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Eustachio Colombo P, Green R, Nájera Espinosa S, Scarpa G, Saha R, Scheelbeek P. Modelling impacts of a salt and sugar tax on hypothetical intra-category food substitutions, BMI and environmental footprints in the UK population. Eur J Nutr 2024:10.1007/s00394-024-03452-5. [PMID: 38935140 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-024-03452-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Taxes on unhealthy foods can help improve population health in the United Kingdom (UK), but the health effects of food substitutions resulting from these taxes are often unclear. We investigated the potential impacts of a salt and sugar tax on hypothetical intra-category food substitutions, cost, body-mass index (BMI), and environmental footprints. METHODS Purchase panel data from Kantar (2017) were used to determine the most popular foods high in salt or sugar within eight 'salt-intensive'/'sugar-intensive' food categories. Within food categories, the most popular lower salt (≤ 1.5 g salt/100 g product) and lower sugar (≤ 22.5 g sugar/100 g product) substitutes were also identified. Hypothetical swaps between high salt/sugar foods and lower salt/sugar substitutes were explored, focusing on changes to cost, caloric intake and BMI, and environmental impacts in the UK population. RESULTS The suggested intra-category substitutions were largely like-for-like and did not accrue an added overall cost to consumers. The substitutions reduced calorie intake by about 200 kcal/day and lowered the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the UK from approximately 60-65% to about 40-45%. The proposed food substitutions led to a total reduction of -2.7Mt of greenhouse gases, ∼ -500.000 ha of land, -0.5km3 of blue water, -12km3 of scarcity weighted water, ∼ -12.000t of phosphorus, and nearly - 14.000t of sulphur dioxide over one year for the UK population due to reductions in calorie intake. CONCLUSION Food substitutions following a tax on salt and sugar could lead to significant benefits for health and the environment, without necessarily resulting in major changes to people's expenditure on familiar salty and sugary snacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Eustachio Colombo
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Rosemary Green
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sarah Nájera Espinosa
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Giulia Scarpa
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ria Saha
- The Food Foundation, London, SW9 7QD, UK
| | - Pauline Scheelbeek
- Centre on Climate Change and Planetary Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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2
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Belarmino EH, Carfagno M, Kam L, Ifeagwu KC, Nelson ME, Seguin-Fowler RA. Consideration of nutrition and sustainability in public definitions of 'healthy' food: an analysis of submissions to the US FDA. Public Health Nutr 2024; 27:e119. [PMID: 38569921 PMCID: PMC11036447 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980024000636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To better understand how the public defines 'healthy' foods and to determine whether the public considers sustainability, implicitly and explicitly, in the context of healthy eating. DESIGN We conducted a content analysis of public comments submitted to the US FDA in 2016 and 2017 in response to an invitation for feedback on use of the term 'healthy' on food labels. The analysis explored the ways in which commenters' definitions of 'healthy' aligned with the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and whether their definitions considered sustainability. SETTING The US Government's Regulations.gov website. PARTICIPANTS All 1125 unique comments from individuals and organisations. RESULTS Commenters' definitions of 'healthy' generally mirrored the recommendations that the Dietary Guidelines for Americans put forth to promote a 'healthy eating pattern'. Commenters emphasised the healthfulness of fruit, vegetables, whole grains, fish and other minimally processed foods and the need to limit added sugars, sodium, saturated and trans fats and other ingredients sometimes added during processing. One-third of comments (n 374) incorporated at least one dimension of sustainability, mainly the environmental dimension. Commenters who mentioned environmental considerations primarily expressed concerns about synthetic chemicals and genetic modification. Less than 20 % of comments discussed social or economic dimensions of sustainability, and less than 3 % of comments (n 30) used the word 'sustainability' explicitly. CONCLUSIONS This novel analysis provides new information about the public's perceptions of 'healthy' foods relative to nutrition and sustainability considerations. The findings can be used to advance policy discussions regarding nutrition labelling and guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Belarmino
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of
Vermont, 109 Carrigan Drive, Burlington, VT05405, USA
- Gund Institute for Environment, University of
Vermont, 210 Colchester Ave, Burlington, VT05405, USA
| | - Michelle Carfagno
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell
University, Savage Hall, Ithaca, NY14853, USA
| | - Lauren Kam
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell
University, Savage Hall, Ithaca, NY14853, USA
| | - Kene-Chukwu Ifeagwu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell
University, Savage Hall, Ithaca, NY14853, USA
| | - Miriam E Nelson
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy,
Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston,
MA02111, USA
| | - Rebecca A Seguin-Fowler
- Institute for Advancing Health through Agriculture, Texas A&M
AgriLife Research, 1500 Research Parkway, Centeq Building B, College Station,
TX77845, USA
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3
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Lengle JM, Michaelsen Bjøntegaard M, Hauger Carlsen M, Jafarzadeh S, Frost Andersen L. Environmental impact of Norwegian self-selected diets: comparing current intake with national dietary guidelines and EAT-Lancet targets. Public Health Nutr 2024; 27:e100. [PMID: 38523532 PMCID: PMC11010176 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980024000715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dietary environmental impact in a Norwegian adult population was estimated for six environmental impact categories. Moreover, environmental benefits of scenario diets complying with the Norwegian Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDG) and the EAT-Lancet reference diet were assessed. DESIGN The current diet of Norwegian adults was estimated according to 24-h dietary recall data from a national dietary surveillance survey (Norkost 3). Scenario diets were modelled to represent the Norwegian FBDG and the EAT-Lancet healthy reference diet. Dietary environmental impact in terms of global warming potential, freshwater and marine eutrophication, terrestrial acidification, water use and transformation and use of land was estimated for the current and scenario diets using environmental impact data representative of the Norwegian market. Significant associations between impact and gender/educational attainment were assessed at P < 0·05. SETTING Norway. PARTICIPANTS Adults (n=1787) aged 18-70 years who participated in the Norkost 3 survey (2010-2011). RESULTS Environmental impact varied significantly by gender and educational attainment. The food groups contributing most to environmental impact of Norwegian diets were meat, dairy, beverages, grains and composite dishes. Compared with the current Norwegian diet, the FBDG scenario reduced impacts from 2 % (freshwater eutrophication) to 32 % (water use), while the EAT-Lancet scenario reduced impacts from 7 % (marine eutrophication) to 61 % (land use). The EAT-Lancet scenario resulted in 3-48 % larger reductions in impact than the FBDG scenario. CONCLUSIONS The Norwegian FBDG, while not as environmentally friendly as the EAT-Lancet reference diet, can still be an important tool in lessening environmental burden of Norwegian diets.
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Hazley D, Stack M, Kearney JM. Perceptions of healthy and sustainable eating: A qualitative study of Irish adults. Appetite 2024; 192:107096. [PMID: 37890530 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hazley
- School of Biological, Health and Sports Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Mairead Stack
- School of Biological, Health and Sports Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - John M Kearney
- School of Biological, Health and Sports Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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5
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Long Y, Huang L, Fujie R, He P, Chen Z, Xu X, Yoshida Y. Carbon footprint and embodied nutrition evaluation of 388 recipes. Sci Data 2023; 10:794. [PMID: 37949916 PMCID: PMC10638372 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02702-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Food consumption, which delivers fundamental energy and essential nutrients to human beings, is crucial for achieving a series of sustainable goals. Alongside rising population growth and living standards, there has been a significant increase in food cultivation demands, supply chain complexities, and waste management. Therefore, to protect human health and the environment, promoting sustainable food systems and the uptake of sustainable dietary habits are vital. Yet, information on the environmental and health impact of dietary choices remains inconsistent across multiple evaluation methods, which fail to deliver essential ideas to consumers. In this study, we formulate an integrated approach using Environmentally Extended Input-Output analysis, covering the food supply chain from production to the distribution phase, complemented with a hybrid Life Cycle Assessment for cooking and disposal processes, to quantify the carbon footprint of specific recipes. Our dataset also includes the distinct nutritional values of each recipe. This dataset not only informs the food industry and recipe platforms, enabling more sustainable choices, but also helps individuals balance nutritional value with environmental impact, leading to more informed and sustainable dietary decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Long
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Liqiao Huang
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rinakira Fujie
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pan He
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Zhiheng Chen
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Viroli G, Kalmpourtzidou A, Cena H. Exploring Benefits and Barriers of Plant-Based Diets: Health, Environmental Impact, Food Accessibility and Acceptability. Nutrients 2023; 15:4723. [PMID: 38004117 PMCID: PMC10675717 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Unhealthy dietary patterns are directly linked to the current Global Syndemic consisting of non-communicable diseases, undernutrition and climate change. The dietary shift towards healthier and more sustainable plant-based diets is essential. However, plant-based diets have wide intra differences; varying from vegan diets that totally exclude meat and animal products to traditional ones such as the Mediterranean diet and the new Nordic diet. It is acknowledged that plant-based diets may contribute simultaneously to improving population health as well as to decreasing the environmental impact of food systems. Evidence from cohort and randomized-controlled trials suggests that plant-based dietary patterns have beneficial effects on bodyweight control, cardiovascular health and diabetes prevention and treatment. On the other hand, micronutrient requirements may not be met, if some plant-based diets are not well-planned. Additionally, studies showed that lower consumption of meat and animal products results in lower environmental impacts. Consequently, plant-based diets could be a key factor to increase diet sustainability. This narrative review addresses the advantages of adherence to plant-based diets on human and planetary health considering strains and barriers to achieve this dietary transition, including cultural acceptability and affordability factors. Finally, potential intervention and policy recommendations are proposed, focusing on the update of current national food-based dietary guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Viroli
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.K.); (H.C.)
| | - Aliki Kalmpourtzidou
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.K.); (H.C.)
| | - Hellas Cena
- Laboratory of Dietetics and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (A.K.); (H.C.)
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, General Medicine, ICS Maugeri IRCCS, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Fras Z, Jakše B, Kreft S, Malek Ž, Kamin T, Tavčar N, Fidler Mis N. The Activities of the Slovenian Strategic Council for Nutrition 2023/24 to Improve the Health of the Slovenian Population and the Sustainability of Food: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:4390. [PMID: 37892467 PMCID: PMC10610012 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The health status of individuals in Slovenia across age groups is a matter of concern, as current unsustainable lifestyle choices are already leading to various chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Outdated national dietary guidelines, their inconsistent implementation, and a lack of structural changes represent obstacles to promoting healthy and sustainable nutrition. Limited access to and rising prices of healthy, sustainable foods, in addition to the high availability of low-priced, highly processed foods, increase the risk of NCDs. The lack of systematic health monitoring and early disease detection poses a challenge. Global and local environmental issues, resistance, and/or the inability to adopt healthier diets hinder individuals from changing their nutritional behaviours. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of the current situation in Slovenia as well as planned activities initiated by the Slovenian government and the Prime Minister's Strategic Council for Nutrition, aiming to make progress in supporting healthy and sustainable nutrition, limiting food waste, and increasing the availability of healthier foods for all. Improving the sustainability of the Slovenian food system can contribute to several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), ensuring Slovenia's commitment to internationally agreed-upon targets. This could lead Slovenia to take a role as a pilot country in testing and implementing the necessary systemic changes, which could be further applied in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zlatko Fras
- Division of Medicine, Centre for Preventive Cardiology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Samo Kreft
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Žiga Malek
- Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Tanja Kamin
- Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Nika Tavčar
- Umanotera, The Slovenian Foundation for Sustainable Development, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Nataša Fidler Mis
- Ministry of Health, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Division of Paediatrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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8
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Liang J, Wang S, Liu K, Wang J, Zhou J, Liu X, Feng K, Fang C. Agricultural HANPP Embodied in Consumption: Tracing Pressure on Ecosystems Based on an MRIO Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13838-13850. [PMID: 37691429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Agriculture is one of humankind's most significant sources of biomass; it also places tremendous pressure on ecosystems through its increasing demand for agricultural products. However, few studies have assessed human pressures on ecosystems from agricultural production and consumption based on a whole-supply-chain perspective. Based on the concept of human appropriation of net primary productivity (HANPP), we evaluate trends of agricultural HANPP embodied in consumption from a global perspective and trace the pressure from agriculture production that is exerted on the environment using an environmentally extended multiregional input-output (MRIO) model. The results show that agricultural HANPP embodied in consumption accounted for over two-thirds of total HANPP but brought about less than 7% of global value added. India, Brazil, and China were found to have the highest level of agricultural HANPP embodied in consumption. Agricultural net exporters were found to usually be low- and lower-income countries, while net importers are found to be high-income countries. According to the driving factor analysis, high-income and low-income countries should cooperate by adjusting consumption patterns and sharing agricultural technology to alleviate the pressure from agricultural production. Our study highlights the importance of agrarian expertise sharing and the need to develop sustainable and green agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Liang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaojian Wang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangyao Liu
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieyu Wang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiabei Zhou
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Liu
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Kuishuang Feng
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Chuanglin Fang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, People's Republic of China
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Conrad Z, Drewnowski A, Love DC. Greater adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans is associated with lower diet-related greenhouse gas emissions but higher costs. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1220016. [PMID: 37599695 PMCID: PMC10433380 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1220016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Few studies have evaluated the sustainability of popular diet patterns in the US, which limits policy action and impedes consumer efficacy to make sustainable dietary changes. This study filled this gap by evaluating the relationship between diet quality, greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE), and diet cost for plant-based, restricted carbohydrate, low grain, low fat, and time restricted diet patterns. Methods Dietary data were retrieved from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011-2018, n = 8,146) and linked with data on GHGE and food prices from publicly available databases. Diet quality was measured using the Healthy Eating Index-2015. The present study (1) compared the mean diet quality, GHGE, and diet cost between diet patterns, (2) evaluated the association of diet quality to GHGE and diet cost for each diet pattern, and (3) estimated the contribution of food sources to GHGE and diet cost for each diet pattern. Results Higher diet quality was associated with lower GHGE for the general population and for most diet patterns (p < 0.01) except for the plant-based and time restricted diet patterns (p > 0.05). Higher diet quality was associated with higher cost for the general population and for all dietary patterns (p < 0.01) except the time restricted diet pattern (p > 0.05). Protein foods, mostly beef, accounted for the largest share of GHGE (29-40%) and diet cost (28-47%) for all diet patterns except plant-based. Discussion Higher diet quality was associated with lower GHGE but was often accompanied by higher diet cost. These sustainability trade-offs can help inform major policy discussions in the US and shed light on further research needs in the area of food systems transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach Conrad
- Department of Kinesiology, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, United States
- Global Research Institute, William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA, United States
| | - Adam Drewnowski
- Center for Public Health Nutrition, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David C. Love
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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10
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García S, Pastor R, Monserrat-Mesquida M, Álvarez-Álvarez L, Rubín-García M, Martínez-González MÁ, Salas-Salvadó J, Corella D, Goday A, Martínez JA, Alonso-Gómez ÁM, Wärnberg J, Vioque J, Romaguera D, Lopez-Miranda J, Estruch R, Tinahones FJ, Lapetra J, Serra-Majem L, Riquelme-Gallego B, Pintó X, Gaforio JJ, Matía P, Vidal J, Vázquez C, Daimiel L, Ros E, Sayón-Orea C, Guillem-Saiz P, Valle-Hita C, Cabanes R, Abete I, Goicolea-Güemez L, Gómez-Gracia E, Tercero-Maciá C, Colom A, García-Ríos A, Castro-Barquero S, Fernández-García JC, Santos-Lozano JM, Cenoz JC, Barragán R, Khoury N, Castañer O, Zulet MÁ, Vaquero-Luna J, Bes-Rastrollo M, de Las Heras-Delgado S, Ciurana R, Martín-Sánchez V, Tur JA, Bouzas C. Metabolic syndrome criteria and severity and carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions in an adult population. Global Health 2023; 19:50. [PMID: 37443076 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-023-00948-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has become a growing risk factor of some non-communicable diseases. Increase of greenhouse gas emissions affects the planet. AIMS To assess the association between MetS severity and amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted in an adult population. DESIGN Cross-sectional study (n = 6646; 55-76-year-old-men; 60-75-year-old-women with MetS). METHODS Dietary habits were assessed using a pre-validated semi quantitative 143-item food frequency questionnaire. The amount of CO2 emitted due to the production of food consumed by person and day was calculated using a European database, and the severity of the MetS was calculated with the MetS Severity Score. RESULTS Higher glycaemia levels were found in people with higher CO2 emissions. The risk of having high severe MetS was related to high CO2 emissions. CONCLUSIONS Low CO2 emissions diet would help to reduce MetS severity. Advantages for both health and the environment were found following a more sustainable diet. TRIAL REGISTRATION ISRCTN, ISRCTN89898870 . Registered 05 September 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia García
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Research Group on Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, University of the Balearic Islands & CIBEROBN, Guillem Colom Bldg, Campus, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, 07120, Spain
| | - Rosario Pastor
- Research Group on Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, University of the Balearic Islands & CIBEROBN, Guillem Colom Bldg, Campus, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Avila, Avila, 05005, Spain
| | - Margalida Monserrat-Mesquida
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Research Group on Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, University of the Balearic Islands & CIBEROBN, Guillem Colom Bldg, Campus, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, 07120, Spain
| | - Laura Álvarez-Álvarez
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Leon, 24071, Spain
| | - María Rubín-García
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Leon, 24071, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez-González
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, IDISNA, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
| | - Jordi Salas-Salvadó
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department. Human Nutrition Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Reus, 43201, Spain
| | - Dolores Corella
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Albert Goday
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Unit of Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Institut Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
- Departament of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - J Alfredo Martínez
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Cardiometabolics Precision Nutrition Program, IMDEA Food, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
| | - Ángel M Alonso-Gómez
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Araba University Hospital, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 48013, Spain
| | - Julia Wärnberg
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Jesús Vioque
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Avila, Avila, 05005, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández (ISABIAL-UMH), Alicante, 03550, Spain
| | - Dora Romaguera
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, 07120, Spain
| | - José Lopez-Miranda
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Ramon Estruch
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Francisco J Tinahones
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, University of Málaga, Málaga, 29010, Spain
| | - José Lapetra
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Department of Family Medicine, Research Unit, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Lluís Serra-Majem
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, 35016, Spain
| | - Blanca Riquelme-Gallego
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Avila, Avila, 05005, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Xavier Pintó
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Lipids and Vascular Risk Unit, Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08907, Spain
| | - José J Gaforio
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Avila, Avila, 05005, Spain
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Advanced Studies in Olive Grove and Olive Oils, University of Jaen, Jaen, 23071, Spain
| | - Pilar Matía
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Josep Vidal
- Department of Endocrinology, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Clotilde Vázquez
- Department of Endocrinology, Fundación Jiménez-Díaz, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Lidia Daimiel
- Precision Nutrition and Obesity Program.IMDEA Food, Nutritional Control of the Epigenome Group, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Emilio Ros
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Lipid Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Carmen Sayón-Orea
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Navarra Institute of Public Health. Regional Health Service of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Patricia Guillem-Saiz
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Cristina Valle-Hita
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department. Human Nutrition Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Reus, 43201, Spain
| | - Robert Cabanes
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Unit of Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Institut Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Itziar Abete
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
| | - Leire Goicolea-Güemez
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Araba University Hospital, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 48013, Spain
| | - Enrique Gómez-Gracia
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Department of Public Health and Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA), University of Malaga, Málaga, 29010, Spain
| | - Cristina Tercero-Maciá
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, Universidad Miguel Hernández (ISABIAL-UMH), Alicante, 03550, Spain
- Centro Salud Raval, Elche-Alicante, 03203, Spain
| | - Antoni Colom
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, 07120, Spain
| | - Antonio García-Ríos
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Lipids and Atherosclerosis Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Reina Sofia University Hospital, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Córdoba, 14004, Spain
| | - Sara Castro-Barquero
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - José C Fernández-García
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology, Virgen de la Victoria Hospital, University of Málaga, Málaga, 29010, Spain
| | - José Manuel Santos-Lozano
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Department of Family Medicine, Research Unit, Distrito Sanitario Atención Primaria Sevilla, Sevilla, 41013, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Cenoz
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Navarra Regional Health Service, Primary Health Care Services, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rocío Barragán
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, 46100, Spain
| | - Nadine Khoury
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department. Human Nutrition Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Reus, 43201, Spain
| | - Olga Castañer
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Unit of Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Institut Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Zulet
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Food Sciences, and Physiology, Center for Nutrition Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
| | - Jessica Vaquero-Luna
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Osakidetza Basque Health Service, Bioaraba Health Research Institute, Araba University Hospital, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, 48013, Spain
| | - Maira Bes-Rastrollo
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, IDISNA, Pamplona, 31008, Spain
| | - Sara de Las Heras-Delgado
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department. Human Nutrition Unit, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, IISPV, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Reus, 43201, Spain
| | - Ramon Ciurana
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Unit of Cardiovascular Risk and Nutrition, Institut Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica (IMIM), Barcelona, 08003, Spain
| | - Vicente Martín-Sánchez
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of León, Leon, 24071, Spain
| | - Josep A Tur
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain.
- Research Group on Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, University of the Balearic Islands & CIBEROBN, Guillem Colom Bldg, Campus, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, 07120, Spain.
| | - Cristina Bouzas
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, 28029, Spain
- Research Group on Community Nutrition & Oxidative Stress, University of the Balearic Islands & CIBEROBN, Guillem Colom Bldg, Campus, E-07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Palma de Mallorca, 07120, Spain
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11
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Eisenhauer N, Angst G, Asato AEB, Beugnon R, Bönisch E, Cesarz S, Dietrich P, Jurburg SD, Madaj AM, Reuben RC, Ristok C, Sünnemann M, Yi H, Guerra CA, Hines J. The heterogeneity-diversity-system performance nexus. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad109. [PMID: 37575691 PMCID: PMC10423029 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Ever-growing human population and nutritional demands, supply chain disruptions, and advancing climate change have led to the realization that changes in diversity and system performance are intimately linked. Moreover, diversity and system performance depend on heterogeneity. Mitigating changes in system performance and promoting sustainable living conditions requires transformative decisions. Here, we introduce the heterogeneity-diversity-system performance (HDP) nexus as the conceptual basis upon which to formulate transformative decisions. We suggest that managing the heterogeneity of systems will best allow diversity to provide multiple benefits to people. Based on ecological theory, we pose that the HDP nexus is broadly applicable across systems, disciplines, and sectors, and should thus be considered in future decision making as a way to have a more sustainable global future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Gerrit Angst
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
- Institute of Soil Biology and Biogeochemistry, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Sádkách 7, 37005, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ana E B Asato
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Rémy Beugnon
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Universität Leipzig, Stephanstraße 3, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 1919, route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Elisabeth Bönisch
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Simone Cesarz
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Peter Dietrich
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Stephanie D Jurburg
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Madaj
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Rine C Reuben
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Christian Ristok
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Marie Sünnemann
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Huimin Yi
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Carlos A Guerra
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
| | - Jes Hines
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Puschstr. 4, Leipzig 04103Germany
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12
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Li Y, Zhong H, Shan Y, Hang Y, Wang D, Zhou Y, Hubacek K. Changes in global food consumption increase GHG emissions despite efficiency gains along global supply chains. NATURE FOOD 2023:10.1038/s43016-023-00768-z. [PMID: 37322300 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-023-00768-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions related to food consumption complement production-based or territorial accounts by capturing carbon leaked through trade. Here we evaluate global consumption-based food emissions between 2000 and 2019 and underlying drivers using a physical trade flow approach and structural decomposition analysis. In 2019, emissions throughout global food supply chains reached 30 ±9% of anthropogenic GHG emissions, largely triggered by beef and dairy consumption in rapidly developing countries-while per capita emissions in developed countries with a high percentage of animal-based food declined. Emissions outsourced through international food trade dominated by beef and oil crops increased by ~1 Gt CO2 equivalent, mainly driven by increased imports by developing countries. Population growth and per capita demand increase were key drivers to the global emissions increase (+30% and +19%, respectively) while decreasing emissions intensity from land-use activities was the major factor to offset emissions growth (-39%). Climate change mitigation may depend on incentivizing consumer and producer choices to reduce emissions-intensive food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxian Li
- Integrated Research on Energy, Environment and Society (IREES), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Honglin Zhong
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, China
- Institute of Blue and Green Development, Weihai Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, Shandong University, Weihai, China
| | - Yuli Shan
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Ye Hang
- Integrated Research on Energy, Environment and Society (IREES), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- College of Economics and Management & Research Centre for Soft Energy Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Integrated Research on Energy, Environment and Society (IREES), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Yannan Zhou
- Integrated Research on Energy, Environment and Society (IREES), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Klaus Hubacek
- Integrated Research on Energy, Environment and Society (IREES), Energy and Sustainability Research Institute Groningen (ESRIG), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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13
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Venegas Hargous C, Strugnell C, Allender S, Orellana L, Corvalan C, Bell C. Double- and triple-duty actions in childhood for addressing the global syndemic of obesity, undernutrition, and climate change: A scoping review. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13555. [PMID: 36754361 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, undernutrition, and climate change constitute a global syndemic that disproportionately affects vulnerable populations, including children. Double- and triple-duty actions that simultaneously address these pandemics are needed to prevent further health, economic, and environmental consequences. Evidence describing the implementation and evaluation of such actions is lacking. This review summarized the literature on whole-of-population actions targeting children that were designed or adapted to be double or triple duty. Six academic databases were searched (January 2015-March 2021) using terms related to 'children', 'intervention', 'nutrition', 'physical activity', and 'climate change'. Data were extracted from 43/15,475 studies, including six randomized controlled trials. Most (58%) described triple-duty actions targeting food systems in schools such as implementing guidelines for healthier and environmentally sustainable school meals programs, and 51% reported engaging community in the design, implementation, and/or evaluation of actions. Changes in dietary intake, diet composition, greenhouse gas emissions, and food waste were the most frequently reported outcomes and 21 studies (three randomized controlled trials) showed positive double- or triple-duty effects. This review is the first to demonstrate that double- and triple-duty actions for addressing the global syndemic in childhood have been implemented and can have a positive impact on obesity, undernutrition, and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Venegas Hargous
- Global Centre for Preventative Health and Nutrition (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claudia Strugnell
- Global Centre for Preventative Health and Nutrition (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven Allender
- Global Centre for Preventative Health and Nutrition (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Liliana Orellana
- Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Camila Corvalan
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Colin Bell
- Global Centre for Preventative Health and Nutrition (GLOBE), Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.,School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Lincke SJ, Wolf JJ. Dietary modeling of greenhouse gases using OECD meat consumption/retail availability estimates. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.1515/ijfe-2021-0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Research has demonstrated different carbon footprints, based on portion estimations. However, previous estimates are low and often omit the impact of food waste. For example, a high-level of daily meat consumption has been estimated at 100 g, which is less than a typical “quarter pounder” hamburger. We used the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) annual estimates of national retail availability, and applied a mathematical model to prorate other research results to determine a meat portion equal to current OECD statistics, and also projected the diets to 2500 and 3250 kcal, to include consumer and retail waste. Once prorated, the 14 national studies are contrasted and analyzed for reasonableness against OECD data pertaining to U.S., U.K., E.U., vegetarian and vegan diets. We quantify how previous studies underestimated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and show that previous GHG study results for the highest tier most accurately predict average national dietary consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan J. Lincke
- Department of Computer Science , University of Wisconsin-Parkside , 900 Wood Road , Kenosha , WI , USA
| | - Joy J. Wolf
- Department of Geography and Anthropology , University of Wisconsin-Parkside , 900 Wood Road , Kenosha , WI , USA
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15
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Rossi L, Ferrari M, Ghiselli A. The Alignment of Recommendations of Dietary Guidelines with Sustainability Aspects: Lessons Learned from Italy's Example and Proposals for Future Development. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030542. [PMID: 36771249 PMCID: PMC9921064 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to describe the process of the inclusion of sustainability in the Italian Dietary Guidelines (IDGs). In the IDGs' sustainability chapter, particular emphasis was put on the selection of foods, recommending a plant-based diet with a large quota of vegetable proteins. Advice was also given on the selection of local seasonal products, with low growth input, such as fertilizers, artificial light and heating. Reduction of animal food was recommended, to be substituted with lower impact foods (poultry, milk, eggs and Mediterranean fish including aquaculture). Food waste was largely addressed. Recommendations were made for food purchase planning, food storage and the reuse of leftovers as strategies to reduce waste and save money. The IDGs sustainability recommendations were related to the 16 guiding principles of a sustainable healthy diet and their contribution to the achievement of the Sustainable Developing Goals was provided. The inclusion of sustainability in dietary guidelines requires a multidisciplinary approach to cover the wide range of aspects of a sustainable diet. In the IDGs, it was possible to show that practical recommendations for improving sustainability behavior can be passed on to consumers. Methodological aspects for developing recommendations are not definitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rossi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Food and Nutrition (CREA–Food and Nutrition), Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Marika Ferrari
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics—Research Centre for Food and Nutrition (CREA–Food and Nutrition), Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ghiselli
- Italian Society of Food Science and Nutrition, Via Bu Meliana, 00195 Rome, Italy
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16
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Garrett NR, Watkins J, Francis CM, Simmons NB, Ivanova N, Naaum A, Briscoe A, Drinkwater R, Clare EL. Out of thin air: surveying tropical bat roosts through air sampling of eDNA. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14772. [PMID: 37128209 PMCID: PMC10148639 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding roosting behaviour is essential to bat conservation and biomonitoring, often providing the most accurate methods of assessing bat population size and health. However, roosts can be challenging to survey, e.g., physically impossible to access or presenting risks for researchers. Disturbance during monitoring can also disrupt natural bat behaviour and present material risks to the population such as disrupting hibernation cycles. One solution to this is the use of non-invasive monitoring approaches. Environmental (e)DNA has proven especially effective at detecting rare and elusive species particularly in hard-to-reach locations. It has recently been demonstrated that eDNA from vertebrates is carried in air. When collected in semi-confined spaces, this airborne eDNA can provide remarkably accurate profiles of biodiversity, even in complex tropical communities. In this study, we deploy novel airborne eDNA collection for the first time in a natural setting and use this approach to survey difficult to access potential roosts in the neotropics. Using airborne eDNA, we confirmed the presence of bats in nine out of 12 roosts. The identified species matched previous records of roost use obtained from photographic and live capture methods, thus demonstrating the utility of this approach. We also detected the presence of the white-winged vampire bat (Diaemus youngi) which had never been confirmed in the area but was long suspected based on range maps. In addition to the bats, we detected several non-bat vertebrates, including the big-eared climbing rat (Ototylomys phyllotis), which has previously been observed in and around bat roosts in our study area. We also detected eDNA from other local species known to be in the vicinity. Using airborne eDNA to detect new roosts and monitor known populations, particularly when species turnover is rapid, could maximize efficiency for surveyors while minimizing disturbance to the animals. This study presents the first applied use of airborne eDNA collection for ecological analysis moving beyond proof of concept to demonstrate a clear utility for this technology in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina R. Garrett
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Watkins
- School of Biology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Charles M. Francis
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nancy B. Simmons
- Department of Mammalogy, Division of Vertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Amanda Naaum
- Nature Metrics North America Ltd., Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Briscoe
- Nature Metrics Ltd., Surrey Research Park, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie Drinkwater
- Palaeogenomics group, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximillian University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Bezerra IN, Verde SMML, Almeida BDS, de Azevedo CV. Carbon Footprint of Away-From-Home Food Consumption in Brazilian Diet. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16708. [PMID: 36554589 PMCID: PMC9778906 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Environmentally unsustainable diets are often characterized by being high in calories, processed foods, and red meats, characteristics related to away-from-home food (AFHF). The aim of this study is to evaluate if AFHF consumption is related to environmental sustainability. Data of 20,780 adults from 24 h recalls collected in the 2017-2018 Brazilian National Dietary Survey (NDS) were used to estimate carbon footprint coefficients. The mean carbon footprint was estimated among individuals who consumed AFHF and non-consumers. Linear regression models were used to evaluate differences between away-from-home eating and the carbon footprint of the diet, adjusting for age and income. A total of 41% of Brazilians consumed AFHF during the previous day. The mean carbon footprint from foods consumed away from home represented 18% of the total carbon footprint. AFHF was positively associated with increased total carbon footprint (β: 204.1; p-value: 0.0145). In conclusion, the consumption of foods away from home in urban areas of Brazil was associated with atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions independently of age and income. Away-from-home food consumption should be considered to reinforce the influence of diet on individual and planet health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Nogueira Bezerra
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Ceara State University, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Sara Maria Moreira Lima Verde
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Ceara State University, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Bruno de Sousa Almeida
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition and Health, Ceara State University, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700, Fortaleza 60714-903, Brazil
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18
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Kemaloglu M, Öner N, Soylu M. Environmental impacts and diet quality of popular diet models compared to Turkey's national nutrition guidelines. Nutr Diet 2022; 80:183-191. [PMID: 36372900 DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to compare the environmental impacts and diet qualities of popular diet models with the recommendations of the Turkish national dietary guidelines. METHODS Seven-day isocaloric (8368 kJ) diet models were created taking into account the Mediterranean, Atkins (20/40/100), Ornish, Zone diets, and Turkey Dietary Guidelines-2015 recommendations with different food and nutrient contents. Water footprints were evaluated using the global water footprint standards. Greenhouse gas emissions were evaluated using carbon footprint factors compiled as a result of meta-analyses of life cycle analysis studies in the literature. In addition, the quality of diets was evaluated with the Diet Quality Index-International. RESULTS Atkins20 diet model had the most harmful environmental impact (greenhouse gas emissions 8.74 kg CO2 -eq/per/day and total water footprint 7731 L/per/day), whereas Ornish and Mediterranean diet models (greenhouse gas emissions 2.2/3.07 kg CO2 -eq/per/day and total water footprints 3184/3675 L/per/day, respectively) had less harmful environmental impact. The highest Diet Quality Index-International score was in the Ornish diet model while the lowest Diet Quality Index-International was in the Atkins20 diet model. CONCLUSION Ornish and Mediterranean diet models had less harmful environmental impacts, which contributed to sustainable nutrition. The importance of diet quality and environmental impacts should be kept in mind when evaluating diet models to ensure sustainable nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neslihan Öner
- Faculty of Health Sciences Erciyes University Kayseri Turkey
| | - Meltem Soylu
- Faculty of Health Sciences Biruni University Istanbul Turkey
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19
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Li J, Chen Y, Cai K, Fu J, Ting T, Chen Y, Folberth C, Liu Y. A high-resolution nutrient emission inventory for hotspot identification in the Yangtze River Basin. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 321:115847. [PMID: 35981504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A high-resolution nutrient emission inventory can provide reliable and accurate identification of priority control areas, which is crucial for efficient decisions on water quality restoration. However, the inventories widely used in large-scale modeling are usually based on provincial inputs, which induce the challenges of lacking localized parameters and missing localized characteristic when provincial scale inputs are converted to finer scales with the down-scale methods. Based on elaborate investigations and statistical data at the county scale with multi-scale data conversion, the China Emission Inventory of Nutrients (CEIN) was developed with a spatial resolution of a 0.1° grid and sub-basin scales. The Yangtze River Basin was used as a case study to illustrate the potential applications of CEIN. The emissions of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) of Yangtze River Basin is 0.43 Mt and 0.04 Mt for point sources, 11.09 Mt and 4.64 Mt for diffuse sources in 2017. The hotspot analysis for 2606 sub-basins indicated that cropland is the key source of nutrient emissions, accounting for 58.88% and 79.15% of TN and TP, respectively. Industrial sewage and freshwater aquaculture accounted for 27.39% (TN) and 21.98% (TP) of the point sources, which is substantial due to their direct discharge into surface waters. The current results also reveal that, in contrast to CEIN, the previously used common emission factors based on GDP per capita produced considerable overestimations of 2.37 and 2.65 times the actual TN and TP emissions, respectively. Additional advantages of the CEIN have been demonstrated in identifying priority control areas more accurately with reduced bias and quantifying the effects of policies at much smaller scales. For example, the CEIN helps to distinguish hotspots, which was neglected when identifying sources at the level-III sub-basin scale, and indicates that the management of fractional areas (TN: 16.97%; TP: 13.44%) provides the highest nutrient emissions control (TN: 44.34%; TP: 48.65%) for the entire basin. The evaluation of China's toilet revolution policy demonstrates that achieving equitable access to safe sanitation has resulted in a reduction of 7240 t of TN and 833 t of TP, which is extremely critical for rural water quality and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincheng Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yan Chen
- United Center for Eco-Environment in Yangtze River Economic Belt, Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Kaikui Cai
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jiaxing Fu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Tang Ting
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1 - A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria.
| | - Yihui Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Management of Plateau Lake-Watershed, Kunming, 650034, China
| | - Christian Folberth
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Schlossplatz 1 - A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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20
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Sun Z, Scherer L, Zhang Q, Behrens P. Adoption of plant-based diets across Europe can improve food resilience against the Russia-Ukraine conflict. NATURE FOOD 2022; 3:905-910. [PMID: 37118215 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-022-00634-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Crises related to extreme weather events, COVID-19 and the Russia-Ukraine conflict have revealed serious problems in global food (inter)dependency. Here we demonstrate that a transition towards the EAT-Lancet's planetary health diet in the European Union and the United Kingdom alone would almost compensate for all production deficits from Russia and Ukraine while yielding improvements in blue water use (4.1 Gm3 yr-1), greenhouse gas emissions (0.22 GtCO2e yr-1) and carbon sequestration (17.4 GtCO2e).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiao Sun
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Laura Scherer
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
- Academy of Global Food Economics and Policy, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Paul Behrens
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.
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21
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Targeted formulation of plant-based protein-foods: Supporting the food system’s transformation in the context of human health, environmental sustainability and consumer trends. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Chen C, Chaudhary A, Mathys A. Dietary Change and Global Sustainable Development Goals. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.771041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Food production for human consumption is a leading cause of environmental damage in the world and yet over two billion people suffer from malnutrition. Several studies have presented evidence that changes in dietary patterns across the world can lead to win-win outcomes for environmental and social sustainability and can complement ongoing technological and policy efforts to improve the efficiency of agricultural production. However, the existing evidence have been compiled in “silos” by a large range of researchers across several disciplines using different indicators. The aim of this quantitative review is to bring together the existing knowledge on heterogeneity of current dietary patterns across the world and how a transition toward healthy diets in different countries can aid in progress toward multiple global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). We first summarize the nutritional quality, economic cost, and environmental footprint of current diets of over 150 countries using multiple indicators. Next, we review which shifts in dietary patterns across different world regions can help toward achievement of SDG2 (Zero hunger), SDG3 (Good health and wellbeing), SDG 6 (Clean water and sanitation), SDG13 (Climate action), SDG14 (Life below water), and SDG15 (Life on land). Finally, we briefly discuss how to enable the shift toward sustainable dietary patterns and identify the research and data gaps that need to be filled through future efforts. Our analysis reveals that dietary change is necessary in all countries as each one has unique priorities and action items. For regions such as Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, increased intake of nutrient dense foods is needed to address deficiency of essential nutrients like folate, potassium, and vitamin A. For North America and Europe, shifting toward more plant-based diets would be healthier and simultaneously reduce the per capita environmental footprints. The results can be useful for policymakers in designing country-specific strategies for adoption of sustainable dietary behaviors and for food industry to ensure the supply of sustainable food items customized with regions' need.
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23
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Xiong C, Su W, Li H, Guo Z. Influencing mechanism of non-CO 2 greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation strategies of livestock sector in developed regions of eastern China: a case study of Jiangsu province. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:39937-39947. [PMID: 35113381 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The livestock sector not only provides people with meat, eggs, milk, and other nutrients but also causes a large number of non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions. It is urgent to explore the influence mechanism of non-CO2 greenhouse gas emission from the livestock sector and formulate effective mitigation strategies. Taking Jiangsu province as an example, we analyzed the influencing factors of non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions from the livestock sector based on sources and modified the STIRPAT (stochastic impact by regression on population, affluence, and technology) model, proposed the directions, designed the generally circular path, and determined the focus of non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions reduction from the livestock sector. The results demonstrated: (1) the top priority of emission reduction of livestock sector in Jiangsu province was the reasonable treatment of manure produced by livestock (non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions from manure had accounted for more than 60% of the total emissions from the livestock sector since 2007.), and the core was pig manure management (the CH4 and N2O emissions from pig manure accounted for more than 90 and 50% of the total CH4 and N2O emissions from all livestock manure, respectively). (2) The decrease of the agricultural population, the increase of livestock output value per capita of the agricultural population, and the improvement of livestock carbon productivity all reduced non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions of the livestock sector. For every 1% decrease in agricultural population, for every 1% increase in livestock carbon productivity and livestock output value per capita of the agricultural population, non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions from the livestock sector would be reduced by 0.0859%, 0.1748%, and 0.0400%, respectively. (3) To construct and improve the low carbon industrial chain of the livestock sector, to promote low carbon technology research and development and introduction are two focuses for non-CO2 greenhouse gas emission reduction in the livestock sector. The research can provide a basis for non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions reduction from the livestock sector in China, especially in the developed eastern regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhe Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Weizhong Su
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Hengpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
| | - Zheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography & Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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24
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The global food environment transition based on the socio-demographic index. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2022.100632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Wang J, Sun S, Yin Y, Wang K, Sun J, Tang Y, Zhao J. Water-Food-Carbon Nexus Related to the Producer-Consumer Link: A Review. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:938-952. [PMID: 35254401 PMCID: PMC9156389 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clarifying the water-food-carbon nexus is key to promoting the harmonious development of human society and environmental resources. The sustainable development of agricultural production systems is being challenged by water scarcity and climate change. Crop growth and irrigation consume large amounts of water, and greenhouse gases are generated due to processes such as fertilizer application and enteric fermentation. These environmental impacts accompany the agricultural production process and are thus embedded in the entire life cycle of diverse food items; in turn, consumers' food choices indirectly impact water consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Reducing agricultural water consumption and greenhouse gas emissions during food production have become crucial issues in mitigating the projected water, climate, and food crises. From the consumer's perspective, diets vary regionally due to different natural conditions for food production and varying socioeconomic and income levels. This review delves into the interactions between diet and its potential environmental impacts, including water consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, in order to support further development of the water-food-carbon nexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China.,Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Regions of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China.,College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China
| | - Shikun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China.,Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Regions of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China.,College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China
| | - Yali Yin
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China.,Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Regions of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China.,College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China
| | - Kaixuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China.,Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Regions of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China.,College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China
| | - Jingxin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China.,Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Regions of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China.,College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China
| | - Yihe Tang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China.,Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Regions of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China.,College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China
| | - Jinfeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Soil and Water Engineering in Arid and Semiarid Areas, Ministry of Education, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China.,Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Regions of China, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China.,College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, China
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Strengthening Food Systems Governance to Achieve Multiple Objectives: A Comparative Instrumentation Analysis of Food Systems Policies in Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14106139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Political leaders from around the world are demonstrating interest in adopting food policies that account for the economic, health, social and environmental dimensions of food. In the Pacific Islands, decades of experience in implementing multisectoral NCD and climate policy has indicated that operationalising food systems policies will be challenging. We aimed to identify opportunities for food systems sectors to more strongly promote nutrition and environmental sustainability in addition to economic objectives. We conducted a comparative documentary analysis of 37 food systems sector policies in Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands. We applied theories of agenda- setting to examine how the frames employed by different sectors, and evident in policy content, shaped policy priorities and activities. We identified a predominately economic framing of issues affecting food systems sectors. Though there were clear policy aims to produce enough food to meet population dietary requirements and to promote an environmentally resilient food supply, aims operationalised more predominately through policy content were those that increase the contribution of productive sectors to food exports and import substitution. Food systems sectors in the Pacific Islands have clear aims to promote nutritious and environmentally resilient food systems, but policy instruments could more strongly reflect these aims.
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27
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Rossi L, Berni Canani S, Censi L, Gennaro L, Leclercq C, Scognamiglio U, Sette S, Ghiselli A. The 2018 Revision of Italian Dietary Guidelines: Development Process, Novelties, Main Recommendations, and Policy Implications. Front Nutr 2022; 9:861526. [PMID: 35399680 PMCID: PMC8990302 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.861526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fourth edition of the Italian Dietary Guidelines (IDGs) for Healthy Eating was published in 2019. The objective of this paper is to describe the developmental process of IDGs, the main recommendations, the differences with previous revisions, and the concordance and differences with international guidance on a healthy diet. A National Commission oversaw IDG development. A Scientific Dossier (SD), including analysis on nutrition, health, and risk factors status in Italy, was the reference for IDGs preparation. The IDGs are based on the principles of the Mediterranean Diet and are mainly aimed to prevent obesity and nutrition-related non-communicable diseases. The IDGs included 13 directives that were divided into four conceptual blocks: i) how to balance weight; ii) foods to be promoted; iii) foods to be limited; and iv) how to ensure a varied and sustainable diet. Each directive has a box summarizing the key recommendation, myths lists, and false beliefs to be dispelled. The topics of sustainability and the correct approach to food supplementation and weight-loss diet were introduced in the present edition of IDGs. This paper contributes to the debate on the complexity of derivation of Dietary Guidelines and their adaptation to the national context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rossi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Center for Food and Nutrition (CREA - Food and Nutrition), Rome, Italy
| | - Sibilla Berni Canani
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Center for Food and Nutrition (CREA - Food and Nutrition), Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Censi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Center for Food and Nutrition (CREA - Food and Nutrition), Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Gennaro
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Center for Food and Nutrition (CREA - Food and Nutrition), Rome, Italy
| | - Catherine Leclercq
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Center for Food and Nutrition (CREA - Food and Nutrition), Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Scognamiglio
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Center for Food and Nutrition (CREA - Food and Nutrition), Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Sette
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Center for Food and Nutrition (CREA - Food and Nutrition), Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ghiselli
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics - Research Center for Food and Nutrition (CREA - Food and Nutrition), Rome, Italy
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Abstract
The food system’s negative impact on biodiversity is increasing over time. Conserving biodiversity requires immediate and widespread action to reduce the biodiversity footprint of food consumption, but biodiversity has historically been neglected in sustainability assessments. We combine high-resolution estimates of the biodiversity footprint with food system scenario modeling to predict the consequences of two key food system sustainability actions in the United States: diet shifts and food waste reduction. Taking these actions may benefit biodiversity in some places and harm it in others. The results of this study can help decision makers understand the trade-offs we must navigate to balance human health, economics, and environmental sustainability and help consumers understand how their diets and food waste behaviors influence global biodiversity. Diet shifts and food waste reduction have the potential to reduce the land and biodiversity footprint of the food system. In this study, we estimated the amount of land used to produce food consumed in the United States and the number of species threatened with extinction as a result of that land use. We predicted potential changes to the biodiversity threat under scenarios of food waste reduction and shifts to recommended healthy and sustainable diets. Domestically produced beef and dairy, which require vast land areas, and imported fruit, which has an intense impact on biodiversity per unit land, have especially high biodiversity footprints. Adopting the Planetary Health diet or the US Department of Agriculture (USDA)–recommended vegetarian diet nationwide would reduce the biodiversity footprint of food consumption. However, increases in the consumption of foods grown in global biodiversity hotspots both inside and outside the United States, especially fruits and vegetables, would partially offset the reduction. In contrast, the USDA-recommended US-style and Mediterranean-style diets would increase the biodiversity threat due to increased consumption of dairy and farmed fish. Simply halving food waste would benefit global biodiversity more than half as much as all Americans simultaneously shifting to a sustainable diet. Combining food waste reduction with the adoption of a sustainable diet could reduce the biodiversity footprint of US food consumption by roughly half. Species facing extinction because of unsustainable food consumption practices could be rescued by reducing agriculture's footprint; diet shifts and food waste reduction can help us get there.
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Baur I, Stylianou KS, Ernstoff A, Hansmann R, Jolliet O, Binder CR. Drivers and Barriers Toward Healthy and Environmentally Sustainable Eating in Switzerland: Linking Impacts to Intentions and Practices. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.808521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Food consumption is among the activities with the most significant environmental impacts, and furthermore contributes to rising health costs. We explored the factors that foster or hinder healthy and sustainable eating in Switzerland. Based on an online household survey with 620 respondents, we first determined the disability adjusted life years and greenhouse gas impacts associated with individuals' dietary habits to measure healthy and environmentally sustainable eating. We then relate the nutritional health and environmental impacts to individual's intentions, and explore what interpersonal and societal factors foster or hinder healthy and sustainable eating. Results suggest that intentions for healthy eating are stronger than intentions to eat environmentally sustainable and that intentions for healthy eating transmit better into behavior than intentions for environmentally sustainable eating. Males and females had similar intentions but males showed substantially higher dietary related health impacts with 12 min of healthy life lost per day and 14% higher carbon footprint than females. Furthermore, vegan and vegetarian diets yielded very high nutritional health benefits of >23 min of healthy life gained per person and day, mostly realized through the reduced intake in processed and red meat and increased consumption of nuts, wholegrain, and to a lesser extent in fruits and vegetables. Meatless diets show concurrent high reductions in the carbon footprint of −42% for vegetarians and −67% for vegan. A key obstacle to healthier and more environmentally sustainable eating is that people do not recognize the high nutritional and environmental co benefits of vegetarian and vegan diets. This suggests that policies promoting healthy eating can target factors affecting intentions, while measures targeting environmentally sustainable eating should aim at overcoming the intention behavior gap, by informing on e.g. the importance of reducing meat consumption toward environmental sustainability.
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30
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Cambeses-Franco C, González-García S, Feijoo G, Moreira MT. Driving commitment to sustainable food policies within the framework of American and European dietary guidelines. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150894. [PMID: 34653446 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diet and nutrition are essential factors in promoting good health throughout life. Their role as determinants of chronic non-communicable diseases is widely recognized. Additionally, the demand for food involves relevant environmental burdens that have to be taken into account on the way to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. As an important part of nutrition policy, food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) have been revised. The key question is: Are environmental considerations being incorporated into them? To address this issue, we modeled and compared both the main environmental indicators in terms of carbon footprint (CF) and water footprint (WF), and nutritional quality (according to the Nutrient Rich Diet index, NRD9.3 and a health gain score) of dietary guidelines from Northern and Southern Europe and America. Particularly, the FBDGs compared were Dutch Dietary Guidelines (DDG), New Nordic Diet (NND), Spanish Strategy for Nutrition, Physical Activity and Obesity Prevention (NAOS), Mediterranean Diet (MD), Italian Dietary Guidelines (IDG) and American Dietary Guidelines (DGA). The IDG and MD offered the best profiles from a climate change perspective (2.04 and 2.21 kgCO2eq·day-1). Overall, DGA had the highest CF (2.98 kgCO2eq·day-1). WF presented greater fluctuations, not only due to daily-recommended amounts, but also because of different climate conditions and production systems of the reference countries. Hence, WF ranged from 1760 L·person-1·day-1 in IDG to 3181 L·person-1·day-1 in NAOS. Finally, the nutritional value of MD, which had the highest NRD9.3 (477) and health gain score (178), has been demonstrated when the comparison was made with DDG, the one with the lowest health gain score (97) and DGA, the worst in terms of NRD9.3 (391). To go ahead of the FBDGs that bet on all dimensions of sustainability, multi-criteria analysis is needed. Nutrition and environmental performance are not the only aspects of the problem; economy and sociocultural variables should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cambeses-Franco
- CRETUS Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Sara González-García
- CRETUS Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gumersindo Feijoo
- CRETUS Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Teresa Moreira
- CRETUS Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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31
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Perignon M, Darmon N. Advantages and limitations of the methodological approaches used to study dietary shifts towards improved nutrition and sustainability. Nutr Rev 2022; 80:579-597. [PMID: 35142357 PMCID: PMC8829675 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acting on diet is one of the changes required - in combination with actions on food production, transformation, and waste - to address the challenges of reducing the environmental impact of our food systems and eliminating all forms of malnutrition. The number of studies exploring how to move towards a more sustainable diet has exploded over the past decades, but there is a need to facilitate their understanding and use by policy makers and all other stakeholders possibly influencing diet sustainability. The aim of the present article is to propose a categorization of studies into 4 approaches, based on the type of methodology used to explore diet sustainability, and to highlight the principles, advantages, and limitations of each approach in order to help study users in their interpretation. The 4 approaches are: assessment of sustainability characteristics of hypothetical diets (approach 1) or existing diets (approach 2), identification of existing "positive deviants" (approach 3), and design of more sustainable diets with constrained optimization (approach 4). Specificities and key findings drawn from each approach are described, and challenges for future studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Perignon
- MoISA, Université de Montpellier, CIHEAM-IAMM, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicole Darmon
- MoISA, Université de Montpellier, CIHEAM-IAMM, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
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32
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Arrieta EM, Fischer CG, Aguiar S, Geri M, Fernández RJ, Coquet JB, Scavuzzo CM, Rieznik A, León A, González AD, Jobbágy EG. The health, environmental, and economic dimensions of future dietary transitions in Argentina. SUSTAINABILITY SCIENCE 2022:1-17. [PMID: 35069916 PMCID: PMC8760564 DOI: 10.1007/s11625-021-01087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Diets link human health with environmental sustainability, offering promising pressure points to enhance the sustainability of food systems. We investigated the health, environmental, and economic dimensions of the current diet in Argentina and the possible effects of six dietary change scenarios on nutrient adequacy, dietary quality, food expenditure, and six environmental impact categories (i.e., GHG emissions, total land occupation, cropland use, fossil energy use, freshwater consumption, and the emission of eutrophying pollutants). Current dietary patterns are unhealthy, unsustainable, and relatively expensive, and all things being equal, an increase in income levels would not alter the health dimension, but increase environmental impacts by 33-38%, and costs by 38%. Compared to the prevailing diet, the six healthier diet alternatives could improve health with an expenditure between + 27% (National Dietary Guidelines) to -5% (vegan diet) of the current diet. These dietary changes could result in trade-offs between different environmental impacts. Plant-based diets showed the lowest overall environmental impact, with GHG emissions and land occupation reduced by up to 79% and 88%, respectively, without significant changes in cropland demand. However, fossil energy use and freshwater consumption could increase by up to 101% and 220%, respectively. The emission of eutrophying pollutants could increase by up to 54% for all healthy diet scenarios, except for the vegan one (18% decrease). We conclude that the health and environmental crisis that Argentina (and other developing countries) currently face could be mitigated by adopting healthy diets (particularly plant-based), bringing in the process benefits to both people and nature. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11625-021-01087-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel M. Arrieta
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET y Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carlos González Fischer
- New Zealand Agricultural Greenhouse Gas Research Centre (NZAGRC), Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Sebastian Aguiar
- Laboratorio de Análisis Regional y Teledetección (LART), Facultad de Agronomía, Instituto de Investigaciones Fisiológicas y Ecológicas Vinculadas a la Agricultura (IFEVA), Universidad de Buenos Aires–CONICET, Av. San Martín 4453, C1417DSE Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Milva Geri
- Departamento de Economía y Departamento de Matemática de la Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales del Sur (IIESS)-CONICET, Bahía Blanca, 8000 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto J. Fernández
- Facultad de Agronomía, Cátedra de Ecología e IFEVA-CONICET, Universidad de BuenosAires, 1417 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Julia Becaria Coquet
- Escuela de Nutrición, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Carlos M. Scavuzzo
- Instituto de Altos Estudios Espaciales “Mario Gulich” CONAE, UNC, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andres Rieznik
- Instituto de Neurociencias Cognitivas y Traslacionales (INCYT) CONICET-Fundación INECO y Universidad Favaloro, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alberto León
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos Córdoba, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av Filloy s/n, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alejandro D. González
- Instituto Andino-Patagónico de Tecnologías Biológicas y Geoambientales (IPATEC), CONICET y Universidad Nacional del Comahue, 8400 Bariloche, Río Negro Argentina
| | - Esteban G. Jobbágy
- Grupo de Estudios Ambientales, CONICET, IMASL, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Ejército de los Andes 950, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
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Taylor JC, Allman-Farinelli M, Chen J, Gauglitz JM, Hamideh D, Jankowska MM, Johnson AJ, Rangan A, Spruijt-Metz D, Yang JA, Hekler E. Perspective: A Framework for Addressing Dynamic Food Consumption Processes. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:992-1008. [PMID: 34999744 PMCID: PMC9340970 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmab156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of food consumption, diet, and related concepts is motivated by diverse goals, including understanding why food consumption impacts our health, and why we eat the foods we do. These varied motivations can make it challenging to define and measure consumption, as it can be specified across nearly infinite dimensions-from micronutrients to carbon footprint to food preparation. This challenge is amplified by the dynamic nature of food consumption processes, with the underlying phenomena of interest often based on the nature of repeated interactions with food occurring over time. This complexity underscores a need to not only improve how we measure food consumption but is also a call to support theoreticians in better specifying what, how, and why food consumption occurs as part of processes, as a prerequisite step to rigorous measurement. The purpose of this Perspective article is to offer a framework, the consumption process framework, as a tool that researchers in a theoretician role can use to support these more robust definitions of consumption processes. In doing so, the framework invites theoreticians to be a bridge between practitioners who wish to measure various aspects of food consumption and methodologists who can develop measurement protocols and technologies that can support measurement when consumption processes are clearly defined. In the paper we justify the need for such a framework, introduce the consumption process framework, illustrate the framework via a use case, and discuss existing technologies that enable the use of this framework and, by extension, more rigorous study of consumption. This consumption process framework demonstrates how theoreticians could fundamentally shift how food consumption is defined and measured towards more rigorous study of what, how, and why food is eaten as part of dynamic processes and a deeper understanding of linkages between behavior, food, and health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Juliana Chen
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julia M Gauglitz
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dina Hamideh
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Marta M Jankowska
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Abigail J Johnson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Anna Rangan
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Donna Spruijt-Metz
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jiue-An Yang
- Department of Population Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Eric Hekler
- The Design Lab, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA,Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
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Sun Z, Scherer L, Tukker A, Spawn-Lee SA, Bruckner M, Gibbs HK, Behrens P. Dietary change in high-income nations alone can lead to substantial double climate dividend. NATURE FOOD 2022; 3:29-37. [PMID: 37118487 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-021-00431-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
A dietary shift from animal-based foods to plant-based foods in high-income nations could reduce greenhouse gas emissions from direct agricultural production and increase carbon sequestration if resulting spared land was restored to its antecedent natural vegetation. We estimate this double effect by simulating the adoption of the EAT-Lancet planetary health diet by 54 high-income nations representing 68% of global gross domestic product and 17% of population. Our results show that such dietary change could reduce annual agricultural production emissions of high-income nations' diets by 61% while sequestering as much as 98.3 (55.6-143.7) GtCO2 equivalent, equal to approximately 14 years of current global agricultural emissions until natural vegetation matures. This amount could potentially fulfil high-income nations' future sum of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) obligations under the principle of equal per capita CDR responsibilities. Linking land, food, climate and public health policy will be vital to harnessing the opportunities of a double climate dividend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxiao Sun
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
- College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Laura Scherer
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Arnold Tukker
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research TNO, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Seth A Spawn-Lee
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Martin Bruckner
- Institute for Ecological Economics, Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria
| | - Holly K Gibbs
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Paul Behrens
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Leiden University College The Hague, The Hague, the Netherlands
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35
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Song L, Cai H, Zhu T. Large-Scale Microanalysis of U.S. Household Food Carbon Footprints and Reduction Potentials. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15323-15332. [PMID: 34729979 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Promoting sustainable food consumption is critical to meet the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals. The existing research using average diets and the individual one-day diet recall data to obtain insights into food carbon footprints (CFs) may neglect the diverse food purchasing patterns in different households (HHs). In this paper, we analyzed detailed grocery shopping records of 57,578 U.S. HHs to evaluate the associated food CFs. The cradle-to-farm-gate CFs of 83 food items were calculated using a process-based life cycle assessment model adapted to the U.S. condition. Using the CF of a healthy and sustainable diet as the benchmark, we quantified the CF reduction potentials for each HH. Our results suggest three key strategies to reduce HH food CFs: (1) lowering the over-purchasing in small (one- or two-person) HHs can achieve two-thirds of the recognized carbon emission reduction potentials; (2) reducing the intake of snacks, ready-made food, and drinks leads to as much as, if not more, carbon emission reduction than changing diets; and (3) more attention needs to be paid to reduce the carbon intensity of food items with large purchased volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Song
- Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Hua Cai
- Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ting Zhu
- Krannert School of Management, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Abstract
AbstractFood systems that deliver healthy diets without exceeding the planet’s resources are essential to achieve the worlds’ ambitious development goals. Healthy diets need to be safe, accessible, and affordable for all, including for disadvantaged and nutritionally vulnerable groups such as of smallholder producers, traders, and consumers in low- and middle-income countries. Globally, food systems are experiencing rapid and drastic changes and are failing to fulfil these multiple duties simultaneously. The international community therefore calls for rigorous food systems transformations and policy solutions to support the achievement of healthy diets for all. Most strategies, however, are essentially supply- and market-oriented. Incorporation of a healthy diet perspective in food system transformation is essential to enable food systems to deliver not only on supplying nutritious foods but also on ensuring that consumers have access can afford and desire healthy, sustainable, and culturally acceptable diets. This paper argues that this should be guided by information on diets, dietary trends, consumer motives, and food environment characteristics. Transformational approaches and policies should also take into account the stage of food system development requiring different strategies to ensure healthier diets for consumers. We review current knowledge on drivers of consumer choices at the individual and food environment level with special emphasis on low- and middle income countries, discuss the converging and conflicting objectives that exist among multiple food-system actors, and argue that failure to strengthen synergies and resolve trade-offs may lead to missed opportunities and benefits, or negative unintended consequences in food system outcomes. The paper proposes a menu of promising consumer- and food-environment- oriented policy options to include in the food systems transformation agenda in order to shift LMIC consumer demand towards healthier diets in low- and middle income countries.
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37
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He P, Feng K, Baiocchi G, Sun L, Hubacek K. Shifts towards healthy diets in the US can reduce environmental impacts but would be unaffordable for poorer minorities. NATURE FOOD 2021; 2:664-672. [PMID: 37117464 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-021-00350-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Environmental implications of food choice are the focus of increasingly extensive research, but less is known about the impacts of dietary patterns of different socio-economic groups of a country, and the trade-offs between nutritional quality and environmental impacts of diet within those groups. We evaluate the impacts of US household dietary patterns on greenhouse gas emissions, blue water footprint, land use and energy consumption across supply chains using an environmentally extended input-output analysis. We compare the nutritional quality of these dietary patterns using healthy eating index scores across individuals' income and other socio-economic characteristics. Individuals with higher income or education levels are more likely to adopt healthier diets but are also responsible for larger environmental impacts of diet primarily due to a higher consumption of dairy and livestock products, seafood and items with lower energy density but higher nutrient density. Our optimization shows that a healthy diet with lower environmental impacts is achievable within current food budgets for almost 95% of people, and results in average decreases of 2% in food-related greenhouse gas emissions, 24% in land use and 4% in energy consumption, but a 28% increase in blue water consumption. However, such dietary patterns are unaffordable for 38% of Black and Hispanic individuals in the lowest income and education groups. Policies that affect income and food prices making nutritious food more affordable would be needed to achieve better nutrition and improved environmental outcomes simultaneously, particularly for more vulnerable socio-economic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan He
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Kuishuang Feng
- Department of Geographical Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Giovanni Baiocchi
- Department of Geographical Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Laixiang Sun
- Department of Geographical Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- School of Finance & Management, SOAS University of London, London, UK
| | - Klaus Hubacek
- Integrated Research on Energy, Environment and Society (IREES), University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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38
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Steenson S, Buttriss JL. Healthier and more sustainable diets: What changes are needed in high‐income countries? NUTR BULL 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Yin J, Zhang X, Huang W, Liu L, Zhang Y, Yang D, Hao Y, Chen Y. The potential benefits of dietary shift in China: Synergies among acceptability, health, and environmental sustainability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 779:146497. [PMID: 33752013 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The transition to a healthier diet recommended by national dietary guidelines in China may not achieve sufficient environmental benefits. This study assesses China's potential of transforming into a sustainable diet and the trade-offs among reducing food-related environmental impacts, improving nutritional quality and respecting eating habits. We used multi-objective optimization to build optimized scenarios, with the lowest environmental footprint and greatest acceptability (i.e., with the minimum departure from the currently observed diet) as optimization goals, and adequate macro- and micronutrient intake levels as constraints. In doing so, we assessed the actual benefits and synergies of reducing carbon footprint (CF), water footprint (WF), and ecological footprint (EF) and improving health and respecting dietary acceptance under the corresponding scenarios. The results show that CF, WF and EF can be reduced by up to 19%, 15% and 30% respectively, while satisfying nutritional constraints and achieving the minimum deviation from the current food combination. The greatest synergistic benefits for CF, WF and EF are achieved when the minimum CF is the optimization goal; the maximum synergistic benefits for the environment, health and acceptability are achieved when the CF is reduced by 10%. Our findings identify the trade-offs and synergies dietary changes considering nutritional benefits, environmental sustainability and acceptability, and reveal the challenges and opportunities for achieving such synergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xinhuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Lingxuan Liu
- Lancaster University, Management School, Bailrigg, LA1 4YX, Lancaster, England, United Kingdom.
| | - Yufang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China.
| | - Degang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yun Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China; Chinese Academy of Science, Ctr Ecology & Environment Studies Cent Asia, Urumqi 830011, China.
| | - Yaning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China.
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40
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China’s food loss and waste embodies increasing environmental impacts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 2:519-528. [PMID: 37117678 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-021-00317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Food loss and waste (FLW) hampers global food security, human health and environmental sustainability. However, monitoring and benchmarking FLW reduction is often constrained by the lack of reliable and consistent data, especially for emerging economies. Here we use 6 yr large-scale field surveys and literature data to quantify the FLW of major agrifood products along the entire farm-to-fork chain in China. We show that 27% of food annually produced for human consumption in the country (349 ± 4 Mt) is lost or wasted; 45% of this is associated with postharvest handling and storage and 13% with out-of-home consumption activities. We also show that the land, water, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus footprints associated with total FLW are similar to those of a medium-sized country (such as the United Kingdom's in the case of carbon footprint). These results highlight the importance of better primary data to inform FLW reduction actions and ensure food security and sustainability.
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41
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Triches RM. Sustainable diets: definition, state of the art and perspectives for a new research agenda in Brazil. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2021; 26:1833-1846. [PMID: 34076124 DOI: 10.1590/1413-81232021265.09742019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is an integrative literature review to discuss the emergence and construction of the definition of sustainable diets, to bring the current panorama of what has been studied about it and to point to a new research agenda in Brazil. The searches conducted between April and July 2018, were carried out in the databases Science Direct, Pubmed, Periódicos Capes, Google Academic, Banco de Teses, in addition to the use of the method snowball, reaching 365 articles analyzed. The concern with sustainable diets is related to the redirection of the dominant food system in the achievement of environmental and health goals, considering the culture and the economy. The main focus of the articles were: theoretical efforts to conceptualize what are sustainable diets; analysis of different types of diets; factors involved in consumers' choices/behaviors; size of food production; of health; of the economy; culture and society; policies and governance; and discussion on the methodologies used to measure and analyze the different aspects of sustainable diets. In Brazil, only 19 papers were found, which points to the gap in this area of research and the need to create this agenda of studies in the country, given its importance for public and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozane Márcia Triches
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Stricto Sensu em Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul. Rua Edmundo Gaievski 1000, Centro. 85770-000 Realeza PR Brasil.
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42
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Martini D, Tucci M, Bradfield J, Di Giorgio A, Marino M, Del Bo’ C, Porrini M, Riso P. Principles of Sustainable Healthy Diets in Worldwide Dietary Guidelines: Efforts So Far and Future Perspectives. Nutrients 2021; 13:1827. [PMID: 34071933 PMCID: PMC8228140 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Food choices and eating behaviours have a large impact on both human and planetary health. Recently, the Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) of the United Nations and the World Health Organisation have developed a list of 16 guiding principles to achieve sustainable healthy diets (SHDs). They proposed that development of food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) should be a core element in the implementation of these SHDs in each country. The objective of this review is to explore the degree of alignment of current FBDGs to these guiding principles. A total of 43 FBDGs, written or translated into English, were collected from the online repository developed by the FAO and were analysed for their adherence to each of the guiding principles. Results were stratified for period of publication and geographical macro-area. Overall, there were high levels of inclusion of the factors related to health outcomes, especially in the most recent FBDGs. Conversely, environmental impact and socio-cultural aspects of diet were considered less frequently, especially in the older FBDGs. These results highlight the importance of revising FBDGs, especially to include emerging topics which represent the areas with the highest scope for improvement in the future versions of FBDGs. Replication of the present study in the coming years will be worthwhile to monitor improvements in the adherence of global FBDGs to the guiding principles of SHDs. The attainment of such a goal could promote a more rapid transition towards SHDs, as well as highlighting pivotal research trajectories to increase adoption and evaluate the impact on the food system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Martini
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.T.); (A.D.G.); (M.M.); (C.D.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Massimiliano Tucci
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.T.); (A.D.G.); (M.M.); (C.D.B.); (P.R.)
| | - James Bradfield
- NNEdPro Global Centre for Nutrition and Health, Cowley Road, Cambridge CB4 0WS, UK;
| | - Antonio Di Giorgio
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.T.); (A.D.G.); (M.M.); (C.D.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Mirko Marino
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.T.); (A.D.G.); (M.M.); (C.D.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Cristian Del Bo’
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.T.); (A.D.G.); (M.M.); (C.D.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Marisa Porrini
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.T.); (A.D.G.); (M.M.); (C.D.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Patrizia Riso
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.T.); (A.D.G.); (M.M.); (C.D.B.); (P.R.)
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Domingo NGG, Balasubramanian S, Thakrar SK, Clark MA, Adams PJ, Marshall JD, Muller NZ, Pandis SN, Polasky S, Robinson AL, Tessum CW, Tilman D, Tschofen P, Hill JD. Air quality-related health damages of food. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2013637118. [PMID: 33972419 PMCID: PMC8158015 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013637118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Agriculture is a major contributor to air pollution, the largest environmental risk factor for mortality in the United States and worldwide. It is largely unknown, however, how individual foods or entire diets affect human health via poor air quality. We show how food production negatively impacts human health by increasing atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5), and we identify ways to reduce these negative impacts of agriculture. We quantify the air quality-related health damages attributable to 95 agricultural commodities and 67 final food products, which encompass >99% of agricultural production in the United States. Agricultural production in the United States results in 17,900 annual air quality-related deaths, 15,900 of which are from food production. Of those, 80% are attributable to animal-based foods, both directly from animal production and indirectly from growing animal feed. On-farm interventions can reduce PM2.5-related mortality by 50%, including improved livestock waste management and fertilizer application practices that reduce emissions of ammonia, a secondary PM2.5 precursor, and improved crop and animal production practices that reduce primary PM2.5 emissions from tillage, field burning, livestock dust, and machinery. Dietary shifts toward more plant-based foods that maintain protein intake and other nutritional needs could reduce agricultural air quality-related mortality by 68 to 83%. In sum, improved livestock and fertilization practices, and dietary shifts could greatly decrease the health impacts of agriculture caused by its contribution to reduced air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina G G Domingo
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Srinidhi Balasubramanian
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Sumil K Thakrar
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Michael A Clark
- Oxford Martin School, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Adams
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Julian D Marshall
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Nicholas Z Muller
- Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Spyros N Pandis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Stephen Polasky
- Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Allen L Robinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Christopher W Tessum
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - David Tilman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108
| | - Peter Tschofen
- Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Tepper School of Business, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
| | - Jason D Hill
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108;
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Aldaya MM, Ibañez FC, Domínguez-Lacueva P, Murillo-Arbizu MT, Rubio-Varas M, Soret B, Beriain MJ. Indicators and Recommendations for Assessing Sustainable Healthy Diets. Foods 2021; 10:999. [PMID: 34063236 PMCID: PMC8147455 DOI: 10.3390/foods10050999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Research coupling human nutrition and sustainability concerns is a rapidly developing field, which is essential to guide governments' policies. This critical and comprehensive review analyzes indicators and approaches to "sustainable healthy diets" published in the literature since this discipline's emergence a few years ago, identifying robust gauges and highlighting the flaws of the most commonly used models. The reviewed studies largely focus on one or two domains such as greenhouse gas emissions or water use, while overlooking potential impact shifts to other sectors or resources. The present study covers a comprehensive set of indicators from the health, environmental and socio-economic viewpoints. This assessment concludes that in order to identify the best food option in sustainability assessments and nutrition analysis of diets, some aspects such as the classification and disaggregation of food groups, the impacts of the rates of local food consumption and seasonality, preservation methods, agrobiodiversity and organic food and different production systems, together with consequences for low-income countries, require further analysis and consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite M. Aldaya
- Institute on Innovation & Sustainable Development in the Food Chain (IS-FOOD), Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Jerónimo de Ayanz Building, Arrosadia Campus, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (F.C.I.); (M.T.M.-A.); (B.S.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Francisco C. Ibañez
- Institute on Innovation & Sustainable Development in the Food Chain (IS-FOOD), Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Jerónimo de Ayanz Building, Arrosadia Campus, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (F.C.I.); (M.T.M.-A.); (B.S.); (M.J.B.)
| | | | - María Teresa Murillo-Arbizu
- Institute on Innovation & Sustainable Development in the Food Chain (IS-FOOD), Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Jerónimo de Ayanz Building, Arrosadia Campus, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (F.C.I.); (M.T.M.-A.); (B.S.); (M.J.B.)
| | - Mar Rubio-Varas
- Institute for Advanced Research in Business and Economics (INARBE), Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Jerónimo de Ayanz Building, Arrosadia Campus, 31006 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Beatriz Soret
- Institute on Innovation & Sustainable Development in the Food Chain (IS-FOOD), Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Jerónimo de Ayanz Building, Arrosadia Campus, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (F.C.I.); (M.T.M.-A.); (B.S.); (M.J.B.)
| | - María José Beriain
- Institute on Innovation & Sustainable Development in the Food Chain (IS-FOOD), Public University of Navarra (UPNA), Jerónimo de Ayanz Building, Arrosadia Campus, 31006 Pamplona, Spain; (F.C.I.); (M.T.M.-A.); (B.S.); (M.J.B.)
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Mazac R, Renwick K, Seed B, Black JL. An Approach for Integrating and Analyzing Sustainability in Food-Based Dietary Guidelines. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.544072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
International organizations, governments, researchers, and activists have proposed the need for deeper integration of sustainability considerations in national food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs). Yet, as recent scholarship advances the conversation, questions remain around how to effectively frame and address the interconnectedness of multiple sustainability domains. Little systematic analysis has evaluated how current FBDGs have integrated complex messages about socially, environmentally, and economically sustainable consumption practices with nutrition and health messages. This study had two nested objectives: (i) to examine the validity of an existing sustainable diets framework by assessing how sustainability concepts have been framed and included in national FBDGs available from 2011 to 2019 and (ii) to describe a novel analysis approach that augments an existing framework which integrates sustainability domains and can be adapted for use by future FBDGs. A qualitative content analysis was used to examine sustainability concepts found in 12 FBDGs and supporting documents available in English that were developed for use in 16 countries across Europe, North and South America, and Asia as of 2019—from a global review of those published prior to 2016 and gray literature review of publications between 2016 and 2019. Health domains were the primary frame found across the FBDGs examined, but documents also commonly incorporated agricultural, sociocultural, and economic sustainability principles. Analyzed documents were used to adapt an existing policy analysis framework into a “Sustainability in FBDGs Framework.” This proposed framework contributes a novel analysis approach and has five core domains that are interconnected: health and nutrition, food security and agriculture, markets and value chains, sociocultural and political, and environment and ecosystems. This study adds to the growing body of literature related to sustainable food systems and dietary guidelines by presenting how sustainability framing in FBDGs can be used to further develop a comprehensive framework for integrating sustainability domains. While this project helps to validate previous work, further analyses of FBDGs which have emerged since this study and those not available in English are needed to improve the guidance approach described here and for assessing the incorporation of sustainability domains in future FBDGs. This work is useful in informing processes for policy developers to integrate sustainability considerations into their national FBDGs.
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Verly-Jr E, de Carvalho AM, Marchioni DML, Darmon N. The cost of eating more sustainable diets: A nutritional and environmental diet optimisation study. Glob Public Health 2021; 17:1073-1086. [PMID: 33720802 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2021.1900315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We aim to identify the dietary changes to improve nutrition and reduce diet-related greenhouse gas emission (GHGE) simultaneously in Brazil, taking into account the heterogeneity in food habits and prices across the country. Food consumption and prices were obtained from two nationwide surveys (n = 55,970 households and 34,003 individuals). Linear programming models were performed to design optimised diets most resembling the observed diets, and meeting different sets of constraints: (i) nutritional, for preventing chronic diseases and meeting nutrient adequacy; (ii) socio-cultural: by respecting food preferences; and (iii) environmental: by reducing GHGE by steps of 10%. Moving toward a diet that meets nutritional recommendations led to a 14% to 24% cost increase and 10% to 27% GHGE reduction, depending on the stringency of the acceptability constraints. Stronger GHGE reductions were achievable (up to about 70%), with greater departure from the current diet, but not achieving calcium and potassium goals. Diet cost increment tended to be mitigated with GHGE reduction in most models, along with reductions in red meat, chicken, eggs, rice, and high-fat sugar sodium foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliseu Verly-Jr
- Department of Epidemiology, Institute of Social Medicine, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Nicole Darmon
- MOISA, INRAE, CIHEAM-IAMM, CIRAD, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Revised 2020 Standards of Professional Performance for Registered Dietitian Nutritionists (Competent, Proficient, and Expert) in Sustainable, Resilient, and Healthy Food and Water Systems. J Acad Nutr Diet 2021; 120:1568-1585.e28. [PMID: 32829776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2020.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Current systems of food production and consumption are challenged by factors such as natural resource constraints, relative unaffordability of nutrient-dense foods, persistent social inequities, and high rates of diet-related disease. Registered dietitian nutritionists (RDNs) play a critical role in protecting the health of current and future populations by advancing sustainable, resilient, and healthy food and water systems. By definition, such systems can meet current dietary needs without jeopardizing the ability to meet the needs of future generations; can withstand or adapt to disturbances over time; and can equitably facilitate disease prevention and well-being for all individuals. This area of practice within nutrition and dietetics requires recognition of the complex interrelationships among indiviudal health and economic, environmental, and social domains of food and nutrition, and allows RDNs to bring unique expertise to diverse interprofessional teams. The Revised 2020 Standards of Professional Performance for RDNs (Competent, Proficient, and Expert) in Sustainable, Resilient, and Healthy Food and Water Systems update the 2014 standards and cover the following 6 standards of professional performance: Quality in Practice, Competence and Accountability, Provision of Services, Application of Research, Communication and Application of Knowledge, and Utilization and Management of Resources. Within each standard, specific indicators provide measurable action statements that illustrate how the RDN can apply the principles of sustainable food systems to a variety of practice settings. The indicators describe 3 skill levels (ie, competent, proficient, and expert) for RDNs in this focus area.
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48
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Kovacs B, Miller L, Heller MC, Rose D. The carbon footprint of dietary guidelines around the world: a seven country modeling study. Nutr J 2021; 20:15. [PMID: 33648497 PMCID: PMC7923667 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-021-00669-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Do the environmental impacts inherent in national food-based dietary guidelines (FBDG) vary around the world, and, if so, how? Most previous studies that consider this question focus on a single country or compare countries’ guidelines without controlling for differences in country-level consumption patterns. To address this gap, we model the carbon footprint of the dietary guidelines from seven different countries, examine the key contributors to this, and control for consumption differences between countries. Methods In this purposive sample, we obtained FBDG from national sources for Germany, India, the Netherlands, Oman, Thailand, Uruguay, and the United States. These were used to structure recommended diets using 6 food groups: protein foods, dairy, grains, fruits, vegetables, and oils/fats. To determine specific quantities of individual foods within these groups, we used data on food supplies available for human consumption for each country from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization’s food balance sheets. The greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) used to produce the foods in these consumption patterns were linked from our own database, constructed from an exhaustive review of the life cycle assessment literature. All guidelines were scaled to a 2000-kcal diet. Results Daily recommended amounts of dairy foods ranged from a low of 118 ml/d for Oman to a high of 710 ml/d for the US. The GHGE associated with these two recommendations were 0.17 and 1.10 kg CO2-eq/d, respectively. The GHGE associated with the protein food recommendations ranged from 0.03 kg CO2-eq/d in India to 1.84 kg CO2-eq/d in the US, for recommended amounts of 75 g/d and 156 g/d, respectively. Overall, US recommendations had the highest carbon footprint at 3.83 kg CO2-eq/d, 4.5 times that of the recommended diet for India, which had the smallest footprint. After controlling for country-level consumption patterns by applying the US consumption pattern to all countries, US recommendations were still the highest, 19% and 47% higher than those of the Netherlands and Germany, respectively. Conclusions Despite our common human biology, FBDG vary tremendously from one country to the next, as do the associated carbon footprints of these guidelines. Understanding the carbon footprints of different recommendations can assist in future decision-making to incorporate environmental sustainability in dietary guidance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12937-021-00669-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Kovacs
- Foundation for International Medical Relief of Children, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Lindsey Miller
- Healthy Eating Research, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Martin C Heller
- Center for Sustainable Systems, School for Environment & Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Donald Rose
- Tulane Nutrition, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
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Leip A, Bodirsky BL, Kugelberg S. The role of nitrogen in achieving sustainable food systems for healthy diets. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY 2021; 28:100408. [PMID: 33738182 PMCID: PMC7938701 DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The 'food system' urgently needs a sustainable transformation. Two major challenges have to be solved: the food system has to provide food security with healthy, accessible, affordable, safe and diverse food for all, and it has to do so within the safe operating space of the planetary boundaries, where the pollution from reactive nitrogen turned out to be the largest bottleneck. Here we argue that thinking strategically about how to balance nitrogen flows throughout the food system will make current food systems more resilient and robust. Looking from a material and a governance perspective on the food system, we highlight major nitrogen losses and policy blind spots originating from a compartmentalization of food system spheres. We conclude that a participatory and integrated approach to manage nitrogen flows throughout the food system is necessary to stay within regional and global nitrogen boundaries, and will additionally provide synergies with a sustainable and healthy diet for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Leip
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, VA, Italy
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50
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Lucas E, Galán-Martín Á, Pozo C, Guo M, Guillén-Gosálbez G. Global environmental and nutritional assessment of national food supply patterns: Insights from a data envelopment analysis approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142826. [PMID: 33109366 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The global food system inextricably connects human health and environmental integrity. It holds the transformative capability to significantly reduce levels of environmental degradation, caused by current food production practices, and alleviate the 'triple burden' of malnutrition, existing due to food consumption patterns. System-wide transitions are therefore paramount to tackling environmental and nutritional challenges that are exacerbated by a rapidly growing population. This work presents a novel application of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to study the sustainability of food supply patterns around the world and appraise the potential to lower environmental pressure without compromising the supply of calories and nutritional quality. By relating environmental impacts to caloric availability and nutritional adequacy, DEA computes a relative performance score for 139 countries and identifies only 18 countries with per capita food supplies that are 'efficient' in transforming five environmental inputs (land use, greenhouse gas emissions, acidification potential, eutrophication potential and freshwater withdrawals) into calories and nutrition. The widespread extent of 'inefficiency' stresses that the significant opportunity and need to reduce environmental impacts from food is truly global and extensive. Results of this analysis also provide quantitative information on the varying degrees of potential to improve the ways in which each nation's population is fed and therefore offers country-specific insight for decision-makers into the integration of environmental and nutritional outcomes for sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elysia Lucas
- Science and Solutions for a Changing Planet DTP, and the Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ángel Galán-Martín
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, G 123, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Pozo
- Department of Chemical and Agricultural Engineering and Agrifood Technology, University of Girona, Edifici Politècnica I, Carrer de Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 61, Campus Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Miao Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Department of Engineering, King's College London, Strand, WC2R 2LS London, UK
| | - Gonzalo Guillén-Gosálbez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, G 123, Zürich 8093, Switzerland.
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