavior and energy budgets. Here we present the first complete migration track (321 days, January 8th, 2019—December 6th, 2019) of a humpback whale, a pregnant female that was equipped with a satellite tag in northern Norway. We show that whales can use foraging grounds in the NEA (Barents Sea, coastal Norway, and Iceland) sequentially within the same migration cycle, foraging in the Barents Sea in summer/fall and in coastal Norway and Iceland in winter. The migration speed was fast (1.6 ms-1), likely to account for the long migration distance (18 300 km) and long foraging season, but varied throughout the migration, presumably in response to the calf’s needs after its birth. The energetic cost of this migration was higher than for individuals belonging to other populations. Our results indicate that large whales can modulate their migration speed to balance foraging opportunities with migration phenology, even for the longest migrations and under the added constraint of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Elena Kettemer
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Audun H. Rikardsen
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Martin Biuw
- FRAM—High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, IMR Institute of Marine Research, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Fredrik Broms
- North Norwegian Humpback Whale Catalogue (NNHWC), Straumsvegen, Kvaløya, Norway
| | - Evert Mul
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Marie-Anne Blanchet
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT–The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- FRAM—High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø, Norway
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Norin T. Growth and Mortality as Causes of Variation in Metabolic Scaling Among Taxa and Taxonomic Levels. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac038. [PMID: 35580598 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic rate (MR) usually changes (scales) out of proportion to body mass (BM) as MR = aBMb, where a is a normalisation constant and b is the scaling exponent that reflects how steep this change is. This scaling relationship is fundamental to biology, but over a century of research has provided little consensus on the value of b, and why it appears to vary among taxa and taxonomic levels. By analysing published data on fish and taking an individual-based approach to metabolic scaling, I show that variation in growth of fish under naturally restricted food availability can explain variation in within-individual (ontogenetic) b for standard (maintenance) metabolic rate (SMR) of brown trout (Salmo trutta), with the fastest growers having the steepest metabolic scaling (b ≈ 1). Moreover, I show that within-individual b can vary much more widely than previously assumed from work on different individuals or different species, from -1 to 1 for SMR among individual brown trout. The negative scaling of SMR for some individuals was caused by reductions in metabolic rate in a food limited environment, likely to maintain positive growth. This resulted in a mean within-individual b for SMR that was significantly lower than the across-individual ("static") b, a difference that also existed for another species, cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus). Interestingly, the wide variation in ontogenetic b for SMR among individual brown trout did not exist for maximum (active) metabolic rate (MMR) of the same fish, showing that these two key metabolic traits (SMR and MMR) can scale independently of one another. I also show that across-species ("evolutionary") b for SMR of 134 fishes is significantly steeper (b approaching 1) than the mean ontogenetic b for the brown trout and cunner. Based on these interesting findings, I hypothesise that evolutionary and static metabolic scaling can be systematically different from ontogenetic scaling, and that the steeper evolutionary than ontogenetic scaling for fishes arises as a by-product of natural selection for fast-growing individuals with steep metabolic scaling (b ≈ 1) early in life, where size-selective mortality is high for fishes. I support this by showing that b for SMR tends to increase with natural mortality rates of fish larvae within taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Norin
- DTU Aqua: National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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43
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Carter SK, Rudolf VH. Exploring conditions that strengthen or weaken the ecological and evolutionary consequences of phenological synchrony. Am Nat 2022; 200:E189-E206. [DOI: 10.1086/720899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Freire Jorge P, Goodwin ML, Renes MH, Nijsten MW, Pamenter M. Low Cancer Incidence in Naked Mole-Rats May Be Related to Their Inability to Express the Warburg Effect. Front Physiol 2022; 13:859820. [PMID: 35600297 PMCID: PMC9114474 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.859820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic flexibility in mammals enables stressed tissues to generate additional ATP by converting large amounts of glucose into lactic acid; however, this process can cause transient local or systemic acidosis. Certain mammals are adapted to extreme environments and are capable of enhanced metabolic flexibility as a specialized adaptation to challenging habitat niches. For example, naked mole-rats (NMRs) are a fossorial and hypoxia-tolerant mammal whose metabolic responses to environmental stressors markedly differ from most other mammals. When exposed to hypoxia, NMRs exhibit robust hypometabolism but develop minimal acidosis. Furthermore, and despite a very long lifespan relative to other rodents, NMRs have a remarkably low cancer incidence. Most advanced cancers in mammals display increased production of lactic acid from glucose, irrespective of oxygen availability. This hallmark of cancer is known as the Warburg effect (WE). Most malignancies acquire this metabolic phenotype during their somatic evolution, as the WE benefits tumor growth in several ways. We propose that the peculiar metabolism of the NMR makes development of the WE inherently difficult, which might contribute to the extraordinarily low cancer rate in NMRs. Such an adaptation of NMRs to their subterranean environment may have been facilitated by modified biochemical responses with a stronger inhibition of the production of CO2 and lactic acid by a decreased extracellular pH. Since this pH-inhibition could be deeply hard-wired in their metabolic make-up, it may be difficult for malignant cells in NMRs to acquire the WE-phenotype that facilitates cancer growth in other mammals. In the present commentary, we discuss this idea and propose experimental tests of our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Freire Jorge
- Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Isala Hospital, Zwolle, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Pedro Freire Jorge,
| | - Matthew L. Goodwin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Maurits H. Renes
- Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Maarten W. Nijsten
- Department of Critical Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Matthew Pamenter
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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45
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Nespolo RF, Mejias C, Bozinovic F. Why bears hibernate? Redefining the scaling energetics of hibernation. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20220456. [PMID: 35473385 PMCID: PMC9043729 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.0456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hibernation is a natural state of suspended animation that many mammals experience and has been interpreted as an adaptive strategy for saving energy. However, the actual amount of savings that hibernation represents, and particularly its dependence on body mass (the 'scaling') has not been calculated properly. Here, we estimated the scaling of daily energy expenditure of hibernation (DEEH), covering a range of five orders of magnitude in mass. We found that DEEH scales isometrically with mass, which means that a gram of hibernating bat has a similar metabolism to that of a gram of bear, 20 000 times larger. Given that metabolic rate of active animals scales allometrically, the point where these scaling curves intersect with DEEH represents the mass where energy savings by hibernation are zero. For BMR, these zero savings are attained for a relatively small bear (approx. 75 kg). Calculated on a per cell basis, the cellular metabolic power of hibernation was estimated to be 1.3 × 10-12 ± 2.6 × 10-13 W cell-1, which is lower than the minimum metabolism of isolated mammalian cells. This supports the idea of the existence of a minimum metabolism that permits cells to survive under a combination of cold and hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto F Nespolo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Millenium Nucleus of Patagonian Limit of Life (LiLi) and Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile.,Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Mejias
- Magister en Ecología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.,Millenium Nucleus of Patagonian Limit of Life (LiLi) and Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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de Vries LE, Jansen PAM, Barcelo C, Munro J, Verhoef JMJ, Pasaje CFA, Rubiano K, Striepen J, Abla N, Berning L, Bolscher JM, Demarta-Gatsi C, Henderson RWM, Huijs T, Koolen KMJ, Tumwebaze PK, Yeo T, Aguiar ACC, Angulo-Barturen I, Churchyard A, Baum J, Fernández BC, Fuchs A, Gamo FJ, Guido RVC, Jiménez-Diaz MB, Pereira DB, Rochford R, Roesch C, Sanz LM, Trevitt G, Witkowski B, Wittlin S, Cooper RA, Rosenthal PJ, Sauerwein RW, Schalkwijk J, Hermkens PHH, Bonnert RV, Campo B, Fidock DA, Llinás M, Niles JC, Kooij TWA, Dechering KJ. Preclinical characterization and target validation of the antimalarial pantothenamide MMV693183. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2158. [PMID: 35444200 PMCID: PMC9021288 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29688-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance and a dire lack of transmission-blocking antimalarials hamper malaria elimination. Here, we present the pantothenamide MMV693183 as a first-in-class acetyl-CoA synthetase (AcAS) inhibitor to enter preclinical development. Our studies demonstrate attractive drug-like properties and in vivo efficacy in a humanized mouse model of Plasmodium falciparum infection. The compound shows single digit nanomolar in vitro activity against P. falciparum and P. vivax clinical isolates, and potently blocks P. falciparum transmission to Anopheles mosquitoes. Genetic and biochemical studies identify AcAS as the target of the MMV693183-derived antimetabolite, CoA-MMV693183. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling predict that a single 30 mg oral dose is sufficient to cure a malaria infection in humans. Toxicology studies in rats indicate a > 30-fold safety margin in relation to the predicted human efficacious exposure. In conclusion, MMV693183 represents a promising candidate for further (pre)clinical development with a novel mode of action for treatment of malaria and blocking transmission. Here, de Vries et al. perform a pre-clinical characterization of the antimalarial compound MMV693183: the compound targets acetyl-CoA synthetase, has efficacy in humanized mice against Plasmodium falciparum infection, blocks transmission to mosquito vectors, is safe in rats, and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling informs about a potential oral human dosing regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E de Vries
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick A M Jansen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Justin Munro
- Department of Chemistry and Huck Center for Malaria Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Julie M J Verhoef
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kelly Rubiano
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Josefine Striepen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nada Abla
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Luuk Berning
- TropIQ Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Tonnie Huijs
- TropIQ Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Tomas Yeo
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anna C C Aguiar
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Alisje Churchyard
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jake Baum
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Aline Fuchs
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Rafael V C Guido
- Sao Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Dhelio B Pereira
- Research Center for Tropical Medicine of Rondonia, Porto Velho, Brazil
| | - Rosemary Rochford
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Camille Roesch
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.,Malaria Translational Research Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris & Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Laura M Sanz
- Global Health, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Benoit Witkowski
- Malaria Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia.,Malaria Translational Research Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris & Institut Pasteur du Cambodge, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland A Cooper
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Dominican University of California, San Rafael, CA, USA
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert W Sauerwein
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,TropIQ Health Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David A Fidock
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Malaria Therapeutics and Antimicrobial Resistance, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manuel Llinás
- Department of Chemistry and Huck Center for Malaria Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jacquin C Niles
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Taco W A Kooij
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Junker RR, Albrecht J, Becker M, Keuth R, Farwig N, Schleuning M. Towards an animal economics spectrum for ecosystem research. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert R. Junker
- Evolutionary Ecology of Plants Department of Biology University of Marburg 35043 Marburg Germany
- Department of Environment and Biodiversity University of Salzburg 5020 Salzburg Austria
| | - Jörg Albrecht
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F) Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Marcel Becker
- Conservation Ecology Department of Biology University of Marburg 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Raya Keuth
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F) Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Nina Farwig
- Conservation Ecology Department of Biology University of Marburg 35043 Marburg Germany
| | - Matthias Schleuning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F) Senckenberganlage 25 60325 Frankfurt am Main Germany
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Chevaux L, Mårell A, Baltzinger C, Boulanger V, Cadet S, Chevalier R, Debaive N, Dumas Y, Gosselin M, Gosselin F, Rocquencourt A, Paillet Y. Effects of stand structure and ungulates on understory vegetation in managed and unmanaged forests. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2531. [PMID: 35019181 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Conventional conservation policies in Europe notably rely on the passive restoration of natural forest dynamics by setting aside forest areas to preserve forest biodiversity. However, since forest reserves cover only a small proportion of the territory, conservation policies also require complementary conservation efforts in managed forests in order to achieve the biodiversity targets set up in the Convention on Biological Diversity. Conservation measures also raise the question of large herbivore management in and around set-asides, particularly regarding their impact on understory vegetation. Although many studies have separately analyzed the effects of forest management, management abandonment, and ungulate pressure on forest biodiversity, their joint effects have rarely been studied in a correlative framework. We studied 212 plots located in 15 strict forest reserves paired with adjacent managed forests in European France. We applied structural equation models to test the effects of management abandonment, stand structure, and ungulate pressure on the abundance, species richness, and diversity of herbaceous vascular plants and terricolous bryophytes. We showed that stand structure indices and plot-level browsing pressure had direct and opposite effects on herbaceous vascular plant species diversity; these effects were linked with the light tolerance of the different species groups. Increasing canopy cover had an overall negative effect on herbaceous vascular plant abundance and species diversity. The effect was two to three times greater in magnitude than the positive effects of browsing pressure on herbaceous plants diversity. On the other hand, a high stand density index had a positive effect on the species richness and diversity of bryophytes, while browsing had no effect. Forest management abandonment had few direct effects on understory plant communities, and mainly indirectly affected herbaceous vascular plant and bryophyte abundance and species richness and diversity through changes in vertical stand structure. Our results show that conservation biologists should rely on foresters and hunters to lead the preservation of understory vegetation communities in managed forests since, respectively, they manipulate stand structure and regulate ungulate pressure. Their management actions should be adapted to the taxa at stake, since bryophytes and vascular plants respond differently to stand and ungulate factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Vincent Boulanger
- Département Recherche et Développement, Office National des Forêts, Fontainebleau, France
| | - Serge Cadet
- Office National des Forêts (ONF), Réseau Flore-Habitats, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | | | | | - Yann Dumas
- INRAE, UR EFNO, Nogent-sur-Vernisson, France
| | | | | | | | - Yoan Paillet
- INRAE, UR EFNO, Nogent-sur-Vernisson, France
- Universitè Grenoble Alpes, INRAE, Saint Martin d'Hères, France
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49
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Suetterlin KJ, Männikkö R, Matthews E, Greensmith L, Hanna MG, Bostock H, Tan SV. Excitability properties of mouse and human skeletal muscle fibres compared by muscle velocity recovery cycles. Neuromuscul Disord 2022; 32:347-357. [PMID: 35339342 PMCID: PMC7614892 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models of skeletal muscle channelopathies are not phenocopies of human disease. In some cases (e.g. Myotonia Congenita) the phenotype is much more severe, whilst in others (e.g. Hypokalaemic periodic paralysis) rodent physiology is protective. This suggests a species' difference in muscle excitability properties. In humans these can be measured indirectly by the post-impulse changes in conduction velocity, using Muscle Velocity Recovery Cycles (MVRCs). We performed MVRCs in mice and compared their muscle excitability properties with humans. Mouse Tibialis Anterior MVRCs (n = 70) have only one phase of supernormality (increased conduction velocity), which is smaller in magnitude (p = 9 × 10-21), and shorter in duration (p = 3 × 10-24) than human (n = 26). This abbreviated supernormality is followed by a period of late subnormality (reduced velocity) in mice, which overlaps in time with the late supernormality seen in human MVRCs. The period of late subnormality suggests increased t-tubule Na+/K+-pump activity. The subnormal phase in mice was converted to supernormality by blocking ClC-1 chloride channels, suggesting relatively higher chloride conductance in skeletal muscle. Our findings help explain discrepancies in phenotype between mice and humans with skeletal muscle channelopathies and potentially other neuromuscular disorders. MVRCs are a valuable new tool to compare in vivo muscle membrane properties between species and will allow further dissection of the molecular mechanisms regulating muscle excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Suetterlin
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; AGE Research Group, NIHR Newcastle Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - R Männikkö
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - E Matthews
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Atkinson Morley Neuromuscular Centre, Department of Neurology, St Georges University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - L Greensmith
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - M G Hanna
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - H Bostock
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - S V Tan
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Division of Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
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50
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Pearson LE, Weitzner EL, Tomanek L, Liwanag HEM. Metabolic cost of thermoregulation decreases after the molt in developing Weddell seal pups. J Exp Biol 2022; 225:274807. [PMID: 35217875 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Allocation of energy to thermoregulation greatly contributes to the metabolic cost of endothermy, especially in extreme ambient conditions. Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) pups born in Antarctica must survive both on ice and in water, two environments with very different thermal conductivities. This disparity likely requires pups to allocate additional energy toward thermoregulation rather than growth or development of swimming capabilities required for independent foraging. We measured longitudinal changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR) for Weddell seal pups (n=8) in air and water from one to seven weeks of age, using open-flow respirometry. Concurrently, we collected molt, morphometric, and dive behavior data. Absolute-MR in air followed the expected allometric relationship with mass. Absolute-MR in water was not allometric with mass, despite a 3-fold increase in mass between one and seven weeks of age. Developmental stage (or molting stage), rather than calendar age, determined when pups were thermally capable of being in the water. We consistently observed post-molt pups had lower RMR in air and water (6.67±1.4 and 7.90±2.38 ml O2 min-1kg-1, respectively) than pre-molt (air: 9.37±2.42 ml O2 min-1kg-1, water: 13.40±3.46 ml O2 min-1kg-1) and molting pups (air: 8.45±2.05 ml O2 min-1kg-1, water: 10.4±1.63 ml O2 min-1kg-1). RMR in air and water were equivalent only for post-molt pups. Despite the increased energy cost, molting pups spent 3x more time in the water than other pups. These results support the idea of an energetic trade-off during early development; pups expend more energy for thermoregulation in water, yet gain experience needed for independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea E Pearson
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401, USA
| | - Emma L Weitzner
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401, USA
| | - Lars Tomanek
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401, USA
| | - Heather E M Liwanag
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93401, USA
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