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Baranov D, Dolgov S, Timerbaev V. New Advances in the Study of Regulation of Tomato Flowering-Related Genes Using Biotechnological Approaches. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:359. [PMID: 38337892 PMCID: PMC10856997 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
The tomato is a convenient object for studying reproductive processes, which has become a classic. Such complex processes as flowering and fruit setting require an understanding of the fundamental principles of molecular interaction, the structures of genes and proteins, the construction of signaling pathways for transcription regulation, including the synchronous actions of cis-regulatory elements (promoter and enhancer), trans-regulatory elements (transcription factors and regulatory RNAs), and transposable elements and epigenetic regulators (DNA methylation and acetylation, chromatin structure). Here, we discuss the current state of research on tomatoes (2017-2023) devoted to studying the function of genes that regulate flowering and signal regulation systems using genome-editing technologies, RNA interference gene silencing, and gene overexpression, including heterologous expression. Although the central candidate genes for these regulatory components have been identified, a complete picture of their relationship has yet to be formed. Therefore, this review summarizes the latest achievements related to studying the processes of flowering and fruit set. This work attempts to display the gene interaction scheme to better understand the events under consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Baranov
- Laboratory of Expression Systems and Plant Genome Modification, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (D.B.); (S.D.)
- Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Dolgov
- Laboratory of Expression Systems and Plant Genome Modification, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (D.B.); (S.D.)
- Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim Timerbaev
- Laboratory of Expression Systems and Plant Genome Modification, Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia; (D.B.); (S.D.)
- Laboratory of Plant Genetic Engineering, All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 127550 Moscow, Russia
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2
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Zhang H, Liu Z, Wang Y, Mu S, Yue H, Luo Y, Zhang Z, Li Y, Chen P. A mutation in CsDWF7 gene encoding a delta7 sterol C-5(6) desaturase leads to the phenotype of super compact in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2024; 137:20. [PMID: 38221593 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04518-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A novel super compact mutant, scp-3, was identified using map-based cloning in cucumber. The CsDWF7 gene encoding a delta7 sterol C-5(6) desaturase was the candidate gene of scp-3. Mining dwarf genes is important in understanding stem growth in crops. However, only a small number of dwarf genes have been cloned or characterized. Here, we characterized a cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) dwarf mutant, super compact 3 (scp-3), which displays shortened internodes and dark green leaves with a wrinkled appearance. The photosynthetic rate of scp-3 is significantly lower than that of the wild type. The dwarf phenotype of scp-3 mutant can be partially rescued by the exogenous brassinolide (BL) application, and the endogenous brassinosteroids (BRs) levels in the scp-3 mutant were significantly lower compared to the wild type. Microscopic examination revealed that the reduced internode length in scp-3 resulted from a decrease in cell size. Genetic analysis showed that the dwarf phenotype of scp-3 was controlled by a single recessive gene. Combined with bulked segregant analysis and map-based cloning strategy, we delimited scp-3 locus into an 82.5 kb region harboring five putative genes, but only one non-synonymous mutation (A to T) was discovered between the mutant and its wild type in this region. This mutation occurred within the second exon of the CsGy4G017510 gene, leading to an amino acid alteration from Leu156 to His156. This gene encodes the CsDWF7 protein, an analog of the Arabidopsis DWF7 protein, which is known to be involved in the biosynthesis of BRs. The CsDWF7 protein was targeted to the cell membrane. In comparison to the wild type, scp-3 exhibited reduced CsDWF7 expression in different tissues. These findings imply that CsDWF7 is essential for both BR biosynthesis as well as growth and development of cucumber plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqiang Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zichen Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yunxiao Wang
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Siyu Mu
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongzhong Yue
- Vegetable Research Institute, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730070, Gansu, China
| | - Yanjie Luo
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhengao Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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3
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Sun K, Zhang X, Wei Z, Wang Z, Liu J, Liu J, Gao J, Guo J, Zhao X. Analysis of metabolic and transcription levels provides insights into the interactions of plant hormones and crosstalk with MAPKs in the early signaling response of cherry tomato fruit induced by the yeast cell wall. FOOD CHEMISTRY. MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2022; 6:100160. [PMID: 36619895 PMCID: PMC9816665 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Yeast cell walls (YCW) are promising bio-based elicitors for controlling post-harvest fruit decay. In this study, 1% YCW induction increased the resistance of cherry tomato fruits, reducing disease incidence by 66%. This study aimed to explore the interaction of hormones and crosstalk with MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) in the early response of resistance regulation in cherry tomato fruits treated with YCW and U0126. We analyzed the temporal changes in hormone content, the expression of critical genes involved in phytohormone biosynthesis, and signal transduction in cherry tomato fruits response to the induction. Results revealed that jasmonic acid (JA) and brassinosteroids (BR) significantly regulated early resistance response in fruit induced by 1% YCW. The salicylic acid (SA) pathway is inhibited by the activation of the JA pathway. JA and SA signaling pathway crosstalk with the MAPK3 pathway. BR plays an essential role in the regulation of fruit resistance. The BR pathway may function independently when JA/SA and MAPK3 pathways are inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ze Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ziwuzhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Health Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China,Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011, China
| | - Jianhua Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030801, China
| | - Jun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health of Tianjin, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China,Corresponding authors.
| | - Xin Zhao
- Institute of Health Quarantine, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China,Corresponding authors.
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Sang K, Li J, Qian X, Yu J, Zhou Y, Xia X. The APETALA2a/DWARF/BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT 1 module contributes to carotenoid synthesis in tomato fruits. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:1238-1251. [PMID: 36271694 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene (ET) signaling plays a critical role in the ripening of climacteric fruits such as tomato. Brassinosteroids (BRs) were found to promote the ripening of both climacteric and non-climacteric fruits. However, the mechanism of interaction between ET and BRs during fruit ripening is unclear. Here, we found that BR synthesis and signaling increased after the onset of fruit ripening. Overexpression of the BR synthesis gene DWARF (DWF) promotedfruit softening, lycopene synthesis and ET production, whereas defect of DWF inhibited them. BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1 (BZR1) as a key component of BR signaling, enhanced fruit lycopene content by directly activating the transcription of PSY1 gene. Interestingly, the increases in BR synthesis and BZR1 protein levels were dependent on ET signaling. Knocking out the ET-induced APETALA2a (AP2a) suppressed the expression of DWF and BR accumulation. Molecular assays demonstrated that AP2a was a positive regulator of DWF expression. Furthermore, 28-homobrassinolide, a bioactive BR, partially compensated the defects of lycopene accumulation and expression of PSY1 in ap2a mutant fruits. The results demonstrated that AP2a mediated ET signaling to regulate BR synthesis and signaling. BRs played critical roles in lycopene synthesis after onset of fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangqi Sang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Li
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangjie Qian
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Agricultural Ministry of China, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojian Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, People's Republic of China
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5
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Choi I, Ahn CS, Lee DH, Baek SA, Jung JW, Kim JK, Lee HS, Pai HS. Silencing of the Target of Rapamycin Complex Genes Stimulates Tomato Fruit Ripening. Mol Cells 2022; 45:660-672. [PMID: 35993163 PMCID: PMC9448650 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2022.2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The target of rapamycin complex (TORC) plays a key role in plant cell growth and survival by regulating the gene expression and metabolism according to environmental information. TORC activates transcription, mRNA translation, and anabolic processes under favorable conditions, thereby promoting plant growth and development. Tomato fruit ripening is a complex developmental process promoted by ethylene and specific transcription factors. TORC is known to modulate leaf senescence in tomato. In this study, we investigated the function of TORC in tomato fruit ripening using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of the TORC genes, TOR, lethal with SEC13 protein 8 (LST8), and regulatory-associated protein of TOR (RAPTOR). Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that the expression levels of tomato TORC genes were the highest in the orange stage during fruit development in Micro-Tom tomato. VIGS of these TORC genes using stage 2 tomato accelerated fruit ripening with premature orange/red coloring and decreased fruit growth, when control tobacco rattle virus 2 (TRV2)-myc fruits reached the mature green stage. TORC-deficient fruits showed early accumulation of carotenoid lycopene and reduced cellulose deposition in pericarp cell walls. The early ripening fruits had higher levels of transcripts related to fruit ripening transcription factors, ethylene biosynthesis, carotenoid synthesis, and cell wall modification. Finally, the early ripening phenotype in Micro-Tom tomato was reproduced in the commercial cultivar Moneymaker tomato by VIGS of the TORC genes. Collectively, these results demonstrate that TORC plays an important role in tomato fruit ripening by modulating the transcription of various ripening-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilyeong Choi
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Chang Sook Ahn
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Platform Technology Research Center, Corporate R&D, LG Chem/LG Science Park, Seoul 07796, Korea
| | - Du-Hwa Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna BioCenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Seung-A Baek
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Jung Won Jung
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Kim
- Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Korea
| | - Ho-Seok Lee
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Hyun-Sook Pai
- Department of Systems Biology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
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6
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Malhotra K, Franke J. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase-mediated tailoring of triterpenoids and steroids in plants. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1289-1310. [PMID: 36225725 PMCID: PMC9520826 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) superfamily comprises hemethiolate enzymes that perform remarkable regio- and stereospecific oxidative chemistry. As such, CYPs are key agents for the structural and functional tailoring of triterpenoids, one of the largest classes of plant natural products with widespread applications in pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and agricultural industries. In this review, we provide a full overview of 149 functionally characterised CYPs involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoids and steroids in primary as well as in specialised metabolism. We describe the phylogenetic distribution of triterpenoid- and steroid-modifying CYPs across the plant CYPome, present a structure-based summary of their reactions, and highlight recent examples of particular interest to the field. Our review therefore provides a comprehensive up-to-date picture of CYPs involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoids and steroids in plants as a starting point for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Malhotra
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jakob Franke
- Institute of Botany, Leibniz University Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
- Centre of Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 38, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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7
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Zhang M, Song M, Davoudi M, Cheng F, Yin J, Zha G, Yang Z, Chen J, Lou Q. The mutation of C-24 reductase, a key enzyme involved in brassinolide biosynthesis, confers a novel compact plant architecture phenotype to cucumber. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:2711-2723. [PMID: 35788747 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04144-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A novel compact plant architecture mutant, cpa-2, was identified from EMS-induced mutagenesis. Bulked segregant analysis sequencing and map-based cloning revealed CsDWF1 encoding C-24 reductase enzyme as the candidate gene. The compact architecture is a vital and valuable agronomic trait that helps to reduce the labor of plant management, and improve the fruit yield by increasing planting density in cucumbers. However, the molecular basis underlying the regulation of plant architecture in cucumber is complex and largely unknown. In this study, a novel recessive compact allele, designated as cpa-2 (compact plant architecture-2) was fine mapped in a 109 kb region on chromosome 7 by the strategy of bulked segregant analysis sequencing combined with map-based cloning. Gene annotation of the corresponding region revealed that the CsaV3_7G030530 (CsDWF1) gene encoding C-24 reductase, which acts as the key enzyme in brassinosteroids biosynthesis, functions as the candidate gene for cpa-2. Sequence analysis showed that a single-nucleotide mutation (G to A) in the second exon of CsaV3_7G030530 caused an amino acid substitution from E502 to K502. Compared with wild-type CCMC, CsDWF1 had lower expression levels in the stem, leaf and ovary of cpa-2. In addition, the compact phenotype in cpa-2 could be partially restored by exogenous BR application. Transcriptome analysis revealed that many genes related to plant growth hormones were differentially expressed in cpa-2 plants. This is the first report about the characterization and cloning of the CsDWF1 gene. This work revealed the importance of CsDWF1 in plant development regulation and extended our understanding of the interaction between BRs and other hormones for plant architecture development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengru Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No.1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mengfei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No.1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Marzieh Davoudi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No.1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No.1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Juan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No.1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Gaohui Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No.1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhengan Yang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jinfeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No.1, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qunfeng Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang Street No.1, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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8
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Lee MB, Shekasteband R, Hutton SF, Lee TG. A mutant allele of the flowering promoting factor 1 gene at the tomato BRACHYTIC locus reduces plant height with high quality fruit. PLANT DIRECT 2022; 6:e422. [PMID: 35949955 PMCID: PMC9352537 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Reduced plant height due to shortened stems is beneficial for improving crop yield potential, better resilience to biotic/abiotic stresses, and rapid crop producer adoption of the agronomic and management practices. Breeding tomato plants with a reduced height, however, poses a particular challenge because this trait is often associated with a significant fruit size (weight) reduction. The tomato BRACHYTIC (BR) locus controls plant height. Genetic mapping and genome assembly revealed three flowering promoting factor 1 (FPF1) genes located within the BR mapping interval, and a complete coding sequence deletion of the telomere proximal FPF1 (Solyc01g066980) was found in the br allele but not in BR. The knock-out of Solyc01g066980 in BR large-fruited fresh-market tomato reduced the height and fruit yield, but the ability to produce large size fruits was retained. However, concurrent yield evaluation of a pair of sister lines with or without the br allele revealed that artificial selection contributes to commercially acceptable yield potential in br tomatoes. A network analysis of gene-expression patterns across genotypes, tissues, and the gibberellic acid (GA) treatment revealed that member(s) of the FPF1 family may play a role in the suppression of the GA biosynthesis in roots and provided a framework for identifying the responsible molecular signaling pathways in br-mediated phenotypic changes. Lastly, mutations of br homologs also resulted in reduced height. These results shed light on the genetic and physiological mechanisms by which the br allele alters tomato architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Bo Lee
- Gulf Coast Research and Education CenterUniversity of FloridaWimaumaFloridaUSA
| | - Reza Shekasteband
- Department of Horticultural ScienceNorth Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research & Extension CenterMills RiverNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Samuel F. Hutton
- Gulf Coast Research and Education CenterUniversity of FloridaWimaumaFloridaUSA
- Horticultural Sciences DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Plant Breeders Working GroupUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
| | - Tong Geon Lee
- Gulf Coast Research and Education CenterUniversity of FloridaWimaumaFloridaUSA
- Horticultural Sciences DepartmentUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Plant Breeders Working GroupUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate ProgramUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFloridaUSA
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9
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Shuai H, Chen T, Wlk T, Rozhon W, Pimenta Lange MJ, Sieberer T, Lange T, Poppenberger B. SlCESTA Is a Brassinosteroid-Regulated bHLH Transcription Factor of Tomato That Promotes Chilling Tolerance and Fruit Growth When Over-Expressed. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:930805. [PMID: 35909777 PMCID: PMC9337221 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.930805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are required for various aspects of plant growth and development, but also participate in stress responses. The hormones convey their activity through transcriptional regulation and posttranslational modification of transcription factors and one class are basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins of the BR Enhanced Expression (BEE) subfamily, which in Arabidopsis thaliana include BEE1-3 and CESTA (CES). CES and the BEEs promote the expression of different BR-responsive genes, including genes encoding gibberellin (GA) biosynthetic and catabolizing enzymes, as well as cold-responsive genes. Interestingly, in terms of an application, CES could promote both fruit growth and cold stress tolerance when over-expressed in A. thaliana and here it was investigated, if this function is conserved in the fruit crop Solanum lycopersicum (cultivated tomato). Based on amino acid sequence similarity and the presence of regulatory motifs, a CES orthologue of S. lycopersicum, SlCES, was identified and the effects of its over-expression were analysed in tomato. This showed that SlCES, like AtCES, was re-localized to nuclear bodies in response to BR signaling activation and that it effected GA homeostasis, with related phenotypes, when over-expressed. In addition, over-expression lines showed an increased chilling tolerance and had altered fruit characteristics. The possibilities and potential limitations of a gain of SlCES function as a breeding strategy for tomato are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Shuai
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Tingting Chen
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Tanja Wlk
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Wilfried Rozhon
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Sieberer
- Plant Growth Regulation, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Theo Lange
- Institute of Plant Biology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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10
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Massolo JF, Sánchez R, Zaro MJ, Concellón A, Vicente AR. Low‐dose prestorage 24‐epibrassinolide spray enhance postharvest chilling tolerance in zucchini squash (
Cucurbita pepo
L.) by eliciting peroxidase and phenolic antioxidants. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Facundo Massolo
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Productos Agroindustriales (LIPA) Facultad de Cs. Agrarias y Forestales UNLP. Calle 60 y 118. La Plata, pcia. de BsAs Argentina
| | - Ramiro Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA) Facultad de Cs. Exactas UNLP Calle 47 y 116 (s/n). La Plata, Pcia. de Bs. As Argentina
| | - María José Zaro
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA) Facultad de Cs. Exactas UNLP Calle 47 y 116 (s/n). La Plata, Pcia. de Bs. As Argentina
| | - Analía Concellón
- Centro de Investigación en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA) Facultad de Cs. Exactas UNLP Calle 47 y 116 (s/n). La Plata, Pcia. de Bs. As Argentina
| | - Ariel Roberto Vicente
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Productos Agroindustriales (LIPA) Facultad de Cs. Agrarias y Forestales UNLP. Calle 60 y 118. La Plata, pcia. de BsAs Argentina
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11
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Brassinosteroids (BRs) Role in Plant Development and Coping with Different Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031012. [PMID: 35162936 PMCID: PMC8835148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants are vulnerable to a number of abiotic and biotic stresses that cause a substantial decrease in the production of plants. Plants respond to different environmental stresses by experiencing a series of molecular and physiological changes coordinated by various phytohormones. The use of phytohormones to alleviate stresses has recently achieved increasing interest. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of polyhydroxylated steroidal phytohormones that are required for the development, growth, and productivity of plants. These hormones are involved in regulating the division, elongation, and differentiation of numerous cell types throughout the entire plant life cycle. BR studies have drawn the interest of plant scientists over the last few decades due to their flexible ability to mitigate different environmental stresses. BRs have been shown in numerous studies to have a positive impact on plant responses to various biotic and abiotic stresses. BR receptors detect the BR at the cell surface, triggering a series of phosphorylation events that activate the central transcription factor (TF) Brassinazole-resistant 1 (BZR1), which regulates the transcription of BR-responsive genes in the nucleus. This review discusses the discovery, occurrence, and chemical structure of BRs in plants. Furthermore, their role in the growth and development of plants, and against various stresses, is discussed. Finally, BR signaling in plants is discussed.
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12
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Hu S, Wang T, Shao Z, Meng F, Chen H, Wang Q, Zheng J, Liu L. Brassinosteroid Biosynthetic Gene SlCYP90B3 Alleviates Chilling Injury of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Fruits during Cold Storage. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11010115. [PMID: 35052619 PMCID: PMC8773034 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tomato is susceptible to chilling injury during cold storage. In this study, we found that low temperature promoted the expression of brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthetic genes in tomato fruits. The overexpression of SlCYP90B3 (SlCYP90B3-OE), a key BR biosynthetic gene, alleviated the chilling injury with decreased electrical conductivity and malondialdehyde. In SlCYP90B3-OE tomato fruits, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, including ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were markedly increased, while the activity of membranous lipolytic enzymes, lipoxygenase (LOX), and phospholipase D (PLD), were significantly decreased when compared with the wild-type in response to cold storage. Furthermore, the expression level of the cold-response-system component, SlCBF1, was higher in SlCYP90B3-OE fruits than in the wild-type fruits. These results indicated that SlCYP90B3 might be involved in the chilling tolerance of tomato fruits during cold storage, possibly by regulating the antioxidant enzyme system and SlCBF1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songshen Hu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310024, China; (S.H.); (T.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.S.); (F.M.); (H.C.); (Q.W.)
| | - Tonglin Wang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310024, China; (S.H.); (T.W.)
| | - Zhiyong Shao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.S.); (F.M.); (H.C.); (Q.W.)
| | - Fanliang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.S.); (F.M.); (H.C.); (Q.W.)
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.S.); (F.M.); (H.C.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qiaomei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.S.); (F.M.); (H.C.); (Q.W.)
| | - Jirong Zheng
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hangzhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310024, China; (S.H.); (T.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (L.L.)
| | - Lihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth and Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Z.S.); (F.M.); (H.C.); (Q.W.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (L.L.)
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13
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Zhang C, He M, Wang S, Chu L, Wang C, Yang N, Ding G, Cai H, Shi L, Xu F. Boron deficiency-induced root growth inhibition is mediated by brassinosteroid signalling regulation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:564-578. [PMID: 33964043 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are pivotal phytohormones involved in the control of root development. Boron (B) is an essential micronutrient for plants, and root growth is rapidly inhibited under B deficiency conditions. However, the mechanisms underlying this inhibition are still unclear. Here, we identified BR-related processes underlying B deficiency at the physiological, genetic, molecular/cell biological and transcriptomic levels and found strong evidence that B deficiency can affect BR biosynthesis and signalling, thereby altering root growth. RNA sequencing analysis revealed strong co-regulation between BR-regulated genes and B deficiency-responsive genes. We found that the BR receptor mutants bri1-119 and bri1-301 were more insensitive to decreased B supply, and the gain-of-function mutants bes1-D and pBZR1-bzr1-D exhibited insensitivity to low-B stress. Under B deficiency conditions, exogenous 24-epibrassinolide rescued the inhibition of root growth, and application of the BR biosynthesis inhibitor brassinazole exacerbated this inhibitory effect. The nuclear-localised signal of BES1 was reduced under low-B conditions compared with B sufficiency conditions. We further found that B deficiency hindered the accumulation of brassinolide to downregulate BR signalling and modulate root elongation, which may occur through a reduction in BR6ox1 and BR6ox2 mRNA levels. Taken together, our results reveal a role of BR signalling in root elongation under B deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Mingliang He
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Sheliang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Liuyang Chu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Ningmei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Guangda Ding
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Hongmei Cai
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Lei Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Fangsen Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Microelement Research Center/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
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14
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Phenotypic Characterization and Differential Gene Expression Analysis Reveal That Dwarf Mutant dwf Dwarfism Is Associated with Gibberellin in Eggplant. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7050114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dwarfism is a desirable trait in eggplant breeding, as it confers higher lodging resistance and allows simplified management and harvest. However, a few dwarf mutants have been reported, and the molecular mechanism underlying dwarfism in eggplant is completely unknown. Here, we report a dwarf mutant (dwf) isolated from an ethyl methyl sulfonate (EMS)-induced mutant library. The hypocotyl length, plant height, and length of internode cells of dwf were significantly decreased compared to those of the wild-type parent ‘14-345’ (WT). Differential gene expression analysis revealed that GA-related genes, including GA2ox and DELLA, were up-regulated whereas the gibberellin (GA3) content decreased in dwf. Moreover, exogenous GA3 treatment significantly increased the relative growth rate of dwf compared to WT, further indicating the important roles of GA in regulating the dwarf phenotype of dwf. Collectively, our findings shed light on GA-mediated dwarfism in dwf plants and offer a good germplasm that could be used for eggplant dwarfism breeding in the future.
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15
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Mori K, Lemaire-Chamley M, Jorly J, Carrari F, Conte M, Asamizu E, Mizoguchi T, Ezura H, Rothan C. The conserved brassinosteroid-related transcription factor BIM1a negatively regulates fruit growth in tomato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:1181-1197. [PMID: 33097930 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroid hormones that play key roles in plant development and defense. Our goal is to harness the extensive knowledge of the Arabidopsis BR signaling network to improve productivity in crop species. This first requires identifying components of the conserved network and their function in the target species. Here, we investigated the function of SlBIM1a, the closest tomato homolog of AtBIM1, which is highly expressed in fruit. SlBIM1a-overexpressing lines displayed severe plant and fruit dwarfism, and histological characterization of different transgenic lines revealed that SlBIM1a expression negatively correlated with fruit pericarp cell size, resulting in fruit size modifications. These growth phenotypes were in contrast to those found in Arabidopsis, and this was confirmed by the reciprocal ectopic expression of SlBIM1a/b in Arabidopsis and of AtBIM1 in tomato. These results determined that BIM1 function depends more on the recipient species than on its primary sequence. Yeast two-hybrid interaction studies and transcriptomic analyses of SlBIM1a-overexpressing fruit further suggested that SlBIM1a acts through its interaction with SlBZH1 to govern the transcriptional regulation of growth-related BR target genes. Together, these results suggest that SlBIM1a is a negative regulator of pericarp cell expansion, possibly at the crossroads with auxin and light signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Mori
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR BFP, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | - Joana Jorly
- INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, UMR BFP, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Fernando Carrari
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, B1712WAA Castelar, Argentina
| | - Mariana Conte
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, B1712WAA Castelar, Argentina
| | - Erika Asamizu
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mizoguchi
- Department of Natural Sciences, International Christian University, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tskuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tskuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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16
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Tobaruela EDC, Gomes BL, Bonato VCDB, de Lima ES, Freschi L, Purgatto E. Ethylene and Auxin: Hormonal Regulation of Volatile Compound Production During Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) Fruit Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:765897. [PMID: 34956263 PMCID: PMC8702562 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.765897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
As the auxin-ethylene interaction in climacteric fruit ripening has been highlighted, the hormonal regulation of aroma changes in climacteric fruits requires clarification. The influence of both phytohormones on the volatile organic compound (VOC) metabolism was evaluated during tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit ripening. Tomato fruits cv. Micro-Tom and Sweet Grape at the mature green stage were randomly grouped according to treatment with ethylene (ETHY), auxin (IAA), or both (ETHY + IAA). At middle ripening, Micro-Tom ETHY + IAA fruits present VOC profiles similar to those of ETHY fruits, while Sweet Grape presents VOC profiles closer to those of IAA fruits. At full ripeness, Micro-Tom and Sweet Grape ETHY + IAA fruits show profiles closer to those of IAA fruits, suggesting that the auxin overlaps the ethylene effects. Aroma compounds positively correlated with consumer preferences (2-isobutylthiazole, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and others) are identified in both cultivars and have their contents affected by both hormone treatments. The transcription of genes related to the biosynthesis of important tomato VOCs that have fatty-acid and carotenoid precursors evidences their regulation by both plant hormones. Additionally, the results indicate that the observed effects on the VOC metabolism are not restricted to the Micro-Tom cultivar, as these are also observed in the Sweet Grape cultivar. In conclusion, ethylene and auxin directly regulate the metabolic pathways related to VOC formation, impacting tomato aroma formation during ripening since Micro-Tom fruits apparently at the same maturation stage have different aromas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric de Castro Tobaruela
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Food Research Center (FoRC), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Lima Gomes
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Food Research Center (FoRC), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Caroline de Barros Bonato
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Food Research Center (FoRC), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elis Silva de Lima
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Food Research Center (FoRC), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano Freschi
- Department of Botany, Institute of Bioscience, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Purgatto
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Food Research Center (FoRC), São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Eduardo Purgatto,
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17
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Yin X, Tang M, Xia X, Yu J. BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1 Mediates Brassinosteroid-Induced Calvin Cycle to Promote Photosynthesis in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:811948. [PMID: 35126434 PMCID: PMC8810641 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.811948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Calvin cycle is a sequence of enzymatic reactions that assimilate atmospheric CO2 in photosynthesis. Multiple components are known to participate in the induction or suppression of the Calvin cycle but the mechanism of its regulation by phytohormones is still unclear. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are steroid phytohormones that promote photosynthesis and crop yields. In this study, we study the role of BRs in regulating Calvin cycle genes to further understand the regulation of the Calvin cycle by phytohormones in tomatoes. BRs and their signal effector BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT 1 (BZR1) can enhance the Calvin cycle activity and improve the photosynthetic ability. BRs increased the accumulation of dephosphorylated form of BZR1 by 94% and induced an 88-126% increase in the transcription of key genes in Calvin cycle FBA1, RCA1, FBP5, and PGK1. BZR1 activated the transcription of these Calvin cycle genes by directly binding to their promoters. Moreover, silencing these Calvin cycle genes impaired 24-epibrassinolide (EBR)-induced enhancement of photosynthetic rate, the quantum efficiency of PSII, and V c,max and J max . Taken together, these results strongly suggest that BRs regulate the Calvin cycle in a BZR1-dependent manner in tomatoes. BRs that mediate coordinated regulation of photosynthetic genes are potential targets for increasing crop yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Yin
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingjia Tang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojian Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaojian Xia,
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development, and Quality Improvement, Agricultural Ministry of China, Hangzhou, China
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18
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How Hormones and MADS-Box Transcription Factors Are Involved in Controlling Fruit Set and Parthenocarpy in Tomato. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11121441. [PMID: 33265980 PMCID: PMC7760363 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Fruit set is the earliest phase of fruit growth and represents the onset of ovary growth after successful fertilization. In parthenocarpy, fruit formation is less affected by environmental factors because it occurs in the absence of pollination and fertilization, making parthenocarpy a highly desired agronomic trait. Elucidating the genetic program controlling parthenocarpy, and more generally fruit set, may have important implications in agriculture, considering the need for crops to be adaptable to climate changes. Several phytohormones play an important role in the transition from flower to fruit. Further complexity emerges from functional analysis of floral homeotic genes. Some homeotic MADS-box genes are implicated in fruit growth and development, displaying an expression pattern commonly observed for ovary growth repressors. Here, we provide an overview of recent discoveries on the molecular regulatory gene network underlying fruit set in tomato, the model organism for fleshy fruit development due to the many genetic and genomic resources available. We describe how the genetic modification of components of this network can cause parthenocarpy, discussing the contribution of hormonal signals and MADS-box transcription factors.
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19
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Maeda S, Yokotani N, Oda K, Mori M. Enhanced resistance to fungal and bacterial diseases in tomato and Arabidopsis expressing BSR2 from rice. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:1493-1503. [PMID: 32772129 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02578-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The overexpression of rice BSR2 would offer a simple and effective strategy to protect plants from multiple devastating diseases in tomato and Arabidopsis. Many devastating plant diseases are caused by pathogens possessing a wide host range. Fungal Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani, as well as bacterial Pseudomonas syringae and Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum are four such pathogens that infect hundreds of plant species, including agronomically important crops, and cause serious diseases, leading to severe economic losses. However, reports of genes that can confer resistance to broad host-range pathogens via traditional breeding methods are currently limited. We previously reported that Arabidopsis plants overexpressing rice BROAD-SPECTRUM RESISTANCE2 (BSR2/CYP78A15) showed tolerance not only to bacterial P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 but also to fungal Colletotrichum higginsianum and R. solani. Rice plants overexpressing BSR2 displayed tolerance to two R. solani anastomosis groups. In the present study, first, BSR2-overexpressing (OX) Arabidopsis plants were shown to be additionally tolerant to B. cinerea, R. solani, and R. pseudosolanacearum. Next, tomato 'Micro-Tom' was used as a model to determine whether such tolerance by BSR2 can be introduced into dicot crops to prevent infection from pathogens possessing wide host range. BSR2-OX tomato displayed broad-spectrum disease tolerance to fungal B. cinerea and R. solani, as well as to bacterial P. syringae and R. pseudosolanacearum. Additionally, undesirable traits such as morphological changes were not detected. Thus, BSR2 overexpression can offer a simple and effective strategy to protect crops from multiple destructive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Maeda
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO (NIAS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naoki Yokotani
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Okayama, Japan
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kenji Oda
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences, Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO (NIAS), Tsukuba, Japan.
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20
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Hu S, Liu L, Li S, Shao Z, Meng F, Liu H, Duan W, Liang D, Zhu C, Xu T, Wang Q. Regulation of fruit ripening by the brassinosteroid biosynthetic gene SlCYP90B3 via an ethylene-dependent pathway in tomato. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2020; 7:163. [PMID: 33082970 PMCID: PMC7527449 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00383-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The essential role of ethylene in fruit ripening has been thoroughly studied. However, the involvement of brassinosteroids (BRs) in the regulation of fruit ripening and their relationship with the ethylene pathway are poorly understood. In the current study, we found that BRs were actively synthesized during tomato fruit ripening. We then generated transgenic lines overexpressing or silencing SlCYP90B3, which encodes a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that catalyzes the rate-limiting step of BR synthesis. The expression level of SlCYP90B3 was positively related to the contents of bioactive BRs as well as the ripening process in tomato fruit, including enhanced softening and increased soluble sugar and flavor volatile contents. Both carotenoid accumulation and ethylene production were strongly correlated with the expression level of SlCYP90B3, corroborated by the altered expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes as well as ethylene pathway genes in transgenic tomato fruits. However, the application of the ethylene perception inhibitor 1-methycyclopropene (1-MCP) abolished the promotion effect of SlCYP90B3 overexpression on carotenoid accumulation. Taken together, these results increase our understanding of the involvement of SlCYP90B3 in bioactive BR biosynthesis as well as fruit ripening in tomato, thus making SlCYP90B3 a target gene for improvement of visual, nutritional and flavor qualities of tomato fruits with no yield penalty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songshen Hu
- State Agricultural Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Growth and Development, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Lihong Liu
- State Agricultural Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Growth and Development, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Shuo Li
- State Agricultural Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Growth and Development, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Zhiyong Shao
- State Agricultural Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Growth and Development, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Fanliang Meng
- State Agricultural Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Growth and Development, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Haoran Liu
- State Agricultural Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Growth and Development, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Wenyi Duan
- State Agricultural Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Growth and Development, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Dongyi Liang
- State Agricultural Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Growth and Development, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Changqing Zhu
- State Agricultural Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Growth and Development, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Tao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Ministry of Education, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866 China
| | - Qiaomei Wang
- State Agricultural Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Growth and Development, Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
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21
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Rastogi S, Satapathy S, Shah S, Mytrai, Prakash H. In silico identification of cytochrome P450s involved in Ocimum tenuiflorum subjected to four abiotic stresses. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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22
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Liu X, Yang W, Wang J, Yang M, Wei K, Liu X, Qiu Z, van Giang T, Wang X, Guo Y, Li J, Liu L, Shu J, Du Y, Huang Z. SlGID1a Is a Putative Candidate Gene for qtph1.1, a Major-Effect Quantitative Trait Locus Controlling Tomato Plant Height. Front Genet 2020; 11:881. [PMID: 32849843 PMCID: PMC7427465 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant height is an important agronomic trait in crops. Several genes underlying tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plant height mutants have been cloned. However, few quantitative trait genes for plant height have been identified in tomato. In this study, seven quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling plant height were identified in tomato. Of which, qtph1.1 (QTL for tomato plant height 1.1), qtph3.1 and qtph12.1 were major QTLs and explained 15, 16, and 12% of phenotypic variation (R2), respectively. The qtph1.1 was further mapped to an 18.9-kb interval on chromosome 1. Based on the annotated tomato genome (version SL2.50, annotation ITAG2.40), Solyc01g098390 encoding GA receptor SlGID1a was the putative candidate gene. The SlGID1a gene underlying the qtph1.1 locus contained a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) that resulted in an amino acid alteration in protein sequence. The near-isogenic line containing the qtph1.1 locus (NIL-qtph1.1) exhibited shorter internode length and cell length than the wild type (NIL-WT). The dwarf phenotype of NIL-qtph1.1 could not be rescued by exogenous GA3 treatment. Transcriptome analysis and real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qPCR) showed that several genes related to biosynthesis and signaling of GA and auxin were differentially expressed in stems between NIL-qtph1.1 and NIL-WT. These findings might pave the road for understanding the molecular regulation mechanism of tomato plant height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wencai Yang
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengxia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengkun Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong van Giang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanmei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junming Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jinshuai Shu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongchen Du
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zejun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Hamasaki H, Ayano M, Nakamura A, Fujioka S, Asami T, Takatsuto S, Yoshida S, Oka Y, Matsui M, Shimada Y. Light Activates Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis to Promote Hook Opening and Petiole Development in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 61:1239-1251. [PMID: 32333772 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although brassinosteroids (BRs) have been proposed to be negative regulators of photomorphogenesis, their physiological role therein has remained elusive. We studied light-induced photomorphogenic development in the presence of the BR biosynthesis inhibitor, brassinazole (Brz). Hook opening was inhibited in the presence of Brz; this inhibition was reversed in the presence of brassinolide (BL). Hook opening was accompanied by cell expansion on the inner (concave) side of the hook. This cell expansion was inhibited in the presence of Brz but was restored upon the addition of BL. We then evaluated light-induced organ-specific expression of three BR biosynthesis genes, DWF4, BR6ox1 and BR6ox2, and a BR-responsive gene, SAUR-AC1, during the photomorphogenesis of Arabidopsis. Expression of these genes was induced, particularly in the hook region, in response to illumination. The induction peaked after 3 h of light exposure and preceded hook opening. Phytochrome-deficient mutants, hy1, hy2 and phyAphyB, and a light-signaling mutant, hy5, were defective in light-induced expression of BR6ox1, BR6ox2 and SAUR-AC1. Light induced both expression of BR6ox genes and petiole development. Petiole development was inhibited in the presence of Brz. Our results largely contradict the early view that BRs are negative regulators of photomorphogenesis. Our data collectively suggest that light activates the expression of BR biosynthesis genes in the hook region via a phytochrome-signaling pathway and HY5 and that BR biosynthesis is essential for hook opening and petiole development during photomorphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Hamasaki
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Maiokacho 641-12, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813 Japan
| | - Madoka Ayano
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Suehirocho 1-7-22, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Ayako Nakamura
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Maiokacho 641-12, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813 Japan
| | - Shozo Fujioka
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Suehirocho 1-7-22, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Tadao Asami
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Suguru Takatsuto
- Department of Chemistry, Joetsu University of Education, Joetsu, Niigata, 943-8512 Japan
| | - Shigeo Yoshida
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Suehirocho 1-7-22, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yoshito Oka
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Suehirocho 1-7-22, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Minami Matsui
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Suehirocho 1-7-22, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Suehirocho 1-7-22, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Yukihisa Shimada
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Maiokacho 641-12, Totsuka, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813 Japan
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Suehirocho 1-7-22, Tsurumi, Yokohama, 230-0045 Japan
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24
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Jin Y, Yu C, Jiang C, Guo X, Li B, Wang C, Kong F, Zhang H, Wang H. PtiCYP85A3, a BR C-6 Oxidase Gene, Plays a Critical Role in Brassinosteroid-Mediated Tension Wood Formation in Poplar. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:468. [PMID: 32391036 PMCID: PMC7193022 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In angiosperm trees, the gelatinous layer (G-layer) takes a great part of the fiber cell wall in the tension wood (TW). However, the mechanism underlying G-layer formation in poplar is largely unknown. In this work, we demonstrate that G-layer formation in poplar TW cells is regulated by brassinosteroid (BR) and its signaling. PtiCYP85A3, a key BR biosynthesis gene, was predominantly expressed in the xylem of TW, accompanied with a relatively higher castasterone (CS) accumulation, than in the xylem of opposite wood (OW). A wider expression zone of BZR1, a key transcriptional factor in BR singling pathway, was also observed in G-fiber cells on TW side than in wood fiber cells on the OW side, as indicated by immunohistochemistry assays. Transgenic poplar plants overexpressing PtiCYP85A3 produced thicker G-layer with higher cellulose proportion, and accumulated more BZR1 protein in the xylem of TW than did the wild type (WT) plants. Expression of most TW-associated CesAs, which were induced by 2, 4-epibrassinolide, an active BR, and inhibited by brassinazole, a BR biosynthesis inhibitor, were also up-regulated in the xylem of TW in transgenic plants compared to that in WT plants. Further studies with dual-luciferase assays demonstrated that the promoters of PtiCesAs were activated by PtiMYB128, a TW specific transcription factor, which was then regulated by BZR1. All these results indicate that BR plays a crucial role in the G-layer formation of TW fiber cells by regulating the expression of BZR1, PtiMYB128, and PtiCesAs in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Jin
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Chunyan Yu
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Chunmei Jiang
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaotong Guo
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Bei Li
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Cuiting Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanjing Kong
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory of Saline Lake Resources and Environments, Institute of Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in the Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Study of Coastal Ecology, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Haihai Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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25
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Roh J, Moon J, Youn JH, Seo C, Park YJ, Kim SK. Establishment of Biosynthetic Pathways To Generate Castasterone as the Biologically Active Brassinosteroid in Brachypodium distachyon. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3912-3923. [PMID: 32146811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that castasterone and its biosynthetic precursors are found in Brachypodium distachyon. In vitro conversion experiments with crude enzyme solutions prepared from B. distachyon demonstrated the presence of the following biosynthetic sequences: campesterol → campesta-4-en-3-one → campesta-3-one → campestanol → 6-deoxocathasterone → 6-deoxoteasterone → teasterone ↔ 3-dehydroteasterone ↔ typhasterol → castasterone. campesterol → 22-hydroxycampesterol → 22-hydroxy-campesta-4-en-3-one → 22-hydroxy-campesta-3-one → 6-deoxo-3-dehydroteasterone → 3-dehydroteasterone. 6-deoxoteasterone ↔ 6-deoxo-3-dehydroteasterone ↔ 6-deoxotyphasterol → 6-deoxocastasterone → castasterone. This shows that there are campestanol-dependent and campestanol-independent pathway in B. distachyon that synthesize 24-methylated brassinosteroids (BRs). Biochemical analysis of BRs biosynthetic enzymes confirmed that BdDET2, BdCYP90B1, BdCYP90A1, BdCYP90D2, and BdCYP85A1 are orthologous to BR 5α-reductase, BR C-22 hydroxylase, BR C-3 oxidase, BR C-23 hydroxylase, and BR C-6 oxidase, respectively. Brassinolide was not identified in B. distachyon. Additionally, B. distachyon crude enzyme solutions could not catalyze the conversion of castasterone to brassinolide, and the gene encoding an ortholog of CYP85A2 (a brassinolide synthase) was not found in B. distachyon. These results strongly suggest that the end product for brassinosteroid biosynthesis which controls the growth and development of B. distachyon is not brassinolide but rather castasterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeehee Roh
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Moon
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Youn
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaiweon Seo
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Ju Park
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ki Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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26
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Wei Z, Li J. Regulation of Brassinosteroid Homeostasis in Higher Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:583622. [PMID: 33133120 PMCID: PMC7550685 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.583622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are known as one of the major classes of phytohormones essential for various processes during normal plant growth, development, and adaptations to biotic and abiotic stresses. Significant progress has been achieved on revealing mechanisms regulating BR biosynthesis, catabolism, and signaling in many crops and in model plant Arabidopsis. It is known that BRs control plant growth and development in a dosage-dependent manner. Maintenance of BR homeostasis is therefore critical for optimal functions of BRs. In this review, updated discoveries on mechanisms controlling BR homeostasis in higher plants in response to internal and external cues are discussed.
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Zhang X, Hou X, Liu Y, Zheng L, Yi Q, Zhang H, Huang X, Zhang J, Hu Y, Yu G, Liu H, Li Y, Huang H, Zhan F, Chen L, Tang J, Huang Y. Maize brachytic2 (br2) suppresses the elongation of lower internodes for excessive auxin accumulation in the intercalary meristem region. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:589. [PMID: 31881837 PMCID: PMC6935237 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2200-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short internodes contribute to plant dwarfism, which is exceedingly beneficial for crop production. However, the underlying mechanisms of internode elongation are complicated and have been not fully understood. RESULTS Here, we report a maize dwarf mutant, dwarf2014 (d2014), which displays shortened lower internodes. Map-based cloning revealed that the d2014 gene is a novel br2 allele with a splicing variation, resulting in a higher expression of BR2-T02 instead of normal BR2-T01. Then, we found that the internode elongation in d2014/br2 exhibited a pattern of inhibition-normality-inhibition (transient for the ear-internode), correspondingly, at the 6-leaf, 12-leaf and 14-leaf stages. Indeed, BR2 encodes a P-glycoprotein1 (PGP1) protein that functions in auxin efflux, and our in situ hybridization assay showed that BR2 was mainly expressed in vascular bundles of the node and internode. Furthermore, significantly higher auxin concentration was detected in the stem apex of d2014 at the 6-leaf stage and strictly in the node region for the ear-internode at the 14-leaf stage. In such context, we propose that BR2/PGP1 transports auxin from node to internode through the vascular bundles, and excessive auxin accumulation in the node (immediately next to the intercalary meristem) region suppresses internode elongation of d2014. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that low auxin levels mediated by BR2/PGP1 in the intercalary meristem region are crucial for internode elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics of Disease Resistance and Disease Control, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianbin Hou
- College of Agriculture and Food Engineering, Baise University, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Yinghong Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lanjie Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiang Yi
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Haojun Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinrong Huang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Yufeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics of Disease Resistance and Disease Control, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Guowu Yu
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Hanmei Liu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, China
| | - Yangping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics of Disease Resistance and Disease Control, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Huanhuan Huang
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Feilong Zhan
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jihua Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450000, Henan, China.
| | - Yubi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics of Disease Resistance and Disease Control, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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28
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Rozhon W, Akter S, Fernandez A, Poppenberger B. Inhibitors of Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis and Signal Transduction. Molecules 2019; 24:E4372. [PMID: 31795392 PMCID: PMC6930552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical inhibitors are invaluable tools for investigating protein function in reverse genetic approaches. Their application bears many advantages over mutant generation and characterization. Inhibitors can overcome functional redundancy, their application is not limited to species for which tools of molecular genetics are available and they can be applied to specific tissues or developmental stages, making them highly convenient for addressing biological questions. The use of inhibitors has helped to elucidate hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways and here we review compounds that were developed for the plant hormones brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are steroids that have strong growth-promoting capacities, are crucial for all stages of plant development and participate in adaptive growth processes and stress response reactions. In the last two decades, impressive progress has been made in BR inhibitor development and application, which has been instrumental for studying BR modes of activity and identifying and characterizing key players. Both, inhibitors that target biosynthesis, such as brassinazole, and inhibitors that target signaling, such as bikinin, exist and in a comprehensive overview we summarize knowledge and methodology that enabled their design and key findings of their use. In addition, the potential of BR inhibitors for commercial application in plant production is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Rozhon
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | | | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
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29
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Flores-Cortez I, Winkler R, Ramírez-Ordorica A, Elizarraraz-Anaya MIC, Carrillo-Rayas MT, Valencia-Cantero E, Macías-Rodríguez L. A Mass Spectrometry-Based Study Shows that Volatiles Emitted by Arthrobacter agilis UMCV2 Increase the Content of Brassinosteroids in Medicago truncatula in Response to Iron Deficiency Stress. Molecules 2019; 24:E3011. [PMID: 31434211 PMCID: PMC6719008 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24163011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential plant micronutrient. It is a component of numerous proteins and participates in cell redox reactions; iron deficiency results in a reduction in nutritional quality and crop yields. Volatiles from the rhizobacterium Arthrobacter agilis UMCV2 induce iron acquisition mechanisms in plants. However, it is not known whether microbial volatiles modulate other metabolic plant stress responses to reduce the negative effect of iron deficiency. Mass spectrometry has great potential to analyze metabolite alterations in plants exposed to biotic and abiotic factors. Direct liquid introduction-electrospray-mass spectrometry was used to study the metabolite profile in Medicago truncatula due to iron deficiency, and in response to microbial volatiles. The putatively identified compounds belonged to different classes, including pigments, terpenes, flavonoids, and brassinosteroids, which have been associated with defense responses against abiotic stress. Notably, the levels of these compounds increased in the presence of the rhizobacterium. In particular, the analysis of brassinolide by gas chromatography in tandem with mass spectrometry showed that the phytohormone increased ten times in plants grown under iron-deficient growth conditions and exposed to microbial volatiles. In this mass spectrometry-based study, we provide new evidence on the role of A. agilis UMCV2 in the modulation of certain compounds involved in stress tolerance in M. truncatula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idolina Flores-Cortez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Edifico B3, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia 58030, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Robert Winkler
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, Guanajuato 36824, Mexico
| | - Arturo Ramírez-Ordorica
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Edifico B3, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia 58030, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Ma Isabel Cristina Elizarraraz-Anaya
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, Guanajuato 36824, Mexico
| | - María Teresa Carrillo-Rayas
- Department of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, Cinvestav Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León, Guanajuato 36824, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Valencia-Cantero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Edifico B3, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia 58030, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Macías-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo. Edifico B3, Ciudad Universitaria, Morelia 58030, Michoacán, Mexico.
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30
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Fang P, Yan M, Chi C, Wang M, Zhou Y, Zhou J, Shi K, Xia X, Foyer CH, Yu J. Brassinosteroids Act as a Positive Regulator of Photoprotection in Response to Chilling Stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:2061-2076. [PMID: 31189657 PMCID: PMC6670110 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Photoprotection is an important strategy adopted by plants to avoid photoinhibition under stress conditions. However, the way in which photoprotection is regulated is not fully understood. Here, we demonstrate that tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) mutants of brassinosteroid (BR) biosynthesis (dwf) and related signaling through BRASSINAZOLE-RESISTANT1 (bzr1) are more sensitive to (PSII and PSI photoinhibition, with decreased cyclic electron flow around PSI and lower nonphotochemical quenching, accumulation of PSII subunit S (PsbS), violaxanthin deepoxidase (VDE) activity, and D1 protein abundance. Chilling induced the accumulation of active BRs and activated BZR1, which directly activates the transcription of RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOG1 (RBOH1) and hydrogen peroxide production in the apoplast. While apoplastic hydrogen peroxide is essential for the induction of PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION5 (PGR5)-dependent cyclic electron flow, PGR5 participates in the regulation of chilling- and BR-dependent induction of nonphotochemical quenching, accumulation of D1, VDE, and PsbS proteins, transcription of genes involved in redox signaling, hormone signaling, and activity of several antioxidant enzymes. Mutations in BZR1 and PGR5 or suppressed transcription of RBOH1 compromised chilling- and BR-induced photoprotection, resulting in increased sensitivity to photoinhibition. These results demonstrate that BRs act as a positive regulator of photoprotection in a redox-PGR5-dependent manner in response to chilling stress in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Fang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Yan
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chi
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojian Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Christine H Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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Cao X, Liu X, Wang X, Yang M, van Giang T, Wang J, Liu X, Sun S, Wei K, Wang X, Gao J, Du Y, Qin Y, Guo Y, Huang Z. B-class MADS-box TM6 is a candidate gene for tomato male sterile-15 26. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2019; 132:2125-2135. [PMID: 31020387 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03342-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tomato male sterile-1526 locus was fine-mapped to an interval of 44.6 kb, and a B-class MADS-box gene TM6 was identified as the candidate gene. Male sterile lines have been widely used for hybrid seed production in many crop plants. The tomato male sterile-1526 (ms-1526) mutant displays abnormal stamens and exerted stigmas and is suitable for practical use. In this study, the ms-1526 locus was fine-mapped to a 44.6 kb interval that contained four putative genes. Thereinto, Solyc02g084630 encodes tomato B-class MADS-box gene TM6 (syn. TDR6), which plays an important role in stamen development. Sequencing revealed that there was a 12.7 kb deletion in the ms-1526 region, where the promoter and first four exons of the TM6 gene were absent. ms-1547, an allele of ms-1526, also contained the same deletion in the TM6 gene. And the other allele ms-15 mutant contained a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, C to A) in the coding region of the TM6 gene, which led to a missense mutation (G to W). The codominant insertion/deletion (InDel) marker MS26D and codominant derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (dCAPS) marker MS15C were developed based on the deletion and SNP, respectively. A real-time quantitative reverse-transcription PCR showed that expression of the TM6 gene was barely detectable in the flowers of the ms-1526 and ms-1547 mutants. In addition, other floral organ identity genes, pollen development marker genes, and pistil marker genes were differentially expressed between wild type and mutant flowers. These findings may facilitate functional analysis of the TM6 gene and help in the marker-assisted selection of ms-15 and its alleles in tomato breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100086, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100086, China
- College of Forestry and Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, 830052, China
| | - Xiaotian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100086, China
| | - Mengxia Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100086, China
| | - Tong van Giang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100086, China
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery, Hong Duc University, Thanh Hoa City, Vietnam
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100086, China
| | - Xiaolin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100086, China
| | - Shuai Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100086, China
| | - Kai Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100086, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100086, China
| | - Jianchang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100086, China
| | - Yongchen Du
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100086, China
| | - Yong Qin
- College of Forestry and Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Ürümqi, 830052, China
| | - Yanmei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100086, China.
| | - Zejun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops of the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100086, China.
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Comparative transcriptome analysis provides insights into dwarfism in cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208770. [PMID: 30532198 PMCID: PMC6286132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato, which can be eaten as a vegetable or fruit, is one of the most popular and nutritionally important crops around the world. Although most plants of the cherry tomato cultivar 'Minichal' have a normal phenotype, some plants have a stunted phenotype with reduced plant height, leaf size, and fruit size, as well as altered leaf and fruit shape. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying these differences, we generated RNA-seq libraries from pooled leaf samples of 10 normal (N) and 10 stunted (S) plants. Using the Illumina sequencing platform, we obtained a total of 115.45 million high-quality clean reads assembled into 35,216 genes and 35,216 transcripts. A total of 661 genes were differentially expressed between N and S plants. Of these, 420 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were up-regulated, and 221 DEGs were down-regulated. The RNA-seq data were validated using quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. Enrichment analysis of DEGs using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) showed that the enriched pathways were involved in steroid biosynthesis, homologous recombination, and mismatch repair. Among these, three genes related to steroid biosynthesis, including 3BETAHSD/D2, DIM and DWF5 were down-regulated in S compared to N. Of these, DIM and DWF5 are known to be involved in brassinosteroid biosynthesis. Our results thus provide a useful insight into dwarfism in cherry tomato, and offer a platform for evaluating related species.
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Shen Y, Li Y, Xu D, Yang C, Li C, Luo K. Molecular cloning and characterization of a brassinosteriod biosynthesis-related gene PtoDWF4 from Populus tomentosa. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1424-1436. [PMID: 29579304 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) as steroid hormones play an important role in plant growth and development. However, little is known about how BRs affect secondary wall biosynthesis in woody plants. In this study, we cloned and characterized PtoDWF4, a homologus gene of Arabidopsis DWF4 encoding a cytochrome P450 protein, from Populus tomentosa. qRT-PCR analysis showed that PtoDWF4 was highly expressed in stems, especially in xylem. Overexpression of PtoDWF4 (PtoDWF4-OE) in poplar promoted growth rate and biomass yield, increased area and cell layers of xylem. Transgenic plants showed a significant increase in plant height and stem diameter compared with the wild type. In contrast, the CRISPR/Cas9-generated mutation of PtoDWF4 (PtoDWF4-KO) resulted in significantly decreased biomass production in transgenic plants. Further studies revealed that constitutive expression of PtoDWF4 up-regulated the expression of secondary cell wall (SCW) biosynthesis-related genes, whereas knock-out of PtoDWF4 down-regulated their expression. Quantitative analysis of cell wall components showed a significant increase in PtoDWF4-OE lines but a reduction in PtoDWF4-KO lines compared with wild-type plants. Taken together, our results indicate that PtoDWF4 plays a positive role in improving growth rate and elevating biomass production in poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Shen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongli Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chaofeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
| | - Keming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-environments of Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Transgenic Plant and Safety Control, Institute of Resources Botany, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, China
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Ohnishi T. Recent advances in brassinosteroid biosynthetic pathway: insight into novel brassinosteroid shortcut pathway. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2018; 43:159-167. [PMID: 30363110 PMCID: PMC6140664 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d18-040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant steroid hormones involved in plant growth and environmental adaptation. It is well known that oxidation/hydroxylation steps in the BR biosynthetic pathway are catalyzed by cytochrome P450 enzymes. It has been proposed that brassinolide is biosynthesized from campesterol via campestanol (CN) in the original BR biosynthetic pathway. However, a recent enzymatic analysis of cytochrome P450 enzymes and re-evaluation of the endogenous amount of BRs in BR-deficient mutants included an investigation of the novel BR biosynthetic pathway (CN-independent pathway) not via CN. This review highlights comprehensive recent advances in the biochemical research of BR biosynthetic enzymes and the CN-independent pathway. This review also focuses the biosynthesis inhibitors and the antagonists/agonists that are utilized not only as plant growth regulators but also as tools for the chemical and biological investigation of the physiological functions of BRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Ohnishi
- College of Agriculture, Academic Institute, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422–8529, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422–8529, Japan
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Castorina G, Persico M, Zilio M, Sangiorgio S, Carabelli L, Consonni G. The maize lilliputian1 (lil1) gene, encoding a brassinosteroid cytochrome P450 C-6 oxidase, is involved in plant growth and drought response. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:227-238. [PMID: 29771294 PMCID: PMC6070094 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant hormones involved in many developmental processes as well as in plant-environment interactions. Their role was investigated in this study through the analysis of lilliputian1-1 (lil1-1), a dwarf mutant impaired in BR biosynthesis in maize (Zea mays). METHODS We isolated lil1-1 through transposon tagging in maize. The action of lil1 was investigated through morphological and genetic analysis. Moreover, by comparing lil1-1 mutant and wild-type individuals grown under drought stress, the effect of BR reduction on the response to drought stress was examined. KEY RESULTS lil1-1 is a novel allele of the brassinosteroid-deficient dwarf1 (brd1) gene, encoding a brassinosteroid C-6 oxidase. We show in this study that lil1 is epistatic to nana plant1 (na1), a BR gene involved in earlier steps of the pathway. The lill-1 mutation causes alteration in the root gravitropic response, leaf epidermal cell density, epicuticular wax deposition and seedling adaptation to water scarcity conditions. CONCLUSIONS Lack of active BR molecules in maize causes a pleiotropic effect on plant development and improves seedling tolerance of drought. BR-deficient maize mutants can thus be instrumental in unravelling novel mechanisms on which plant adaptations to abiotic stress are based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Castorina
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DISAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Persico
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DISAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Zilio
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DISAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Sangiorgio
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DISAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Carabelli
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DISAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Consonni
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy (DISAA), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria, Milan, Italy
- For correspondence. E-mail
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Lee J, Shim D, Moon S, Kim H, Bae W, Kim K, Kim YH, Rhee SK, Hong CP, Hong SY, Lee YJ, Sung J, Ryu H. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of BR-deficient Micro-Tom reveals correlations between drought stress tolerance and brassinosteroid signaling in tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 127:553-560. [PMID: 29723826 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant steroid hormones that play crucial roles in a range of growth and developmental processes. Although BR signal transduction and biosynthetic pathways have been well characterized in model plants, their biological roles in an important crop, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), remain unknown. Here, cultivated tomato (WT) and a BR synthesis mutant, Micro-Tom (MT), were compared using physiological and transcriptomic approaches. The cultivated tomato showed higher tolerance to drought and osmotic stresses than the MT tomato. However, BR-defective phenotypes of MT, including plant growth and stomatal closure defects, were completely recovered by application of exogenous BR or complementation with a SlDWARF gene. Using genome-wide transcriptome analysis, 619 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between WT and MT plants. Several DEGs were linked to known signaling networks, including those related to biotic/abiotic stress responses, lignification, cell wall development, and hormone responses. Consistent with the higher susceptibility of MT to drought stress, several gene sets involved in responses to drought and osmotic stress were differentially regulated between the WT and MT tomato plants. Our data suggest that BR signaling pathways are involved in mediating the response to abiotic stress via fine-tuning of abiotic stress-related gene networks in tomato plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsu Lee
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Donghwan Shim
- Department of Forest Genetic Resources, National Institute of Forest Science, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea.
| | - Suyun Moon
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyemin Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wonsil Bae
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyunghwan Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung-Keun Rhee
- Department of Microbiology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang Pyo Hong
- TheragenEtex Bio Institute, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | - Suk-Young Hong
- Division of Soil and Fertilizer, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju, 27715, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ye-Jin Lee
- Division of Soil and Fertilizer, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju, 27715, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jwakyung Sung
- Division of Soil and Fertilizer, National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Wanju, 27715, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hojin Ryu
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea.
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Li QF, Yu JW, Lu J, Fei HY, Luo M, Cao BW, Huang LC, Zhang CQ, Liu QQ. Seed-Specific Expression of OsDWF4, a Rate-Limiting Gene Involved in Brassinosteroids Biosynthesis, Improves Both Grain Yield and Quality in Rice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:3759-3772. [PMID: 29613784 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are essential plant-specific steroidal hormones that regulate diverse growth and developmental processes in plants. We evaluated the effects of OsDWF4, a gene that encodes a rate-limiting enzyme in BR biosynthesis, on both rice yield and quality when driven by the Gt1 or Ubi promoter, which correspond to seed-specific or constitutive expression, respectively. Generally, transgenic plants expressing OsDWF4 showed increased grain yield with more tillers and longer and heavier seeds. Moreover, the starch physicochemical properties of the transgenic rice were also improved. Interestingly, OsDWF4 was found to exert different effects on either rice yield or quality when driven by the different promoters. The overall performance of the pGt1::OsDWF4 lines was better than that of the pUbi::OsDWF4 lines. Our data not only demonstrate the effects of OsDWF4 overexpression on both rice yield and quality but also suggest that a seed-specific promoter is a good choice in BR-mediated rice breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Jia-Wen Yu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Jun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Hong-Yuan Fei
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Ming Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510650 , China
| | - Bu-Wei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Li-Chun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Chang-Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
| | - Qiao-Quan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou 225009 , China
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Youn JH, Kim TW, Joo SH, Son SH, Roh J, Kim S, Kim TW, Kim SK. Function and molecular regulation of DWARF1 as a C-24 reductase in brassinosteroid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1873-1886. [PMID: 29432595 PMCID: PMC6018864 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
DWARF1 (DWF1) is a sterol C-24 reductase that catalyses the conversion of 24-methylenecholesterol (24-MCHR) to campesterol (CR) in Arabidopsis. A loss-of-function mutant, dwf1, showed similar phenotypic abnormalities to brassinosteroid (BR)-deficient mutants. These abnormalities were reversed in the wild-type phenotype by exogenous application of castasterone (CS) and brassinolide (BL), but not dolichosterone (DS). Accumulation of DS and decreased CS were found in quantitative analysis of endogenous BRs in dwf1. The enzyme solution prepared from dwf1 was unable to convert 6-deoxoDS to 6-deoxoCS and DS to CS, as seen in either wild-type or 35S:DWF1 transgenic plants. This suggests that DWF1 has enzyme activity not only for a sterol C-24 reductase, but also for a BR C-24 reductase that catalyses C-24 reduction of 6-deoxoDS to 6-deoxoCS and of DS to CS in Arabidopsis. Overexpression of DWF1 in a BR-deficient mutant (det2 35S:DWF1) clearly rescued abnormalities found in det2, indicating that DWF1 functions in biosynthesis of active BRs in Arabidopsis. Expression of DWF1 is down-regulated by application of CS and BL and in a BR-dominant mutant, bes1-D. E-boxes in the putative promoter region of DWF1 directly bind to a BR transcription factor, BES1, implying that DWF1 expression is feedback-regulated by BR signaling via BES1. Overall, biosynthesis of 24-methylene BR is an alternative route for generating CS, which is mediated and regulated by DWF1 in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyun Youn
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Woo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Hwan Joo
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Son
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeehee Roh
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Wuk Kim
- Department of Life Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Ki Kim
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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Zhang Z, Xu L. Arabidopsis BRASSINOSTEROID INACTIVATOR2 is a typical BAHD acyltransferase involved in brassinosteroid homeostasis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2018; 69:1925-1941. [PMID: 29462426 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant-specific steroidal hormones; BR homeostasis is crucial for various aspects of plant growth and development. However, to date, the BR inactivation process has not been thoroughly elucidated. In this study, we identified and characterized a novel BAHD family acyltransferase gene, BRASSINOSTEROID INACTIVATOR2 (BIA2), involved in BR inactivation. BIA2-overexpressing (OE-BIA2) plants displayed typical BR-deficient phenotypes, which were rescued by exogenous BR treatment. Real-time qRT-PCR and transcriptome analyses showed that expression levels of virtually all of the BR biosynthetic genes were increased, whereas the expression of many BR inactivation genes was reduced in OE-BIA2 plants. Root inhibition assays showed that the root growth of OE-BIA2 plants was inhibited. We obtained plants with an intermediate phenotype by crossing the OE-BIA2 plants with BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE1 (BRI1)-overexpressing plants. The null BIA2 mutants had longer hypocotyls in the dark. BIA2 was predominantly expressed in roots, and its expression was induced by 24-epibrassinolide or dark treatment, but it exhibited a differential expression pattern compared with its homologue, BIA1. Furthermore, genetic transformation with point-mutant and deleted-BIA2 constructs confirmed that the HXXXD motif is essential for the function of BIA2. Taken together, these findings indicate that BIA2 is a typical BAHD acyltransferase that is involved in BR homeostasis and may inactivate bioactive BRs by esterification, particularly in roots and hypocotyls under dark conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Rapeseed Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liping Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crops Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops, College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
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40
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Silva WB, Vicente MH, Robledo JM, Reartes DS, Ferrari RC, Bianchetti R, Araújo WL, Freschi L, Peres LEP, Zsögön A. SELF-PRUNING Acts Synergistically with DIAGEOTROPICA to Guide Auxin Responses and Proper Growth Form. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:2904-2916. [PMID: 29500181 PMCID: PMC5884583 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The SELF PRUNING (SP) gene is a key regulator of growth habit in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). It is an ortholog of TERMINAL FLOWER1, a phosphatidylethanolamine-binding protein with antiflorigenic activity in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). A spontaneous loss-of-function mutation (sp) has been bred into several industrial tomato cultivars, as it produces a suite of pleiotropic effects that are favorable for mechanical harvesting, including determinate growth habit, short plant stature, and simultaneous fruit ripening. However, the physiological basis for these phenotypic differences has not been thoroughly explained. Here, we show that the sp mutation alters polar auxin transport as well as auxin responses, such as gravitropic curvature and elongation of excised hypocotyl segments. We also demonstrate that free auxin levels and auxin-regulated gene expression patterns are altered in sp mutants. Furthermore, diageotropica, a mutation in a gene encoding a cyclophilin A protein, appears to confer epistatic effects with sp Our results indicate that SP affects the tomato growth habit at least in part by influencing auxin transport and responsiveness. These findings suggest potential novel targets that could be manipulated for controlling plant growth habit and improving productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willian B Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Mateus H Vicente
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Jessenia M Robledo
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Diego S Reartes
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata C Ferrari
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Bianchetti
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wagner L Araújo
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Luciano Freschi
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lázaro E P Peres
- Laboratory of Hormonal Control of Plant Development, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 09, 13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Agustin Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, CEP 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Jin Y, Tang R, Wang H, Jiang C, Bao Y, Yang Y, Liang M, Sun Z, Kong F, Li B, Zhang H. Overexpression of Populus trichocarpa CYP85A3 promotes growth and biomass production in transgenic trees. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2017; 15:1309-1321. [PMID: 28258966 PMCID: PMC5595715 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are essential hormones that play crucial roles in plant growth, reproduction and response to abiotic and biotic stress. In Arabidopsis, AtCYP85A2 works as a bifunctional cytochrome P450 monooxygenase to catalyse the conversion of castasterone to brassinolide, a final rate-limiting step in the BR-biosynthetic pathway. Here, we report the functional characterizations of PtCYP85A3, one of the three AtCYP85A2 homologous genes from Populus trichocarpa. PtCYP85A3 shares the highest similarity with AtCYP85A2 and can rescue the retarded-growth phenotype of the Arabidopsis cyp85a2-2 and tomato dx mutants. Constitutive expression of PtCYP85A3, driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter, increased the endogenous BR levels and significantly promoted the growth and biomass production in both transgenic tomato and poplar. Compared to the wild type, plant height, shoot fresh weight and fruit yield increased 50%, 56% and 43%, respectively, in transgenic tomato plants. Similarly, plant height and stem diameter increased 15% and 25%, respectively, in transgenic poplar plants. Further study revealed that overexpression of PtCYP85A3 enhanced xylem formation without affecting the composition of cellulose and lignin, as well as the cell wall thickness in transgenic poplar. Our finding suggests that PtCYP85A3 could be used as a potential candidate gene for engineering fast-growing trees with improved wood production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Li Jin
- College of AgricultureLudong UniversityYantaiChina
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
- University of Chinese Academy of sciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ren‐Jie Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Hai‐Hai Wang
- College of AgricultureLudong UniversityYantaiChina
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Chun‐Mei Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Yan Bao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Yang Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | | | - Zhen‐Cang Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Fan‐Jing Kong
- MLR Key Laboratory of Saline Lake Resources and EnvironmentsInstitute of Mineral ResourcesCAGSBeijingChina
| | - Bei Li
- College of AgricultureLudong UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Hong‐Xia Zhang
- College of AgricultureLudong UniversityYantaiChina
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular GeneticsShanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and EcologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
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42
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Liu J, Zhang D, Sun X, Ding T, Lei B, Zhang C. Structure-activity relationship of brassinosteroids and their agricultural practical usages. Steroids 2017; 124:1-17. [PMID: 28502860 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) control several important agronomic traits, such as strengthening resistance to diverse adversity, improving the quality, and increasing crop yield. Their chemical structures and varieties, specific methods for the evaluation of bioactivities, structure-activity relationships, potential novel compounds, and practical agricultural uses were summarized. The findings allow the examination of brassinosteroids in two important issues: 1) Do the results of different bioevaluation protocols provide similar activities for BRs? and 2) which bioevaluated compounds would proof to have a greater potential for application in agricultural usages?
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinna Liu
- College of Life Sciences, North West Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China; Yangling Vocational & Technical College, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Di Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- College of Life Sciences, North West Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Tingle Ding
- College of Life Sciences, North West Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Beilei Lei
- College of Life Sciences, North West Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Cunli Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, North West Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling 712100, China.
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43
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Salhi A, Negrão S, Essack M, Morton MJL, Bougouffa S, Razali R, Radovanovic A, Marchand B, Kulmanov M, Hoehndorf R, Tester M, Bajic VB. DES-TOMATO: A Knowledge Exploration System Focused On Tomato Species. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5968. [PMID: 28729549 PMCID: PMC5519719 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05448-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato is the most economically important horticultural crop used as a model to study plant biology and particularly fruit development. Knowledge obtained from tomato research initiated improvements in tomato and, being transferrable to other such economically important crops, has led to a surge of tomato-related research and published literature. We developed DES-TOMATO knowledgebase (KB) for exploration of information related to tomato. Information exploration is enabled through terms from 26 dictionaries and combination of these terms. To illustrate the utility of DES-TOMATO, we provide several examples how one can efficiently use this KB to retrieve known or potentially novel information. DES-TOMATO is free for academic and nonprofit users and can be accessed at http://cbrc.kaust.edu.sa/des_tomato/, using any of the mainstream web browsers, including Firefox, Safari and Chrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Salhi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sónia Negrão
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magbubah Essack
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mitchell J L Morton
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salim Bougouffa
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rozaimi Razali
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aleksandar Radovanovic
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Maxat Kulmanov
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Robert Hoehndorf
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mark Tester
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vladimir B Bajic
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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44
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Wei Z, Yuan T, Tarkowská D, Kim J, Nam HG, Novák O, He K, Gou X, Li J. Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis Is Modulated via a Transcription Factor Cascade of COG1, PIF4, and PIF5. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 174:1260-1273. [PMID: 28438793 PMCID: PMC5462011 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are essential phytohormones regulating various developmental and physiological processes during normal growth and development. cog1-3D (cogwheel1-3D) was identified as an activation-tagged genetic modifier of bri1-5, an intermediate BR receptor mutant in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). COG1 encodes a Dof-type transcription factor found previously to act as a negative regulator of the phytochrome signaling pathway. cog1-3D single mutants show an elongated hypocotyl phenotype under light conditions. A loss-of-function mutant or inducible expression of a dominant negative form of COG1 in the wild type results in an opposite phenotype. A BR profile assay indicated that BR levels are elevated in cog1-3D seedlings. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses showed that several key BR biosynthetic genes are significantly up-regulated in cog1-3D compared with those of the wild type. Two basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, PIF4 and PIF5, were found to be transcriptionally up-regulated in cog1-3D Genetic analysis indicated that PIF4 and PIF5 were required for COG1 to promote BR biosynthesis and hypocotyl elongation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that COG1 binds to the promoter regions of PIF4 and PIF5, and PIF4 and PIF5 bind to the promoter regions of key BR biosynthetic genes, such as DWF4 and BR6ox2, to directly promote their expression. These results demonstrated that COG1 regulates BR biosynthesis via up-regulating the transcription of PIF4 and PIF5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyun Wei
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (Z.W., K.H., X.G., J.L.)
- Department of Plant Biology and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019 (T.Y.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic (D.T., O.N.)
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea (J.K., H.G.N.); and
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea (H.G.N.)
| | - Tong Yuan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (Z.W., K.H., X.G., J.L.)
- Department of Plant Biology and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019 (T.Y.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic (D.T., O.N.)
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea (J.K., H.G.N.); and
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea (H.G.N.)
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (Z.W., K.H., X.G., J.L.)
- Department of Plant Biology and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019 (T.Y.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic (D.T., O.N.)
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea (J.K., H.G.N.); and
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea (H.G.N.)
| | - Jeongsik Kim
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (Z.W., K.H., X.G., J.L.)
- Department of Plant Biology and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019 (T.Y.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic (D.T., O.N.)
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea (J.K., H.G.N.); and
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea (H.G.N.)
| | - Hong Gil Nam
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (Z.W., K.H., X.G., J.L.)
- Department of Plant Biology and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019 (T.Y.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic (D.T., O.N.)
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea (J.K., H.G.N.); and
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea (H.G.N.)
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (Z.W., K.H., X.G., J.L.)
- Department of Plant Biology and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019 (T.Y.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic (D.T., O.N.)
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea (J.K., H.G.N.); and
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea (H.G.N.)
| | - Kai He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (Z.W., K.H., X.G., J.L.)
- Department of Plant Biology and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019 (T.Y.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic (D.T., O.N.)
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea (J.K., H.G.N.); and
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea (H.G.N.)
| | - Xiaoping Gou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (Z.W., K.H., X.G., J.L.)
- Department of Plant Biology and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019 (T.Y.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic (D.T., O.N.)
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea (J.K., H.G.N.); and
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea (H.G.N.)
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (Z.W., K.H., X.G., J.L.);
- Department of Plant Biology and Microbiology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019 (T.Y.);
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic (D.T., O.N.);
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea (J.K., H.G.N.); and
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea (H.G.N.)
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Wang H, Li W, Qin Y, Pan Y, Wang X, Weng Y, Chen P, Li Y. The Cytochrome P450 Gene CsCYP85A1 Is a Putative Candidate for Super Compact-1 ( Scp-1) Plant Architecture Mutation in Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:266. [PMID: 28303144 PMCID: PMC5332357 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The dwarf or compact plant architecture is an important trait in plant breeding. A number of genes controlling plant height have been cloned and functionally characterized which often involve in biosynthesis or signaling of plant hormones such as brassinosteroids (BRs). No genes for plant height or vine length have been cloned in cucurbit crops (family Cucurbitaceae). From an EMS-induced mutagenesis population, we identified a super compact (SCP) mutant C257 which was extremely dwarf due to practically no internode elongation. Under dark growing condition, C257 did not undergo skotomorphogenesis and its mutant phenotype could be rescued with exogenous application of brassinolide (BL), suggesting SCP might be a BR-deficient mutant. Segregation analysis revealed a single recessive gene scp-1 that was responsible for the SCP mutation. Map-based cloning combined with a modified MutMap identified CsCYP85A1, a member of the plant cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene family, as the most possible candidate gene for scp-1, which encodes a BR-C6-oxidase in the BR biosynthesis pathway. We show that a SNP within the second exon of scp-1 candidate gene caused the SCP phenotype. Three copies of the CsCYP85A gene are present in the cucumber genome, but only the scp-1/CsCYP85A1 gene seemed active. The expression of CsCYP85A1 was higher in flowers than in the leaves and stem; its expression in the wild type (WT) was feedback regulated by BL application. Its expression was reduced in C257 as compared with the WT. This was the first report of map-based cloning of a plant height gene in cucurbit crops. The research highlighted the combined use of linkage mapping, an improved MutMap method and allelic diversity analysis in natural populations in quick cloning of simply inherited genes in cucumber. The roles of CsCYP85A1 in regulation of internode elongation in cucumber was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Horticulture College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Wanqing Li
- Horticulture College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Yaguang Qin
- Horticulture College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Yupeng Pan
- Horticulture College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, MadisonWI, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Horticulture College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Yiqun Weng
- Horticulture Department, University of Wisconsin, MadisonWI, USA
- Vegetable Crops Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service, MadisonWI, USA
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Life Science, Northwest A&F University, YanglingChina
- *Correspondence: Peng Chen, Yuhong Li,
| | - Yuhong Li
- Horticulture College, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Chen, Yuhong Li,
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46
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Oh K, Matsumoto T, Hoshi T, Yoshizawa Y. In vitro and in vivo evidence for the inhibition of brassinosteroid synthesis by propiconazole through interference with side chain hydroxylation. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1158372. [PMID: 26987039 PMCID: PMC4977458 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1158372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We carried out the biochemical evaluation of the target site of propiconazole in BR biosynthesis. Applying BR biosynthesis intermediates to Arabidopsis seedlings grown in the presence of propiconazole under dark condition, we found that the target site of propiconazole in BR biosynthesis can be identified among the C22 and C23 side chain hydroxylation steps from campestanol to teasterone. Using differential spectra techniques to determine the binding affinity of propiconazole to CYP90D1, which is responsible for C23 hydroxylation of BR, we found that propiconazole induced typical type II binding spectra in response to purified recombinant CYP90D1 and the Kd value was found approximately 0.76 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keimei Oh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo Nakano, Akita, Japan
- Keimei Oh
| | - Tadashi Matsumoto
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo Nakano, Akita, Japan
- National Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tomoki Hoshi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo Nakano, Akita, Japan
| | - Yuko Yoshizawa
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, Shimoshinjo Nakano, Akita, Japan
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Unterholzner SJ, Rozhon W, Poppenberger B. Reply: Interaction between Brassinosteroids and Gibberellins: Synthesis or Signaling? In Arabidopsis, Both! THE PLANT CELL 2016. [PMID: 27006486 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Unterholzner
- Biotechnology of Horticultural CropsTUM School of Life Sciences WeihenstephanTechnische Universität MünchenD-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Wilfried Rozhon
- Biotechnology of Horticultural CropsTUM School of Life Sciences WeihenstephanTechnische Universität MünchenD-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural CropsTUM School of Life Sciences WeihenstephanTechnische Universität MünchenD-85354 Freising, Germany
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Unterholzner SJ, Rozhon W, Poppenberger B. Reply: Interaction between Brassinosteroids and Gibberellins: Synthesis or Signaling? In Arabidopsis, Both! THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:836-9. [PMID: 27006486 PMCID: PMC4863389 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Unterholzner
- Biotechnology of Horticultural CropsTUM School of Life Sciences WeihenstephanTechnische Universität MünchenD-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Wilfried Rozhon
- Biotechnology of Horticultural CropsTUM School of Life Sciences WeihenstephanTechnische Universität MünchenD-85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural CropsTUM School of Life Sciences WeihenstephanTechnische Universität MünchenD-85354 Freising, Germany
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Ross JJ, Quittenden LJ. Interactions between Brassinosteroids and Gibberellins: Synthesis or Signaling? THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:829-32. [PMID: 27006485 PMCID: PMC4863384 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.15.00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John J Ross
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of TasmaniaSandy Bay, Tasmania, Australia 7005
| | - Laura J Quittenden
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of TasmaniaSandy Bay, Tasmania, Australia 7005
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Li XJ, Chen XJ, Guo X, Yin LL, Ahammed GJ, Xu CJ, Chen KS, Liu CC, Xia XJ, Shi K, Zhou J, Zhou YH, Yu JQ. DWARF overexpression induces alteration in phytohormone homeostasis, development, architecture and carotenoid accumulation in tomato. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:1021-33. [PMID: 26383874 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) play a critical role in plant growth, development and stress response; however, genetic evidence for the BR-mediated integrated regulation of plant growth still remains elusive in crop species. Here, we clarified the function of DWARF (DWF), the key BR biosynthetic gene in tomato, in the regulation of plant growth and architecture, phytohormone homeostasis and fruit development by comparing wild type, d^(im), a weak allele mutant impaired in DWF, and DWF-overexpressing plants in tomato. Results showed that increases in DWF transcripts and endogenous BR level resulted in improved germination, lateral root development, CO2 assimilation and eventually plant growth as characterized by slender and compact plant architecture. However, an increase in DWF transcript down-regulated the accumulation of gibberellin, which was associated with decreases in leaf size and thickness. BRs positively regulated lateral bud outgrowth, which was associated with decreased transcript of Aux/IAA3, and the ethylene-dependent petiole bending and fruit ripening. Notably, overexpression of DWF did not significantly alter fruit yield per plant; however, increases by 57.4% and 95.3% might be estimated in fruit yield per square metre in two transgenic lines due to their compact architecture. Significantly, BR level was positively related with the carotenoid accumulation in the fruits. Taken together, our results demonstrate that BRs are actively involved in the regulation of multiple developmental processes relating to agronomical important traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jing Li
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Chen
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xie Guo
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling-Ling Yin
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Chang-Jie Xu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kun-Song Chen
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao-Chao Liu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Hong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Quan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plants Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Agricultural Ministry of China, Hangzhou, China
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