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Cascella R, Evangelisti E, Bigi A, Becatti M, Fiorillo C, Stefani M, Chiti F, Cecchi C. Soluble Oligomers Require a Ganglioside to Trigger Neuronal Calcium Overload. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 60:923-938. [PMID: 28922156 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An altered distribution of membrane gangliosides (GM), including GM1, has recently been reported in the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Moreover, amyloid-positive synaptosomes obtained from AD brains were found to contain high-density GM1 clusters, suggesting a pathological significance of GM1 increase at presynaptic neuritic terminals in AD. Here, we show that membrane GM1 specifically recruits small soluble oligomers of the 42-residue form of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ42), with intracellular flux of Ca2+ ions in primary rat hippocampal neurons and in human neuroblastoma cells. Specific membrane proteins appear to be involved in the early and transient influx of Ca2+ ions induced by Aβ42 oligomers with high solvent-exposed hydrophobicity (A+), but not in the sustained late influx of the same oligomers and in that induced by Aβ42 oligomers with low solvent-exposed hydrophobicity (A-) in GM1-enriched cells. In addition, A+ oligomers accumulate in proximity of membrane NMDA and AMPA receptors, inducing the early and transient Ca2+ influx, although FRET shows that the interaction is not direct. These results suggest that age-dependent clustering of GM1 within neuronal membranes could induce neurodegeneration in elderly people as a consequence of an increased ability of the lipid bilayers to recruit membrane-permeabilizing oligomers. We also show that both lipid and protein components of the plasma membrane can contribute to neuronal dysfunction, thus expanding the molecular targets for therapeutic intervention in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Cascella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Elisa Evangelisti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bigi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Becatti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudia Fiorillo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Stefani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Chiti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Cecchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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2
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Stewart R, Lako M, Horrocks GM, Przyborski SA. Neural Development by Transplanted Human Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells Expressing Green Fluorescent Protein. Cell Transplant 2017; 14:339-51. [PMID: 16180653 DOI: 10.3727/000000005783982945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, researchers have investigated the fate and potential of neuroectodermal cells during the development of the central nervous system. Although several key factors that regulate neural differentiation have been identified, much remains unknown about the molecular mechanisms that control the fate and specification of neural subtypes, especially in humans. Human embryonal carcinoma (EC) stem cells are valuable research tools for the study of neural development; however, existing in vitro experiments are limited to inducing the differentiation of EC cells into only a handful of cell types. In this study, we developed and characterized a novel EC cell line (termed TERA2.cl.SP12-GFP) that carries the reporter molecule, green fluorescent protein (GFP). We demonstrate that TERA2.cl.SP12-GFP stem cells and their differentiated neural derivatives constitutively express GFP in cells grown both in vitro and in vivo. Cellular differentiation does not appear to be affected by insertion of the transgene. We propose that TERA2.cl.SP12-GFP cells provide a valuable research tool to track the fate of cells subsequent to transplantation into alternative environments and that this approach may be particularly useful to investigate the differentiation of human neural tissues in response to local environmental signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stewart
- School of Biological and Biomedical Science, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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Evangelisti E, Cascella R, Becatti M, Marrazza G, Dobson CM, Chiti F, Stefani M, Cecchi C. Binding affinity of amyloid oligomers to cellular membranes is a generic indicator of cellular dysfunction in protein misfolding diseases. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32721. [PMID: 27619987 PMCID: PMC5020652 DOI: 10.1038/srep32721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The conversion of peptides or proteins from their soluble native states into intractable amyloid deposits is associated with a wide range of human disorders. Misfolded protein oligomers formed during the process of aggregation have been identified as the primary pathogenic agents in many such conditions. Here, we show the existence of a quantitative relationship between the degree of binding to neuronal cells of different types of oligomers formed from a model protein, HypF-N, and the GM1 content of the plasma membranes. In addition, remarkably similar behavior is observed for oligomers of the Aβ42 peptide associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Further analysis has revealed the existence of a linear correlation between the level of the influx of Ca2+ across neuronal membranes that triggers cellular damage, and the fraction of oligomeric species bound to the membrane. Our findings indicate that the susceptibility of neuronal cells to different types of misfolded oligomeric assemblies is directly related to the extent of binding of such oligomers to the cellular membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Evangelisti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio" and Research Centre on the Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration (CIMN), University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Roberta Cascella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio" and Research Centre on the Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration (CIMN), University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Becatti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio" and Research Centre on the Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration (CIMN), University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Giovanna Marrazza
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Christopher M Dobson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, UK
| | - Fabrizio Chiti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio" and Research Centre on the Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration (CIMN), University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Stefani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio" and Research Centre on the Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration (CIMN), University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Cristina Cecchi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio" and Research Centre on the Molecular Basis of Neurodegeneration (CIMN), University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
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Haile Y, Nakhaei-Nejad M, Boakye PA, Baker G, Smith PA, Murray AG, Giuliani F, Jahroudi N. Reprogramming of HUVECs into induced pluripotent stem cells (HiPSCs), generation and characterization of HiPSC-derived neurons and astrocytes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119617. [PMID: 25789622 PMCID: PMC4366250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by chronic and progressive structural or functional loss of neurons. Limitations related to the animal models of these human diseases have impeded the development of effective drugs. This emphasizes the need to establish disease models using human-derived cells. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has provided novel opportunities in disease modeling, drug development, screening, and the potential for “patient-matched” cellular therapies in neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, with the objective of establishing reliable tools to study neurodegenerative diseases, we reprogrammed human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) into iPSCs (HiPSCs). Using a novel and direct approach, HiPSCs were differentiated into cells of central nervous system (CNS) lineage, including neuronal, astrocyte and glial cells, with high efficiency. HiPSCs expressed embryonic genes such as nanog, sox2 and Oct-3/4, and formed embryoid bodies that expressed markers of the 3 germ layers. Expression of endothelial-specific genes was not detected in HiPSCs at RNA or protein levels. HiPSC-derived neurons possess similar morphology but significantly longer neurites compared to primary human fetal neurons. These stem cell-derived neurons are susceptible to inflammatory cell-mediated neuronal injury. HiPSC-derived neurons express various amino acids that are important for normal function in the CNS. They have functional receptors for a variety of neurotransmitters such as glutamate and acetylcholine. HiPSC-derived astrocytes respond to ATP and acetylcholine by elevating cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations. In summary, this study presents a novel technique to generate differentiated and functional HiPSC-derived neurons and astrocytes. These cells are appropriate tools for studying the development of the nervous system, the pathophysiology of various neurodegenerative diseases and the development of potential drugs for their treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Haile
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Paul A. Boakye
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Glen Baker
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry (Neurochemical Research Unit), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Peter A. Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Allan G. Murray
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Fabrizio Giuliani
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- * E-mail: (NJ); (FG)
| | - Nadia Jahroudi
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
- * E-mail: (NJ); (FG)
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Kritis AA, Stamoula EG, Paniskaki KA, Vavilis TD. Researching glutamate - induced cytotoxicity in different cell lines: a comparative/collective analysis/study. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:91. [PMID: 25852482 PMCID: PMC4362409 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although glutamate is one of the most important excitatory neurotransmitters of the central nervous system, its excessive extracellular concentration leads to uncontrolled continuous depolarization of neurons, a toxic process called, excitotoxicity. In excitotoxicity glutamate triggers the rise of intracellular Ca2+ levels, followed by up regulation of nNOS, dysfunction of mitochondria, ROS production, ER stress, and release of lysosomal enzymes. Excessive calcium concentration is the key mediator of glutamate toxicity through over activation of ionotropic and metabotropic receptors. In addition, glutamate accumulation can also inhibit cystine (CySS) uptake by reversing the action of the CySS/glutamate antiporter. Reversal of the antiporter action reinforces the aforementioned events by depleting neurons of cysteine and eventually glutathione’s reducing potential. Various cell lines have been employed in the pursuit to understand the mechanism(s) by which excitotoxicity affects the cells leading them ultimately to their demise. In some cell lines glutamate toxicity is exerted mainly through over activation of NMDA, AMPA, or kainate receptors whereas in other cell lines lacking such receptors, the toxicity is due to glutamate induced oxidative stress. However, in the greatest majority of the cell lines ionotropic glutamate receptors are present, co-existing to CySS/glutamate antiporters and metabotropic glutamate receptors, supporting the assumption that excitotoxicity effect in these cells is accumulative. Different cell lines differ in their responses when exposed to glutamate. In this review article the responses of PC12, SH-SY5Y, HT-22, NT-2, OLCs, C6, primary rat cortical neurons, RGC-5, and SCN2.2 cell systems are systematically collected and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristeidis A Kritis
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Eleni G Stamoula
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Krystallenia A Paniskaki
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Theofanis D Vavilis
- Laboratory of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki Greece
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Christie SD, Sadi D, Mendez I. Intraspinal Transplantation of hNT Neurons in the Lesioned Adult Rat Spinal Cord. Can J Neurol Sci 2014; 31:87-96. [PMID: 15038476 DOI: 10.1017/s0317167100002882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background:The role of neural transplantation as a restorative strategy for spinal cord injury continues to be intensely investigated. Ideally, the tissue source for transplantation must be readily available, free of disease and able to survive and mature following implantation into the adverse environment created by the injury. We have studied the use of a commercially available cell line of cultured human neurons (hNT neurons) as a tissue source for neural transplantation in spinal cord injury.Methods:Following a left lateral thoracic hemisection, 54 immunosuppressed, female Wistar rats were randomly allocated into different treatment groups; hemisection only or hemisection and hNT cell transplantation (via a bridge, double or triple graft). Grafting occurred three days after spinal cord injury. After thirteen weeks the animals were sacrificed and tissue sections were stained with human neuron specific enolase and human specific neural cell adhesion molecule.Results:Immunohistochemical evidence of graft survival was displayed in 66.7% of the surviving, grafted animals. Fibre outgrowth, greatest in the bridge and triple grafts, was observed in both rostral and caudal directions essentially bridging the lesion. Double grafts were smaller, displaying less fibre outgrowth, which did not cross the lesion. Long fibre outgrowth was evident up to 2 cm from the graft as assessed by tracing and immunohistochemical studies.Conclusion:Bridge and triple grafts displayed greater growth and enabled the hNT graft to essentially bridge the lesion. This suggests that hNT neurons have the potential to structurally reconnect the proximal and distal spinal cord across the region of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Dennis Christie
- Department of Surgery (Neurosurgery), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Haile Y, Fu W, Shi B, Westaway D, Baker G, Jhamandas J, Giuliani F. Characterization of the NT2-derived neuronal and astrocytic cell lines as alternative in vitro models for primary human neurons and astrocytes. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1187-98. [PMID: 24801011 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Primary human fetal neurons and astrocytes (HFNs and HFAs, respectively) provide relevant cell types with which to study in vitro the mechanisms involved in various human neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. However, the limited availability of human fetal cells poses a significant problem for the study of these diseases when a human cell model system is required. Thus, generating a readily available alternative cell source with the essential features of human neurons and astrocytes is necessary. The human teratoma-derived NTera2/D1 (NT2) cell line is a promising tool from which both neuronal and glial cells can be generated. Nevertheless, a direct comparison of NT2 neurons and primary HFNs in terms of their morphology physiological and chemical properties is still missing. This study directly compares NT2-derived neurons and primary HFNs using immunocytochemistry, confocal calcium imaging, high-performance liquid chromatography, and high-content analysis techniques. We investigated the morphological similarities and differences, levels of relevant amino acids, and internal calcium fluctuations in response to certain neurotransmitters/stimuli. We also compared NT2-derived astrocytes and HFAs. In most of the parameters tested, both neuronal and astrocytic cell types exhibited similarities to primary human fetal neurons and astrocytes. NT2-derived neurons and astrocytes are reliable in vitro tools and a renewable cell source that can serve as a valid alternative to HFNs/HFAs for mechanistic studies of neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Haile
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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8
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MacDonald C, Unsworth CP, Graham ES. Enrichment of differentiated hNT neurons and subsequent analysis using flow-cytometry and xCELLigence sensing. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 227:47-56. [PMID: 24530700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human neurons (hNT neurons), obtained from the NTera2/D1 precursor cell line, are highly valued by many neuroscientists as isolation of adult human primary neuronal cells continues to elude us. hNT neurons are generated by differentiation of the NT2 precursors for a period of 4 weeks followed by 2 weeks of mitotic inhibition. This yields a heterogeneous population of neuronal phenotypes and underlying astrocyte precursors, the latter of which are very difficult to visualise using standard light microscopy. Such a mixed culture is acceptable for some applications (e.g. measurement of synaptic plasticity), whereas others (e.g. proteomics or transcriptomics) require almost pure cultures of hNT neurons. NEW METHOD Here we describe a simple method for obtaining highly enriched cultures of hNT neurons following the first neuronal harvest and detail several additional methods, namely flow-cytometry and xCELLigence© biosensor technology, to rapidly and reliably determine the purity and viability of the cultures. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS This method of enrichment for the neurons is novel and advances the end user applications of the cells. RESULTS In addition, we apply the enrichment method to conduct analysis of cell-surface markers using flow-cytometry on the enriched neuronal cells. Furthermore, we apply this method to generate enriched neuronal cells on which we conduct analysis of cell-surface markers using flow-cytometry. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, this paper describes several new advances, which will create opportunities when using these cells and similar preparations, and provides the protocol for analysis of these cells using flow-cytometry and biosensor technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa MacDonald
- Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Charles P Unsworth
- Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - E Scott Graham
- Department of Pharmacology and Centre for Brain Research, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Thwaites JW, Reebye V, Mintz P, Levicar N, Habib N. Cellular replacement and regenerative medicine therapies in ischemic stroke. Regen Med 2012; 7:387-95. [PMID: 22594330 DOI: 10.2217/rme.12.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, tissue engineering and cellular replacement therapies are at the forefront of the regenerative medicine agenda, and researchers are addressing key diseases, including diabetes, stroke and neurological disorders. It is becoming evident that neurological cell therapy is a necessarily complex endeavor. The brain as a cellular environment is complex, with diverse cell populations, including specialized neurons (e.g., dopaminergic, motor and glutamatergic neurons), each with specific functions. The population also contains glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) that offer the supportive network for neuronal function. Neurological disorders have wide and varied pathologies; they can affect predominantly one cell type or a multitude of cell types, which is the case for ischemic stroke. Both neuronal and glial cells are affected by stroke and, depending on the region of the brain affected, different specialized cells are influenced. This review will address currently available therapies and focus on the application and potential of cell replacement, including stem cells and immortalized cell line-derived neurons as regenerative therapies for ischemic stroke, addressing current advances and challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Thwaites
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
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10
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Hill EJ, Jiménez-González C, Tarczyluk M, Nagel DA, Coleman MD, Parri HR. NT2 derived neuronal and astrocytic network signalling. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36098. [PMID: 22567128 PMCID: PMC3342170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A major focus of stem cell research is the generation of neurons that may then be implanted to treat neurodegenerative diseases. However, a picture is emerging where astrocytes are partners to neurons in sustaining and modulating brain function. We therefore investigated the functional properties of NT2 derived astrocytes and neurons using electrophysiological and calcium imaging approaches. NT2 neurons (NT2Ns) expressed sodium dependent action potentials, as well as responses to depolarisation and the neurotransmitter glutamate. NT2Ns exhibited spontaneous and coordinated calcium elevations in clusters and in extended processes, indicating local and long distance signalling. Tetrodotoxin sensitive network activity could also be evoked by electrical stimulation. Similarly, NT2 astrocytes (NT2As) exhibited morphology and functional properties consistent with this glial cell type. NT2As responded to neuronal activity and to exogenously applied neurotransmitters with calcium elevations, and in contrast to neurons, also exhibited spontaneous rhythmic calcium oscillations. NT2As also generated propagating calcium waves that were gap junction and purinergic signalling dependent. Our results show that NT2 derived astrocytes exhibit appropriate functionality and that NT2N networks interact with NT2A networks in co-culture. These findings underline the utility of such cultures to investigate human brain cell type signalling under controlled conditions. Furthermore, since stem cell derived neuron function and survival is of great importance therapeutically, our findings suggest that the presence of complementary astrocytes may be valuable in supporting stem cell derived neuronal networks. Indeed, this also supports the intriguing possibility of selective therapeutic replacement of astrocytes in diseases where these cells are either lost or lose functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Hill
- Aston Research Centre into Healthy Ageing (ARCHA), Aston University, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marta Tarczyluk
- Aston Research Centre into Healthy Ageing (ARCHA), Aston University, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Nagel
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Michael D. Coleman
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - H. Rheinallt Parri
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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11
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Jiang W, Yu Q, Gong M, Chen L, Wen EY, Bi Y, Zhang Y, Shi Y, Qu P, Liu YX, Wei XP, Chen J, Li TY. Vitamin A deficiency impairs postnatal cognitive function via inhibition of neuronal calcium excitability in hippocampus. J Neurochem 2012; 121:932-43. [PMID: 22352986 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Children Nutrition Research Center, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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12
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Zhou L, Li J, Wang X, Ye L, Hou W, Ho J, Li H, Ho W. IL-29/IL-28A suppress HSV-1 infection of human NT2-N neurons. J Neurovirol 2011; 17:212-9. [PMID: 21499846 PMCID: PMC4444784 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-011-0031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The newly identified cytokines, IL-28/IL-29 (also termed type III IFNs), are able to inhibit a number of viruses. Here, we examined the antiviral effects of IL-29/IL-28A against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in human NT2-N neurons and CHP212 neuronal cells. Both IL-29 and IL-28A could efficiently inhibit HSV-1 replication in neuronal cells, as evidenced by the reduced expression of HSV-1 DNA and proteins. This inhibitory effect of IL-29 and IL-28A against HSV-1 could be partially blocked by antibody to IL-10Rβ, one of the key receptors for IL-29 and IL-28A. To explore the underlying antiviral mechanisms employed by IL-29/IL-28A, we showed that IL-29/IL-28A could selectively induce the expression of several Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as well as activate TLR-mediated antiviral pathway, including IFN regulatory factor 7, IFN-α, and the key IFN-α stimulated antiviral genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Medical Education Research Building, 1052, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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13
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Coyle DE, Li J, Baccei M. Regional differentiation of retinoic acid-induced human pluripotent embryonic carcinoma stem cell neurons. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16174. [PMID: 21283767 PMCID: PMC3024414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The NTERA2 cl D1 (NT2) cell line, derived from human teratocarcinoma, exhibits similar properties as embryonic stem (ES) cells or very early neuroepithelial progenitors. NT2 cells can be induced to become postmitotic central nervous system neurons (NT2N) with retinoic acid. Although neurons derived from pluripotent cells, such as NT2N, have been characterized for their neurotransmitter phenotypes, their potential suitability as a donor source for neural transplantation also depends on their ability to respond to localized environmental cues from a specific region of the CNS. Therefore, our study aimed to characterize the regional transcription factors that define the rostocaudal and dorsoventral identity of NT2N derived from a monolayer differentiation paradigm using quantitative PCR (qPCR). Purified NT2N mainly expressed both GABAergic and glutamatergic phenotypes and were electrically active but did not form functional synapses. The presence of immature astrocytes and possible radial glial cells was noted. The NT2N expressed a regional transcription factor code consistent with forebrain, hindbrain and spinal cord neural progenitors but showed minimal expression of midbrain phenotypes. In the dorsoventral plane NT2N expressed both dorsal and ventral neural progenitors. Of major interest was that even under the influence of retinoic acid, a known caudalization factor, the NT2N population maintained a rostral phenotype subpopulation which expressed cortical regional transcription factors. It is proposed that understanding the regional differentiation bias of neurons derived from pluripotent stem cells will facilitate their successful integration into existing neuronal networks within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E Coyle
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America.
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14
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Enhancing Stroke Recovery with Cellular Therapies. Stroke 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-5478-8.10057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Dyall SC, Michael GJ, Michael-Titus AT. Omega-3 fatty acids reverse age-related decreases in nuclear receptors and increase neurogenesis in old rats. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:2091-102. [PMID: 20336774 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Retinoic acid receptors (RARs), retinoid X receptors (RXRs), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors involved in many cellular processes, such as learning and memory. RAR and RXR mRNA levels decrease with ageing, and the decreases can be reversed by retinoic acid treatment, which also alleviates age-related memory deficits. The omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have neuroprotective effects in the aged brain and are endogenous ligands of RXR and PPAR. We investigated whether dietary EPA and DHA supplementation reverses age-related declines in protein levels of these receptors in rat forebrain. Two studies were conducted comparing adult and old rats. In the first, old rats were fed standard or EPA/DHA-enriched (270 mg/kg/day, EPA to DHA ratio 1.5:1) diets for 12 weeks. Analysis by Western blot revealed significant decreases in RARalpha, RXRalpha, RXRbeta, and PPARgamma in the forebrain with ageing, which were reversed by supplementation. Immunohistochemical analysis of the hippocampus showed significant age-related decreases in RARalpha and RXRbeta expression in CA1 and the dentate gyrus, which were restored by supplementation. Decreases in hippocampal doublecortin expression were also partially alleviated, suggesting a positive effect on neurogenesis. We also investigated the effects of DHA supplementation (300 mg/kg/day for 12 weeks) on RARalpha, RXRalpha, and RXRbeta expression in the prefrontal cortex, striatum, and hippocampus. Overall, DHA supplementation appeared to increase receptor expression compared with the untreated old group. These observations illustrate additional mechanisms that might underlie the neuroprotective effects of omega-3 fatty acids in ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Dyall
- Neuroscience Centre, ICMS, St. Bartholomew's and the Royal London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Whitechapel, London, United Kingdom.
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16
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Pewsey E, Bruce C, Tonge P, Evans C, Ow SY, Georgiou AS, Wright PC, Andrews PW, Fazeli A. Nuclear Proteome Dynamics in Differentiating Embryonic Carcinoma (NTERA-2) Cells. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:3412-26. [DOI: 10.1021/pr901069d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Pewsey
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, University of Sheffield, Level 4, The Jessop Wing, S10 2SF Sheffield, United Kingdom, The Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, ChELSI Institute, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom, and Centre for Developmental Genetics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield,
| | - Christine Bruce
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, University of Sheffield, Level 4, The Jessop Wing, S10 2SF Sheffield, United Kingdom, The Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, ChELSI Institute, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom, and Centre for Developmental Genetics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield,
| | - Peter Tonge
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, University of Sheffield, Level 4, The Jessop Wing, S10 2SF Sheffield, United Kingdom, The Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, ChELSI Institute, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom, and Centre for Developmental Genetics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield,
| | - Caroline Evans
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, University of Sheffield, Level 4, The Jessop Wing, S10 2SF Sheffield, United Kingdom, The Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, ChELSI Institute, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom, and Centre for Developmental Genetics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield,
| | - Saw Yen Ow
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, University of Sheffield, Level 4, The Jessop Wing, S10 2SF Sheffield, United Kingdom, The Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, ChELSI Institute, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom, and Centre for Developmental Genetics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield,
| | - A. Stephen Georgiou
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, University of Sheffield, Level 4, The Jessop Wing, S10 2SF Sheffield, United Kingdom, The Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, ChELSI Institute, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom, and Centre for Developmental Genetics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield,
| | - Phillip C. Wright
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, University of Sheffield, Level 4, The Jessop Wing, S10 2SF Sheffield, United Kingdom, The Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, ChELSI Institute, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom, and Centre for Developmental Genetics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield,
| | - Peter W. Andrews
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, University of Sheffield, Level 4, The Jessop Wing, S10 2SF Sheffield, United Kingdom, The Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, ChELSI Institute, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom, and Centre for Developmental Genetics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield,
| | - Alireza Fazeli
- Academic Unit of Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, University of Sheffield, Level 4, The Jessop Wing, S10 2SF Sheffield, United Kingdom, The Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, ChELSI Institute, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, United Kingdom, and Centre for Developmental Genetics, School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield,
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17
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Zhang M, Ji B, Zou H, Shi J, Zhang Z, Li X, Zhu H, Feng G, Jin M, Yu L, He L, Wan C. Vitamin A depletion alters sensitivity of motor behavior to MK-801 in C57BL/6J mice. Behav Brain Funct 2010; 6:7. [PMID: 20180994 PMCID: PMC2832782 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-6-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin A and its derivatives (retinoids) are crucial for the development, maintenance and morphogenesis of the central nervous system (CNS). Although motor impairment has been reported in postnatal vitamin A depletion rodents, the effect of vitamin A depletion on homeostasis maintaining capability in response to external interference is not clear. METHODS In the current study, we measured the effect of vitamin A depletion on motor ability and pain sensitivity under two different conditions: 1. prior to any injection and 2. after the injection of an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist (MK-801). RESULTS Vitamin A depletion mice showed decreased body weight, enhanced locomotor activity, increased rearing and less tail flick latency. Vitamin A depletion also induced hypersensitivity of stereotypy, ataxia, rearing, and tail flick latency to MK-801, but hyposensitivity of locomotion to MK-801. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that vitamin A depletion affect broad basal behavior and disrupt homeostasis maintaining capability in response to glutamate perturbation. We provide a useful animal model for assessing the role of vitamin A depletion in regulating animal behavior, and for detecting how neurotransmitter pathways might be involved in vitamin A depletion related behavioral abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Bio-X Center, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China
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18
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Zhou L, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Hu S, Ye L, Hou W, Li H, Ho W. Activation of toll-like receptor-3 induces interferon-lambda expression in human neuronal cells. Neuroscience 2009; 159:629-37. [PMID: 19166911 PMCID: PMC2650740 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2008] [Revised: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 12/20/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We examined the gene expression and regulation of type III human interferon (IFN), IFN-lambda, in human neuronal cells. Human neuronal cells expressed endogenous IFN-lambda1 but not IFN-lambda2/3. Upon the activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 expressed in the neuronal cells by polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (PolyI:C), both IFN-lambda1 and IFN-lambda2/3 expression was significantly induced. The activation of TLR-3 also exhibited antiviral activity against pseudotyped human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection of the neuronal cells. Human neuronal cells also expressed functional IFN-lambda receptor complex, interleukin-28 receptor alpha subunit (IL-28Ralpha) and IL-10Rbeta, as evidenced by the observations that exogenous IFN-lambda treatment inhibited pseudotyped HIV-1 infection of the neuronal cells and induced the expression of apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC)3G/3F, the newly identified anti-HIV-1 cellular factors. These data provide direct and compelling evidence that there is intracellular expression and regulation of IFN-lambda in human neuronal cells, which may have an important role in the innate neuronal protection against viral infections in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Zhou
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Joseph Stokes, Jr. Research Institute at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, U.S.A
- Division of Histology & Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Tongji Medical college of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - X. Wang
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Joseph Stokes, Jr. Research Institute at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, U.S.A
| | - Y.J. Wang
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Joseph Stokes, Jr. Research Institute at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, U.S.A
| | - Y. Zhou
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Joseph Stokes, Jr. Research Institute at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, U.S.A
| | - S.X. Hu
- Neuroimmunolgy laboratory, Center for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Translational Research, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A
| | - L. Ye
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Joseph Stokes, Jr. Research Institute at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, U.S.A
| | - W. Hou
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Joseph Stokes, Jr. Research Institute at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, U.S.A
| | - H. Li
- Division of Histology & Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Tongji Medical college of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - W.Z. Ho
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Joseph Stokes, Jr. Research Institute at The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, U.S.A
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19
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Wang YJ, Wang X, Zhang H, Zhou L, Liu S, Kolson DL, Song L, Ye L, Ho WZ. Expression and regulation of antiviral protein APOBEC3G in human neuronal cells. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 206:14-21. [PMID: 19027180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G (APOBEC3G) has recently been identified as a potent antiviral protein. Here, we examined the expression and regulation of APOBEC3G in human brain tissues and the cells of central nervous system (CNS). Similar to the immune cells, human brain tissue and the CNS cells expressed APOBEC3G at both mRNA and protein levels. The expression of APOBEC3G could be up-regulated in human neuronal cells (NT2-N) and astrocytes (U87-MG) by interferons (IFN-alpha, beta and gamma), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and tumor necrosis factor. Other cytokines (IL-4, IL-6 and transforming growth factor beta1) and CC-chemokines (CCL3, 4 and 5), however, had little impact on the expression of APOBEC3G. In addition, pseudotyped HIV-1 infection and cytokine/chemokine-enriched supernatants from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophage cultures induced APOBEC3G expression in NT2-N cells. APOBEC3G expressed in the neuronal cells and astrocytes was biologically functional, as the suppression of APOBEC3G expression by the specific siRNA led to increase of pseudotyped HIV-1 replication in these cells. These findings provide direct and compelling evidence that there is intracellular expression and regulation of functional APOBEC3G in the neuronal cells, which may be one of innate defense mechanisms involved in the neuronal protection in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jian Wang
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Joseph Stokes, Jr. Research Institute at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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20
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Stem cells: implications in experimental ischaemic stroke therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:227-33. [PMID: 18516704 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-008-9025-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke is a syndrome characterized by rapid onset of neurological injury due to interruption of blood flow to the brain. Widespread neuronal damage throughout the CNS has been shown to cause marked and multifarious functional impairments in the ischaemic brain. Recent advances as enumerated above have propelled acute ischaemic stroke management into a therapeutic era. However, once the damage from a stroke event has maximized, little can be done to recover premorbid function. Experimental animal data suggests that stem cell therapy may be an effective alternate to the conventional disease management strategies of ischaemic stroke. Therefore, the present review focuses on detailing the scope of stem cell therapy in the treatment of ischaemic stroke.
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21
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Effects of memantine on mitochondrial function. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 75:956-64. [PMID: 18053965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2007] [Revised: 10/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Because NMDA complex and mitochondrial function are related, we hypothesized memantine would influence mitochondrial function. We addressed this in vitro by studying the effects of chronic and acute memantine exposures on mitochondrial function. For acute exposure experiments, mitochondria were isolated from NT2 cells and assayed for electron transport chain (ETC) enzyme function and peroxide production in buffers containing up to 60uM memantine. For chronic exposure experiments, NT2 cells were maintained for at least two weeks in medium containing up to 60uM memantine, following which we assayed cells or their mitochondria for ETC enzyme activities, cytochrome oxidase protein levels, oxidative stress, calcium levels, and mitochondrial DNA levels. The ability of the NMDA receptor antagonist aminophosphonovaleric acid (APV) to modify memantine's mitochondrial effects was evaluated. Acute and chronic memantine similarly affected complex I (increased at high concentrations) and IV (decreased at high concentrations) V(max) activities. APV did not alter the effects of chronic memantine exposure on citrate synthase and complex IV. We detected a lower mitochondrial peroxide production rate with acute exposure, and an increased mitochondrial peroxide production rate with chronic exposure. Micromolar memantine concentrations affect mitochondria, some of these effects are directly mediated, and acute and chronic effects may differ.
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22
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Buttiglione M, Vitiello F, Sardella E, Petrone L, Nardulli M, Favia P, d'Agostino R, Gristina R. Behaviour of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line grown in different media and on different chemically modified substrates. Biomaterials 2007; 28:2932-45. [PMID: 17391751 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 02/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Among the parameters that can be tested in experiments on neuronal cell culture the use of different culture media and substrates represents a powerful assay to influence cell adhesion and differentiation. In this work, plasma-enhanced-chemical vapour depositions (PE-CVD) from acrylic acid and allylamine vapours have been performed to deposit coatings bearing oxygen (O)- and nitrogen (N)-containing functional groups on polyethylenetherephtalate (PET) surface. Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells were grown on plasma modified substrates and in presence of media containing different amount of fetal calf serum (FCS) or in serum-free medium containing cAMP. Our results showed that N-containing substrates improved cell adhesion, while the neurites sprouting was influenced by cell culture media. Interestingly, the presence of carboxylic groups on the modified surface can influence the expression of a differentiation marker, neurofilament-200 (NF-H), in cells grown in serum-containing media.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Buttiglione
- Department of Pharmacology and Human Physiology, University of Bari, Piazza Giulio Cesare-Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy.
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23
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Park H, Váradi A, Seok H, Jo J, Gilpin H, Liew CG, Jung S, Andrews PW, Molnár E, Cho K. mGluR5 is involved in dendrite differentiation and excitatory synaptic transmission in NTERA2 human embryonic carcinoma cell-derived neurons. Neuropharmacology 2007; 52:1403-14. [PMID: 17395218 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2007.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Revised: 01/30/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The pluripotent human embryonic carcinoma cell line NTERA2 readily differentiates into neurons when exposed to retinoic acid in vitro. These neurons show characteristic morphology with long processes and they express neuronal markers TUJ-1 and NeuN. NTERA2-derived neurons can regulate Ca2+ signalling through ionotropic glutamate (iGluR) and muscarinic receptors (mAChRs). Little is known, however, about the role of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in these neurons. Here we show that NTERA2-derived neurons express functional mGluR5, which is involved in Ca2+ signalling. Blocking mGluR5 activity at early stages of differentiation leads to fewer dendrites and a reduction in miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). Furthermore, cells cultured in the presence of the mGluR5 antagonist 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP) show reduced N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated Ca2+ mobilisation but increased alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor Ca2+ permeability. During normal neuronal development, the edited GluR2 renders AMPARs Ca2+ impermeable. The increased Ca2+ permeability of AMPARs in MPEP-treated neurons is due to the reduced expression of GluR2 subunit protein. Thus, mGluR5 activity at early stages of differentiation is likely to play a role in the development of multipotent cell-derived neurons.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Western
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dendrites/physiology
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Electrophysiology
- Excitatory Amino Acids/physiology
- Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials/drug effects
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Neurons/physiology
- Patch-Clamp Techniques
- Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5
- Receptors, AMPA/biosynthesis
- Receptors, AMPA/drug effects
- Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate/physiology
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/biosynthesis
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Synaptic Transmission/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonseon Park
- Biomedical Science, School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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24
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Lafon M, Megret F, Lafage M, Prehaud C. The innate immune facet of brain: human neurons express TLR-3 and sense viral dsRNA. J Mol Neurosci 2007; 29:185-94. [PMID: 17085778 DOI: 10.1385/jmn:29:3:185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2005] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is an important factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease or multiple sclerosis, and during microbial infections of the nervous system. Glial cells were thought to be the main contributor for cytokine and chemokine production and Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression in the brain. Here, we report that human neurons express TLR-3, a major receptor in virus-mediated innate immune response. We established that these cells can mount a strong inflammatory response characterized by the expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6), chemokines (CCL-5 and CXCL-10), and antiviral molecules (2'5'OAS and IFN-beta) after treatment with dsRNA - a by-product of viral infection and ligand of TLR-3. This work firmly establishes that human neurons, in absence of glia, have the intrinsic machinery to trigger robust inflammatory, chemoattractive, and antiviral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Lafon
- Unité de Neuroimmunologie Virale, Department of Neuroscience, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France.
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25
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Chapman H, Piggot C, Andrews PW, Wann KT. Characterisation of large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels (BK(Ca)) in human NT2-N cells. Brain Res 2006; 1129:15-25. [PMID: 17156763 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2006] [Revised: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK(Ca)) channels were studied in inside-out patches of human NTERA2 neuronal cells (NT2-N). In symmetrical (140 mM) K(+) the channel mean conductance was 265 pS, the current reversing at approximately 0 mV. It was selective (P(K)/P(Na)=20:1) and blocked by internal paxilline and TEA. The open probability-voltage relationship for BK(Ca) was fitted with a Boltzmann function, the V((1/2)) being 76.3 mV, 33.6 mV and -14.1 mV at 0.1 muM, 3.3 muM and 10 muM [Ca(2+)](i), respectively. The relationship between open probability and [Ca(2+)](i) was fitted by the Hill equation (Hill coefficient 2.7, half maximal activation at 2.0 muM [Ca(2+)](i)). Open and closed dwell time histograms were fitted by the sum of two and three voltage-dependent exponentials, respectively. Increasing [Ca(2+)](i) produced both an increase in the longer open time constant and a decrease in the longest closed time constant, so increasing mean open time. "Intracellular" ATP evoked a concentration-dependent increase in NT2-N BK(Ca) activity. At +40 mV half-maximum activation occurred at an [ATP](i) of 3 mM (30 nM [Ca(2+)](i)). ADP and GTP were less potent, and AMP-PNP was inactive. This is the first characterisation of a potassium channel in NT2-N cells showing that it is similar to the BK(Ca) channel of other preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chapman
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3XF, UK
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26
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Garcia de Arriba S, Wegner F, Grüner K, Verdaguer E, Pallas M, Camins A, Wagner A, Wohlfahrt K, Allgaier C. Different capacities of various NMDA receptor antagonists to prevent ischemia-induced neurodegeneration in human cultured NT2 neurons. Neurochem Int 2006; 49:466-74. [PMID: 16650914 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, human NT2 neurons obtained from embryonic teratocarcinoma (NT2) cells were established as human in-vitro model to investigate the mechanisms associated with hypoxia/ischemia-induced neuronal injury. NT2 neurons express functional NMDA receptors that are of particular significance for hypoxia/ischemia-related neuronal damage. In patch-clamp recordings under normoxic conditions, NMDA (plus 10 microM glycine)-induced inward currents (EC(50)=43.7 microM) were distinctly antagonized by memantine, a blocker of the receptor channel, but only slightly by 5,7-dichlorokynurenic acid (DCKA), a glycine(B) binding site antagonist. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that the NT2 neurons are mostly GABAergic; they predominantly express the NMDA receptor subunits NR2B and NR2C, and lower levels of NR1 and, particularly, of NR2A. Upon glucose and oxygen deprivation for 3h the loss of cell viability measured directly after 3h was higher than after application of either hypoxia or aglycemia as assessed by propidium iodide flow cytometry. Ischemic conditions significantly reduced the NMDA responses associated with a decrease in EC(50) and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential as detected by JC-1 flow cytometry. Memantine (50 microM) and CGS19755 (a competitive NMDA receptor antagonist; 10 microM) reduced ischemia-induced cell death, in contrast to DCKA (10 microM). In conclusion, in the present human in-vitro model for studying the molecular mechanisms associated with ischemic injury, neuroprotection could be achieved with NMDA receptor antagonists but not with a glycine(B) binding site antagonist. Accordingly, glycine antagonists might not represent an optimal therapeutic strategy for preventing ischemic neuronal damage in contrast to NMDA receptor antagonists like memantine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Garcia de Arriba
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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27
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Kwak YD, Sugaya K. Interference of EGFP RNA in human NT-2/D1 cell lines using human U6 promoter-based siRNA PCR products. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02932043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Cell replacement therapy has been evaluated as a regenerative strategy for patients with fixed neurologic deficits after ischemic stroke. Animal models have identified specific cell lines which lead to regeneration and improvement in behavior and motor function after implantation into areas of ischemic injury. This has led to the development of pilot studies in humans, which have mainly investigated the safety and pilot efficacy of such approaches with promising early results. As research in this area progresses, further prospective trials are necessary not only to demonstrate clinical efficacy but also to understand the mechanisms underlying the early positive experiences, to select appropriate patients for cell replacement therapy, and to elucidate the optimal timing and mode of cell delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirav Vora
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Stroke Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Hankø E, Hansen TWD, Almaas R, Paulsen R, Rootwelt T. Synergistic protection of a general caspase inhibitor and MK-801 in bilirubin-induced cell death in human NT2-N neurons. Pediatr Res 2006; 59:72-7. [PMID: 16326984 DOI: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000191135.63586.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) induces both apoptosis and necrosis in neurons. To investigate the role of caspases and excitotoxicity in UCB-induced cell death, we exposed NT2-N neurons to 5 microM UCB (a concentration known to induce apoptosis) or 2 microM staurosporine (positive apoptosis control) and investigated the effects of treatments with the specific caspase-3 inhibitor, zDEVD.FMK (20 and 100 microM), or the general caspase inhibitor, zVAD.FMK (20 and 100 microM), and/or the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801 (10 microM) during a 24- or 48-h exposure. UCB increased caspase-3 activity 2.3-fold after 6 h. Despite this, treatment with zDEVD.FMK did not prevent cell death. zVAD.FMK enhanced neuronal survival by reducing apoptotic nuclear fragmentation, while MK-801 enhanced survival by reducing apoptotic nuclear condensation; both without affecting the MTT assays. Combined treatment reduced both apoptotic morphologies (without affecting necrosis), and this effect was also reflected in the MTT assays [corrected] We conclude that NMDA receptor-mediated pathways and caspase-mediated pathways are involved in UCB-induced cell death in human NT2-N neurons. Concomitant inhibition of both pathways results in synergistic protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hankø
- Department of Pediatric Research, Riskhospitalet-Radiumhospitalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway.
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30
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Virus infection switches TLR-3-positive human neurons to become strong producers of beta interferon. J Virol 2005. [PMID: 16188991 DOI: 10.1128/jiv.79.20.12893-12904.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the capacity of human neurons to mount innate immunity responses to viral infections, we infected cells of a human postmitotic neuron-derivative cell line, NT2-N, with rabies virus (RABV) and herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1). Changes in neuronal gene expression were analyzed by use of Affymetrix microarrays. Applying a twofold cutoff, RABV increased the transcription of 228 genes, and HSV-1 increased the transcription of 263 genes. The most striking difference between the two infections concerns genes involved in immunity. These genes represent 24% of the RABV-upregulated genes and only 4.9% of the HSV-1-upregulated genes. Following RABV infection, the most upregulated genes belong to the immunity cluster and included almost exclusively genes for beta interferon (IFN-beta) primary and secondary responses as well as genes for chemokines (CCL-5, CXCL-10) and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 6 [IL-6], tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 alpha). In contrast, HSV-1 infection did not increase IFN-beta gene transcripts and triggered the production of only IL-6 and interferon regulatory factor 1 mRNAs. The microarray results were confirmed by real-time PCR, immunocytochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Human neurons were found to express Toll-like receptor 3. They produced IFN-beta after treatment with poly(I:C) but not with lipopolysaccharide. Thus, human neurons can mount an innate immunity response to double-stranded RNA. These observations firmly establish that human neurons, in absence of glia, have the intrinsic machinery to sense virus infection.
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31
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Binder DR, Dunn WH, Swerdlow RH. Molecular characterization of mtDNA depleted and repleted NT2 cell lines. Mitochondrion 2005; 5:255-65. [PMID: 16050988 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2005] [Revised: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Transmitochondrial cytoplasmic hybrids (cybrids) enable functional assessment of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-encoded proteins. Cybrid production often utilizes cell lines depleted of endogenous mtDNA (rho0 cells), and a number of suitable rho0 cell lines exist for this purpose. We now provide molecular data characterizing an NT2 human teratocarcinoma rho0 cell line, as well as NT2 cybrid derivatives. NT2 rho0 cells contained no detectable mtDNA on a sensitive PCR assay. Eight weeks after exogenous mtDNA transfer cybrids showed no evidence of endogenous mtDNA reversion, and heteroplasmic ratios of a single nucleotide substitution roughly reflected that of the blood samples used to repopulate their mtDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Binder
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia Health System, 1 Hospital Drive, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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32
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Préhaud C, Mégret F, Lafage M, Lafon M. Virus infection switches TLR-3-positive human neurons to become strong producers of beta interferon. J Virol 2005; 79:12893-904. [PMID: 16188991 PMCID: PMC1235836 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.20.12893-12904.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 07/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the capacity of human neurons to mount innate immunity responses to viral infections, we infected cells of a human postmitotic neuron-derivative cell line, NT2-N, with rabies virus (RABV) and herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1). Changes in neuronal gene expression were analyzed by use of Affymetrix microarrays. Applying a twofold cutoff, RABV increased the transcription of 228 genes, and HSV-1 increased the transcription of 263 genes. The most striking difference between the two infections concerns genes involved in immunity. These genes represent 24% of the RABV-upregulated genes and only 4.9% of the HSV-1-upregulated genes. Following RABV infection, the most upregulated genes belong to the immunity cluster and included almost exclusively genes for beta interferon (IFN-beta) primary and secondary responses as well as genes for chemokines (CCL-5, CXCL-10) and inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 6 [IL-6], tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1 alpha). In contrast, HSV-1 infection did not increase IFN-beta gene transcripts and triggered the production of only IL-6 and interferon regulatory factor 1 mRNAs. The microarray results were confirmed by real-time PCR, immunocytochemistry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Human neurons were found to express Toll-like receptor 3. They produced IFN-beta after treatment with poly(I:C) but not with lipopolysaccharide. Thus, human neurons can mount an innate immunity response to double-stranded RNA. These observations firmly establish that human neurons, in absence of glia, have the intrinsic machinery to sense virus infection.
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33
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Abstract
Increasing experimental evidence suggests that cell transplantation can enhance recovery from stroke in animal models of focal cerebral ischemia. Clinical trials have been investigating the effects of a human immortalized neuronal cell line and porcine fetal neurons in stroke victims with persistent and stable deficits. Preclinical studies are focusing on the effects of human stem cells from various sources including brain, bone marrow, umbilical cord, and adipose tissue. This review presents an overview of preclinical and clinical studies on cell therapy for stroke. We emphasize the current, limited knowledge about the biology of implant sources and discuss special conditions in stroke that will impact the potential success of neurotransplantation in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean I Savitz
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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34
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Turner CJ, Granycome C, Hurst R, Pohler E, Juhola MK, Juhola MI, Jacobs HT, Sutherland L, Holt IJ. Systematic segregation to mutant mitochondrial DNA and accompanying loss of mitochondrial DNA in human NT2 teratocarcinoma Cybrids. Genetics 2005; 170:1879-85. [PMID: 15944344 PMCID: PMC1449769 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.043653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2005] [Accepted: 05/05/2005] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study a well-characterized pathological mutation at nucleotide position 3243 of human mitochondrial DNA was introduced into human rho(0) teratocarcinoma (NT2) cells. In cloned and mixed populations of NT2 cells heteroplasmic for the mutation, mitotic segregation toward increasing levels of mutant mitochondrial DNA always occurred. Rapid segregation was frequently followed by complete loss of mitochondrial DNA. These findings support the idea that pathological mitochondrial DNA mutations are particularly deleterious in specific cell types, which can explain some of the tissue-specific aspects of mitochondrial DNA diseases. Moreover, these findings suggest that mitochondrial DNA depletion may be an important and widespread feature of mitochondrial DNA disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie J Turner
- MRC Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Wellcome Trust, Cambridge CB2 2XY, United Kingdom
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35
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Allen GA, Denes B, Fodor I, De Leon M. Vaccinia virus infection and gene transduction in cultured neurons. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:1087-96. [PMID: 15893497 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2004] [Revised: 11/09/2004] [Accepted: 02/24/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The study of neurons in culture would benefit from the development of a gene transduction system capable of delivering foreign genes at high efficiency, as transduction of primary neurons with existing systems is inefficient. The efficacy of lytic vaccinia virus (VV) infection of primary retinal cultures and PC12 cells (a model of neuronal differentiation) was examined in order to determine the efficiency of gene transduction using VV in neuronal primary culture. VV was able to infect retinal cells and PC12 cells and express transgenes of Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (lacZ) and epithelial fatty acid binding protein (E-FABP) in a virus dose-dependent manner. Most (50-100%) of the retinal cells were positive for transgene protein at multiplicities of infection (MOI) between 10 and 100 plaque-forming units (PFU), while over 50% of VV-infected PC12 cells expressed the virus encoded gene at an MOI = 10. The production of foreign mRNA and protein by VV following infection was verified by PCR and Western blot. Because VV is a lytic virus, cytopathic effects were examined. Retinal cultures maintained for 0.5 days in vitro showed greater than 90% survival at 24 h post-infection, while 14-day cultures were equally viable for 48 h. Retinal ganglion cells and differentiated PC12 cells appear to be more protected against lytic VV infection than proliferating glial and undifferentiated PC12 cells. These data suggest that VV may be a useful vector for delivering foreign genes to neuronal cells with an efficient transient transgene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A Allen
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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36
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Przyborski SA, Christie VB, Hayman MW, Stewart R, Horrocks GM. Human embryonal carcinoma stem cells: models of embryonic development in humans. Stem Cells Dev 2005; 13:400-8. [PMID: 15345134 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2004.13.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are few reliable experimental systems available to study the molecular mechanisms that govern human embryonic development. Embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells are pluripotent stem cells derived from teratocarcinomas and are considered the malignant counterparts of human embryonic stem (ES) cells. Several of the existing human EC stem cell lines provide robust and simple culture systems to study certain aspects of cellular differentiation in a manner pertinent to human embryogenesis. Here we review the strategies used to derive and characterize the established and recognized human EC stem cell line TERA2.cl.SP12. Furthermore, we demonstrate the value of human EC stem cells as a model of early development and focus on cell fate determination in the embryonic ectoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Przyborski
- School of Biological and Biomedical Science, University of Durham, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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37
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Abstract
Studies on primary cultures of newborn rodent neurons have suggested that neuronal death induced by unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) is mainly apoptotic in nature. We exposed a human teratocarcinoma-derived cell line, NT2-N neurons, to different concentrations of UCB and albumin at a 1.5 molar ratio and used multiple, independent measures of cell damage to evaluate neuronal injury after 6, 24, and 48 h. Low doses of UCB (0.66, 2, and 5 microM) induced a moderate loss of 3-4[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) cleavage accompanied by delayed morphologic changes consistent with apoptosis (2 and 5 microM). Moderate concentrations of UCB (10 and 25 microM) resulted in early (6 h) necrosis in a subset of neurons, while remaining neurons underwent progressive impairment of MTT cleavage and increasing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release accompanied by predominantly delayed apoptosis. High concentrations of UCB (100 microM) induced severe impairment of MTT cleavage, extensive LDH release, and morphologic changes consistent with necrosis within 6 h. Used as a positive control for apoptosis, 2 microM STS induced progressive impairment of MTT cleavage and morphologic changes consistent with apoptosis over the entire observation period. DNA electrophoresis at 48 h was compatible with apoptosis both after treatment with STS and UCB concentrations <or=25, but not at 100 microM. Cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was only seen in neurons treated with low UCB concentrations and STS. We conclude that UCB induces early necrosis at high and moderate concentrations and predominantly delayed apoptosis at low and moderate concentrations in cultured human NT2-N neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hankø
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo, Norway.
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38
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Megiorni F, Mora B, Indovina P, Mazzilli MC. Expression of neuronal markers during NTera2/cloneD1 differentiation by cell aggregation method. Neurosci Lett 2005; 373:105-9. [PMID: 15567562 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2004] [Revised: 09/14/2004] [Accepted: 09/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Human teratocarcinoma NTera2/cloneD1 (NT2) cells are able to generate postmitotic neurons in response to retinoic acid (RA) and for this reason these cells provide an important tool to study human neurogenesis in vitro. We have obtained neurons by treating NT2 aggregated cells with RA for solely 14 days. RT-PCR assays showed that NT2 cells express mRNAs of several neural bHLH genes such as Hes1, Ngn1, Mash1, NeuroD, Math1 and Pax6, just in the early days of RA exposure. In particular, we reported for the first time that RA treatment was followed by a modulation of endogenous Ngn1 and Math1 transcripts. RT-PCR and Western blotting experiments also demonstrated expression of typical neuronal markers such as GluR, MAP2, Tau and NeuN. Knowledge of the expression pattern of the different neuronal genes during NT2 commitment could be used to investigate alterations in the molecular pathways involved in the human neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Megiorni
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, La Sapienza University, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
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39
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Stewart R, Coyne L, Lako M, Halliwell RF, Przyborski SA. Human Embryonal Carcinoma Stem Cells Expressing Green Fluorescent Protein Form Functioning Neurons In Vitro: A Research Tool for Co-culture Studies. Stem Cells Dev 2004; 13:646-57. [PMID: 15684832 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2004.13.646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural differentiation is controlled by complex molecular mechanisms that determine cell fate and diversity within the nervous system. Interactions between developing tissues play an important role in regulating this process. In vitro co-culture experiments offer a method to study cell differentiation and function under controlled conditions, with the additional benefit of investigating how interactions between populations of cells influence cell growth and behavior. However, it can often be difficult to distinguish between populations of co-cultured cells. Here we report the development of a human embryonal carcinoma (EC) stem cell line (named TERA2.cl.SP12-GFP) that expresses the genetic marker, green fluorescent protein (GFP). Here, we demonstrate that TERA2.cl.SP12-GFP stem cells stably express GFP and that this remains detectable during retinoic acid-induced differentiation. Regulated expression of neural markers during cell development correlated with the formation of morphologically identifiable neurons. Populations of post-mitotic GFP-positive neurons were readily purified and electrophysiological characterization confirmed that such neurons were functionally active. Thus, cultured TERA2.cl.SP12-GFP cells can be readily distinguished from alternative cell types in vitro and provide an amenable system for live cell imaging to study the development and function of human neurons in isolation, and in co-culture with other tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stewart
- School of Biological and Biomedical Science, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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40
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Paquet-Durand F, Bicker G. Hypoxic/ischaemic cell damage in cultured human NT-2 neurons. Brain Res 2004; 1011:33-47. [PMID: 15140642 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Postmitotic neurons were generated from the human NT-2 teratocarcinoma cell line in a novel rapid differentiation procedure. These neurons were used to establish an in vitro assay system that allows the investigation of hypoxic/ischaemic cell damage and the development of neuroprotective strategies. In experiments of simulated ischaemia, the neurons were subjected to anoxia and hypoglycaemia. The viability of NT-2 neuronal cells was significantly reduced by anoxia especially in the presence of glutamate, reflecting the cellular vulnerability to excitotoxic conditions. The addition of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist MK-801 reduced glutamate-induced neuronal damage. Calcium imaging showed that NT-2 neurons increased cytosolic calcium levels in response to stimulation with glutamate or NMDA, an effect that was abolished in calcium free medium and at low pH values. The NMDA receptor antagonists MK-801, AP 5 and ketamine reduced the NMDA-induced response, suggesting the presence of functional NMDA receptors in the human neuronal cells. The mitochondrial potential of neurons was estimated using the fluorescent dye rhodamine 123 (R123). The fluorescence imaging experiments indicated an energetic collapse of mitochondrial functions during anoxia, suggesting that the human NT-2 neurons can be used to investigate subcellular processes during the excitotoxic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Paquet-Durand
- School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Cell Biology, Bischofsholer Damm 15/102, D-30173 Hannover, Germany
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41
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Wang X, Douglas SD, Commons KG, Pleasure DE, Lai J, Ho C, Bannerman P, Williams M, Ho W. A non-peptide substance P antagonist (CP-96,345) inhibits morphine-induced NF-kappa B promoter activation in human NT2-N neurons. J Neurosci Res 2004; 75:544-53. [PMID: 14743438 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Opioids and the neuropeptide substance P (SP) modulate the expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which are under the control of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB). We investigated whether the neurokinin-1 receptor (SP receptor) pathway is biologically involved in morphine-mediated modulation of NF-kappaB promoter activation in a human neuronal cell line (NT2-N) that expresses both the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) and the SP receptor. Morphine significantly enhanced NF-kappaB promoter-directed luciferase activity in NT2-N neurons. DAMGO, a selective mu-opioid receptor agonist, also induced NF-kappaB promoter activation. The induced activation of NF-kappaB promoter by morphine or DAMGO was abolished not only by naltrexone (a opioid receptor antagonist) and CTAP (a selective, competitive mu-opioid receptor antagonist), but also by CP-96,345, a non-peptide SP receptor antagonist. Investigation of the mechanism responsible for morphine-induced activation of NF-kappaB promoter in NT2-N neurons demonstrated that morphine activates the SP promoter and induces SP expression in these cells. We also observed that SP activated NF-kappaB promoter and that CP-96,345 downregulated the expression of endogenous SP. Furthermore, dual immunofluorescent labeling revealed that there is co-expression of NK-1R and MOR in the processes of NT-2N neurons. These results suggest that morphine, by activating MOR, engages a positive feedback loop between NK-1R and SP. Activation of NK-1R could then impact NF-kappaB expression and therefore may be an important participant in the effect of morphine on immune responses in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Division of Immunologic and Infectious Diseases, Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute of The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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42
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Stewart R, Christie VB, Przyborski SA. Manipulation of human pluripotent embryonal carcinoma stem cells and the development of neural subtypes. Stem Cells 2004; 21:248-56. [PMID: 12743319 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.21-3-248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There are few reliable cell systems available to study the process of human neural development. Embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells are pluripotent stem cells derived from teratocarcinomas and offer a robust culture system to research cell differentiation in a manner pertinent to embryogenesis. Here, we describe the recent development of a series of culture procedures that together can be used to induce the differentiation of human EC stem cells, resulting in the formation of either pure populations of differentiated neurons, populations of differentiated astrocytes, or populations of immature neuronal cell types. Cell-type-specific markers were used to examine the induction of EC stem cell differentiation by retinoic acid. In direct response to manipulation of the culture environment, the expression of cell type markers correlated with the differentiation and appearance of distinct neural cell types, including neurons and astrocytes. These experiments demonstrate that cultured human EC stem cells provide a robust model cell system capable of reproducibly forming neural subtypes for research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Stewart
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, Durham, United Kingdom
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43
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Przyborski SA, Smith S, Wood A. Transcriptional profiling of neuronal differentiation by human embryonal carcinoma stem cells in vitro. Stem Cells 2004; 21:459-71. [PMID: 12832699 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.21-4-459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cell lines can be induced to differentiate into a range of somatic cell types in response to various stimuli. Such cell-based systems provide powerful tools for the investigation of molecules that modulate cellular development. For instance, the formation of the nervous system is a highly regulated process, controlled by molecular pathways that determine the expression of specific proteins involved in cell differentiation. To begin to decipher this mechanism in humans, we used oligonucleotide microarrays to profile the complex patterns of gene expression during the differentiation of neurons from pluripotent human stem cells. Samples of mRNA were isolated from cultured NTERA2 human embryonal carcinoma stem cells and their retinoic-acid-induced derivatives and were prepared for hybridization on custom microarrays designed to detect the expression of genes primarily associated with the neural lineage. In response to retinoic acid, human NTERA2 cells coordinately regulate the expression of large numbers of neural transcripts simultaneously. Transcriptional profiles of many individual genes aligned closely with expression patterns previously recorded by developing neural cells in vitro and in vivo, demonstrating that cultured human pluripotent stem cells appear to form neurons in a conserved manner. These experiments have produced many new expression data concerning neuronal differentiation from human stem cells in vitro. Of particular interest was the regulated expression of Pax6 and Nkx6.1 mRNA and the absence of Pax7 transcription, indicating that neurons derived from NTERA2 pluripotent stem cells are characteristic of neuroectodermal cells of the ventral phenotype.
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44
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Etchamendy N, Enderlin V, Marighetto A, Pallet V, Higueret P, Jaffard R. Vitamin A deficiency and relational memory deficit in adult mice: relationships with changes in brain retinoid signalling. Behav Brain Res 2003; 145:37-49. [PMID: 14529804 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-4328(03)00099-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A and its derivatives, the retinoids, have recently been reported to be implicated in the synaptic plasticity of the hippocampus and in cognitive functions. Acting via transcription factors, retinoids can regulate gene expression via their nuclear receptors [retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and retinoid X receptors (RXRs)]. We recently showed that a moderate (about 30%) hypoexpression of brain (and hippocampal) retinoid signalling, like that naturally occurring in the aged brain of mice, might be related to a selective relational memory deficit. To further assess this hypothesis, the present study investigated the effects of Vitamin A deprivation of varying duration both on the brain expression of retinoid receptors (RARbeta and RXRbeta/gamma) and two associated target genes [tissue-type transglutaminase (tTG) and neurogranin, (RC3)], and on radial maze discrimination learning using young adult mice as subjects. We observed that irrespective of its duration (i.e. 31 or 39 weeks), Vitamin A deprivation resulted in a significant reduction (25-30%) in the expression of brain RARbeta, RXRbeta/gamma and tTG mRNAs. Conversely, only the 39-week condition was found to induce a significant decrease in brain RC3 mRNAs contents and a selective relational memory impairment. Finally, daily administration of retinoic acid (RA) failed to reverse the 39-week Vitamin A deficiency (VAD)-related cognitive deficit and to fully normalise the associated brain retinoid hyposignalling. In particular, there was no evidence for an up-regulating effect of RA on whole brain (and hippocampal) RC3 mRNAs of the 39-week-depleted mice. The results show that post-natal VAD may induce a selective memory impairment and give further support to the hypothesis that the fine regulation of retinoid-mediated gene expression is important for optimal brain functioning and higher cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Etchamendy
- CNRS UMR 5106, Lab. Neurosciences Cognitives, Université de Bordeaux 1, Avenue des Facultés, 33405 Talence Cedex, France.
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45
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Harris FM, Tesseur I, Brecht WJ, Xu Q, Mullendorff K, Chang S, Wyss-Coray T, Mahley RW, Huang Y. Astroglial regulation of apolipoprotein E expression in neuronal cells. Implications for Alzheimer's disease. J Biol Chem 2003; 279:3862-8. [PMID: 14585838 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309475200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although apolipoprotein (apo) E is synthesized in the brain primarily by astrocytes, neurons in the central nervous system express apoE, albeit at lower levels than astrocytes, in response to various physiological and pathological conditions, including excitotoxic stress. To investigate how apoE expression is regulated in neurons, we transfected Neuro-2a cells with a 17-kilobase human apoE genomic DNA construct encoding apoE3 or apoE4 along with upstream and downstream regulatory elements. The baseline expression of apoE was low. However, conditioned medium from an astrocytic cell line (C6) or from apoE-null mouse primary astrocytes increased the expression of both isoforms by 3-4-fold at the mRNA level and by 4-10-fold at the protein level. These findings suggest that astrocytes secrete a factor or factors that regulate apoE expression in neuronal cells. The increased expression of apoE was almost completely abolished by incubating neurons with U0126, an inhibitor of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk), suggesting that the Erk pathway controls astroglial regulation of apoE expression in neuronal cells. Human neuronal precursor NT2/D1 cells expressed apoE constitutively; however, after treatment of these cells with retinoic acid to induce differentiation, apoE expression diminished. Cultured mouse primary cortical and hippocampal neurons also expressed low levels of apoE. Astrocyte-conditioned medium rapidly up-regulated apoE expression in fully differentiated NT2 neurons and in cultured mouse primary cortical and hippocampal neurons. Thus, neuronal expression of apoE is regulated by a diffusible factor or factors released from astrocytes, and this regulation depends on the activity of the Erk kinase pathway in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith M Harris
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, University of California, San Francisco, California 94141-9100, USA
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46
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Yi Y, Chen W, Frank I, Cutilli J, Singh A, Starr-Spires L, Sulcove J, Kolson DL, Collman RG. An unusual syncytia-inducing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolate from the central nervous system that is restricted to CXCR4, replicates efficiently in macrophages, and induces neuronal apoptosis. J Neurovirol 2003; 9:432-41. [PMID: 12907388 DOI: 10.1080/13550280390218706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage/microglia cells are the principal targets for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in the central nervous system (CNS). Prototype HIV-1 isolates from the CNS are macrophage (M)-tropic, non-syncytia-inducing (NSI), and use CCR5 for entry (R5 strains), but whether syncytia-inducing (SI) CXCR4-using X4 strains might play a role in macrophage/microglia infection and neuronal injury is unknown. To explore the range of features among HIV-1 primary isolates from the CNS, the authors analyzed an HIV-1 strain (TYBE) from cerebrospinal fluid of an individual with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) that was unusual because it was SI. Like other CNS isolates, HIV-1/TYBE replicated to high level in primary human macrophages, but, in contrast to CNS prototypes, TYBE used CXCR4 exclusively to infect macrophages. A functional TYBE env clone confirmed the X4 phenotype and displayed a highly charged V3 sequence typical of X4 strains. Supernatant from TYBE-infected primary human macrophages induced apoptosis of neurons. Thus, TYBE represents a novel type of CNS-derived HIV-1 isolate that is CXCR4-restricted yet replicates efficiently in macrophages and induce neuronal injury. These results demonstrate that HIV-1 variants in the CNS may possess a broader range of biological characteristics than generally appreciated, raise the possibility that X4 strains may participate in AIDS neuropathogenesis, and provide a prototype clade B HIV-1 strain that replicates efficiently in primary macrophages through the exclusive use of CXCR4 as a coreceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Yi
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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47
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Fang H, Chartier J, Sodja C, Desbois A, Ribecco-Lutkiewicz M, Walker PR, Sikorska M. Transcriptional activation of the human brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene promoter III by dopamine signaling in NT2/N neurons. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:26401-9. [PMID: 12738784 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m211539200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified a functional cAMP-response element (CRE) in the human brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene promoter III and established that it participated in the modulation of BDNF expression in NT2/N neurons via downstream signaling from the D1 class of dopamine (DA) receptors. The up-regulation of BDNF expression, in turn, produced neuroprotective signals through receptor tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) and promoted cell survival under the conditions of oxygen and glucose deprivation. To our knowledge this is the first evidence showing the presence of a functional CRE in the human BDNF gene and the role of DA signaling in establishing transcriptional competence of CRE in post-mitotic NT2/N neurons. This ability of DA to regulate the expression of the BDNF survival factor has a profound significance for the nigrostriatal pathway, because it indicates the existence of a feedback loop between the neutrophin, which promotes both the maturation and survival of dopaminergic neurons, and the neurotransmitter, which the mature neurons ultimately produce and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Fang
- Neurobiology Program, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada.
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48
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Sandhu JK, Pandey S, Ribecco-Lutkiewicz M, Monette R, Borowy-Borowski H, Walker PR, Sikorska M. Molecular mechanisms of glutamate neurotoxicity in mixed cultures of NT2-derived neurons and astrocytes: protective effects of coenzyme Q10. J Neurosci Res 2003; 72:691-703. [PMID: 12774309 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although glutamate excitotoxicity has long been implicated in neuronal cell death associated with a variety of neurological disorders, the molecular mechanisms underlying this process are not yet fully understood. In part, this is due to the lack of relevant experimental cell systems recapitulating the in vivo neuronal environment, mainly neuronal-glial interactions. To explore these mechanisms, we have analyzed the cytotoxic effects of glutamate on mixed cultures of NT2/N neurons and NT2/A astrocytes derived from human NT2/D1 cells. In these cultures, the neurons were resistant to glutamate alone (up to 2 mM for 24-48 hr), but they responded to a simultaneous exposure to 0.5 mM glutamate and 6 hr of hypoxia. Neuronal cell death occurred during subsequent periods of reoxygenation (>30% within 24 hr). This was associated with a marked decrease of intracellular ATP, a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and downregulation of glutamate uptake by astrocytes. Thus, under energy failure and high levels of ROS production, only the neurons from these mixed cultures succumbed to glutamate neurotoxicity; the astrocytic cells remained unaffected by the treatment. Taken together, our data suggested that glutamate excitotoxicity might be due to the energy failure and oxidative stress affecting the properties of the NMDA glutamate receptors and causing impairment of glutamate transporters. Cells pretreated for 72 hr with 10 microg/ml of coenzyme Q(10) (functions both as a ROS scavenger and co-factor of mitochondrial electron transport), were protected, suggesting a useful role for coenzyme Q(10) in treatments of neurological diseases associated with glutamate excitotoxicity. A model of the complex interactions between neurons and astrocytes in regulating glutamate metabolism is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdeep K Sandhu
- Neurogenesis and Brain Repair Group, Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Paquet-Durand F, Tan S, Bicker G. Turning teratocarcinoma cells into neurons: rapid differentiation of NT-2 cells in floating spheres. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2003; 142:161-7. [PMID: 12711367 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(03)00065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cells from the human teratocarcinoma line NTera-2 can be induced to terminally differentiate into postmitotic neurons when treated with retinoic acid. However, this differentiation process is rather time consuming as it takes between 42 and 54 days. Here, we propose a modified differentiation protocol which reduces the time needed for differentiation considerably without compromising the quantity of the neurons obtained. The introduction of a proliferation step as free floating cell spheres cuts the total time needed to obtain high yields of purified NT-2 neurons to about 24-28 days. The cells obtained show neuronal morphology and migrate to form ganglion-like cell conglomerates. Differentiated cells express neuronal polarity markers such as the cytoskeleton associated proteins MAP2 and Tau. Moreover, the generation of neurons in sphere cultures induced immunoreactivity to the ELAV-like neuronal RNA-binding proteins HuC/D, which have been implicated in mechanisms of nerve cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Paquet-Durand
- Physiologisches Institut, Abteilung Zellbiologie, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, D-30559, Hannover, Germany
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50
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Horrocks GM, Lauder L, Stewart R, Przyborski S. Formation of neurospheres from human embryonal carcinoma stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 304:411-6. [PMID: 12711331 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Embryonal carcinoma (EC) stem cells derived from germ cell tumours are valuable tools for the study of embryogenesis and closely resemble embryonic stem cells. When human TERA2.cl.SP12 EC cells are exposed to retinoic acid and grown as adherent monolayers, approximately 10-15% of cells commit toward becoming neurons whilst the remainder of cells produce non-neuronal cell types. Using established protocols it is possible to isolate and purify neurons from these cultures but such a process takes several weeks and the numbers of neurons produced are relatively low. In this study, we describe the development of novel procedures to enhance neuronal productivity with dramatically increased efficiency, which will be of value for research purposes and drug discovery programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace M Horrocks
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
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