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Guo M, Liu MYR, Brooks DG. Regulation and impact of tumor-specific CD4 + T cells in cancer and immunotherapy. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:303-313. [PMID: 38508931 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells are crucial in generating and sustaining immune responses. They orchestrate and fine-tune mammalian innate and adaptive immunity through cell-based interactions and the release of cytokines. The role of these cells in contributing to the efficacy of antitumor immunity and immunotherapy has just started to be uncovered. Yet, many aspects of the CD4+ T cell response are still unclear, including the differentiation pathways controlling such cells during cancer progression, the external signals that program them, and how the combination of these factors direct ensuing immune responses or immune-restorative therapies. In this review, we focus on recent advances in understanding CD4+ T cell regulation during cancer progression and the importance of CD4+ T cells in immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdi Guo
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa Yi Ran Liu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David G Brooks
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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2
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Florova M, Abreu-Mota T, Paesen GC, Beetschen AS, Cornille K, Marx AF, Narr K, Sahin M, Dimitrova M, Swarnalekha N, Beil-Wagner J, Savic N, Pelczar P, Buch T, King CG, Bowden TA, Pinschewer DD. Central tolerance shapes the neutralizing B cell repertoire against a persisting virus in its natural host. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318657121. [PMID: 38446855 PMCID: PMC10945855 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318657121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral mimicry of host cell structures has been postulated to curtail the B cell receptor (BCR) repertoire against persisting viruses through tolerance mechanisms. This concept awaits, however, experimental testing in a setting of natural virus-host relationship. We engineered mouse models expressing a monoclonal BCR specific for the envelope glycoprotein of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), a naturally persisting mouse pathogen. When the heavy chain of the LCMV-neutralizing antibody KL25 was paired with its unmutated ancestor light chain, most B cells underwent receptor editing, a behavior reminiscent of autoreactive clones. In contrast, monoclonal B cells expressing the same heavy chain in conjunction with the hypermutated KL25 light chain did not undergo receptor editing but exhibited low levels of surface IgM, suggesting that light chain hypermutation had lessened KL25 autoreactivity. Upon viral challenge, these IgMlow cells were not anergic but up-regulated IgM, participated in germinal center reactions, produced antiviral antibodies, and underwent immunoglobulin class switch as well as further affinity maturation. These studies on a persisting virus in its natural host species suggest that central tolerance mechanisms prune the protective antiviral B cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Florova
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
| | - Tiago Abreu-Mota
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
| | - Guido C. Paesen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Sophia Beetschen
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
| | - Karen Cornille
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
| | - Anna-Friederike Marx
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
| | - Kerstin Narr
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
| | - Mehmet Sahin
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
| | - Mirela Dimitrova
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
| | - Nivedya Swarnalekha
- Department of Biomedicine, Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, University Hospital Basel, Basel4031, Switzerland
| | - Jane Beil-Wagner
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich8093, Switzerland
| | - Natasa Savic
- ETH Phenomics Center, ETH Zürich, Zürich8093, Switzerland
| | - Pawel Pelczar
- Center for Transgenic Models, University of Basel, Basel4001, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich8093, Switzerland
| | - Carolyn G. King
- Department of Biomedicine, Immune Cell Biology Laboratory, University Hospital Basel, Basel4031, Switzerland
| | - Thomas A. Bowden
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel D. Pinschewer
- Division of Experimental Virology, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel4009, Switzerland
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3
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Pattnaik A, Dhalech AH, Condotta SA, Corn C, Richer MJ, Snell LM, Robinson CM. A viral-specific CD4 + T cell response protects female mice from Coxsackievirus B3 infection. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1327384. [PMID: 38274806 PMCID: PMC10808549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1327384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Biological sex plays an integral role in the immune response to various pathogens. The underlying basis for these sex differences is still not well defined. Here, we show that Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) induces a viral-specific CD4+ T cell response that can protect female mice from mortality. Methods We inoculated C57BL/6 Ifnar-/- mice with CVB3. We investigated the T cell response in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes in male and female mice following infection. Results We found that CVB3 can induce expansion of CD62Llo CD4+ T cells in the mesenteric lymph node and spleen of female but not male mice as early as 5 days post-inoculation, indicative of activation. Using a recombinant CVB3 virus expressing a model CD4+ T cell epitope, we found that this response is due to viral antigen and not bystander activation. Finally, the depletion of CD4+ T cells before infection increased mortality in female mice, indicating that CD4+ T cells play a protective role against CVB3 in our model. Conclusions Overall, these data demonstrated that CVB3 can induce an early CD4 response in female but not male mice and further emphasize how sex differences in immune responses to pathogens affect disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Christopher M. Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Hasanzadeh M, Ahmadpour E, Mahami-Oskouei M, Musavi S, Parsaei M, Sarafraz N, Spotin A. Genetic diversity and seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in COVID‑19 patients; a first case-control study in Iran. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:42. [PMID: 38172676 PMCID: PMC10763165 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08964-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxoplasmosis is a serious or life-threatening disease in immunosuppressed patients and pregnant women. This study examined the likely association between Toxoplasma gondii infection and COVID-19 patients with moderate illness. METHODS Seventy blood samples were collected from patients at the Health Reference Laboratory of Tabriz, Northwest Iran from April 2021 to September 2021. In addition, 70 healthy subjects of the same age (37 ± 15 years) and sex distribution were ethnically matched. Sera samples were examined for the detection of anti-Toxoplasma antibodies using ELISA. Nested-PCR targets were amplified based on the B1 and GRA6 genes. GRA6 amplicons were subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis based on IgG titer was 35.7% in the COVID‑19 patients and 27.1% in the control group, representing not to be associated with the Toxoplasma seropositivity in COVID‑19 patients (P = 0.18) compared to healthy subjects. Anti-T. gondii IgM was not found in any of the patients and healthy individuals. According to PCR amplification of the B1 and GRA6 genes, the frequency of T. gondii in COVID-19 patients was 14.2% (10/70). However, no T. gondii infection was detected in the healthy group. The CD4+T cell count was relatively lower in toxoplasmosis-infected patients (430-450 cells/mm3) than in control group (500-1500 cells/mm3). High genetic diversity (Hd: 0.710) of the type I strain of T. gondii was characterized in the patients. Present results showed that consumption of raw vegetables and close contact with stray cats can increase the transmission of T. gondii to COVID-19 patients (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The current study revealed that T. gondii type I infection is unequivocally circulating among the COVID-19 patients in Tabriz; However, no significant association was observed between the occurrence of Toxoplasma and the severity of COVID-19. To make more accurate health decisions, multicenter investigations with a larger sample size of different ethnic groups of the Iranian population are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Hasanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahami-Oskouei
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Musavi
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of medical science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Parsaei
- Vice chancellor for health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazila Sarafraz
- Vice chancellor for health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Adel Spotin
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Brunel S, Picarda G, Gupta A, Ghosh R, McDonald B, El Morabiti R, Jiang W, Greenbaum JA, Adler B, Seumois G, Croft M, Vijayanand P, Benedict CA. Late-rising CD4 T cells resolve mouse cytomegalovirus persistent replication in the salivary gland. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011852. [PMID: 38236791 PMCID: PMC10796040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Conventional antiviral memory CD4 T cells typically arise during the first two weeks of acute infection. Unlike most viruses, cytomegalovirus (CMV) exhibits an extended persistent replication phase followed by lifelong latency accompanied with some gene expression. We show that during mouse CMV (MCMV) infection, CD4 T cells recognizing an epitope derived from the viral M09 protein only develop after conventional memory T cells have already peaked and contracted. Ablating these CD4 T cells by mutating the M09 genomic epitope in the MCMV Smith strain, or inducing them by introducing the epitope into the K181 strain, resulted in delayed or enhanced control of viral persistence, respectively. These cells were shown to be unique compared to their conventional memory counterparts; producing higher IFNγ and IL-2 and lower IL-10 levels. RNAseq analyses revealed them to express distinct subsets of effector genes as compared to classical CD4 T cells. Additionally, when M09 cells were induced by epitope vaccination they significantly enhanced protection when compared to conventional CD4 T cells alone. These data show that late-rising CD4 T cells are a unique memory subset with excellent protective capacities that display a development program strongly differing from the majority of memory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Brunel
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gaelle Picarda
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ankan Gupta
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Raima Ghosh
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Bryan McDonald
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Rachid El Morabiti
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Wenjin Jiang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jason A. Greenbaum
- LJI Bioinformatics Core, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Barbara Adler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig- Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gregory Seumois
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Croft
- Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Pandurangan Vijayanand
- Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Chris A. Benedict
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI), La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Roe K. Pathogen regulatory RNA usage enables chronic infections, T-cell exhaustion and accelerated T-cell exhaustion. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:2505-2516. [PMID: 36941498 PMCID: PMC10027582 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04680-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens evade or disable cellular immune defenses using regulatory ribonucleic acids (RNAs), including microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs. Pathogenic usage of regulatory RNA enables chronic infections. Chronic infections, using host regulatory RNAs and/or creating pathogenic regulatory RNAs against cellular defenses, can cause T-cell exhaustion and latent pathogen reactivations. Concurrent pathogen infections of cells enable several possibilities. A first pathogen can cause an accelerated T-cell exhaustion for a second pathogen cellular infection. Accelerated T-cell exhaustion for the second pathogen weakens T-cell targeting of the second pathogen and enables a first-time infection by the second pathogen to replicate quickly and extensively. This can induce a large antibody population, which may be inadequately targeted against the second pathogen. Accelerated T-cell exhaustion can explain the relatively short median and average times from diagnosis to mortality in some viral epidemics, e.g., COVID-19, where the second pathogen can lethally overwhelm individuals' immune defenses. Alternatively, if an individual survives, the second pathogen could induce a very high titer of antigen-antibody immune complexes. If the antigen-antibody immune complex titer quickly becomes very high, it can exceed the immune system's phagocytic capability in immuno-deficient individuals, resulting in a Type III hypersensitivity immune reaction. Accelerated T-cell exhaustion in immuno-deficient individuals can be a fundamental cause of several hyperinflammatory diseases and autoimmune diseases. This would be possible when impaired follicular helper CD4+ T-cell assistance to germinal center B-cell somatic hypermutation, affinity maturation and isotype switching of antibodies results in high titers of inadequate antibodies, and this initiates a Type III hypersensitivity immune reaction with proteinase releases which express or expose autoantigens.
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Pattnaik A, Dhalech AH, Condotta SA, Corn C, Richer MJ, Snell LM, Robinson CM. A viral-specific CD4 + T cell response protects female mice from Coxsackievirus B3 infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.24.563774. [PMID: 37961130 PMCID: PMC10634798 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.24.563774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Biological sex plays an integral role in the immune response to various pathogens. The underlying basis for these sex differences is still not well defined. Here, we show that Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) induces a viral-specific CD4 + T cell response that can protect female mice from mortality. We found that CVB3 can induce expansion of CD62L lo CD4 + T cells in the mesenteric lymph node and spleen of female but not male mice as early as 5 days post-inoculation, indicative of activation. Using a recombinant CVB3 virus expressing a model CD4 + T cell epitope, we found that this response is due to viral antigen and not bystander activation. Finally, the depletion of CD4 + T cells before infection increased mortality in female mice, indicating that CD4 + T cells play a protective role against CVB3 in our model. Overall, these data demonstrated that CVB3 can induce an early CD4 response in female but not male mice and further emphasize how sex differences in immune responses to pathogens affect disease outcomes.
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8
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Pan L, Liu J, Liu C, Guo L, Punaro M, Yang S. Childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus: characteristics and the prospect of glucocorticoid pulse therapy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1128754. [PMID: 37638017 PMCID: PMC10448525 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1128754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) is an autoimmune disease that results in significant damage and often needs more aggressive treatment. Compared to adult-onset SLE, cSLE has a stronger genetic background and more prevalent elevated type I Interferon expression. The management of cSLE is more challenging because the disease itself and treatment can affect physical, psychological and emotional growth and development. High dose oral glucocorticoid (GC) has become the rule for treating moderate to severe cSLE activity. However, GC-related side effects and potential toxicities are problems that cannot be ignored. Recent studies have suggested that GC pulse therapy can achieve disease remission rapidly and reduce GC-related side effects with a reduction in oral prednisone doses. This article reviews characteristics, including pathogenesis and manifestations of cSLE, and summarized the existing evidence on GC therapy, especially on GC pulse therapy in cSLE, followed by our proposal for GC therapy according to the clinical effects and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Pan
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinxiang Liu
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Congcong Liu
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lishuang Guo
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Marilynn Punaro
- Pediatric Rheumatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
- Rheumatology, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Houston, TX, United States
- Pediatric Rheumatology, Children’s Medical Center of Dallas, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Sirui Yang
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Skipper CP, Schleiss MR. Cytomegalovirus viremia and advanced HIV disease: is there an argument for anti-CMV treatment? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2023; 21:227-233. [PMID: 36691835 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2172400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection as a co-factor in HIV disease has been a topic of considerable interest since the beginning of the HIV pandemic. CMV is believed to function both as a co-factor in the progression of HIV infection, and as a contributor to enhanced disease for other opportunistic infections. AREAS COVERED In this special article, we review several recent studies that have enhanced our understanding of the role that CMV infection plays in the natural history of other HIV-related opportunistic infections. We review the clinical evidence that demonstrates how CMV viremia has emerged as an independent risk factor for the progression of infections such as those caused by C. neoformans and M. tuberculosis. We outline the biological underpinnings of the various hypotheses by which CMV, as an immunomodulatory virus, may modify the natural history of HIV-related infections. EXPERT OPINION Evidence suggests that active CMV replication, manifest as CMV viremia (DNAemia), may play a key role in driving progression of HIV-associated opportunistic infections. We propose that control of CMV replication, independent of the known benefit of HAART therapy on reducing CMV end-organ disease, could reduce the risk of disease and mortality attributable to opportunistic infections such as cryptococcosis and tuberculosis. This could be achieved by the targeted use of CMV antivirals. The advent of newer (and safer) orally bioavailable CMV antivirals has renewed interest in, and opportunities for, randomized controlled trials to evaluate CMV viremia as a modifiable risk factor in high-risk persons with HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb P Skipper
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mark R Schleiss
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Roe K. Concurrent infections of cells by two pathogens can enable a reactivation of the first pathogen and the second pathogen's accelerated T-cell exhaustion. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11371. [PMCID: PMC9718926 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
When multiple intracellular pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoan parasites, infect the same host cell, they can help each other. A pathogen can substantially help another pathogen by disabling cellular immune defenses, using non-coding ribonucleic acids and/or pathogen proteins that target interferon-stimulated genes and other genes that express immune defense proteins. This can enable reactivation of a latent first pathogen and accelerate T-cell exhaustion and/or T-cell suppression regarding a second pathogen. In a worst-case scenario, accelerated T-cell exhaustion and/or T-cell suppression regarding the second pathogen can impair T-cell functionality and allow a first-time, immunologically novel second pathogen infection to escape all adaptive immune system defenses, including antibodies. The interactions of herpesviruses with concurrent intracellular pathogens in epithelial cells and B-cells, the interactions of the human immunodeficiency virus with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages and the interactions of Toxoplasma gondii with other pathogens in almost any type of animal cell are considered. The reactivation of latent pathogens and the acceleration of T-cell exhaustion for the second pathogen can explain several puzzling aspects of viral epidemics, such as COVID-19 and their unusual comorbidity mortality rates and post-infection symptoms.
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11
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Zander R, Khatun A, Kasmani MY, Chen Y, Cui W. Delineating the transcriptional landscape and clonal diversity of virus-specific CD4 + T cells during chronic viral infection. eLife 2022; 11:e80079. [PMID: 36255051 PMCID: PMC9629829 DOI: 10.7554/elife.80079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although recent evidence indicates that CD4+ T cells responding to chronic viral infection are functionally heterogenous, our understanding of the developmental relationships between these subsets, and a determination of how their transcriptional landscape compares to their acute infection counterparts remains unclear. Additionally, whether cell-intrinsic factors such as TCR usage influence CD4+ T cell fate commitment during persistent infection has not previously been studied. Herein, we perform single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) combined with single-cell T cell receptor sequencing (scTCR-seq) on virus-specific CD4+ T cells isolated from mice infected with chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. We identify several transcriptionally distinct states among the Th1, Tfh, and memory-like T cell subsets that form at the peak of infection, including the presence of a previously unrecognized Slamf7+ subset with cytolytic features. We further show that the relative distribution of these populations differs substantially between acute and persistent LCMV infection. Moreover, while the progeny of most T cell clones displays membership within each of these transcriptionally unique populations, overall supporting a one cell-multiple fate model, a small fraction of clones display a biased cell fate decision, suggesting that TCR usage may impact CD4+ T cell development during chronic infection. Importantly, comparative analyses further reveal both subset-specific and core gene expression programs that are differentially regulated between CD4+ T cells responding to acute and chronic LCMV infection. Together, these data may serve as a useful framework and allow for a detailed interrogation into the clonal distribution and transcriptional circuits underlying CD4+ T cell differentiation during chronic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Zander
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
| | - Achia Khatun
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
| | - Moujtaba Y Kasmani
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
| | - Yao Chen
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of WisconsinMilwaukeeUnited States
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12
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Manca E. Autoantibodies in Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (NPSLE): Can They Be Used as Biomarkers for the Differential Diagnosis of This Disease? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2022; 63:194-209. [PMID: 34115263 PMCID: PMC9464150 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08865-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a complex immunological disease where both environmental factors and genetic predisposition lead to the dysregulation of important immune mechanisms. Eventually, the combination of these factors leads to the production of self-reactive antibodies that can target any organ or tissue of the human body. Autoantibodies can form immune complexes responsible for both the organ damage and the most severe complications. Involvement of the central nervous system defines a subcategory of the disease, generally known with the denomination of neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Neuropsychiatric symptoms can range from relatively mild manifestations, such as headache, to more severe complications, such as psychosis. The evaluation of the presence of the autoantibodies in the serum of these patients is the most helpful diagnostic tool for the assessment of the disease. The scientific progresses achieved in the last decades helped researchers and physicians to discover some of autoepitopes targeted by the autoantibodies, although the majority of them have not been identified yet. Additionally, the central nervous system is full of epitopes that cannot be found elsewhere in the human body, for this reason, autoantibodies that selectively target these epitopes might be used for the differential diagnosis between patients with and without the neuropsychiatric symptoms. In this review, the most relevant data is reported with regard to mechanisms implicated in the production of autoantibodies and the most important autoantibodies found among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus with and without the neuropsychiatric manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Manca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042, Monserrato, Cagliari, Italy.
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13
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Hornick EL, Wallis AM, Bishop GA. TRAF3 enhances type I interferon receptor signaling in T cells by modulating the phosphatase PTPN22. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabn5507. [PMID: 36166512 PMCID: PMC9728096 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abn5507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are among the most powerful tools that host cells deploy against intracellular pathogens. Their effectiveness is due both to the rapid, directly antiviral effects of IFN-stimulated gene products and to the effects of type I IFN on responding immune cells. Type I IFN signaling through its receptor, IFNAR, is tightly regulated at multiple steps in the signaling cascade, including at the level of IFNAR downstream effectors, which include the kinase JAK1 and the transcriptional regulator STAT1. Here, we found that tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) enhanced the activation of JAK1 and STAT1 specifically in CD4+ T cells by preventing recruitment of the negative regulatory phosphatase PTPN22 to the IFNAR complex. The balance between signals through IFNAR and other cytokine receptors influences CD4+ T cell differentiation and function during infections. Our work reveals TRAF3 and PTPN22 as key regulators of CD4+ T cell activation by type I IFNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Hornick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Alicia M. Wallis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Gail A. Bishop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
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14
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Zhong S, Li Q, Wen C, Li Y, Zhou Y, Jin Z, Ye G, Zhao Y, Hou J, Li Y, Tang L. Interferon α facilitates anti-HBV cellular immune response in a B cell-dependent manner. Antiviral Res 2022; 207:105420. [PMID: 36165866 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dissecting the underlying mechanism of T cells remodeling mediated by interferon α (IFN-α) is indispensable for achieving an optimum therapeutic response in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. However, little is known about B cells in this process. This study aims to elucidate the roles of B cells in IFN-α-mediated anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) cellular immunity. METHOD The effects of B cells on IFN-α-mediated T cell response were investigated in B cell-deficient mouse model with HBV and IFN-α plasmid hydrodynamic injection. Single-cell RNA sequencing was performed to dissect the crosstalk among B cell and T cell subsets and the underlying molecule and pathway signatures on longitudinal blood samples from IFN-α-treated CHB patients. RESULTS B cell depletion impaired the functional T cell subsets, including HBV-specific CD8+ T cells, and engendered a delayed HBV clearance. IFN-α treatment boosted the response of HBV-specific CD8+ T cells, whereas such effects disappeared in B cell-deficient mice. The underlying mechanisms were associated with IFN-α-reinforced connections of B cells toward T cells as mediated by the antigen presentation and costimulatory functions in B cells. CONCLUSION IFN-α orchestrates protective HBV-specific cellular immunity in a B cell-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhua Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guofu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanda Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yongyin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Libo Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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15
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Skipper CP, Hullsiek KH, Cresswell FV, Tadeo KK, Okirwoth M, Blackstad M, Hernandez-Alvarado N, Fernández-Alarcón C, Walukaga S, Martyn E, Ellis J, Ssebambulidde K, Tugume L, Nuwagira E, Rhein J, Meya DB, Boulware DR, Schleiss MR. Cytomegalovirus viremia as a risk factor for mortality in HIV-associated cryptococcal and tuberculous meningitis. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 122:785-792. [PMID: 35843498 PMCID: PMC9653033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES CMV viremia is associated with increased mortality in persons with HIV. We previously demonstrated that CMV viremia was a risk factor for 10-week mortality in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve persons with cryptococcal meningitis. We investigated whether similar observations existed over a broader cohort of patients with HIV-associated meningitis at 18 weeks. METHODS We prospectively enrolled Ugandans with cryptococcal or TB meningitis into clinical trials in 2015-2019. We quantified CMV DNA concentrations from stored baseline plasma or serum samples from 340 participants. We compared 18-week survival between those with and without CMV viremia. RESULTS We included 308 persons with cryptococcal meningitis and 32 with TB meningitis, of whom 121 (36%) had detectable CMV DNA. Baseline CD4+ T-cell counts (14 vs. 24 cells/µl; P = 0.07) and antiretroviral exposure (47% vs. 45%; P = 0.68) did not differ between persons with and without CMV viremia. The 18-week mortality was 50% (61/121) in those with CMV viremia versus 34% (74/219) in those without (P = 0.003). Detectable CMV viremia (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-2.25; P = 0.008) and greater viral load (aHR 1.22 per log10 IU/ml increase; 95% CI 1.09-1.35; P <0.001) were positively associated with all-cause mortality through 18 weeks. CONCLUSION CMV viremia at baseline was associated with a higher risk of death at 18 weeks among persons with HIV-associated cryptococcal or TB meningitis, and the risk increased as the CMV viral load increased. Further investigation is warranted to determine whether CMV is a modifiable risk contributing to deaths in HIV-associated meningitis or is a biomarker of immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb P Skipper
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | | | - Fiona V Cresswell
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Global Health and Infection, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Kiiza K Tadeo
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Michael Okirwoth
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mark Blackstad
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, USA
| | | | | | | | - Emily Martyn
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jayne Ellis
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Lillian Tugume
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Edwin Nuwagira
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; Department of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Joshua Rhein
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, USA
| | - David B Meya
- University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, USA; Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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16
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Chung YR, Dangi T, Palacio N, Sanchez S, Penaloza-MacMaster P. Adoptive B cell therapy for chronic viral infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:908707. [PMID: 35958615 PMCID: PMC9361846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.908707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-based therapies have been widely explored for the treatment of cancer and chronic infection, but B cell-based therapies have remained largely unexplored. To study the effect of B cell therapy, we adoptively transferred virus-specific B cells into mice that were chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). Adoptive transfer of virus-specific B cells resulted in increase in antibody titers and reduction of viral loads. Importantly, the efficacy of B cell therapy was partly dependent on antibody effector functions, and was improved by co-transferring virus-specific CD4 T cells. These findings provide a proof-of-concept that adoptive B cell therapy can be effective for the treatment of chronic infections, but provision of virus-specific CD4 T cells may be critical for optimal virus neutralization.
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17
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Roe K. NK-Cell Exhaustion, B-Cell Exhaustion and T-Cell Exhaustion - the Differences and Similarities. Immunology 2022; 166:155-168. [PMID: 35266556 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell exhaustion has been extensively researched, compared to B-cell exhaustion and NK-cell exhaustion, which have received considerably less attention; and there is less of a consensus on the precise definitions of NK-cell and B-cell exhaustion. NK-cell exhaustion, B-cell exhaustion and T-cell exhaustion are examples of lymphocyte exhaustion, and they have several differences and similarities. Lymphocyte exhaustion is also frequently confused with anergy, cellular senescence and suppression, because these conditions can have significant overlapping similarities with exhaustion. An additional source of confusion is due to the fact that lymphocyte exhaustion is not a binary state, but instead has a spectrum of severity induced by different levels and durations of continuous antigenic stimulation. Concurrent multiple types of lymphocyte exhaustion are possible, and this situation is henceforth called poly-lymphocyte exhaustion. Poly-lymphocyte exhaustion for the same cancer or pathogen would be especially dangerous. Since there are significant advantages for a pathogen by inducing poly-lymphocyte exhaustion in an immune system, there are pathogens with an evolved capability to induce poly-lymphocyte exhaustion. These pathogens may include certain manipulative viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoan parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Roe
- Retired, San Jose, California, United States of America
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18
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Zander R, Kasmani MY, Chen Y, Topchyan P, Shen J, Zheng S, Burns R, Ingram J, Cui C, Joshi N, Craft J, Zajac A, Cui W. Tfh-cell-derived interleukin 21 sustains effector CD8 + T cell responses during chronic viral infection. Immunity 2022; 55:475-493.e5. [PMID: 35216666 PMCID: PMC8916994 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cell-derived interleukin 21 (IL-21) sustains CD8+ T cell responses during chronic viral infection, but the helper subset that confers this protection remains unclear. Here, we applied scRNA and ATAC-seq approaches to determine the heterogeneity of IL-21+CD4+ T cells during LCMV clone 13 infection. CD4+ T cells were comprised of three transcriptionally and epigenetically distinct populations: Cxcr6+ Th1 cells, Cxcr5+ Tfh cells, and a previously unrecognized Slamf6+ memory-like (Tml) subset. T cell differentiation was specifically redirected toward the Tml subset during chronic, but not acute, LCMV infection. Although this subset displayed an enhanced capacity to accumulate and some developmental plasticity, it remained largely quiescent, which may hinder its helper potential. Conversely, mixed bone marrow chimera experiments revealed that Tfh cell-derived IL-21 was critical to sustain CD8+ T cell responses and viral control. Thus, strategies that bolster IL-21+Tfh cell responses may prove effective in enhancing CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Zander
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Moujtaba Y Kasmani
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Yao Chen
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Paytsar Topchyan
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jian Shen
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Shikan Zheng
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Robert Burns
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jennifer Ingram
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Can Cui
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Nikhil Joshi
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Joseph Craft
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Allan Zajac
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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19
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Pratumchai I, Zak J, Huang Z, Min B, Oldstone MBA, Teijaro JR. B cell-derived IL-27 promotes control of persistent LCMV infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2116741119. [PMID: 35022243 PMCID: PMC8784116 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116741119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have identified a critical role for B cell-produced cytokines in regulating both humoral and cellular immunity. Here, we show that B cells are an essential source of interleukin-27 (IL-27) during persistent lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13 (Cl-13) infection. By using conditional knockout mouse models with specific IL-27p28 deletion in B cells, we observed that B cell-derived IL-27 promotes survival of virus-specific CD4 T cells and supports functions of T follicular helper (Tfh) cells. Mechanistically, B cell-derived IL-27 promotes CD4 T cell function, antibody class switch, and the ability to control persistent LCMV infection. Deletion of IL-27ra in T cells demonstrated that T cell-intrinsic IL-27R signaling is essential for viral control, optimal CD4 T cell responses, and antibody class switch during persistent LCMV infection. Collectively, our findings identify a cellular mechanism whereby B cell-derived IL-27 drives antiviral immunity and antibody responses through IL-27 signaling on T cells to promote control of LCMV Cl-13 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaraphorn Pratumchai
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
| | - Jaroslav Zak
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Zhe Huang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Booki Min
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Michael B A Oldstone
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037;
| | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037;
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20
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Maruggi G, Ulmer JB, Rappuoli R, Yu D. Self-amplifying mRNA-Based Vaccine Technology and Its Mode of Action. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2022; 440:31-70. [PMID: 33861374 DOI: 10.1007/82_2021_233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Self-amplifying mRNAs derived from the genomes of positive-strand RNA viruses have recently come into focus as a promising technology platform for vaccine development. Non-virally delivered self-amplifying mRNA vaccines have the potential to be highly versatile, potent, streamlined, scalable, and inexpensive. By amplifying their genome and the antigen encoding mRNA in the host cell, the self-amplifying mRNA mimics a viral infection, resulting in sustained levels of the target protein combined with self-adjuvanting innate immune responses, ultimately leading to potent and long-lasting antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Moreover, in principle, any eukaryotic sequence could be encoded by self-amplifying mRNA without the need to change the manufacturing process, thereby enabling a much faster and flexible research and development timeline than the current vaccines and hence a quicker response to emerging infectious diseases. This chapter highlights the rapid progress made in using non-virally delivered self-amplifying mRNA-based vaccines against infectious diseases in animal models. We provide an overview of the unique attributes of this vaccine approach, summarize the growing body of work defining its mechanism of action, discuss the current challenges and latest advances, and highlight perspectives about the future of this promising technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Dong Yu
- GSK, 14200 Shady Grove Road, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA. .,Dynavax Technologies, 2100 Powell Street Suite, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.
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21
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The role of polyspecific T-cell exhaustion in severe outcomes for COVID-19 patients having latent pathogen infections such as Toxoplasmagondii. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105299. [PMID: 34813900 PMCID: PMC8605814 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Various categories of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) patients have exhibited major mortality rate differences and symptoms. Some papers have recently explained these differences in mortality rates and symptoms as a consequence of this virus infection acting in synergy with one or more latent pathogen infections in some patients. A latent pathogen infection likely to be involved in millions of these patients is the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which infects approximately one third of the global human population. However, other papers have concluded that latent protozoan parasite infections can reduce the severity of viral infections. The aims and purposes of this paper include providing explanations for the contradictions between these studies and introducing a significant new category of T-cell exhaustion. Latent pathogens can have different genetic strains with great differences in their effects on a second pathogen infection. Furthermore, depending on the timing and effectiveness of drug treatments, pathogen infections that become latent may or may not later induce immune cell dysfunctions, including T-cell exhaustion. Concurrent multiple pathogen T-cell exhaustion is herein called "polyspecific T-cell exhaustion."
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22
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Kuka M, Iannacone M. Heterogeneity in antiviral B cell responses: Lessons from the movies. Immunol Rev 2021; 306:224-233. [PMID: 34811768 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Humoral and cellular responses to viral infections coexist in a dynamic equilibrium that often results in efficient viral clearance. However, in some infections one of the two responses prevails, for instance when an overactivation of cytotoxic T cells is accompanied by weak and insufficient antibody responses. Although the cellular response is usually sufficient to control a primary viral infection, in some cases clearance is not complete and persistent infections ensue. In order to design effective therapeutic or vaccination strategies aiming at inducing early and potent neutralizing antibody responses, a deep knowledge of the cellular and molecular determinants of antiviral immune responses is needed. Here, we review our understanding on the spatiotemporal dynamics of antiviral humoral immune responses, with a particular focus on recent studies using intravital imaging approaches as an insightful complement to more traditional techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Kuka
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases and Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases and Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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23
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Zoldan K, Ehrlich S, Killmer S, Wild K, Smits M, Russ M, Globig AM, Hofmann M, Thimme R, Boettler T. Th1-Biased Hepatitis C Virus-Specific Follicular T Helper-Like Cells Effectively Support B Cells After Antiviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:742061. [PMID: 34659236 PMCID: PMC8514946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.742061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating Th1-biased follicular T helper (cTfh1) cells have been associated with antibody responses to viral infection and after vaccination but their B cell helper functionality is less understood. After viral elimination, Tfh1 cells are the dominant subset within circulating Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)-specific CD4 T cells, but their functional capacity is currently unknown. To address this important point, we established a clone-based system to evaluate CD4 T cell functionality in vitro to overcome experimental limitations associated with their low frequencies. Specifically, we analyzed the transcription factor expression, cytokine secretion and B cell help in co-culture assays of HCV- (n = 18) and influenza-specific CD4 T cell clones (n = 5) in comparison to Tfh (n = 26) and Th1 clones (n = 15) with unknown antigen-specificity derived from healthy donors (n = 4) or direct-acting antiviral (DAA)-treated patients (n = 5). The transcription factor expression and cytokine secretion patterns of HCV-specific CD4 T cell clones indicated a Tfh1 phenotype, with expression of T-bet and Bcl6 and production of IFN-γ and IL-21. Their B helper capacity was superior compared to influenza-specific or Tfh and Th1 clones. Moreover, since Tfh cells are enriched in the IFN-rich milieu of the HCV-infected liver, we investigated the impact of IFN exposure on Tfh phenotype and function. Type I IFN exposure was able to introduce similar phenotypic and functional characteristics in the Tfh cell population within PBMCs or Tfh clones in vitro in line with our finding that Tfh cells are elevated in HCV-infected patients shortly after initiation of IFN-α therapy. Collectively, we were able to functionally characterize HCV-specific CD4 T cells in vitro and not only confirmed a Tfh1 phenotype but observed superior Tfh functionality despite their Th1 bias. Furthermore, our results suggest that chronic type I IFN exposure supports the enrichment of highly functional HCV-specific Tfh-like cells during HCV infection. Thus, HCV-specific Tfh-like cells after DAA therapy may be a promising target for future vaccination design aiming to introduce a neutralizing antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Zoldan
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Ehrlich
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Saskia Killmer
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Wild
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maike Smits
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marissa Russ
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Globig
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maike Hofmann
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robert Thimme
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Boettler
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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24
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Hajjo R, Sabbah DA, Bardaweel SK, Tropsha A. Shedding the Light on Post-Vaccine Myocarditis and Pericarditis in COVID-19 and Non-COVID-19 Vaccine Recipients. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9101186. [PMID: 34696294 PMCID: PMC8541143 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9101186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocarditis and pericarditis have been linked recently to COVID-19 vaccines without exploring the underlying mechanisms, or compared to cardiac adverse events post-non-COVID-19 vaccines. We introduce an informatics approach to study post-vaccine adverse events on the systems biology level to aid the prioritization of effective preventive measures and mechanism-based pharmacotherapy by integrating the analysis of adverse event reports from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) with systems biology methods. Our results indicated that post-vaccine myocarditis and pericarditis were associated most frequently with mRNA COVID-19 vaccines followed by live or live-attenuated non-COVID-19 vaccines such as smallpox and anthrax vaccines. The frequencies of cardiac adverse events were affected by vaccine, vaccine type, vaccine dose, sex, and age of the vaccinated individuals. Systems biology results suggested a central role of interferon-gamma (INF-gamma) in the biological processes leading to cardiac adverse events, by impacting MAPK and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. We suggest that increasing the time interval between vaccine doses minimizes the risks of developing inflammatory adverse reactions. We also propose glucocorticoids as preferred treatments based on system biology evidence. Our informatics workflow provides an invaluable tool to study post-vaccine adverse events on the systems biology level to suggest effective mechanism-based pharmacotherapy and/or suitable preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rima Hajjo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan;
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carlina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27515, USA;
- National Center for Epidemics and Communicable Disease Control, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Correspondence:
| | - Dima A. Sabbah
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan;
| | - Sanaa K. Bardaweel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Alexander Tropsha
- Laboratory for Molecular Modeling, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carlina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27515, USA;
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25
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Johnson BM, Uchimura T, Gallovic MD, Thamilarasan M, Chou WC, Gibson SA, Deng M, Tam JW, Batty CJ, Williams J, Matsushima GK, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM, Markovic-Plese S, Ting JPY. STING Agonist Mitigates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Stimulating Type I IFN-Dependent and -Independent Immune-Regulatory Pathways. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 206:2015-2028. [PMID: 33820855 PMCID: PMC8406342 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cGAS-cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP)-stimulator of IFN genes (STING) pathway induces a powerful type I IFN (IFN-I) response and is a prime candidate for augmenting immunity in cancer immunotherapy and vaccines. IFN-I also has immune-regulatory functions manifested in several autoimmune diseases and is a first-line therapy for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. However, it is only moderately effective and can induce adverse effects and neutralizing Abs in recipients. Targeting cGAMP in autoimmunity is unexplored and represents a challenge because of the intracellular location of its receptor, STING. We used microparticle (MP)-encapsulated cGAMP to increase cellular delivery, achieve dose sparing, and reduce potential toxicity. In the C57BL/6 experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, cGAMP encapsulated in MPs (cGAMP MPs) administered therapeutically protected mice from EAE in a STING-dependent fashion, whereas soluble cGAMP was ineffective. Protection was also observed in a relapsing-remitting model. Importantly, cGAMP MPs protected against EAE at the peak of disease and were more effective than rIFN-β. Mechanistically, cGAMP MPs showed both IFN-I-dependent and -independent immunosuppressive effects. Furthermore, it induced the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-27 without requiring IFN-I. This augmented IL-10 expression through activated ERK and CREB. IL-27 and subsequent IL-10 were the most important cytokines to mitigate autoreactivity. Critically, cGAMP MPs promoted IFN-I as well as the immunoregulatory cytokines IL-27 and IL-10 in PBMCs from relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients. Collectively, this study reveals a previously unappreciated immune-regulatory effect of cGAMP that can be harnessed to restrain T cell autoreactivity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell-Derived Microparticles/immunology
- Cell-Derived Microparticles/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Female
- Humans
- Interferon Type I/immunology
- Interferon Type I/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/agonists
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Nucleotides, Cyclic/administration & dosage
- Nucleotides, Cyclic/immunology
- Nucleotides, Cyclic/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Johnson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Toru Uchimura
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Matthew D Gallovic
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Madhan Thamilarasan
- Department of Neurology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Wei-Chun Chou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Sara A Gibson
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Meng Deng
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Oral and Craniofacial Biomedicine Program, School of Dentistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jason W Tam
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Cole J Batty
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Glenn K Matsushima
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Silva Markovic-Plese
- Department of Neurology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC;
- Neuroscience Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Department of Genetics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
- Center for Translational Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; and
- Institute for Inflammatory Diseases, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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26
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Feng E, Balint E, Poznanski SM, Ashkar AA, Loeb M. Aging and Interferons: Impacts on Inflammation and Viral Disease Outcomes. Cells 2021; 10:708. [PMID: 33806810 PMCID: PMC8004738 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As highlighted by the COVID-19 global pandemic, elderly individuals comprise the majority of cases of severe viral infection outcomes and death. A combined inability to control viral replication and exacerbated inflammatory immune activation in elderly patients causes irreparable immune-mediated tissue pathology in response to infection. Key to these responses are type I, II, and III interferons (IFNs), which are involved in inducing an antiviral response, as well as controlling and suppressing inflammation and immunopathology. IFNs support monocyte/macrophage-stimulated immune responses that clear infection and promote their immunosuppressive functions that prevent excess inflammation and immune-mediated pathology. The timing and magnitude of IFN responses to infection are critical towards their immunoregulatory functions and ability to prevent immunopathology. Aging is associated with multiple defects in the ability of macrophages and dendritic cells to produce IFNs in response to viral infection, leading to a dysregulation of inflammatory immune responses. Understanding the implications of aging on IFN-regulated inflammation will give critical insights on how to treat and prevent severe infection in vulnerable individuals. In this review, we describe the causes of impaired IFN production in aging, and the evidence to suggest that these impairments impact the regulation of the innate and adaptive immune response to infection, thereby causing disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ali A. Ashkar
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada; (E.F.); (E.B.); (S.M.P.); (M.L.)
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27
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Huang Z, Kang SG, Li Y, Zak J, Shaabani N, Deng K, Shepherd J, Bhargava R, Teijaro JR, Xiao C. IFNAR1 signaling in NK cells promotes persistent virus infection. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/13/eabb8087. [PMID: 33771858 PMCID: PMC7997497 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb8087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of type 1 interferon (IFN-I) signaling promotes the control of persistent virus infection, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we report that genetic ablation of Ifnar1 specifically in natural killer (NK) cells led to elevated numbers of T follicular helper cells, germinal center B cells, and plasma cells and improved antiviral T cell function, resulting in hastened virus clearance that was comparable to IFNAR1 neutralizing antibody treatment. Antigen-specific B cells and antiviral antibodies were essential for the accelerated control of LCMV Cl13 infection following IFNAR1 blockade. IFNAR1 signaling in NK cells promoted NK cell function and general killing of antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells. Therefore, inhibition of IFN-I signaling in NK cells enhances CD4 and CD8 T cell responses, promotes humoral immune responses, and thereby facilitates the control of persistent virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Huang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Seung Goo Kang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Molecular Bioscience/Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunqiao Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jaroslav Zak
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Namir Shaabani
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kaiyuan Deng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 30071, China
| | - Jovan Shepherd
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Raag Bhargava
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - John R Teijaro
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Changchun Xiao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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28
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Early innate and adaptive immune perturbations determine long-term severity of chronic virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfection. Immunity 2021; 54:526-541.e7. [PMID: 33515487 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic viral infections increase severity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) coinfection. Here, we examined how chronic viral infections alter the pulmonary microenvironment to foster coinfection and worsen disease severity. We developed a coordinated system of chronic virus and Mtb infection that induced central clinical manifestations of coinfection, including increased Mtb burden, extra-pulmonary dissemination, and heightened mortality. These disease states were not due to chronic virus-induced immunosuppression or exhaustion; rather, increased amounts of the cytokine TNFα initially arrested pulmonary Mtb growth, impeding dendritic cell mediated antigen transportation to the lymph node and subverting immune-surveillance, allowing bacterial sanctuary. The cryptic Mtb replication delayed CD4 T cell priming, redirecting T helper (Th) 1 toward Th17 differentiation and increasing pulmonary neutrophilia, which diminished long-term survival. Temporally restoring CD4 T cell induction overcame these diverse disease sequelae to enhance Mtb control. Thus, Mtb co-opts TNFα from the chronic inflammatory environment to subvert immune-surveillance, avert early immune function, and foster long-term coinfection.
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29
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Boukhaled GM, Harding S, Brooks DG. Opposing Roles of Type I Interferons in Cancer Immunity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2021; 16:167-198. [PMID: 33264572 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-031920-093932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is tasked with identifying malignant cells to eliminate or prevent cancer spread. This involves a complex orchestration of many immune cell types that together recognize different aspects of tumor transformation and growth. In response, tumors have developed mechanisms to circumvent immune attack. Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are a class of proinflammatory cytokines produced in response to viruses and other environmental stressors. IFN-Is are also emerging as essential drivers of antitumor immunity, potently stimulating the ability of immune cells to eliminate tumor cells. However, a more complicated role for IFN-Is has arisen, as prolonged stimulation can promote feedback inhibitory mechanisms that contribute to immune exhaustion and other deleterious effects that directly or indirectly permit cancer cells to escape immune clearance. We review the fundamental and opposing functions of IFN-Is that modulate tumor growth and impact immune function and ultimately how these functions can be harnessed for the design of new cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle M Boukhaled
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada; .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shane Harding
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada; .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Departments of Medical Biophysics and Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - David G Brooks
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada; .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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30
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Kervevan J, Chakrabarti LA. Role of CD4+ T Cells in the Control of Viral Infections: Recent Advances and Open Questions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E523. [PMID: 33430234 PMCID: PMC7825705 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells orchestrate adaptive immune responses through their capacity to recruit and provide help to multiple immune effectors, in addition to exerting direct effector functions. CD4+ T cells are increasingly recognized as playing an essential role in the control of chronic viral infections. In this review, we present recent advances in understanding the nature of CD4+ T cell help provided to antiviral effectors. Drawing from our studies of natural human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) control, we then focus on the role of high-affinity T cell receptor (TCR) clonotypes in mediating antiviral CD4+ T cell responses. Last, we discuss the role of TCR affinity in determining CD4+ T cell differentiation, reviewing the at times divergent studies associating TCR signal strength to the choice of a T helper 1 (Th1) or a T follicular helper (Tfh) cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Kervevan
- Control of Chronic Viral Infections Group (CIVIC), Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France;
- CNRS UMR, 3569 Paris, France
| | - Lisa A. Chakrabarti
- Control of Chronic Viral Infections Group (CIVIC), Virus and Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France;
- CNRS UMR, 3569 Paris, France
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31
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Fox LE, Locke MC, Lenschow DJ. Context Is Key: Delineating the Unique Functions of IFNα and IFNβ in Disease. Front Immunol 2020; 11:606874. [PMID: 33408718 PMCID: PMC7779635 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.606874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are critical effector cytokines of the immune system and were originally known for their important role in protecting against viral infections; however, they have more recently been shown to play protective or detrimental roles in many disease states. Type I IFNs consist of IFNα, IFNβ, IFNϵ, IFNκ, IFNω, and a few others, and they all signal through a shared receptor to exert a wide range of biological activities, including antiviral, antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and immunomodulatory effects. Though the individual type I IFN subtypes possess overlapping functions, there is growing appreciation that they also have unique properties. In this review, we summarize some of the mechanisms underlying differential expression of and signaling by type I IFNs, and we discuss examples of differential functions of IFNα and IFNβ in models of infectious disease, cancer, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey E. Fox
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Marissa C. Locke
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
| | - Deborah J. Lenschow
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, United States
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32
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Kräutler NJ, Yermanos A, Pedrioli A, Welten SPM, Lorgé D, Greczmiel U, Bartsch I, Scheuermann J, Kiefer JD, Eyer K, Menzel U, Greiff V, Neri D, Stadler T, Reddy ST, Oxenius A. Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Humoral Immunity Reveals Continued and Personalized Evolution in Chronic Viral Infection. Cell Rep 2020; 30:997-1012.e6. [PMID: 31995768 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of established chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection requires the production of neutralizing antibodies, but it remains unknown how the ensemble of antibodies evolves during ongoing infection. Here, we analyze the evolution of antibody responses during acute or chronic LCMV infection, combining quantitative functional assays and time-resolved antibody repertoire sequencing. We establish that antibody responses initially converge in both infection types on a functional and repertoire level, but diverge later during chronic infection, showing increased clonal diversity, the appearance of mouse-specific persistent clones, and distinct phylogenetic signatures. Chronic infection is characterized by a longer-lasting germinal center reaction and a continuous differentiation of plasma cells, resulting in the emergence of higher-affinity plasma cells exhibiting increased antibody secretion rates. Taken together, our findings reveal the emergence of a personalized antibody response in chronic infection and support the concept that maintaining B cell diversity throughout chronic LCMV infection correlates with the development of infection-resolving antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nike Julia Kräutler
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Yermanos
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Pedrioli
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Suzanne P M Welten
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Lorgé
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ute Greczmiel
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ilka Bartsch
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Scheuermann
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan D Kiefer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Eyer
- Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Menzel
- Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Victor Greiff
- Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 20 Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dario Neri
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Stadler
- Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sai T Reddy
- Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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33
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Osuch S, Metzner KJ, Caraballo Cortés K. Reversal of T Cell Exhaustion in Chronic HCV Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080799. [PMID: 32722372 PMCID: PMC7472290 DOI: 10.3390/v12080799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term consequences of T cell responses’ impairment in chronic HCV infection are not entirely characterized, although they may be essential in the context of the clinical course of infection, re-infection, treatment-mediated viral clearance and vaccine design. Furthermore, it is unclear whether a complete reinvigoration of HCV-specific T cell response may be feasible. In most studies, attempting to reverse the effects of compromised immune response quality by specific blockades of negative immune regulators, a restoration of functional competence of HCV-specific T cells was shown. This implies that HCV-induced immune dysfunction may be reversible. The advent of highly successful, direct-acting antiviral treatment (DAA) for chronic HCV infection instigated investigation whether the treatment-driven elimination of viral antigens restores T cell function. Most of studies demonstrated that DAA treatment may result in at least partial restoration of T cell immune function. They also suggest that a complete restoration comparable to that seen after spontaneous viral clearance may not be attained, pointing out that long-term antigenic stimulation imprints an irreversible change on the T cell compartment. Understanding the mechanisms of HCV-induced immune dysfunction and barriers to immune restoration following viral clearance is of utmost importance to diminish the possible long-term consequences of chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Osuch
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Karin J. Metzner
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kamila Caraballo Cortés
- Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-572-07-09; Fax: +48-22-883-10-60
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34
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Ambrose RL, Brice AM, Caputo AT, Alexander MR, Tribolet L, Liu YC, Adams TE, Bean AG, Stewart CR. Molecular characterisation of ILRUN, a novel inhibitor of proinflammatory and antimicrobial cytokines. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04115. [PMID: 32518853 PMCID: PMC7270589 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of type-I interferon (IFN) production is essential to the balance between antimicrobial defence and autoimmune disorders. The human protein-coding gene ILRUN (inflammation and lipid regulator with UBA-like and NBR1-like domains, previously C6orf106) was recently characterised as an inhibitor of antiviral and proinflammatory cytokine (interferon-alpha/beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha) transcription. Currently there is a paucity of information about the molecular characteristics of ILRUN, despite it being associated with several diseases including virus infection, coronary artery disease, obesity and cancer. Here, we characterise ILRUN as a highly phylogenetically conserved protein containing UBA-like and a NBR1-like domains that are both essential for inhibition of type-I interferon and tumor necrosis factor alpha) transcription in human cells. We also solved the crystal structure of the NBR1-like domain, providing insights into its potential role in ILRUN function. This study provides critical information for future investigations into the role of ILRUN in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Ambrose
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Aaron M. Brice
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | | | - Marina R. Alexander
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Leon Tribolet
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Yu Chih Liu
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | | | - Andrew G.D. Bean
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - Cameron R. Stewart
- CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
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35
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Yermanos A, Sandu I, Pedrioli A, Borsa M, Wagen F, Oetiker N, Welten SPM, Pallmer K, Reddy ST, Oxenius A. Profiling Virus-Specific Tcf1+ T Cell Repertoires During Acute and Chronic Viral Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:986. [PMID: 32547546 PMCID: PMC7272574 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells play a crucial role in providing protection from viral infections. It has recently been established that a subset of CD8 T cells expressing Tcf1 are responsible for sustaining exhausted T cells during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. Many of these studies, however, have been performed using T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice, in which CD8 T cells express a monoclonal TCR specific for the LCMV glycoprotein. To investigate whether the Tcf1+ and Tcf1- repertoires are naturally composed of similar or different clones in wild-type mice exposed to acute or chronic LCMV infection, we performed TCR repertoire sequencing of virus-specific CD8 T cells, including Tcf1+ and Tcf1- populations. Our analysis revealed that the Tcf1+ TCR repertoire is maintained at an equal or higher degree of clonal diversity despite harboring fewer cells. Additionally, within the same animal, there was extensive clonal overlap between the Tcf1+ and Tcf1- repertoires in both chronic and acute LCMV infection. We could further detect these virus-specific clones in longitudinal blood samples earlier in the infection. With respect to common repertoire parameters (clonal overlap, germline gene usage, and clonal expansion), we found minor differences between the virus-specific TCR repertoire of acute and chronic LCMV infection 40 days post infection. Overall, our results indicate that the Tcf1+ population emerging during chronic LCMV infection is not clonally distinct from the Tcf1- population, supporting the notion that the Tcf1+ pool is indeed a fuel for the more exhausted Tcf1- population within the heterogenous repertoire of LCMV-specific CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yermanos
- Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ioana Sandu
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Mariana Borsa
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Sai T. Reddy
- Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
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Elsaesser HJ, Mohtashami M, Osokine I, Snell LM, Cunningham CR, Boukhaled GM, McGavern DB, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Brooks DG. Chronic virus infection drives CD8 T cell-mediated thymic destruction and impaired negative selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:5420-5429. [PMID: 32094187 PMCID: PMC7071912 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913776117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection provokes alterations in inflammatory and suppressive pathways that potentially affect the function and integrity of multiple tissues, impacting both ongoing immune control and restorative immune therapies. Here we demonstrate that chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection rapidly triggers severe thymic depletion, mediated by CD8 T cell-intrinsic type I interferon (IFN) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (Stat2) signaling. Occurring temporal to T cell exhaustion, thymic cellularity reconstituted despite ongoing viral replication, with a rapid secondary thymic depletion following immune restoration by anti-programmed death-ligand 1 (PDL1) blockade. Therapeutic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) during chronic infection generated new antiviral CD8 T cells, despite sustained virus replication in the thymus, indicating an impairment in negative selection. Consequently, low amounts of high-affinity self-reactive T cells also escaped the thymus following HSCT during chronic infection. Thus, by altering the stringency and partially impairing negative selection, the host generates new virus-specific T cells to replenish the fight against the chronic infection, but also has the potentially dangerous effect of enabling the escape of self-reactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi J Elsaesser
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Mahmood Mohtashami
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Ivan Osokine
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Laura M Snell
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Cameron R Cunningham
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Giselle M Boukhaled
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20824
| | - Juan Carlos Zúñiga-Pflücker
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - David G Brooks
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada;
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8 Canada
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Spatiotemporal regulation of type I interferon expression determines the antiviral polarization of CD4 + T cells. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:321-330. [PMID: 32066949 PMCID: PMC7043938 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0596-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Differentiation of CD4+ T cells into either follicular helper T (TFH) or type 1 helper T (TH1) cells influences the balance between humoral and cellular adaptive immunity, but the mechanisms whereby pathogens elicit distinct effector cells are incompletely understood. Here, we analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamics of CD4+ T cells during infection with recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), which induces early, potent neutralizing antibodies or recombinant lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), which induces a vigorous cellular response, but inefficient neutralizing antibodies, expressing the same T cell epitope. Early exposure of dendritic cells to type I interferon (IFN), which occurred during infection with VSV, induced the production of the cytokine IL-6 and drove TFH cell polarization, while late exposure to type I IFN, which occurred during infection with LCMV, did not induce IL-6 and allowed differentiation into TH1 cells. Thus, tight spatiotemporal regulation of type I IFN shapes antiviral CD4+ T cell differentiation, and might instruct vaccine design strategies.
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38
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Loss of Resistance to Mousepox during Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection Is Associated with Impaired T-Cell Responses and Can Be Rescued by Immunization. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01832-19. [PMID: 31826990 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01832-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that chronic viral infections can cause immune suppression, resulting in increased susceptibility to other infectious diseases. However, the effects of chronic viral infection on T-cell responses and vaccination against highly pathogenic viruses are not well understood. We have recently shown that C57BL/6 (B6) mice lose their natural resistance to wild-type (WT) ectromelia virus (ECTV) when chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13 (CL13). Here we compared the T-cell response to ECTV in previously immunologically naive mice that were chronically infected with CL13 or that were convalescent from acute infection with the Armstrong (Arm) strain of LCMV. Our results show that mice that were chronically infected with CL13 but not those that had recovered from Arm infection have highly defective ECTV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses to WT ECTV. These defects are at least partly due to the chronic infection environment. In contrast to mice infected with WT ECTV, mice chronically infected with CL13 survived without signs of disease when infected with ECTV-Δ036, a mutant ECTV strain that is highly attenuated. Strikingly, mice chronically infected with CL13 mounted a strong CD8+ T-cell response to ECTV-Δ036 and survived without signs of disease after a subsequent challenge with WT ECTV. Our work suggests that enhanced susceptibility to acute viral infections in chronically infected individuals can be partly due to poor T-cell responses but that sufficient T-cell function can be recovered and resistance to acute infection can be restored by immunization with highly attenuated vaccines.IMPORTANCE Chronic viral infections may result in immunosuppression and enhanced susceptibility to infections with other pathogens. For example, we have recently shown that mice chronically infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) clone 13 (CL13) are highly susceptible to mousepox, a disease that is caused by ectromelia virus and that is the mouse homolog of human smallpox. Here we show chronic CL13 infection severely disrupts the expansion, proliferation, activation, and cytotoxicity of T cells in response due at least in part to the suppressive effects of the chronic infection milieu. Notably, despite this profound immunodeficiency, mice chronically infected with CL13 could be protected by vaccination with a highly attenuated variant of ECTV. These results demonstrate that protective vaccination of immunosuppressed individuals is possible, provided that proper immunization tools are used.
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Kuka M, De Giovanni M, Iannacone M. The role of type I interferons in CD4 + T cell differentiation. Immunol Lett 2019; 215:19-23. [PMID: 30771379 PMCID: PMC7234836 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) released upon viral infections play different and opposing roles in disease outcome. This pleiotropic effect is mainly influenced by the cellular sources, timing and target cells for these molecules. The effect of type I IFN signaling on the activation and differentiation of antiviral CD4+ T cells remains ill defined, with studies reporting either a beneficial or a detrimental role, depending on the context of infection. This review will highlight several recent studies that have investigated the role of type I IFNs in the priming and polarization of CD4+ T cells and discuss areas of uncertainty that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirela Kuka
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases and Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Marco De Giovanni
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases and Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, 20132, Italy
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases and Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, 20132, Italy.
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Dagenais-Lussier X, Loucif H, Cadorel H, Blumberger J, Isnard S, Bego MG, Cohen ÉA, Routy JP, van Grevenynghe J. USP18 is a significant driver of memory CD4 T-cell reduced viability caused by type I IFN signaling during primary HIV-1 infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008060. [PMID: 31658294 PMCID: PMC6837632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The loss of Memory CD4 T-cells (Mem) is a major hallmark of HIV-1 immuno-pathogenesis and occurs early during the first months of primary infection. A lot of effort has been put into understanding the molecular mechanisms behind this loss, yet they still have not been fully identified. In this study, we unveil the unreported role of USP18 in the deleterious effects of sustained type I IFN signaling on Mem, including HIV-1-specific CD4 T-cells. We find that interfering with IFN-I signaling pathway in infected patients, notably by targeting the interferon-stimulated gene USP18, resulted in reduced PTEN expression similar to those observed in uninfected control donors. We show that AKT activation in response to cytokine treatment, T-cell receptor (TcR) triggering, as well as HIV-1 Gag stimulation was significantly improved in infected patients when PTEN or USP18 were inhibited. Finally, our data demonstrate that higher USP18 in Mem from infected patients prevent proper cell survival and long-lasting maintenance in an AKT-dependent manner. Altogether, we establish a direct role for type I IFN/USP18 signaling in the maintenance of total and virus-specific Mem and provide a new mechanism for the reduced survival of these populations during primary HIV-1 infection. In this study, we expend our knowledge of how type I interferons (IFN-I) leads to memory CD4 T-cell defective survival by unveiling the molecular mechanism behind such impairments, placing USP18 at its center. Our data further deciphers the specific USP18-related mechanism that is responsible for such impairments by implicating AKT inhibition in a PTEN-dependent manner. Our findings also point to a potential use of neutralizing anti-interferon α/β receptor antibodies to rescue the defective memory CD4 T-cell survival during HIV-1 infection, even in HIV-1 specific CD4 T-cell. To conclude, our findings provide the characterization of the molecular pathway leading to disturbances caused by sustained IFN-I signaling which occurs early during primary HIV-1 infection, complementing current knowledge which placed sustained IFN-I signaling as detrimental to the host during this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Dagenais-Lussier
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Hamza Loucif
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Hugo Cadorel
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Juliette Blumberger
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Glen site, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mariana Gé Bego
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Éric A. Cohen
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Chronic Viral Illness Service and Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Glen site, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Julien van Grevenynghe
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS)-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 boulevard des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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41
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Hope JL, Stairiker CJ, Bae EA, Otero DC, Bradley LM. Striking a Balance-Cellular and Molecular Drivers of Memory T Cell Development and Responses to Chronic Stimulation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1595. [PMID: 31379821 PMCID: PMC6650570 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective adaptive immune responses are characterized by stages of development and maturation of T and B cell populations that respond to disturbances in the host homeostasis in cases of both infections and cancer. For the T cell compartment, this begins with recognition of specific peptides by naïve, antigen-inexperienced T cells that results in their activation, proliferation, and differentiation, which generates an effector population that clears the antigen. Loss of stimulation eventually returns the host to a homeostatic state, with a heterogeneous memory T cell population that persists in the absence of antigen and is primed for rapid responses to a repeat antigen exposure. However, in chronic infections and cancers, continued antigen persistence impedes a successful adaptive immune response and the formation of a stereotypical memory population of T cells is compromised. With repeated antigen stimulation, responding T cells proceed down an altered path of differentiation that allows for antigen persistence, but much less is known regarding the heterogeneity of these cells and the extent to which they can become “memory-like,” with a capacity for self-renewal and recall responses that are characteristic of bona fide memory cells. This review focuses on the differentiation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the context of chronic antigen stimulation, highlighting the central observations in both human and mouse studies regarding the differentiation of memory or “memory-like” T cells. The importance of both the cellular and molecular drivers of memory T cell development are emphasized to better understand the consequences of persisting antigen on T cell fates. Integrating what is known and is common across model systems and patients can instruct future studies aimed at further understanding T cell differentiation and development, with the goal of developing novel methods to direct T cells toward the generation of effective memory populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Hope
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Christopher J Stairiker
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Eun-Ah Bae
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dennis C Otero
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Linda M Bradley
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Type I interferon signaling, regulation and gene stimulation in chronic virus infection. Semin Immunol 2019; 43:101277. [PMID: 31155227 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type I Interferons (IFN-I) mediate numerous immune interactions during viral infections, from the establishment of an antiviral state to invoking and regulating innate and adaptive immune cells that eliminate infection. While continuous IFN-I signaling plays critical roles in limiting virus replication during both acute and chronic infections, sustained IFN-I signaling also leads to chronic immune activation, inflammation and, consequently, immune exhaustion and dysfunction. Thus, an understanding of the balance between the desirable and deleterious effects of chronic IFN-I signaling will inform our quest for IFN-based therapies for chronic viral infections as well as other chronic diseases, including cancer. As such the factors involved in induction, propagation and regulation of IFN-I signaling, from the initial sensing of viral nucleotides within the cell to regulatory downstream signaling factors and resulting IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) have received significant research attention. This review summarizes recent work on IFN-I signaling in chronic infections, and provides an update on therapeutic approaches being considered to counter such infections.
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43
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Langevin C, Boudinot P, Collet B. IFN Signaling in Inflammation and Viral Infections: New Insights from Fish Models. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030302. [PMID: 30917538 PMCID: PMC6466407 DOI: 10.3390/v11030302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The overarching structure of the type I interferon (IFN) system is conserved across vertebrates. However, the variable numbers of whole genome duplication events during fish evolution offer opportunities for the expansion, diversification, and new functionalization of the genes that are involved in antiviral immunity. In this review, we examine how fish models provide new insights about the implication of virus-driven inflammation in immunity and hematopoiesis. Mechanisms that have been discovered in fish, such as the strong adjuvant effect of type I IFN that is used with DNA vaccination, constitute good models to understand how virus-induced inflammatory mechanisms can interfere with adaptive responses. We also comment on new discoveries regarding the role of pathogen-induced inflammation in the development and guidance of hematopoietic stem cells in zebrafish. These findings raise issues about the potential interferences of viral infections with the establishment of the immune system. Finally, the recent development of genome editing provides new opportunities to dissect the roles of the key players involved in the antiviral response in fish, hence enhancing the power of comparative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Langevin
- INRA, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- INRA, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Bertrand Collet
- INRA, Virologie et Immunologie Moléculaires, Université Paris-Saclay, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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44
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Huang Q, Hu J, Tang J, Xu L, Ye L. Molecular Basis of the Differentiation and Function of Virus Specific Follicular Helper CD4 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:249. [PMID: 30828337 PMCID: PMC6384271 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During viral infection, virus-specific follicular helper T cells provide important help to cognate B cells for their survival, consecutive proliferation and mutation and eventual differentiation into memory B cells and antibody-secreting plasma cells. Similar to Tfh cells generated in other conditions, the differentiation of virus-specific Tfh cells can also be characterized as a process involved multiple factors and stages, however, which also exhibits distinct features. Here, we mainly focus on the current understanding of Tfh fate commitment, functional maturation, lineage maintenance and memory transition and formation in the context of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhao Huang
- Cancer Center, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjun Hu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianfang Tang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lifan Xu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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45
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Kahan SM, Zajac AJ. Immune Exhaustion: Past Lessons and New Insights from Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:E156. [PMID: 30781904 PMCID: PMC6410286 DOI: 10.3390/v11020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is a paradigm-forming experimental system with a remarkable track record of contributing to the discovery of many of the fundamental concepts of modern immunology. The ability of LCMV to establish a chronic infection in immunocompetent adult mice was instrumental for identifying T cell exhaustion and this system has been invaluable for uncovering the complexity, regulators, and consequences of this state. These findings have been directly relevant for understanding why ineffective T cell responses commonly arise during many chronic infections including HIV and HCV, as well as during tumor outgrowth. The principal feature of exhausted T cells is the inability to elaborate the array of effector functions necessary to contain the underlying infection or tumor. Using LCMV to determine how to prevent and reverse T cell exhaustion has highlighted the potential of checkpoint blockade therapies, most notably PD-1 inhibition strategies, for improving cellular immunity under conditions of antigen persistence. Here, we discuss the discovery, properties, and regulators of exhausted T cells and highlight how LCMV has been at the forefront of advancing our understanding of these ineffective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Kahan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Allan J Zajac
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Danelli L, Donnarumma T, Kassiotis G. Correlates of Follicular Helper Bias in the CD4 T Cell Response to a Retroviral Antigen. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1260. [PMID: 29951052 PMCID: PMC6008654 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cell differentiation is influenced by a plethora of intrinsic and extrinsic factors, providing the immune system with the ability to tailor its response according to specific stimuli. Indeed, different classes of pathogens may induce a distinct balance of CD4+ T cell differentiation programmes. Here, we report an uncommonly strong bias toward follicular helper (Tfh) differentiation of CD4+ T cells reactive with a retroviral envelope glycoprotein model antigen, presented in its natural context during retroviral infection. Conversely, the response to the same antigen, presented in different immunization regimens, elicited a response typically balanced between Tfh and T helper 1 cells. Comprehensive quantitation of variables known to influence Tfh differentiation revealed the closest correlation with the strength of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling, leading to PD-1 expression, but not with surface TCR downregulation, irrespective of TCR clonotypic avidity. In contrast, strong TCR signaling leading to TCR downregulation and induction of LAG3 expression in high TCR avidity clonotypes restrained CD4+ T cell commitment and further differentiation. Finally, stunted Th1 differentiation, correlating with limited IL-2 availability in retroviral infection, provided permissive conditions for Tfh development, suggesting that Tfh differentiation is the default program of envelope-reactive CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Danelli
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tiziano Donnarumma
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - George Kassiotis
- Retroviral Immunology, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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47
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Greczmiel U, Oxenius A. The Janus Face of Follicular T Helper Cells in Chronic Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1162. [PMID: 29887868 PMCID: PMC5982684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infections with non-cytopathic viruses constitutively expose virus-specific adaptive immune cells to cognate antigen, requiring their numeric and functional adaptation. Virus-specific CD8 T cells are compromised by various means in their effector functions, collectively termed T cell exhaustion. Alike CD8 T cells, virus-specific CD4 Th1 cell responses are gradually downregulated but instead, follicular T helper (TFH) cell differentiation and maintenance is strongly promoted during chronic infection. Thereby, the immune system promotes antibody responses, which bear less immune-pathological risk compared to cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory T cell responses. This emphasis on TFH cells contributes to tolerance of the chronic infection and is pivotal for the continued maturation and adaptation of the antibody response, leading eventually to the emergence of virus-neutralizing antibodies, which possess the potential to control the established chronic infection. However, sustained high levels of TFH cells can also result in a less stringent B cell selection process in active germinal center reactions, leading to the activation of virus-unspecific B cells, including self-reactive B cells, and to hypergammaglobulinemia. This dispersal of B cell help comes at the expense of a stringently selected virus-specific antibody response, thereby contributing to its delayed maturation. Here, we discuss these opposing facets of TFH cells in chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Greczmiel
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Raju S, Kometani K, Kurosaki T, Shaw AS, Egawa T. The adaptor molecule CD2AP in CD4 T cells modulates differentiation of follicular helper T cells during chronic LCMV infection. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007053. [PMID: 29734372 PMCID: PMC5957453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cell-mediated help to CD8 T cells and B cells is a critical arm of the adaptive immune system required for control of pathogen infection. CD4 T cells express cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules that support a sustained CD8 T cell response and also enhance generation of protective antibody by germinal center B cells. However, the molecular components that modulate CD4 T cell functions in response to viral infection or vaccine are incompletely understood. Here we demonstrate that inactivation of the signaling adaptor CD2-associated protein (CD2AP) promotes CD4 T cell differentiation towards the follicular helper lineage, leading to enhanced control of viral infection by augmented germinal center response in chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. The enhanced follicular helper differentiation is associated with extended duration of TCR signaling and enhanced cytokine production of CD2AP-deficient CD4 T cells specifically under TH1 conditions, while neither prolonged TCR signaling nor enhanced follicular helper differentiation was observed under conditions that induce other helper effector subsets. Despite the structural similarity between CD2AP and the closely related adaptor protein CIN85, we observed defective antibody-mediated control of chronic LCMV infection in mice lacking CIN85 in T cells, suggesting non-overlapping and potentially antagonistic roles for CD2AP and CIN85. These results suggest that tuning of TCR signaling by targeting CD2AP improves protective antibody responses in viral infection. Enhancing the production of protective antibodies in response to infection or vaccine is critically important for host protection. However, we have only limited knowledge about molecular targets to enhance functions of CD4 helper T cells that are essential for antibody affinity maturation and class switching. In this work, we found that inhibiting the function of the adaptor molecule CD2AP results in enhanced antibody responses and improved protection of mice from chronic infection by LCMV. Mice lacking CD2AP specifically in T cells showed enhanced CD4 T cell differentiation towards the follicular helper subset, which is a critical regulator of antibody responses, and generated more germinal center B cells leading to production of mutated, protective antibodies. This effect was specific to CD4 T cells in type-I immune responses, associated with viral infection, while deletion of CD2AP had little impact on CD4 T cells in type-II immune responses or CD8 T cells. Our results thus suggest that CD2AP can be a specific target to enhance antiviral protective immunity during viral infection or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saravanan Raju
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kohei Kometani
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kurosaki
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Andrey S. Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Takeshi Egawa
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Devarajan P, Jones MC, Kugler-Umana O, Vong AM, Xia J, Swain SL. Pathogen Recognition by CD4 Effectors Drives Key Effector and Most Memory Cell Generation Against Respiratory Virus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:596. [PMID: 29632538 PMCID: PMC5879149 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Although much is known about the mechanisms by which pathogen recognition drives the initiation of T cell responses, including those to respiratory viruses, the role of pathogen recognition in fate decisions of T cells once they have become effectors remains poorly defined. Here, we review our recent studies that suggest that the generation of CD4 T cell memory is determined by recognition of virus at an effector “checkpoint.” We propose this is also true of more highly differentiated tissue-restricted effector cells, including cytotoxic “ThCTL” in the site of infection and TFH in secondary lymphoid organs. We point out that ThCTL are key contributors to direct viral clearance and TFH to effective Ab response, suggesting that the most protective immunity to influenza, and by analogy to other respiratory viruses, requires prolonged exposure to antigen and to infection-associated signals. We point out that many vaccines used today do not provide such prolonged signals and suggest this contributes to their limited effectiveness. We also discuss how aging impacts effective CD4 T cell responses and how new insights about the response of aged naive CD4 T cells and B cells might hold implications for effective vaccine design for both the young and aged against respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyadharshini Devarajan
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Michael C Jones
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Olivia Kugler-Umana
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Allen M Vong
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Jingya Xia
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Susan L Swain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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Snell LM, Osokine I, Yamada DH, De la Fuente JR, Elsaesser HJ, Brooks DG. Overcoming CD4 Th1 Cell Fate Restrictions to Sustain Antiviral CD8 T Cells and Control Persistent Virus Infection. Cell Rep 2018; 16:3286-3296. [PMID: 27653690 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral persistence specifically inhibits CD4 Th1 responses and promotes Tfh immunity, but the mechanisms that suppress Th1 cells and the disease consequences of their loss are unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the loss of CD4 Th1 cells specifically leads to progressive CD8 T cell decline and dysfunction during viral persistence. Therapeutically reconstituting CD4 Th1 cells restored CD4 T cell polyfunctionality, enhanced antiviral CD8 T cell numbers and function, and enabled viral control. Mechanistically, combined interaction of PD-L1 and IL-10 by suppressive dendritic cell subsets inhibited new CD4 Th1 cells in both acute and persistent virus infection, demonstrating an unrecognized suppressive function for PD-L1 in virus infection. Thus, the loss of CD4 Th1 cells is a key event leading to progressive CD8 T cell demise during viral persistence with important implications for restoring antiviral CD8 T cell immunity to control persistent viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Snell
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Immune Therapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ivan Osokine
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Douglas H Yamada
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Justin Rafael De la Fuente
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Heidi J Elsaesser
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Immune Therapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - David G Brooks
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Immune Therapy Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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