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Guo B, Chen L, Dong L, Yang C, Zhang J, Geng X, Zhou L, Song L. Characterization of the soybean KRP gene family reveals a key role for GmKRP2a in root development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1096467. [PMID: 36778678 PMCID: PMC9911667 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1096467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Kip-related proteins (KRPs), as inhibitory proteins of cyclin-dependent kinases, are involved in the growth and development of plants by regulating the activity of the CYC-CDK complex to control cell cycle progression. The KRP gene family has been identified in several plants, and several KRP proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana have been functionally characterized. However, there is little research on KRP genes in soybean, which is an economically important crop. In this study, we identified nine GmKRP genes in the Glycine max genome using HMM modeling and BLASTP searches. Protein subcellular localization and conserved motif analysis showed soybean KRP proteins located in the nucleus, and the C-terminal protein sequence was highly conserved. By investigating the expression patterns in various tissues, we found that all GmKRPs exhibited transcript abundance, while several showed tissue-specific expression patterns. By analyzing the promoter region, we found that light, low temperature, an anaerobic environment, and hormones-related cis-elements were abundant. In addition, we performed a co-expression analysis of the GmKRP gene family, followed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) set enrichment analysis. The co-expressing genes were mainly involved in RNA synthesis and modification and energy metabolism. Furthermore, the GmKRP2a gene, a member of the soybean KRP family, was cloned for further functional analysis. GmKRP2a is located in the nucleus and participates in root development by regulating cell cycle progression. RNA-seq results indicated that GmKRP2a is involved in cell cycle regulation through ribosome regulation, cell expansion, hormone response, stress response, and plant pathogen response pathways. To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify and characterize the KRP gene family in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhui Guo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Basic Experimental Teaching Center of Life Science, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lu Dong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chunhong Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Geng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Zhou
- College of Forestry, Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Song
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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S GB, Gohil DS, Roy Choudhury S. Genome-wide identification, evolutionary and expression analysis of the cyclin-dependent kinase gene family in peanut. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:43. [PMID: 36658501 PMCID: PMC9850575 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04045-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a predominant group of serine/threonine protein kinases that have multi-faceted functions in eukaryotes. The plant CDK members have well-known roles in cell cycle progression, transcriptional regulation, DNA repair, abiotic stress and defense responses, making them promising targets for developing stress adaptable high-yielding crops. There is relatively sparse information available on the CDK family genes of cultivated oilseed crop peanut and its diploid progenitors. RESULTS We have identified 52 putative cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and CDK-like (CDKLs) genes in Arachis hypogaea (cultivated peanut) and total 26 genes in each diploid parent of cultivated peanut (Arachis duranensis and Arachis ipaensis). Both CDK and CDKL genes were classified into eight groups based on their cyclin binding motifs and their phylogenetic relationship with Arabidopsis counterparts. Genes in the same subgroup displayed similar exon-intron structure and conserved motifs. Further, gene duplication analysis suggested that segmental duplication events played major roles in the expansion and evolution of CDK and CDKL genes in cultivated peanuts. Identification of diverse cis-acting response elements in CDK and CDKL genes promoter indicated their potential fundamental roles in multiple biological processes. Various gene expression patterns of CDKs and CDKLs in different peanut tissues suggested their involvement during growth and development. In addition, qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that most representing CDK and CDKL gene family members were significantly down-regulated under ABA, PEG and mannitol treatments. CONCLUSIONS Genome-wide analysis offers a comprehensive understanding of the classification, evolution, gene structure, and gene expression profiles of CDK and CDKL genes in cultivated peanut and their diploid progenitors. Additionally, it also provides cell cycle regulatory gene resources for further functional characterization to enhance growth, development and abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Babu S
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India
| | - Deependra Singh Gohil
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India
| | - Swarup Roy Choudhury
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Tirupati, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, 517507, India.
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Yang Y, Zhao T, Xu X, Jiang J, Li J. Transcriptome Analysis to Explore the Cause of the Formation of Different Inflorescences in Tomato. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158216. [PMID: 35897806 PMCID: PMC9368726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of inflorescence branches is an important agronomic character of tomato. The meristem differentiation and development pattern of tomato inflorescence is complex and its regulation mechanism is very different from those of other model plants. Therefore, in order to explore the cause of tomato inflorescence branching, transcriptome analysis was conducted on two kinds of tomato inflorescences (single racemes and compound inflorescences). According to the transcriptome data analysis, there were many DEGs of tomato inflorescences at early, middle, and late stages. Then, GO and KEGG enrichments of DEGs were performed. DEGs are mainly enriched in metabolic pathways, biohormone signaling, and cell cycle pathways. According to previous studies, DEGs were mainly enriched in metabolic pathways, and FALSIFLORA (FA) and ANANTHA (AN) genes were the most notable of 41 DEGs related to inflorescence branching. This study not only provides a theoretical basis for understanding inflorescence branching, but also provides a new idea for the follow-up study of inflorescence.
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Hu J, Cai J, Umme A, Chen Y, Xu T, Kang H. Unique features of mRNA m6A methylomes during expansion of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 188:2215-2227. [PMID: 34730815 PMCID: PMC8968293 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant internal modification in eukaryotic messenger RNA. Although the role of m6A has been demonstrated in many biological processes, including embryonic development, flowering time control, microspore generation, fruit ripening, and stress responses, its contribution to other aspects of plant development still needs to be explored. Herein, we show the potential link between m6A deposition and the expansion of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruits through parallel m6A-immunoprecipitation-sequencing (m6A-seq) and RNA-seq analyses. We found that global m6A levels increased during tomato fruit expansion from immature green to mature green stage. m6A-seq revealed that thousands of protein-coding genes are m6A-modified mainly in the 3'-untranslated regions. m6A-seq and RNA-seq analyses showed a positive association between m6A methylation and mRNA abundance. In particular, a large number of fruit expansion-related genes involved in hormone responses and endoreduplication were m6A modified and expressed more actively than the non-m6A-modified genes, suggesting a potential role of m6A modification in tomato fruit expansion. Importantly, altering m6A levels by direct injection of 3-deazaneplanocin A (DA; m6A writer inhibitor) or meclofenamic acid (MA; m6A eraser inhibitor) into tomato fruits suppressed fruit expansion; however, injection of exogenous DA or MA accelerated or delayed fruit ripening, respectively. Collectively, these results suggest a dynamic role of m6A methylation in the expansion and ripening of tomato fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Amara Umme
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Korea
| | - Yao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomics, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, China
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Tang D, Quan C, Lin Y, Wei K, Qin S, Liang Y, Wei F, Miao J. Physio-Morphological, Biochemical and Transcriptomic Analyses Provide Insights Into Drought Stress Responses in Mesona chinensis Benth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:809723. [PMID: 35222473 PMCID: PMC8866654 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.809723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress affects the normal growth and development of Mesona chinensis Benth (MCB), which is an important medicinal and edible plant in China. To investigate the physiological and molecular mechanisms of drought resistance in MCB, different concentrations of polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG6000) (0, 5, 10, and 15%) were used to simulate drought conditions in this study. Results showed that the growth of MCB was significantly limited under drought stress conditions. Drought stress induced the increases in the contents of Chla, Chlb, Chla + b, soluble protein, soluble sugar, and soluble pectin and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Transcriptome analysis revealed 3,494 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (1,961 up-regulated and 1,533 down-regulated) between the control and 15% PEG6000 treatments. These DEGs were identified to be involved in the 10 metabolic pathways, including "plant hormone signal transduction," "brassinosteroid biosynthesis," "plant-pathogen interaction," "MAPK signaling pathway-plant," "starch and sucrose metabolism," "pentose and glucuronate interconversions," "phenylpropanoid biosynthesis," "galactose metabolism," "monoterpenoid biosynthesis," and "ribosome." In addition, transcription factors (TFs) analysis showed 8 out of 204 TFs, TRINITY_DN3232_c0_g1 [ABA-responsive element (ABRE)-binding transcription factor1, AREB1], TRINITY_DN4161_c0_g1 (auxin response factor, ARF), TRINITY_DN3183_c0_g2 (abscisic acid-insensitive 5-like protein, ABI5), TRINITY_DN28414_c0_g2 (ethylene-responsive transcription factor ERF1b, ERF1b), TRINITY_DN9557_c0_g1 (phytochrome-interacting factor, PIF3), TRINITY_DN11435_c1_g1, TRINITY_DN2608_c0_g1, and TRINITY_DN6742_c0_g1, were closely related to the "plant hormone signal transduction" pathway. Taken together, it was inferred that these pathways and TFs might play important roles in response to drought stress in MCB. The current study provided important information for MCB drought resistance breeding in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Changqian Quan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Yang Lin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Kunhua Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Shuangshuang Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Fan Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
| | - Jianhua Miao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Engineering Research Center of TCM Resource Intelligent Creation, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning, China
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Iqbal Z, Iqbal MS, Sangpong L, Khaksar G, Sirikantaramas S, Buaboocha T. Comprehensive genome-wide analysis of calmodulin-binding transcription activator (CAMTA) in Durio zibethinus and identification of fruit ripening-associated DzCAMTAs. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:743. [PMID: 34649525 PMCID: PMC8518175 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fruit ripening is an intricate developmental process driven by a highly coordinated action of complex hormonal networks. Ethylene is considered as the main phytohormone that regulates the ripening of climacteric fruits. Concomitantly, several ethylene-responsive transcription factors (TFs) are pivotal components of the regulatory network underlying fruit ripening. Calmodulin-binding transcription activator (CAMTA) is one such ethylene-induced TF implicated in various stress and plant developmental processes. Results Our comprehensive analysis of the CAMTA gene family in Durio zibethinus (durian, Dz) identified 10 CAMTAs with conserved domains. Phylogenetic analysis of DzCAMTAs, positioned DzCAMTA3 with its tomato ortholog that has already been validated for its role in the fruit ripening process through ethylene-mediated signaling. Furthermore, the transcriptome-wide analysis revealed DzCAMTA3 and DzCAMTA8 as the highest expressing durian CAMTA genes. These two DzCAMTAs possessed a distinct ripening-associated expression pattern during post-harvest ripening in Monthong, a durian cultivar native to Thailand. The expression profiling of DzCAMTA3 and DzCAMTA8 under natural ripening conditions and ethylene-induced/delayed ripening conditions substantiated their roles as ethylene-induced transcriptional activators of ripening. Similarly, auxin-suppressed expression of DzCAMTA3 and DzCAMTA8 confirmed their responsiveness to exogenous auxin treatment in a time-dependent manner. Accordingly, we propose that DzCAMTA3 and DzCAMTA8 synergistically crosstalk with ethylene during durian fruit ripening. In contrast, DzCAMTA3 and DzCAMTA8 antagonistically with auxin could affect the post-harvest ripening process in durian. Furthermore, DzCAMTA3 and DzCAMTA8 interacting genes contain significant CAMTA recognition motifs and regulated several pivotal fruit-ripening-associated pathways. Conclusion Taken together, the present study contributes to an in-depth understanding of the structure and probable function of CAMTA genes in the post-harvest ripening of durian. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08022-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Iqbal
- Molecular Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mohammed Shariq Iqbal
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lalida Sangpong
- Molecular Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Gholamreza Khaksar
- Molecular Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supaart Sirikantaramas
- Molecular Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teerapong Buaboocha
- Molecular Crop Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Omics Sciences and Bioinformatics Center, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor Gene TaICK1 acts as a Potential Contributor to Wheat Male Sterility induced by a Chemical Hybridizing Agent. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072468. [PMID: 32252420 PMCID: PMC7177297 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterosis has been widely accepted as an effective strategy to increase yields in plant breeding. Notably, the chemical hybridization agent SQ-1 induces male sterility in wheat, representing a critical potential tool in hybrid seed production. However, the mechanisms underlying the male sterility induced by SQ-1 still remain poorly understood. In this study, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor gene, TaICK1, which encodes a 229 amino acid protein, was identified as a potential contributor to male sterility in common wheat. The expression of TaICK1 was upregulated during the development of anthers in Xinong1376 wheat treated with SQ-1. Meanwhile, the seed setting rate was found to be significantly decreased in TaICK1 transgenic rice. Furthermore, we identified two cyclin proteins, TaCYCD2;1 and TaCYCD6;1, as interactors through yeast two-hybrid screening using TaICK1 as the bait, which were validated using bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Subcellular localization revealed that the proteins encoded by TaICK1, TaCYCD2;1, and TaCYCD6;1 were localized in the cell nucleus. The expression levels of TaCYCD2;1 and TaCYCD6;1 were lower in Xinong1376 treated with SQ-1. A further analysis demonstrated that the expression levels of OsCYCD2;1 and OsCYCD6;1 were lower in transgenic TaICK1 rice lines as well. Taken together, these results suggest that the upregulation of TaICK1, induced by SQ-1, may subsequently suppress the expression of TaCYCD2;1 and TaCYCD6;1 in anthers, resulting in male sterility. This study provides new insights into the understanding of SQ-1-induced wheat male sterility, as well as the developmental mechanisms of anthers.
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Ajadi AA, Tong X, Wang H, Zhao J, Tang L, Li Z, Liu X, Shu Y, Li S, Wang S, Liu W, Tajo SM, Zhang J, Wang Y. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors KRP1 and KRP2 Are Involved in Grain Filling and Seed Germination in Rice ( Oryza sativa L.). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010245. [PMID: 31905829 PMCID: PMC6981537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors known as KRPs (kip-related proteins) control the progression of plant cell cycles and modulate various plant developmental processes. However, the function of KRPs in rice remains largely unknown. In this study, two rice KRPs members, KRP1 and KRP2, were found to be predominantly expressed in developing seeds and were significantly induced by exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and Brassinosteroid (BR) applications. Sub-cellular localization experiments showed that KRP1 was mainly localized in the nucleus of rice protoplasts. KRP1 overexpression transgenic lines (OxKRP1), krp2 single mutant (crkrp2), and krp1/krp2 double mutant (crkrp1/krp2) all exhibited significantly smaller seed width, seed length, and reduced grain weight, with impaired seed germination and retarded early seedling growth, suggesting that disturbing the normal steady state of KRP1 or KRP2 blocks seed development partly through inhibiting cell proliferation and enlargement during grain filling and seed germination. Furthermore, two cyclin-dependent protein kinases, CDKC;2 and CDKF;3, could interact with KRP1 in a yeast-two-hybrid system, indicating that KRP1 might regulate the mitosis cell cycle and endoreduplication through the two targets. In a word, this study shed novel insights into the regulatory roles of KRPs in rice seed maturation and germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolore Adijat Ajadi
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (A.A.A.); (X.T.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (L.T.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (S.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.M.T.)
- Biotechnology Unit, National Cereals Research Institute, Badeggi, Bida 912101, Nigeria
| | - Xiaohong Tong
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (A.A.A.); (X.T.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (L.T.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (S.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.M.T.)
| | - Huimei Wang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (A.A.A.); (X.T.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (L.T.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (S.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.M.T.)
| | - Juan Zhao
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (A.A.A.); (X.T.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (L.T.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (S.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.M.T.)
| | - Liqun Tang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (A.A.A.); (X.T.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (L.T.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (S.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.M.T.)
| | - Zhiyong Li
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (A.A.A.); (X.T.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (L.T.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (S.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.M.T.)
| | - Xixi Liu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (A.A.A.); (X.T.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (L.T.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (S.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.M.T.)
| | - Yazhou Shu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (A.A.A.); (X.T.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (L.T.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (S.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.M.T.)
| | - Shufan Li
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (A.A.A.); (X.T.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (L.T.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (S.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.M.T.)
| | - Shuang Wang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (A.A.A.); (X.T.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (L.T.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (S.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.M.T.)
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Wanning Liu
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (A.A.A.); (X.T.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (L.T.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (S.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.M.T.)
| | - Sani Muhammad Tajo
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (A.A.A.); (X.T.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (L.T.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (S.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.M.T.)
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (A.A.A.); (X.T.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (L.T.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (S.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.M.T.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (Y.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-571-6337-0277 (J.Z.); +86-571-6337-0206 (Y.W.)
| | - Yifeng Wang
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 311400, China; (A.A.A.); (X.T.); (H.W.); (J.Z.); (L.T.); (Z.L.); (X.L.); (Y.S.); (S.L.); (S.W.); (W.L.); (S.M.T.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (Y.W.); Tel./Fax: +86-571-6337-0277 (J.Z.); +86-571-6337-0206 (Y.W.)
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Zhu Z, Liang H, Chen G, Li F, Wang Y, Liao C, Hu Z. The bHLH transcription factor SlPRE2 regulates tomato fruit development and modulates plant response to gibberellin. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:1053-1064. [PMID: 31123809 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02425-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
SlPRE2 is gibberellin inducible and mediates plant response to gibberellin. Silencing of SlPRE2 decreases tomato fruit size, pericarp thickness, placenta size and seed size by regulating cell expansion. Gibberellin is one of the crucial hormones essential for plant growth and developmental processes, including seed germination, stem elongation, and sex expression. Previous studies indicated gibberellin could control fruit development by regulation of genes downstream gibberellin pathway. In the present study, we found that the SlPRE2, a bHLH family transcription factor gene, is highly expressed in immature green fruit. Silencing of SlPRE2 caused reduction of fruits size, pericarp thickness, and placenta size. Meanwhile, smaller seeds were observed in SlPRE2 silenced lines. In addition, the SlPRE2-silenced fruit mesocarp had reduced cell size and expression of SlXTH2 and SlXTH5 which are involved in cell enlargement. Further research showed that SlPRE2 is gibberellic acid-inducible and the expression of gibberellin metabolism-related genes in immature green fruit was affected by the downregulation of SlPRE2. Moreover, the SlPRE2-silenced plants had changed responses to application of exogenous gibberellic acid and paclobutrazol, an inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis. These findings indicated that SlPRE2 is a regulator of fruit development and affects plant response to gibberellic acid via the gibberellin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Honglian Liang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Guoping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Fenfen Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Yunshu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Changguang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Zongli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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10
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Zhu L, Zhang B, Luo J, Dong S, Zang K, Wu Y. Ampelopsin-sodium induces apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines by promoting tubulin polymerization in vitro. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:189-196. [PMID: 31289488 PMCID: PMC6540484 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that ampelopsin (AMP), a type of flavonoid isolated from the stems and leaves of Ampelopsis grossedentata, exhibits anti-cancer activity in various types of cancer. Conversion of AMP into its sodium salt (AMP-Na) conferred enhanced solubility and stability to it. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-cancer activity of AMP-Na in human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines and to investigate its mechanisms of action. Cell proliferation and viability were assessed by MTT and colony formation assays, and cell migration was determined using a scratch wound healing assay. The cell cycle distribution, apoptosis rate and tubulin immunofluorescence intensity were analyzed using flow cytometry, the cell ultra-microstructure was examined using transmission electron microscopy and the accumulation of tubulin was determined using laser confocal microscopy. The results demonstrated that AMP-Na significantly inhibited the proliferation, clonogenicity and migration of human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Furthermore, AMP-Na induced SPC-A-1 cell apoptosis, and promoted tubulin polymerization. The results suggested that the underlying mechanisms of AMP-Na may involve targeting of microtubules and tubulin polymerization to subsequently disrupt mitosis and induce cell cycle arrest at the S-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Baolai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Jianyun Luo
- Department of Drug Policy and Essential Medicine, Xi'an Municipal Health Commission, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, P.R. China
| | - Shuhong Dong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Kaihong Zang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yongjie Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
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11
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Identification and functional analysis of the ICK gene family in maize. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43818. [PMID: 28262730 PMCID: PMC5338338 DOI: 10.1038/srep43818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases (ICKs) are key regulators of cyclin-dependent kinase activities and cell division. Herein, we identified eight ICKs in maize, which we named Zeama;ICKs (ZmICKs). Primary sequencing and phylogenetic analyses were used to divide the ZmICK family into two classes: group B and group C. Subcellular localization analysis of ZmICK:enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) fusion constructs in tobacco leaf cells indicated that ZmICKs are principally nuclear. Co-localization analysis of the ZmICKs and maize A-type cyclin-dependent kinase (ZmCDKA) was also performed using enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) and red fluorescent protein (RFP) fusion constructs. The ZmICKs and ZmCDKA co-localized in the nucleus. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis of the ZmICKs showed that they were expressed at different levels in all tissues examined and shared similar expression patterns with cell cycle-related genes. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed that ZmICK1, ZmICK2, ZmICK3, and ZmICK4 interact with ZmCDKA1 and ZmCDKA3. Interestingly, ZmICK7 interacts with D-type cyclins. Transformed and expressed ZmCDKA1 and ZmICKs together in fission yeast revealed that ZmICK1, ZmICK3, and ZmICK4 can affect ZmCDKA1 function. Moreover, the C-group of ZmICKs could interact with ZmCDKA1 directly and affect ZmCDKA1 function, suggesting that C-group ZmICKs are important for cell division regulation.
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12
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Godínez-Palma SK, Rosas-Bringas FR, Rosas-Bringas OG, García-Ramírez E, Zamora-Zaragoza J, Vázquez-Ramos JM. Two maize Kip-related proteins differentially interact with, inhibit and are phosphorylated by cyclin D-cyclin-dependent kinase complexes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:1585-1597. [PMID: 28369656 PMCID: PMC5444471 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The family of maize Kip-related proteins (KRPs) has been studied and a nomenclature based on the relationship to rice KRP genes is proposed. Expression studies of KRP genes indicate that all are expressed at 24 h of seed germination but expression is differential in the different tissues of maize plantlets. Recombinant KRP1;1 and KRP4;2 proteins, members of different KRP classes, were used to study association to and inhibitory activity on different maize cyclin D (CycD)-cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complexes. Kinase activity in CycD2;2-CDK, CycD4;2-CDK, and CycD5;3-CDK complexes was inhibited by both KRPs; however, only KRP1;1 inhibited activity in the CycD6;1-CDK complex, not KRP4;2. Whereas KRP1;1 associated with either CycD2;2 or CycD6;1, and to cyclin-dependent kinase A (CDKA) recombinant proteins, forming ternary complexes, KRP4;2 bound CDKA and CycD2;2 but did not bind CycD6;1, establishing a differential association capacity. All CycD-CDK complexes included here phosphorylated both the retinoblastoma-related (RBR) protein and the two KRPs; interestingly, while KRP4;2 phosphorylated by the CycD2;2-CDK complex increased its inhibitory capacity, when phosphorylated by the CycD6;1-CDK complex the inhibitory capacity was reduced or eliminated. Evidence suggests that the phosphorylated residues in KRP4;2 may be different for every kinase, and this would influence its performance as a cyclin-CDK inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia K Godínez-Palma
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, UNAM, Avenida Universidad y Copilco, México DF 04510, México
| | - Fernando R Rosas-Bringas
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, UNAM, Avenida Universidad y Copilco, México DF 04510, México
- I. Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz Obere Zahlbacherstr. 63 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Omar G Rosas-Bringas
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, UNAM, Avenida Universidad y Copilco, México DF 04510, México
| | - Elpidio García-Ramírez
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, UNAM, Avenida Universidad y Copilco, México DF 04510, México
| | - Jorge Zamora-Zaragoza
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, UNAM, Avenida Universidad y Copilco, México DF 04510, México
- Department of Plant Sciences, Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge M Vázquez-Ramos
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, UNAM, Avenida Universidad y Copilco, México DF 04510, México
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Liu Q, Guo X, Chen G, Zhu Z, Yin W, Hu Z. Silencing SlGID2, a putative F-box protein gene, generates a dwarf plant and dark-green leaves in tomato. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 109:491-501. [PMID: 27835847 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In plant, F-box protein participates in various signal transduction systems and plays an important role in signaling pathways. Here, a putative F-box protein, namely SlGID2, was isolated from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Bioinformatics analyses suggested that SlGID2 shows high identity with F-box proteins from other plant species. Expression pattern analysis showed that SlGID2 gene is ubiquitously expressed in tomato tissues. To study the function of SlGID2 in tomato, SlGID2-silenced (SlGID2i) tomato by RNA interference (RNAi) was generated and displayed a dwarf plant and dark-green leaf phenotypes. The defective stem elongation of SlGID2i lines was not rescued by exogenous GA and its endogenous GA level was higher than wild type, further supporting the observation that SlGID2i transgenic plants are GA insensitive. Furthermore, SlGAST1, the downstream gene of GA signaling, and some cell expansion, division related genes (SlCycB1;1, SlCycD2;1, SlCycA3;1, SlXTH2, SlEXP2, SlKRP4) were down-regulated by SlGID2 silencing. In addition, the expression levels of SlDELLA (a negative regulator of GA signaling) and SlGA2ox1 were decreased, while SlGA3ox1 and SlGA20ox2 transcripts were increased in SlGID2i lines. Thus, we conclude that SlGID2 may be a positive regulator of GA signaling and promotes the GA signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Xuhu Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Guoping Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Wencheng Yin
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China
| | - Zongli Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China.
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14
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Li Q, Shi X, Ye S, Wang S, Chan R, Harkness T, Wang H. A short motif in Arabidopsis CDK inhibitor ICK1 decreases the protein level, probably through a ubiquitin-independent mechanism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 87:617-628. [PMID: 27233081 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ICK/KRP family of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors modulates the activity of plant CDKs through protein binding. Previous work has shown that changing the levels of ICK/KRP proteins by overexpression or downregulation affects cell proliferation and plant growth, and also that the ubiquitin proteasome system is involved in degradation of ICK/KRPs. We show in this study that the region encompassing amino acids 21 to 40 is critical for ICK1 levels in both Arabidopsis and yeast. To determine how degradation of ICK1 is controlled, we analyzed the accumulation of hemagglutinin (HA) epitope-tagged ICK1 proteins in yeast mutants defective for two ubiquitin E3 ligases. The highest level of HA-ICK1 protein was observed when both the N-terminal 1-40 sequence was removed and the SCF (SKP1-Cullin1-F-box complex) function disrupted, suggesting the involvement of both SCF-dependent and SCF-independent mechanisms in the degradation of ICK1 in yeast. A short motif consisting of residues 21-30 is sufficient to render green fluorescent protein (GFP) unstable in plants and had a similar effect in plants regardless of whether it was fused to the N-terminus or C-terminus of GFP. Furthermore, results from a yeast ubiquitin receptor mutant rpn10Δ indicate that protein ubiquitination is not critical in the degradation of GFP-ICK1(1-40) in yeast. These results thus identify a protein-destabilizing sequence motif that does not contain a typical ubiquitination residue, suggesting that it probably functions through an SCF-independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Xianzong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Shengjian Ye
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Ron Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Troy Harkness
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada.
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15
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Overexpression of SlUPA-like induces cell enlargement, aberrant development and low stress tolerance through phytohormonal pathway in tomato. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23818. [PMID: 27025226 PMCID: PMC4812305 DOI: 10.1038/srep23818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
upa20 induces cell enlargement and hypertrophy development. In our research, overexpression of SlUPA-like, orthologous to upa20, severely affected the growth of vegetative and reproductive tissues. Wilted leaves curled upwardly and sterile flowers were found in transgenic lines. Through anatomical analysis, palisade and spongy tissues showed fluffy and hypertrophic development in transgenic plants. Gene expression analysis showed that GA responsive, biosynthetic and signal transduction genes (e.g. GAST1, SlGA20OXs, SlGA3OXs, SlGID1s, and SlPREs) were significantly upregulated, indicating that GA response is stimulated by overproduction of SlUPA-like. Furthermore, SlUPA-like was strongly induced by exogenous JA and wounding. Decreased expression of PI-I and induced expression of SlJAZs (including SlJAZ2, SlJAZ10 and SlJAZ11) were observed in transgenic plants, suggesting that JA response is repressed. In addition, SlUPA-like overexpressed plant exhibited more opened stoma and higher water loss than the control when treated with dehydration stress, which was related to decreased ABA biosynthesis, signal transduction and response. Particularly, abnormal developments of transgenic plants promote the plant susceptibility to Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. Therefore, it is deduced from these results that SlUPA-like plays vital role in regulation of plant development and stress tolerance through GA, JA and ABA pathways.
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16
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Ovejero-Benito MC, Frade JM. p27(Kip1) participates in the regulation of endoreplication in differentiating chick retinal ganglion cells. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:2311-22. [PMID: 25946375 PMCID: PMC4614947 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1044175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear DNA duplication in the absence of cell division (i.e. endoreplication) leads to somatic polyploidy in eukaryotic cells. In contrast to some invertebrate neurons, whose nuclei may contain up to 200,000-fold the normal haploid DNA amount (C), polyploid neurons in higher vertebrates show only 4C DNA content. To explore the mechanism that prevents extra rounds of DNA synthesis in these latter cells we focused on the chick retina, where a population of tetraploid retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) has been described. We show that differentiating chick RGCs that express the neurotrophic receptors p75 and TrkB while lacking retinoblastoma protein, a feature of tetraploid RGCs, also express p27Kip1. Two different short hairpin RNAs (shRNA) that significantly downregulate p27Kip1 expression facilitated DNA synthesis and increased ploidy in isolated chick RGCs. Moreover, this forced DNA synthesis could not be prevented by Cdk4/6 inhibition, thus suggesting that it is triggered by a mechanism similar to endoreplication. In contrast, p27Kip1 deficiency in mouse RGCs does not lead to increased ploidy despite previous observations have shown ectopic DNA synthesis in RGCs from p27Kip1−/− mice. This suggests that a differential mechanism is used for the regulation of neuronal endoreplication in mammalian versus avian RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Ovejero-Benito
- a Department of Molecular , Cellular, and Developmental Neurobiology; Cajal Institute; IC-CSIC ; Madrid , Spain
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17
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Flaishman MA, Peles Y, Dahan Y, Milo-Cochavi S, Frieman A, Naor A. Differential response of cell-cycle and cell-expansion regulators to heat stress in apple (Malus domestica) fruitlets. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 233:82-94. [PMID: 25711816 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is one of the most significant factors affecting physiological and biochemical aspects of fruit development. Current and progressing global warming is expected to change climate in the traditional deciduous fruit tree cultivation regions. In this study, 'Golden Delicious' trees, grown in a controlled environment or commercial orchard, were exposed to different periods of heat treatment. Early fruitlet development was documented by evaluating cell number, cell size and fruit diameter for 5-70 days after full bloom. Normal activities of molecular developmental and growth processes in apple fruitlets were disrupted under daytime air temperatures of 29°C and higher as a result of significant temporary declines in cell-production and cell-expansion rates, respectively. Expression screening of selected cell cycle and cell expansion genes revealed the influence of high temperature on genetic regulation of apple fruitlet development. Several core cell-cycle and cell-expansion genes were differentially expressed under high temperatures. While expression levels of B-type cyclin-dependent kinases and A- and B-type cyclins declined moderately in response to elevated temperatures, expression of several cell-cycle inhibitors, such as Mdwee1, Mdrbr and Mdkrps was sharply enhanced as the temperature rose, blocking the cell-cycle cascade at the G1/S and G2/M transition points. Moreover, expression of several expansin genes was associated with high temperatures, making them potentially useful as molecular platforms to enhance cell-expansion processes under high-temperature regimes. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of heat tolerance associated with genes controlling cell cycle and cell expansion may lead to the development of novel strategies for improving apple fruit productivity under global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe A Flaishman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Yuval Peles
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel; The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Yardena Dahan
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Shira Milo-Cochavi
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel; The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Aviad Frieman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, P.O. Box 6, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel.
| | - Amos Naor
- The Golan Research Institute, University of Haifa, P.O. Box 97, Kazrin 12900, Israel.
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18
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Yue J, Ma X, Ban R, Huang Q, Wang W, Liu J, Liu Y. FR database 1.0: a resource focused on fruit development and ripening. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2015; 2015:bav002. [PMID: 25725058 PMCID: PMC4343184 DOI: 10.1093/database/bav002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fruits form unique growing period in the life cycle of higher plants. They provide essential nutrients and have beneficial effects on human health. Characterizing the genes involved in fruit development and ripening is fundamental to understanding the biological process and improving horticultural crops. Although, numerous genes that have been characterized are participated in regulating fruit development and ripening at different stages, no dedicated bioinformatic resource for fruit development and ripening is available. In this study, we have developed such a database, FR database 1.0, using manual curation from 38 423 articles published before 1 April 2014, and integrating protein interactomes and several transcriptome datasets. It provides detailed information for 904 genes derived from 53 organisms reported to participate in fleshy fruit development and ripening. Genes from climacteric and non-climacteric fruits are also annotated, with several interesting Gene Ontology (GO) terms being enriched for these two gene sets and seven ethylene-related GO terms found only in the climacteric fruit group. Furthermore, protein–protein interaction analysis by integrating information from FR database presents the possible function network that affects fleshy fruit size formation. Collectively, FR database will be a valuable platform for comprehensive understanding and future experiments in fruit biology. Database URL: http://www.fruitech.org/
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyang Yue
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China, School of Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230009, China, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment, College of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China, School of Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230009, China, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment, College of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Rongjun Ban
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China, School of Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230009, China, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment, College of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Qianli Huang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China, School of Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230009, China, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment, College of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China, School of Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230009, China, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment, College of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jia Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China, School of Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230009, China, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment, College of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yongsheng Liu
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China, School of Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230009, China, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment, College of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China, School of Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230009, China, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment, College of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China, School of Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China, School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230009, China, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Bio-resource and Eco-environment, College of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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Humplík JF, Bergougnoux V, Jandová M, Šimura J, Pěnčík A, Tomanec O, Rolčík J, Novák O, Fellner M. Endogenous abscisic acid promotes hypocotyl growth and affects endoreduplication during dark-induced growth in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117793. [PMID: 25695830 PMCID: PMC4334974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dark-induced growth (skotomorphogenesis) is primarily characterized by rapid elongation of the hypocotyl. We have studied the role of abscisic acid (ABA) during the development of young tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings. We observed that ABA deficiency caused a reduction in hypocotyl growth at the level of cell elongation and that the growth in ABA-deficient plants could be improved by treatment with exogenous ABA, through which the plants show a concentration dependent response. In addition, ABA accumulated in dark-grown tomato seedlings that grew rapidly, whereas seedlings grown under blue light exhibited low growth rates and accumulated less ABA. We demonstrated that ABA promotes DNA endoreduplication by enhancing the expression of the genes encoding inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases SlKRP1 and SlKRP3 and by reducing cytokinin levels. These data were supported by the expression analysis of the genes which encode enzymes involved in ABA and CK metabolism. Our results show that ABA is essential for the process of hypocotyl elongation and that appropriate control of the endogenous level of ABA is required in order to drive the growth of etiolated seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F Humplík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Véronique Bergougnoux
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Jandová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šimura
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Tomanec
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Rolčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Fellner
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Cheng Y, Liu H, Cao L, Wang S, Li Y, Zhang Y, Jiang W, Zhou Y, Wang H. Down-regulation of multiple CDK inhibitor ICK/KRP genes promotes cell proliferation, callus induction and plant regeneration in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:825. [PMID: 26528298 PMCID: PMC4602110 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ICK/KRP cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors are important plant cell cycle regulators sharing only limited similarity with the metazoan CIP/KIP family of CDK inhibitors. Information is still limited regarding the specific functions of different ICK/KRP genes in planta. We have shown previously that down-regulation of multiple CDK inhibitor ICK/KRP genes up-regulates the E2F pathway and increases cell proliferation, and organ and seed sizes in Arabidopsis. In this study, we observed that the quintuple ick1/2/5/6/7 mutant had more cells in the cortical layer of the root apical meristem (RAM) than the wild type (Wt) while its RAM length was similar to that of the Wt, suggesting a faster cell cycle rate in the quintuple mutant. We further investigated the effects of down-regulating ICK genes on tissue culture responses. The cotyledon explants of ick1/2/5/6/7 could form callus efficiently in the absence of cytokinin and also required a lower concentration of 2,4-D for callus induction compared to the Wt plants, suggesting increased competence for callus induction in the mutant. In addition, the quintuple ick mutant showed enhanced abilities to regenerate shoots and roots, suggesting that increased competence to enter the cell cycle in the quintuple mutant might make it possible for more cells to become proliferative and be utilized to form shoots or roots. These findings indicate that CDK activity is a major factor underlying callus induction and increased cell proliferation can enhance in vitro organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Han Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Ling Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, SaskatoonSK, Canada
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, SaskatoonSK, Canada
| | - Yongpeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Yongming Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Wang, Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada, ; Yongming Zhou, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China,
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, SaskatoonSK, Canada
- *Correspondence: Hong Wang, Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada, ; Yongming Zhou, National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China,
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21
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Sabag M, Ben Ari G, Zviran T, Biton I, Goren M, Dahan Y, Sadka A, Irihimovitch V. PaKRP, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor from avocado, may facilitate exit from the cell cycle during fruit growth. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 213:18-29. [PMID: 24157204 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies using 'Hass' avocado cultivar showed that its small-fruit (SF) phenotype is limited by cell number. To explore the molecular components affecting avocado cell production, we isolated four cDNAs encoding: an ICK/KRP protein, known to play cell cycle-regulating roles through modulation of CDK function; two CDK proteins and a D-type cyclin, and monitored their expression patterns, comparing NF (normal fruit) versus SF profiles. The accumulation of PaKRP gradually deceased during growth in both fruit populations. Despite these similarities, SF exhibited higher levels of PaKRP accumulation at early stages of growth. Moreover, in NF, augmented PaKRP expression coincided with a decrease in CDK and PaCYCD1 levels, whereas in SF, enhanced PaKPR expression was coupled with an earlier decline of CDK and PaCYCD1 levels. For both NF and SF, enhanced mesocarp PaKRP transcript accumulation, was associated with elevated abscisic acid (ABA) and ABA catabolites content. Nevertheless, the collective ABA levels, including catabolites, were substantially higher in SF tissues, as compared with NF tissues. Finally, additional expression analysis revealed that in cultured cells, PaKRP could be induced by ABA. Together, our data links PaKRP with exit from the fruit cell cycle and suggest a role for ABA in controlling its expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Sabag
- Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
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22
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Cheng Y, Cao L, Wang S, Li Y, Shi X, Liu H, Li L, Zhang Z, Fowke LC, Wang H, Zhou Y. Downregulation of multiple CDK inhibitor ICK/KRP genes upregulates the E2F pathway and increases cell proliferation, and organ and seed sizes in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 75:642-55. [PMID: 23647236 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ICK/KRP cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors are important plant cell cycle factors sharing only limited similarity with the metazoan CIP/KIP family of CDK inhibitors. Little is known about the specific functions of different ICK/KRP genes in planta. In this study, we created double and multiple mutants from five single Arabidopsis ICK/KRP T-DNA mutants, and used a set of 20 lines for the functional investigation of the important gene family. There were gradual increases in CDK activity from single to multiple mutants, indicating that ICK/KRPs act as CDK inhibitors under normal physiological conditions in plants. Whereas lower-order mutants showed no morphological phenotypes, the ick1 ick2 ick6 ick7 and ick1 ick2 ick5 ick6 ick7 mutants had a slightly altered leaf shape. The quintuple mutant had larger cotyledons, leaves, petals and seeds than the wild-type control. At the cellular level, the ICK/KRP mutants had more but smaller cells in all the organs examined. These phenotypic effects became more apparent as more ICK/KRPs were downregulated, suggesting that to a large extent ICK/KRPs function in plants redundantly in a dosage-dependent manner. Analyses also revealed increased expression of E2F-dependent genes, and elevated RBR1 as well as an increased level of phospho-RBB1 protein in the quintuple mutant. Thus, downregulation of multiple ICK/KRP genes increases CDK activity, upregulates the E2F pathway and stimulates cell proliferation, resulting in increased cell numbers, and larger organs and seeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Cheng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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23
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Vieira P, Escudero C, Rodiuc N, Boruc J, Russinova E, Glab N, Mota M, De Veylder L, Abad P, Engler G, de Almeida Engler J. Ectopic expression of Kip-related proteins restrains root-knot nematode-feeding site expansion. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:505-519. [PMID: 23574394 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of nematode feeding sites induced by root-knot nematodes involves the synchronized activation of cell cycle processes such as acytokinetic mitoses and DNA amplification. A number of key cell cycle genes are reported to be critical for nematode feeding site development. However, it remains unknown whether plant cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors such as the Arabidopsis interactor/inhibitor of CDK (ICK)/Kip-related protein (KRP) family are involved in nematode feeding site development. This study demonstrates the involvement of Arabidopsis ICK2/KRP2 and ICK1/KRP1 in the control of mitosis to endoreduplication in galls induced by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Using ICK/KRP promoter-GUS fusions and mRNA in situ hybridizations, we showed that ICK2/KRP2, ICK3/KRP5 and ICK4/KRP6 are expressed in galls after nematode infection. Loss-of-function mutants have minor effects on gall development and nematode reproduction. Conversely, overexpression of both ICK1/KRP1 and ICK2/KRP2 impaired mitosis in giant cells and blocked neighboring cell proliferation, resulting in a drastic reduction of gall size. Studying the dynamics of protein expression demonstrated that protein levels of ICK2/KRP2 are tightly regulated during giant cell development and reliant on the presence of the nematode. This work demonstrates that impeding cell cycle progression by means of ICK1/KRP1 and ICK2/KRP2 overexpression severely restricts gall development, leading to a marked limitation of root-knot nematode development and reduced numbers of offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Vieira
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355 ISA/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7254 ISA/Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR ISA, 400 route des Chappes, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Carmen Escudero
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355 ISA/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7254 ISA/Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR ISA, 400 route des Chappes, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Natalia Rodiuc
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355 ISA/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7254 ISA/Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR ISA, 400 route des Chappes, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Joanna Boruc
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Eugenia Russinova
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Glab
- UMR8618, CNRS Université Paris-Sud 11, Bat 630, 91405, Orsay, France
| | - Manuel Mota
- NemaLab/ICAAM - Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas, Universidade de Évora, Núcleo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7002-554, Évora, Portugal
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
| | - Pierre Abad
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355 ISA/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7254 ISA/Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR ISA, 400 route des Chappes, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Gilbert Engler
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355 ISA/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7254 ISA/Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR ISA, 400 route des Chappes, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Janice de Almeida Engler
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR 1355 ISA/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7254 ISA/Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, UMR ISA, 400 route des Chappes, Sophia-Antipolis, France
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24
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Sanchez MDLP, Costas C, Sequeira-Mendes J, Gutierrez C. Regulating DNA replication in plants. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:a010140. [PMID: 23209151 PMCID: PMC3504439 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal DNA replication in plants has requirements and constraints similar to those in other eukaryotes. However, some aspects are plant-specific. Studies of DNA replication control in plants, which have unique developmental strategies, can offer unparalleled opportunities of comparing regulatory processes with yeast and, particularly, metazoa to identify common trends and basic rules. In addition to the comparative molecular and biochemical studies, genomic studies in plants that started with Arabidopsis thaliana in the year 2000 have now expanded to several dozens of species. This, together with the applicability of genomic approaches and the availability of a large collection of mutants, underscores the enormous potential to study DNA replication control in a whole developing organism. Recent advances in this field with particular focus on the DNA replication proteins, the nature of replication origins and their epigenetic landscape, and the control of endoreplication will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria de la Paz Sanchez
- Centro de Biologia Molecular "Severo Ochoa," CSIC-UAM, Nicolas Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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25
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Czerednik A, Busscher M, Bielen BA, Wolters-Arts M, de Maagd RA, Angenent GC. Regulation of tomato fruit pericarp development by an interplay between CDKB and CDKA1 cell cycle genes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:2605-17. [PMID: 22282536 PMCID: PMC3346228 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Growth of tomato fruits is determined by cell division and cell expansion, which are tightly controlled by factors that drive the core cell cycle. The cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and their interacting partners, the cyclins, play a key role in the progression of the cell cycle. In this study the role of CDKA1, CDKB1, and CDKB2 in fruit development was characterized by fruit-specific overexpression and down-regulation. CDKA1 is expressed in the pericarp throughout development, but is strongly up-regulated in the outer pericarp cell layers at the end of the growth period, when CDKB gene expression has ceased. Overexpression of the CDKB genes at later stages of development and the down-regulation of CDKA1 result in a very similar fruit phenotype, showing a reduction in the number of cell layers in the pericarp and alterations in the desiccation of the fruits. Expression studies revealed that CDKA1 is down-regulated by the expression of CDKB1/2 in CDKB1 and CDKB2 overexpression mutants, suggesting opposite roles for these types of CDK proteins in tomato pericarp development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Czerednik
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Busscher
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bram A.M. Bielen
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke Wolters-Arts
- Department of Plant Cell Biology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud A. de Maagd
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerco C. Angenent
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics (CBSG), Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Machemer K, Shaiman O, Salts Y, Shabtai S, Sobolev I, Belausov E, Grotewold E, Barg R. Interplay of MYB factors in differential cell expansion, and consequences for tomato fruit development. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 68:337-50. [PMID: 21707804 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04690.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified SlFSM1 as an early fruit-specific gene encoding a short protein harboring a non-canonical SANT/MYB-like domain. Here, we investigated the role of FSM1 during fruit development in tomato and its mode of action. By analyzing tomato plants ectopically expressing FSM1, we established that it negatively affects cell expansion, particularly of those cells with the highest potential to expand, such as those residing inner to the vascular bundles in the fruit pericarp. This function of FSM1 differs from that of the snapdragon FSM1-like gene, RAD, which through an antagonistic activity with DIV participates in establishing floral asymmetry. Revealing an additional component of the FSM1/RAD regulatory complex, we show here that FSM1 physically interacts with FSB1, a previously uncharacterized factor harboring an atypical MYB repeat. We also demonstrate that FSB1 physically interacts with the transcription factor MYBI, a homolog of DIV. Our results show that the formation of the FSB1-MYBI complex is competed by FSM1, which recognizes in FSB1 the same region as MYBI does. Taken together, these studies expose a function for the FSM1/FSB1/MYBI complex in controlling tomato cell expansion, while revealing a mechanism by which competing MYB-MYB interactions could participate in the control of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Machemer
- Plant Biotechnology Center and Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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27
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Chevalier C, Nafati M, Mathieu-Rivet E, Bourdon M, Frangne N, Cheniclet C, Renaudin JP, Gévaudant F, Hernould M. Elucidating the functional role of endoreduplication in tomato fruit development. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:1159-69. [PMID: 21199834 PMCID: PMC3091799 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcq257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoreduplication is the major source of endopolyploidy in higher plants. The process of endoreduplication results from the ability of cells to modify their classical cell cycle into a partial cell cycle where DNA synthesis occurs independently from mitosis. Despite the ubiquitous occurrence of the phenomenon in eukaryotic cells, the physiological meaning of endoreduplication remains vague, although several roles during plant development have been proposed, mostly related to cell differentiation and cell size determination. SCOPE Here recent advances in the knowledge of endoreduplication and fruit organogenesis are reviewed, focusing on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) as a model, and the functional analyses of endoreduplication-associated regulatory genes in tomato fruit are described. CONCLUSIONS The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory kinase WEE1 and the anaphase promoting complex activator CCS52A both participate in the control of cell size and the endoreduplication process driving cell expansion during early fruit development in tomato. Moreover the fruit-specific functional analysis of the tomato CDK inhibitor KRP1 reveals that cell size and fruit size determination can be uncoupled from DNA ploidy levels, indicating that endoreduplication acts rather as a limiting factor for cell growth. The overall functional data contribute to unravelling the physiological role of endoreduplication in growth induction of fleshy fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Chevalier
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 619 sur la Biologie du Fruit, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France.
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28
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Yang R, Tang Q, Wang H, Zhang X, Pan G, Wang H, Tu J. Analyses of two rice (Oryza sativa) cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors and effects of transgenic expression of OsiICK6 on plant growth and development. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:1087-101. [PMID: 21558459 PMCID: PMC3091807 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plants have a family of proteins referred to as ICKs (inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinase, CDK) or KRPs (Kip-related proteins) that function to regulate the activities of CDK. Knowledge of these plant CDK inhibitors has been gained mostly from studies of selected members in dicotyledonous plants, particularly Arabidopsis. Much remains to be learned regarding the differences among various members of the ICK/KRP family, and regarding the function and regulation of these proteins in monocotyledonous plants. METHODS We analysed ICK-related sequences in the rice (Orysa sativa L. subsp. indica) genome and determined that there are six members with the conserved C-terminal signature region for ICK/KRP proteins. They are referred to as OsiICKs and further analyses were performed. The interactions with CDKs and cyclins were determined by a yeast two-hybrid assay, and cellular localization by fusion with the enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP). The expression of OsiICK6 in different tissues and in response to several treatments was analysed by reverse transcriptase-mediated polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time PCR. Furthermore, OsiICK6 was over-expressed in transgenic rice plants and significant phenotypes were observed. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Based on putative protein sequences, the six OsiICKs are grouped into two classes, with OsiICK1 and OsiICK6 in each of the two classes, respectively. Results showed that OsiICK1 and OsiICK6 interacted with OsCYCD, but differed in their interactions with CDKA. Both EGFP:OsiICK1 and EGFP:OsiICK6 were localized in the nucleus. Whereas EGFP:OsiICK6 showed a punctuate subnuclear distribution, OsiICK1 had a homogeneous pattern. Over-expression of OsiICK6 resulted in multiple phenotypic effects on plant growth, morphology, pollen viability and seed setting. In OsiICK6-over-expressing plants, leaves rolled toward the abaxial side, suggesting that cell proliferation is critical in maintaining an even growth along the dorsal-ventral plane of leaf blades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Yang
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Kaixuan Road 268, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Qicai Tang
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Kaixuan Road 268, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Huimei Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Kaixuan Road 268, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Kaixuan Road 268, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Gang Pan
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Kaixuan Road 268, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Jumin Tu
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Kaixuan Road 268, Hangzhou 310029, China
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29
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Torres Acosta JA, Fowke LC, Wang H. Analyses of phylogeny, evolution, conserved sequences and genome-wide expression of the ICK/KRP family of plant CDK inhibitors. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 107:1141-57. [PMID: 21385782 PMCID: PMC3091803 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The cell cycle is controlled by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and CDK inhibitors are major regulators of their activities. The ICK/KRP family of CDK inhibitors has been reported in several plants, with seven members in arabidopsis; however, the phylogenetic relationship among members in different species is unknown. Also, there is a need to understand how these genes and proteins are regulated. Furthermore, little information is available on the functional differences among ICK/KRP family members. METHODS We searched publicly available databases and identified over 120 unique ICK/KRP protein sequences from more than 60 plant species. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using 101 full-length sequences from 40 species and intron-exon organization of ICK/KRP genes in model species. Conserved sequences and motifs were analysed using ICK/KRP protein sequences from arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), rice (Oryza sativa) and poplar (Populus trichocarpa). In addition, gene expression was examined using microarray data from arabidopsis, rice and poplar, and further analysed by RT-PCR for arabidopsis. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Phylogenetic analysis showed that plant ICK/KRP proteins can be grouped into three major classes. Whereas the C-class contains sequences from dicotyledons, monocotyledons and gymnosperms, the A- and B-classes contain only sequences from dicotyledons or monocotyledons, respectively, suggesting that the A- and B-classes might have evolved from the C-class. This classification is also supported by exon-intron organization. Genes in the A- and B- classes have four exons, whereas genes in the C-class have only three exons. Analysis of sequences from arabidopsis, rice and poplar identified conserved sequence motifs, some of which had not been described previously, and putative functional sites. The presence of conserved motifs in different family members is consistent with the classification. In addition, gene expression analysis showed preferential expression of ICK/KRP genes in certain tissues. A model has been proposed for the evolution of this gene family in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hong Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
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Nafati M, Cheniclet C, Hernould M, Do PT, Fernie AR, Chevalier C, Gévaudant F. The specific overexpression of a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor in tomato fruit mesocarp cells uncouples endoreduplication and cell growth. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 65:543-56. [PMID: 21288265 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The size of tomato fruit results from the combination of cell number and cell size, which are respectively determined by the cell division and cell expansion processes. As fruit growth is mainly sustained by cell expansion, the development of fleshy pericarp tissue is characterized by numerous rounds of endoreduplication inducing a spectacular increase in DNA ploidy and mean cell size. Although a clear relationship exists between endoreduplication and cell growth in plants, the exact role of endoreduplication has not been clearly elucidated. To decipher the molecular basis of endoreduplication-associated cell growth in fruit, we investigated the putative involvement of the tomato cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor SlKRP1. We studied the kinetics of pericarp development in tomato fruit at the morphological and cytological levels, and demonstrated that endoreduplication is directly proportional to cell and fruit diameter. We established a mathematical model for tissue growth according to the number of divisions and endocycles. This model was tested in fruits where we managed to decrease the extent of endoreduplication by over-expressing SlKRP1 under the control of a fruit-specific promoter expressed during early development. Despite the fact that endoreduplication was affected, we could not observe any morphological, cytological or metabolic phenotypes, indicating that determination of cell and fruit size can be, at least conditionally, uncoupled from endoreduplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Nafati
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherche 619 sur la Biologie du Fruit, BP 81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
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Nafati M, Frangne N, Hernould M, Chevalier C, Gévaudant F. Functional characterization of the tomato cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor SlKRP1 domains involved in protein-protein interactions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 188:136-149. [PMID: 20618916 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
• Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors (kip-related proteins, KRPs) play a major role in the regulation of plant cell cycle in antagonizing its progression, and are thus regulators of development. The primary sequence of KRPs is characterized by the existence of conserved motifs, for which we have limited information on their functional significance. • We performed a functional analysis of various domains present in KRPs from tomato. A series of deletion mutants of SlKRP1 was generated and used in transient expression assays to define the relevance of conserved protein domains in subcellular and subnuclear localizations. Specific interactions of SlKRP1 and its deletion variants with cell cycle proteins were investigated using two-hybrid assays and bimolecular fluorescent complementation. • Plant KRPs are distributed into two phylogenetic subgroups according to the presence of conserved motifs. Members of subgroup 1 represented by SlKRP1 share 6 conserved motifs whose function in protein localization and protein-protein interactions could be identified. A new interaction motif was localized in the central part of SlKRP1 that targets SlCDKA1 and SlCYCD3;1 to the nucleus. • Our results bring new insights to the functional role of particular domains in KRPs relative to subcellular localization or proteolytic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Nafati
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 619 sur la Biologie du Fruit, BP 81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
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How Kit A, Boureau L, Stammitti-Bert L, Rolin D, Teyssier E, Gallusci P. Functional analysis of SlEZ1 a tomato enhancer of zeste (E(z)) gene demonstrates a role in flower development. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 74:201-13. [PMID: 20582715 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-010-9657-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The Enhancer of Zeste (E(z)) Polycomb group (PcG) proteins, which are encoded by a small gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana, have been shown to participate to the control of flowering and seed development. For the time being, little is known about the function of these proteins in other plants. In tomato E(z) proteins are encoded by at least two genes namely SlEZ1 and SlEZ2 while a third gene, SlEZ3, is likely to encode a truncated non-functional protein. The analysis of the corresponding mRNA demonstrates that these two genes are differentially regulated during plant and fruit development. We also show that SlEZ1 and SlEZ2 are targeted to the nuclei. These results together with protein sequence analysis makes it likely that both proteins are functional E(z) proteins. The characterisation of SlEZ1 RNAi lines suggests that although there might be some functional redundancy between SlEZ1 and SlEZ2 in most plant organs, the former protein is likely to play specific function in flower development.
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Affiliation(s)
- A How Kit
- UMR Biologie du Fruit, INRA, Universités Bordeaux 1 et Bordeaux 2, CR INRA de Bordeaux, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourleaux, BP 81, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
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Mathieu-Rivet E, Gévaudant F, Sicard A, Salar S, Do PT, Mouras A, Fernie AR, Gibon Y, Rothan C, Chevalier C, Hernould M. Functional analysis of the anaphase promoting complex activator CCS52A highlights the crucial role of endo-reduplication for fruit growth in tomato. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2010; 62:727-41. [PMID: 20230486 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Tomato fruit growth is characterized by the occurrence of numerous rounds of DNA endo-reduplication in connection with cell expansion and final fruit size determination. Endo-reduplication is an impairment of mitosis that originates from the selective degradation of M phase-specific cyclins via the ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic pathway, requiring the E3 ubiquitin ligase anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C). Two types of APC/C activators, namely CCS52 and CDC20 proteins, exist in plants. We report here the molecular characterization of such APC/C activators during fruit development, and provide an in planta functional analysis of SlCCS52A, a gene that is specifically associated with endo-reduplication in tomato. Altering SlCCS52A expression in either a negative or positive manner had an impact on the extent of endo-reduplication in fruit, and fruit size was reduced in both cases. In SlCCS52A over-expressing fruits, endo-reduplication was initially delayed, accounting for the altered final fruit size, but resumed and was even enhanced at 15 days post anthesis (dpa), leading to fruit growth recovery. This induction of growth mediated by endo-reduplication had a considerable impact on nitrogen metabolism in developing fruits. Our data contribute to unravelling of the physiological role of endo-reduplication in growth induction during tomato fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Mathieu-Rivet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 619 sur la Biologie du Fruit, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 103, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, BP 81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
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Bourdon M, Frangne N, Mathieu-Rivet E, Nafati M, Cheniclet C, Renaudin JP, Chevalier C. Endoreduplication and Growth of Fleshy Fruits. PROGRESS IN BOTANY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-02167-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Nieuwland J, Scofield S, Murray JAH. Control of division and differentiation of plant stem cells and their derivatives. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2009; 20:1134-42. [PMID: 19770062 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Revised: 09/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The core mechanism of the plant cell cycle is conserved with all other eukaryotes but several aspects are unique to plant cells. Key characteristics of plant development include indeterminate growth and repetitive organogenesis derived from stem cell pools and they may explain the existence of the high number of cell cycle regulators in plants. In this review, we give an overview of the plant cell cycle and its regulatory components. Furthermore, we discuss the cell cycle aspects of plant stem cell maintenance and how the cell cycle relates to cellular differentiation during development. We exemplify this transition by focusing on organ initiation in the shoot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Nieuwland
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
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36
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Abstract
Plant cells have evolved a complex circuitry to regulate cell division. In many aspects, the plant cell cycle follows a basic strategy similar to other eukaryotes. However, several key issues are unique to plant cells. In this chapter, both the conserved and unique cellular and molecular properties of the plant cell cycle are reviewed. In addition to division of individual cells, the specific characteristic of plant organogenesis and development make that cell proliferation control is of primary importance during development. Therefore, special attention should be given to consider plant cell division control in a developmental context. Proper organogenesis depends on the formation of different cell types. In plants, many of the processes leading to cell differentiation rely on the occurrence of a different cycle, termed the endoreplication cycle, whereby cells undergo repeated full genome duplication events in the absence of mitosis and increase their ploidy. Recent findings are focusing on the relevance of changes in chromatin organization for a correct cell cycle progression and, conversely, in the relevance of a correct functioning of chromatin remodelling complexes to prevent alterations in both the cell cycle and the endocycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crisanto Gutierrez
- Centro de Biologia Molecular “Severo Ochoa”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Nicolas Cabrera 1, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Wang H, Zhou Y, Bird DA, Fowke LC. Functions, regulation and cellular localization of plant cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. J Microsc 2008; 231:234-46. [PMID: 18778421 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2008.02039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cell cycle is regulated by the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK), and CDK inhibitors can bind to CDKs and inhibit their activities. This review examines plant CDK inhibitors, with particular emphasis on their molecular and cellular functions, regulation and cellular localization. In plants, a family of ICK/KRP CDK inhibitors represented by ICK1 is known and another type of CDK inhibitor represented by the SIMESE (SIM) has recently been reported. Considerable understanding has been gained with the ICK/KRP CDK inhibitors. These plant CDK inhibitors share only limited sequence similarity in the C-terminal region with the KIP/CIP family of mammalian CDK inhibitors. The ICK/KRP CDK inhibitors thus provide good tools to understand the basic machinery as well as the unique aspects of the plant cell cycle. The ICK/KRP CDK inhibitors interact with D-type cyclins or A-type CDKs or both. Several functional regions and motifs have been identified in ICK1 for CDK inhibition, nuclear localization and protein instability. Clear evidence shows that ICK/KRP proteins are important for the cell cycle and endoreduplication. Preliminary evidence suggests that they may also be involved in cell differentiation and cell death. Results so far show that plant CDK inhibitors are exclusively localized in the nucleus. The molecular sequences regulating the localization and functional significance will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
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38
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Sicard A, Hernould M, Chevalier C. The INHIBITOR OF MERISTEM ACTIVITY (IMA) protein: The nexus between cell division, differentiation and hormonal control of development. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:908-10. [PMID: 19704478 PMCID: PMC2634413 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.10.6647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The INHIBITOR OF MERISTEM ACTIVITY (IMA) gene from tomato regulates the processes of flower and ovule development. 1IMA encodes a Mini Zinc Finger (MIF) protein that is characterized by a very short sequence containing an unusual zinc-finger domain. IMA acts as a repressor of WUSCHEL expression which controls the meristem organizing centre and the determinacy of the nucellus during ovule development. IMA inhibits cell proliferation during floral termination, controls the number of carpels during floral development and participates in the initiation of ovule primordia by activating D-type gene expression. In addition IMA is involved in a multiple hormonal signalling pathway like its Arabidopsis homolog MIF1.2 We thus propose that IMA, as a representative of this new family of zinc finger proteins, is an important effector in the regulatory pathway controlling meristem activity linking cell division, differentiation and hormonal control of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Sicard
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Villenave d'Ornon France
| | - Michel Hernould
- Université de Bordeaux; UMR619 Biologie du Fruit; Villenave d'Ornon France
| | - Christian Chevalier
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique); Villenave d'Ornon France
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Sicard A, Petit J, Mouras A, Chevalier C, Hernould M. Meristem activity during flower and ovule development in tomato is controlled by the mini zinc finger gene INHIBITOR OF MERISTEM ACTIVITY. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 55:415-427. [PMID: 18410478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03520.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plants have the ability to form new organs as a result of indeterminate growth ensured by specific regions of pluripotent cells, called meristems. Flowers are produced by the activity of floral meristems which differ from vegetative meristems in their determinate fate. Transcriptional complexes associating C-, D- and E-type MADS box proteins are responsible for flower determinacy by controlling the stem cell population within the floral meristem. We report here that the INHIBITOR OF MERISTEM ACTIVITY (IMA) gene encoding a mini zinc finger (MIF) protein from tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) regulates the processes of flower and ovule development. IMA inhibits cell proliferation during floral termination, controls the number of carpels during floral development and acts as a repressor of the meristem organizing centre gene WUSCHEL. Underexpression of IMA prevents the formation of gametophytic tissue, which is replaced by an undetermined sporophytic tissue. Molecular analyses of MADS box gene expression revealed that IMA participates in the termination of floral meristems and initiation of ovule primordia by activating D-type gene expression. Taken together, our data indicate that both termination of floral meristems and differentiation of nucelli during ovule development require a similar mechanism involving the repression of WUSCHEL and the activation of D-class genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Sicard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Université de Bordeaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 619 sur la Biologie du Fruit, Institut Fédératif de Recherche 103, BP 81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
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Ren H, Santner A, del Pozo JC, Murray JAH, Estelle M. Degradation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor KRP1 is regulated by two different ubiquitin E3 ligases. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 53:705-16. [PMID: 18005227 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In animals and fungi, a group of proteins called the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors play a key role in cell cycle regulation. However, comparatively little is known about the role of these proteins in plant cell cycle regulation. To gain insight into the mechanisms by which the plant cell cycle is regulated, we studied the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor KRP1 in Arabidopsis. KRP1 interacts with the CDKA;1/CYCD2;1 complex in planta and functions in the G1-S transition of the cell cycle. Furthermore, we show that KRP1 is a likely target of the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway. Two different ubiquitin protein ligases, SCF(SKP2) and the RING protein RKP, contribute to its degradation. These results suggest that SCF(SKP2b) and RPK play an important role in the cell cycle through regulating KRP1 protein turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Ren
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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41
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Abstract
Plant growth and development are driven by the continuous generation of new cells. Whereas much has been learned at a molecular level about the mechanisms that orchestrate progression through the different cell-cycle phases, little is known about how the cell-cycle machinery operates in the context of an entire plant and contributes to growth, cell differentiation and the formation of new tissues and organs. Here, we discuss how intrinsic developmental signals and environmental cues affect cell-cycle entry and exit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
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42
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Gonzalez N, Gévaudant F, Hernould M, Chevalier C, Mouras A. The cell cycle-associated protein kinase WEE1 regulates cell size in relation to endoreduplication in developing tomato fruit. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 51:642-55. [PMID: 17587306 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Tomato fruit size results from the combination of cell number and cell size which are respectively determined by cell division and cell expansion processes. As fruit growth is mainly sustained by cell expansion, the development of pericarp and locular tissues is characterized by the concomitant arrest of mitotic activity, inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity, and numerous rounds of endoreduplication inducing a spectacular increase in DNA ploidy and mean cell size. To decipher the molecular basis of the endoreduplication-associated cell growth in fruit, we investigated the putative involvement of the WEE1 kinase (Solly;WEE1). We here report a functional analysis of Solly;WEE1 in tomato. Impairing the expression of Solly;WEE1 in transgenic tomato plants resulted in a reduction of plant size and fruit size. In the most altered phenotypes, fruits displayed a reduced number of seeds without embryo development. The reduction of plant-, fruit- and seed size originated from a reduction in cell size which could be correlated with a decrease of the DNA ploidy levels. At the molecular level downregulating Solly;WEE1 in planta resulted in the increase of CDKA activity levels originating from a decrease of the amount of Y15-phosphorylated CDKA, thus indicating a release of the negative regulation on CDK activity exerted by WEE1. Our data indicated that Solly;WEE1 participates in the control of cell size and/or the onset of the endoreduplication process putatively driving cell expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Gonzalez
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 619 sur la Biologie du Fruit (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Université Bordeaux 1; Université Victor Segalen-Bordeaux 2), Institut Fédératif de Recherche 103, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, France
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Park EJ, Jeknić Z, Jekncić Z, Chen THH, Murata N. The codA transgene for glycinebetaine synthesis increases the size of flowers and fruits in tomato. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2007; 5:422-30. [PMID: 17362485 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2007.00251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The tolerance of various species of plant to abiotic stress has been enhanced by genetic engineering with certain genes. However, the use of such transgenes is often associated with negative effects on growth and productivity under non-stress conditions. The codA gene from Arthrobacter globiformis is of particular interest with respect to the engineering of desirable productive traits in crop plants. The expression of this gene in tomato plants resulted in significantly enlarged flowers and fruits under non-stress conditions. The enlargement of flowers and fruits was associated with high levels of glycinebetaine that accumulated in reproductive organs, such as flower buds and fruits. The enlargement of flowers was related to an increase in the size and number of cells, and reflected the pleiotropic effect of the codA transgene on the expression of genes involved in the regulation of cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung-Jun Park
- Department of Horticulture, ALS4017, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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Bertin N, Lecomte A, Brunel B, Fishman S, Génard M. A model describing cell polyploidization in tissues of growing fruit as related to cessation of cell proliferation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2007; 58:1903-13. [PMID: 17443015 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erm052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Endoreduplication is a phenomenon, widespread among plants, which consists of an incomplete cell cycle without mitosis and leads to the increase of the nuclear DNA content. In this work, a model was developed describing cell proliferation and DNA endoreduplication over the whole fruit development, from the pre-anthesis period until maturation. In each mitotic cycle of duration tau, the proportion of cells proceeding through division depends on a constant parameter rho and on the progressive decline of the proliferating capacity . The non-dividing cells may either stop the reduplication fully, or switch to repeated syntheses of DNA without cell division, resulting in cell endoreduplication. A single constant parameter sigma describes the proportion of cells that moves from one to the next class of DNA content after each lapse of time tauE, considered to be the minimum time required for an endocycle. The model calculates the total number of cells and their distribution among eight classes of ploidy level. The dynamic patterns of cell proliferation and ploidy were compared with those obtained experimentally on two contrasting tomato genotypes. The approach developed in this model should allow the future integration of new knowledge concerning the genetic and environmental control of the switch from complete to incomplete cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bertin
- UR1115 Plantes et systèmes de culture horticoles, INRA, F-84000 Avignon, France.
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Barrôco RM, Peres A, Droual AM, De Veylder L, Nguyen LSL, De Wolf J, Mironov V, Peerbolte R, Beemster GTS, Inzé D, Broekaert WF, Frankard V. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Orysa;KRP1 plays an important role in seed development of rice. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 142:1053-64. [PMID: 17012406 PMCID: PMC1630760 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.087056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Kip-related proteins (KRPs) play a major role in the regulation of the plant cell cycle. We report the identification of five putative rice (Oryza sativa) proteins that share characteristic motifs with previously described plant KRPs. To investigate the function of KRPs in rice development, we generated transgenic plants overexpressing the Orysa;KRP1 gene. Phenotypic analysis revealed that overexpressed KRP1 reduced cell production during leaf development. The reduced cell production in the leaf meristem was partly compensated by an increased cell size, demonstrating the existence of a compensatory mechanism in monocot species by which growth rate is less reduced than cell production, through cell expansion. Furthermore, Orysa;KRP1 overexpression dramatically reduced seed filling. Sectioning through the overexpressed KRP1 seeds showed that KRP overproduction disturbed the production of endosperm cells. The decrease in the number of fully formed seeds was accompanied by a drop in the endoreduplication of endosperm cells, pointing toward a role of KRP1 in connecting endocycle with endosperm development. Also, spatial and temporal transcript detection in developing seeds suggests that Orysa;KRP1 plays an important role in the exit from the mitotic cell cycle during rice grain formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Barrôco
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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De Clercq A, Inzé D. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in yeast, animals, and plants: a functional comparison. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2006; 41:293-313. [PMID: 16911957 DOI: 10.1080/10409230600856685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cell cycle is remarkably conserved in yeast, animals, and plants and is controlled by cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). CDK activity can be inhibited by binding of CDK inhibitory proteins, designated CKIs. Numerous studies show that CKIs are essential in orchestrating eukaryotic cell proliferation and differentiation. In yeast, animals, and plants, CKIs act as regulators of the G1 checkpoint in response to environmental and developmental cues and assist during mitotic cell cycles by inhibiting CDK activity required to arrest mitosis. Furthermore, CKIs play an important role in regulating cell cycle exit that precedes differentiation and in promoting differentiation in cooperation with transcription factors. Moreover, CKIs are essential to control CDK activity in endocycling cells. So, in yeast, animals, and plants, CKIs share many functional similarities, but their functions are adapted toward the specific needs of the eukaryote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies De Clercq
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Jakoby MJ, Weinl C, Pusch S, Kuijt SJH, Merkle T, Dissmeyer N, Schnittger A. Analysis of the subcellular localization, function, and proteolytic control of the Arabidopsis cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor ICK1/KRP1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2006; 141:1293-305. [PMID: 16766674 PMCID: PMC1533933 DOI: 10.1104/pp.106.081406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors can have a tremendous impact on cell cycle progression in plants. In animals, CDK inhibitors are tightly regulated, especially by posttranslational mechanisms of which control of nuclear access and regulation of protein turnover are particularly important. Here we address the posttranslational regulation of INHIBITOR/INTERACTOR OF CDK 1 (ICK1)/KIP RELATED PROTEIN 1 (KRP1), an Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CDK inhibitor. We show that ICK1/KRP1 exerts its function in the nucleus and its presence in the nucleus is controlled by multiple nuclear localization signals as well as by nuclear export. In addition, we show that ICK1/KRP1 localizes to different subnuclear domains, i.e. in the nucleoplasm and to the chromocenters, hinting at specific actions within the nuclear compartment. Localization to the chromocenters is mediated by an N-terminal domain, in addition we find that this domain may be involved in cyclin binding. Further we demonstrate that ICK1/KRP1 is an unstable protein and degraded by the 26S proteasome in the nucleus. This degradation is mediated by at least two domains indicating the presence of at least two different pathways impinging on ICK1/KRP1 protein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc J Jakoby
- University group at the Max-Planck-Institute for Plant Breeding, Max-Delbrück-Laboratorium, Department of Botany III, University of Cologne, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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Baldet P, Hernould M, Laporte F, Mounet F, Just D, Mouras A, Chevalier C, Rothan C. The expression of cell proliferation-related genes in early developing flowers is affected by a fruit load reduction in tomato plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2006; 57:961-70. [PMID: 16488916 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erj082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Changes in photoassimilate partitioning between source and sink organs significantly affect fruit development and size. In this study, a comparison was made of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown under a low fruit load (one fruit per truss, L1 plants) and under a standard fruit load (five fruits per truss, L5 plants), at morphological, biochemical, and molecular levels. Fruit load reduction resulted in increased photoassimilate availability in the plant and in increased growth rates in all plant organs analysed (root, stem, leaf, flower, and fruit). Larger flower and fruit size in L1 plants were correlated with higher cell number in the pre-anthesis ovary. This was probably due to the acceleration of the flower growth rate since other flower developmental parameters (schedule and time-course) remained otherwise unaffected. Using RT-PCR, it was shown that the transcript levels of CYCB2;1 (cyclin) and CDKB2;1 (cyclin-dependent kinase), two mitosis-specific genes, strongly increased early in developing flower buds. Remarkably, the transcript abundance of CYCD3;1, a D-type cyclin potentially involved in cell cycle regulation in response to mitogenic signals, also increased by more than 5-fold at very early stages of L1 flower development. By contrast, transcripts from fw2.2, a putative negative regulator of cell division in tomato fruit, strongly decreased in developing flower bud, as confirmed by in situ hybridization studies. Taken together, these results suggest that changes in carbohydrate partitioning could control fruit size through the regulation of cell proliferation-related genes at very early stages of flower development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Baldet
- UMR 619 Physiologie et Biotechnologie Végétales, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Universités Bordeaux 1 et 2, Centre de Recherche de Bordeaux, BP 81, F-33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France.
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