1
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Karunakaran D, Mutyam SK, Fu M, Chen J, Pham KHN, Pou S, Winter RW, Nilsen A, Dodean RA, Smilkstein MJ, Riscoe MK, Shankar G. Long-acting intramuscular injections of ELQ-331, an antimalarial agent. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 198:106795. [PMID: 38729224 PMCID: PMC11160314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The overarching premise of this investigation is that injectable, long-acting antimalarial medication would encourage adherence to a dosage regimen for populations at risk of contracting the disease. To advance support for this goal, we have developed oil-based formulations of ELQ-331 (a prodrug of ELQ-300) that perform as long-acting, injectable chemoprophylactics with drug loading as high as 160 mg/ml of ELQ-331. In a pharmacokinetic study performed with rats, a single intramuscular injection of 12.14 mg/kg maintained higher plasma levels than the previously established minimum fully protective plasma concentration (33.25 ng/ml) of ELQ-300 for more than 4 weeks. The formulations were well tolerated by the rats and the tested dose produced no adverse reactions. We believe that by extending the length of time between subsequent injections, these injectable oil-based solutions of ELQ-331 can offer a more accessible, low-cost option for long-acting disease prevention and reduced transmission in malaria-endemic regions and may also be of use to travelers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipu Karunakaran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Group, Biosciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Shravan K Mutyam
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Group, Biosciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Melody Fu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Group, Biosciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Jiaming Chen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Group, Biosciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Kim Hue Nicky Pham
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Group, Biosciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Sovitj Pou
- VA Medical Center, Experimental Chemotherapy Lab, 3710 SW, US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Rolf W Winter
- VA Medical Center, Experimental Chemotherapy Lab, 3710 SW, US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Aaron Nilsen
- VA Medical Center, Experimental Chemotherapy Lab, 3710 SW, US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Rozalia A Dodean
- VA Medical Center, Experimental Chemotherapy Lab, 3710 SW, US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Martin J Smilkstein
- VA Medical Center, Experimental Chemotherapy Lab, 3710 SW, US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Boulevard, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Michael K Riscoe
- VA Medical Center, Experimental Chemotherapy Lab, 3710 SW, US Veterans Hospital Road, Portland, OR, USA; Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Boulevard, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Gita Shankar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Group, Biosciences Division, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Avenue, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
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2
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Mu W, Liu H, Guo B, Wang K, Hu J, Song J, Li X, Wei S, Liu A, Liu H. Paracoccus benzoatiresistens sp. nov., a benzoate resistance and selenite reduction bacterium isolated from wetland. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2024; 117:81. [PMID: 38777900 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-024-01969-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, catalase- and oxidase-positive, pale orange, rod-shaped strain EF6T, was isolated from a natural wetland reserve in Hebei province, China. The strain grew at 25-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 5-9 (optimum, pH 7), and in the presence of 1.0-4.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2%). A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain EF6T belongs to the genus Paracoccus, and the closest members were Paracoccus shandongensis wg2T with 98.1% similarity, Paracoccus fontiphilus MVW-1 T (97.9%), Paracoccus everestensis S8-55 T (97.7%), Paracoccus subflavus GY0581T (97.6%), Paracoccus sediminis CMB17T (97.3%), Paracoccus caeni MJ17T (97.0%), and Paracoccus angustae E6T (97.0%). The genome size of strain EF6T was 4.88 Mb, and the DNA G + C content was 65.3%. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization, average nucleotide identity, and average amino acid identity values between strain EF6T and the reference strains were all below the threshold limit for species delineation (< 32.8%, < 88.0%, and < 86.7%, respectively). The major fatty acids (≥ 5.0%) were summed feature 8 (86.3%, C18:1 ω6c and/or C18:1 ω7c) and C18:1 (5.0%) and the only isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified glycolipids, five unidentified phospholipids, and an unidentified aminolipid. Strain EF6T displays notable resistance to benzoate and selenite, with higher tolerance levels (25 g/L for benzoate and 150 mM for selenite) compared to the closely related species. Genomic analysis identified six benzoate resistance genes (acdA, pcaF, fadA, pcaC, purB, and catA) and twenty selenite resistance and reduction-related genes (iscR, ssuB, ssuD, selA, selD and so on). Additionally, EF6T possesses unique genes (catA, ssuB, and ssuC) absent in the closely related species for benzoate and selenite resistance. Its robust resistance to benzoate and selenite, coupled with its genomic makeup, make EF6T a promising candidate for the remediation of both organic and inorganic pollutants. It is worth noting that the specific resistance phenotypes described above were not reported in other novel species in Paracoccus. Based on the results of biochemical, physiological, phylogenetic, and chemotaxonomic analyses, combined with comparisons of the 16S rRNA gene sequence and the whole genome sequence, strain EF6T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paracoccus within the family Rhodobacteraceae, for which the name Paracoccus benzoatiresistens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is EF6T (= GDMCC 1.3400 T = JCM 35642 T = MCCC 1K08702T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Mu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoran Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, People's Republic of China
| | - Bai Guo
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiyue Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Hu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Song
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyun Li
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuzhen Wei
- Center for Wetland Conservation and Research, Hengshui University, Hengshui, 053000, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Wetland Conservation and Green Development of Hebei Province, Hengshui, 053000, People's Republic of China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Conservation, Hengshui, 053000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aijv Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Wetland Conservation and Green Development of Hebei Province, Hengshui, 053000, People's Republic of China
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255000, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Wetland Conservation and Green Development of Hebei Province, Hengshui, 053000, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Zhang D, Gu J, Xu Y, Yu X, Jin H. Exploring the mechanism of Huanglian ointment in alleviating wound healing after anal fistula surgery through metabolomics and proteomics. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29809. [PMID: 38699024 PMCID: PMC11064137 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Anal fistula is a common anal and intestinal disease. The wound of anal fistula surgery is open and polluting, which is the most difficult to heal among all surgical incisions. To investigate the mechanism of Huanglian ointment (HLO) on wound healing after anal fistula incision. The S. aureus infected wound in SD rats were used to imitate poor healing wound after anal fistula surgery. SD rats with wound sites (n = 24) were randomly divided into four groups (Control group, Model group, Potassium permanganate (PP) treatment group, and HLO treatment group). The wound healing rate was evaluated, HE staining was used to evaluate the pathological changes of each group, ELISA was used to detect the secretion of inflammatory factors in each group, and the mechanism was explored through metabolomics and proteomics in plasma rat. Compared to other groups, the rate of wound healing in the HLO group was higher on days 7 and 14. Histological analysis showed that collagen and fibroblast in HLO rats were significantly increased, inflammatory cells were reduced, and vascular endothelial permeability was increased. ELISA results showed that the secretion of inflammatory factors in HLO rats was significantly lower. Significant proteins and metabolites were identified in the wound tissues of the infected rats and HLO-treated rats, which were mainly attributed to Cdc42, Ctnnb1, Actr2, Actr3, Arpc1b, Itgam, Itgb2, Cttn, Linoleic acid metabolism, d-Glutamine and d-glutamate metabolism, Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, Phenylalanine metabolism, alpha-Linolenic acid metabolism, and Ascorbate and aldarate metabolism. In conclusion, this study showed that HLO can promote S. aureus infected wound healing, and the data provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of wounds after anal fistula surgery with HLO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongliang Zhang
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Zhenjiang Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (Zhenjiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Jiabo Gu
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210011, China
| | - Yanyan Xu
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210011, China
| | - Xiaowen Yu
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Zhenjiang Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (Zhenjiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine), Zhenjiang, 212001, China
| | - Heiying Jin
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210011, China
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4
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Bak SB, Choi H, Kim GD, Kim JG, Kwon DA, Kim HY, Son DW, Jeong JH, Lee BW, An HJ, Lee HS. Evaluation of acute, 28-day, 13-week repeated dose oral toxicity and genotoxicity of a herbal extract (HemoHIM G) from Angelica sinensis, Ligusticum chuanxiong, and Peaonia lactiflora. Toxicol Res 2024; 40:297-311. [PMID: 38525135 PMCID: PMC10959894 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-024-00227-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
HemoHIM G is a functional food ingredient composed of a triple herbal combination of Angelica sinensis, Ligusticum chuanxiong, and Paeonia lactiflora, to improve impaired immune function. Considering the pharmacological benefits of its constituent herbal components, HemoHIM G is anticipated to have various health benefits; however, its toxicity has not been thoroughly evaluated. Here, we conducted a comprehensive study to assess the safety of HemoHIM G in terms of acute oral toxicity, 13-week repeat-dose toxicity, and genotoxicity. In the oral acute toxicity study, Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered a single dose of HemoHIM G at 5000 mg/kg/day, the limit dose for the acute study. No abnormal findings or adverse effects were observed in this study, as confirmed by gross pathology. A 13-week repeated-dose toxicity study was conducted with HemoHIM G at doses of 1250, 2500, and 5000 mg/kg/day to examine the subchronic toxicity in both male and female rats after 28 days of dose-range finding study. No test substance-related clinical signs or mortality was observed at any of the tested doses. Gross pathology, hematology, blood chemistry, and histopathology were within normal ranges, further supporting the safety of HemoHIM G. Therefore, the NOAEL of HemoHIM G was considered to be at 5000 mg/kg/day for both sexes of rats. Bacterial reverse mutation tests, a chromosome aberration test in human peripheral blood lymphocytes, and a mouse micronuclei test were conducted to identify the potential genotoxicity of HemoHIM G. HemoHIM G is non-mutagenic and non-clastogenic. Collectively, these findings provide valuable evidence for the safe use of HemoHIM G as a functional food ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Bin Bak
- Food Science R&D Center, Kolmar BNH Co., Ltd., 61, Heolleung-ro 8-gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Hansol Choi
- Food Science R&D Center, Kolmar BNH Co., Ltd., 61, Heolleung-ro 8-gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Gyoung-Deuck Kim
- Food Science R&D Center, Kolmar BNH Co., Ltd., 61, Heolleung-ro 8-gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Gyeong Kim
- Food Science R&D Center, Kolmar BNH Co., Ltd., 61, Heolleung-ro 8-gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Ae Kwon
- Food Science R&D Center, Kolmar BNH Co., Ltd., 61, Heolleung-ro 8-gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Young Kim
- Biotoxtech Co., 53, Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28115 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Won Son
- Biotoxtech Co., 53, Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28115 Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hun Jeong
- Biotoxtech Co., 53, Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28115 Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Woo Lee
- Biotoxtech Co., 53, Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28115 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Jin An
- Biotoxtech Co., 53, Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongwon-gu, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28115 Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Sung Lee
- Food Science R&D Center, Kolmar BNH Co., Ltd., 61, Heolleung-ro 8-gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul Republic of Korea
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5
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Kumar A, Kumar V, Ojha PK, Roy K. Chronic aquatic toxicity assessment of diverse chemicals on Daphnia magna using QSAR and chemical read-across. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 148:105572. [PMID: 38325631 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2024.105572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
We have modeled here chronic Daphnia toxicity taking pNOEC (negative logarithm of no observed effect concentration in mM) and pEC50 (negative logarithm of half-maximal effective concentration in mM) as endpoints using QSAR and chemical read-across approaches. The QSAR models were developed by strictly obeying the OECD guidelines and were found to be reliable, predictive, accurate, and robust. From the selected features in the developed models, we have found that an increase in lipophilicity and saturation, the presence of electrophilic or electronegative or heavy atoms, the presence of sulphur, amine, and their related functionality, an increase in mean atomic polarizability, and higher number of (thio-) carbamates (aromatic) groups are responsible for chronic toxicity. Therefore, this information might be useful for the development of environmentally friendly and safer chemicals and data-gap filling as well as reducing the use of identified toxic chemicals which have chronic toxic effects on aquatic ecosystems. Approved classes of drugs from DrugBank databases and diverse groups of chemicals from the Chemical and Product Categories (CPDat) database were also assessed through the developed models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Kumar
- Drug Discovery and Development (DDD) Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics (DTC) Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Probir Kumar Ojha
- Drug Discovery and Development (DDD) Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India
| | - Kunal Roy
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics (DTC) Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700032, India.
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6
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Wu M, Ma Y, Yin J, Wang J, Rao S, He J, Zhang R, Xiong Y. Selenium content, chemical composition and volatile components of essential oil and hydrosol from flowers of Cardamine violifolia. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301428. [PMID: 38116867 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Cardamine violifolia is a unique selenium hyperaccumulating vegetable in China, but its flowers are commonly wasted in large-scale cultivation. To better utilize this resource, this study explored the selenium content, chemical composition, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of hydro-distilling essential oil (EO) and hydrosol from C. violifolia flowers. ICP-MS results indicated that the EO and hydrosol contained selenium reaching 13.66±2.82 mg/kg and 0.0084±0.0013 mg/kg, respectively. GC-MS analysis revealed that organic acids, hydrocarbons, and amines were the main components of EO. Additionally, benzyl nitrile, benzaldehyde, benzyl isothiocyanate, benzyl alcohol, megastigmatrienone, and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol also existed in considerable amounts. The hydrosol extract had fewer components, mainly amines. HS-SPME-GC-MS corresponded to the composition analysis and aromatic compounds were the prevalent VOCs, while HS-GC-IMS primarily identified C2-C10 molecular alcohols, aldehydes, ethers, and sulfur-containing compounds. This study first described the chemical composition and VOC profiles of EO and hydrosol from selenium hyperaccumulating plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muci Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Nutritional Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Quality Standard & Testing Technology for Agro-products, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, Hubei Province, P.R. China
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Yan Ma
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Jinjing Yin
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, 430068, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Shen Rao
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Jingren He
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei Province, P.R. China
| | - Yin Xiong
- School of Modern Industry for Selenium Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, Hubei Province, P.R. China
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7
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Sun X, Song L, Lin L, Ding A, Wang C, Ma X, Zhou S, Cai J, Tang H. Development of tenofovir monobenzyl ester phosphonoamidate prodrugs with improved anti-hepatitis B virus activity and intrahepatic tenofovir enrichment. Bioorg Med Chem 2024; 99:117607. [PMID: 38246114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2024.117607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Various tenofovir (TFV) prodrugs have been developed by introducing masking groups to the hydroxyls of the monophosphonate group to enhance intestinal absorption efficiency and therapeutic effects. However, the reported TFV prodrugs have drawbacks such as low bioavailability, systemic toxicity caused by their breakdown in non-targeted tissues, and potential low intracellular conversion efficiency. In the present study, we developed a class of TFV monobenzyl ester phosphonoamidate prodrugs without substitutions on the benzene ring. Compared with previous TFV prodrugs, compounds 3a and 3b developed in the present study showed higher anti-hepatitis B virus activity, stronger stability and higher levels of intrahepatic enrichment of the metabolic product (TFV), indicating the potential of these compounds as novel prodrugs with high efficiency and low systemic toxicity for the treatment of hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizheng Sun
- Jiangsu Tasly Diyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Huaian 223003, Jiangsu, China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li Song
- Jiangsu Tasly Diyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Huaian 223003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Jiangsu Tasly Diyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Huaian 223003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aizhong Ding
- Jiangsu Tasly Diyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Huaian 223003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunjian Wang
- Jiangsu Tasly Diyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Huaian 223003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaohui Ma
- Tasly Academy, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Shuiping Zhou
- Tasly Academy, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Jinyong Cai
- Jiangsu Tasly Diyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Huaian 223003, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai Tang
- Jiangsu Tasly Diyi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Huaian 223003, Jiangsu, China.
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8
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Aboelhadid SM, Ibrahium SM, Abdel-Tawab H, Hassan AO, Al-Quraishy S, Saleh FEZR, Abdel-Baki AAS. Toxicity and Repellency Efficacy of Benzyl Alcohol and Benzyl Benzoate as Eco-Friendly Choices to Control the Red Flour Beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst. 1797). Molecules 2023; 28:7731. [PMID: 38067462 PMCID: PMC10707955 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tribolium castaneum is a damaging pest of stored grains, causing significant losses and secreting lethal quinones, which render the grains unfit for human consumption. Chemical insecticides are the most commonly used approach for control; however, they create insecticide resistance and affect the health of humans, animals, and the environment. As a result, it is critical to find an environmentally friendly pest-management strategy. In this study, two naturally occurring chemicals, benzyl alcohol (BA) and benzoyl benzoate (BB), were investigated for insecticidal activity against T. castaneum using different assays (impregnated-paper, contact toxicity, fumigant, and repellency assays). The results showed that BA had a significant insecticidal effect, with the LC50 achieved at a lower concentration in the direct-contact toxicity test (1.77%) than in the impregnated-paper assay (2.63%). BB showed significant effects in the direct-contact toxicity test, with an LC50 of 3.114%, and a lower toxicity in the impregnated-paper assay, with an LC50 of 11.75%. Furthermore, BA exhibited significant fumigant toxicity against T. castaneum, with an LC50 of 6.72 µL/L, whereas BB exhibited modest fumigant toxicity, with an LC50 of 464 µL/L. Additionally, at different concentrations (0.18, 0.09, 0.045, and 0.0225 µL/cm2), BA and BB both showed a notable and potent repelling effect. BA and BB significantly inhibited acetylcholinesterase, reduced glutathione (GSH), and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) in treated T. castaneum. This is the first report of BA insecticidal activity against the red flour beetle. Also, the outcomes of various assays demonstrated that the application of BA induces a potent bio-insecticidal effect. BA may be a promising eco-friendly alternative to control T. castaneum due to its safety and authorization by the EFSA (European Food Safety Authority).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawky M. Aboelhadid
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Samar M. Ibrahium
- Parasitology Department, Animal Health Research Institute, Fayum Branch, Fayum 16101, Egypt;
| | - Heba Abdel-Tawab
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt (A.-A.S.A.-B.)
| | - Ahmed O. Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Saleh Al-Quraishy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Orabi MAA, Orabi EA, Awadh AAA, Alshahrani MM, Abdel-Wahab BA, Sakagami H, Hatano T. New Megastigmane and Polyphenolic Components of Henna Leaves and Their Tumor-Specific Cytotoxicity on Human Oral Squamous Carcinoma Cell Lines. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1951. [PMID: 38001804 PMCID: PMC10669829 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols have a variety of phenolic hydroxyl and carbonyl functionalities that enable them to scavenge many oxidants, thereby preserving the human redox balance and preventing a number of oxidative stress-related chronic degenerative diseases. In our ongoing investigation of polyphenol-rich plants in search of novel molecules, we resumed the investigation of Lawsonia inermis L. (Lythraceae) or henna, a popular ancient plant with aesthetic and therapeutic benefits. The leaves' 70% aq acetone extract was fractionated on a Diaion HP-20 column with different ratios of H2O/an organic solvent. Multistep gel chromatographic fractionation and HPLC purification of the Diaion 75% aq MeOH and MeOH fractions led to a new compound (1) along with tannin-related metabolites, benzoic acid (2), benzyl 6'-O-galloyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), and ellagic acid (4), which are first isolated from henna. Repeating the procedures on the Diaion 50% aq MeOH eluate led to the first-time isolation of two O-glucosidic ellagitannins, heterophylliin A (5), and gemin D (6), in addition to four known C-glycosidic ellagitannins, lythracin D (7), pedunculagin (8), flosin B (9), and lagerstroemin (10). The compound structures were determined through intensive spectroscopic investigations, including HRESIMS, 1D (1H and 13C) and 2D (1H-1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY) NMR, UV, [α]D, and CD experiments. The new structure of 1 was determined to be a megastigmane glucoside gallate; its biosynthesis from gallic acid and a β-ionone, a degradative product of the common metabolite β-carotin, was highlighted. Cytotoxicity investigations of the abundant ellagitannins revealed that lythracin D2 (7) and pedunculagin (8) are obviously more cytotoxic (tumor specificity = 2.3 and 2.8, respectively) toward oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines (HSC-2, HSC-4, and Ca9-22) than normal human oral cells (HGF, HPC, and HPLF). In summary, Lawsonia inermis is a rich source of anti-oral cancer ellagitannins. Also, the several discovered polyphenolics highlighted here emphasize the numerous biological benefits of henna and encourage further clinical studies to profit from their antioxidant properties against oxidative stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. A. Orabi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 66454, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esam A. Orabi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montréal, QC H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Ahmed Abdullah Al Awadh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 66454, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.A.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Mohammed Merae Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 66454, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.A.); (M.M.A.)
| | - Basel A. Abdel-Wahab
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 64462, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hiroshi Sakagami
- Meikai University Research Institute of Odontology (M-RIO), 1-1 Keyakidai, Saitama 350-0283, Japan;
| | - Tsutomu Hatano
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
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Rathee P, Sehrawat R, Rathee P, Khatkar A, Akkol EK, Khatkar S, Redhu N, Türkcanoğlu G, Sobarzo-Sánchez E. Polyphenols: Natural Preservatives with Promising Applications in Food, Cosmetics and Pharma Industries; Problems and Toxicity Associated with Synthetic Preservatives; Impact of Misleading Advertisements; Recent Trends in Preservation and Legislation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4793. [PMID: 37445107 PMCID: PMC10343617 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The global market of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products requires continuous tracking of harmful ingredients and microbial contamination for the sake of the safety of both products and consumers as these products greatly dominate the consumer's health, directly or indirectly. The existence, survival, and growth of microorganisms in the product may lead to physicochemical degradation or spoilage and may infect the consumer at another end. It has become a challenge for industries to produce a product that is safe, self-stable, and has high nutritional value, as many factors such as physical, chemical, enzymatic, or microbial activities are responsible for causing spoilage to the product within the due course of time. Thus, preservatives are added to retain the virtue of the product to ensure its safety for the consumer. Nowadays, the use of synthetic/artificial preservatives has become common and has not been widely accepted by consumers as they are aware of the fact that exposure to preservatives can lead to adverse effects on health, which is a major area of concern for researchers. Naturally occurring phenolic compounds appear to be extensively used as bio-preservatives to prolong the shelf life of the finished product. Based on the convincing shreds of evidence reported in the literature, it is suggested that phenolic compounds and their derivatives have massive potential to be investigated for the development of new moieties and are proven to be promising drug molecules. The objective of this article is to provide an overview of the significant role of phenolic compounds and their derivatives in the preservation of perishable products from microbial attack due to their exclusive antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties and the problems associated with the use of synthetic preservatives in pharmaceutical products. This article also analyzes the recent trends in preservation along with technical norms that regulate the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products in the developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Rathee
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Baba Mastnath University, Rohtak 124021, India;
| | - Renu Sehrawat
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences, K.R. Mangalam University, Gurugram 122103, India;
| | - Pooja Rathee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India;
| | - Anurag Khatkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India;
| | - Esra Küpeli Akkol
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Turkey;
| | - Sarita Khatkar
- Vaish Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Rohtak 124001, India;
| | - Neelam Redhu
- Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India;
| | - Gizem Türkcanoğlu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara 06330, Turkey;
| | - Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 8330507, Chile
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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11
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Dutta M, Hazra A, Bhattacharya E, Bose R, Mandal Biswas S. Characterization and metabolomic profiling of two pigment producing fungi from infected fruits of Indian Gooseberry. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:141. [PMID: 36964798 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Two pigment producing fungi, Talaromyces atroroseus and Penicillium choerospondiatis, were isolated and identified from infected fruits of Phyllanthus emblica L. based on amplification and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer region and beta-tubulin gene. This is the first occurrence report of these two fungi from fruits of P. emblica. Culture extract containing metabolites of T. atroroseus and P. choerospondiatis contained phenolics of 26.35 mg and 30.89 mg GAE/g dry extract respectively; whereas no significant amount of flavonoids and tannins were detected. P. choerospondiatis metabolites extract showed higher DPPH and ABTS activity with IC50 values of 21.94 mg/ml and 27.03 mg/ml respectively than T. atroroseus. LC-HRMS analysis of metabolites extract of T. atroroseus revealed presence of trimethyl-isopropyl-butanamide, perlolyrine, N-hexadecanoylpyrrolidine etc. whereas P. choerospondiatis displayed presence of tangeraxanthin, ugaxanthone, daphniphylline, etc. Therefore, fungal metabolites are rich natural sources of diversified compounds that can be utilized in dyeing industries, cosmetics and novel drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhurima Dutta
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, B.T. Road, Kolkata, 700108, India.
| | - Anjan Hazra
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, B.T. Road, Kolkata, 700108, India
| | - Ekta Bhattacharya
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, B.T. Road, Kolkata, 700108, India
| | - Rahul Bose
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, B.T. Road, Kolkata, 700108, India
| | - Suparna Mandal Biswas
- Agricultural and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, 203, B.T. Road, Kolkata, 700108, India.
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12
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Querin B, Schweitzer-Chaput A, Cisternino S, Auvity S, Fauqueur AS, Negbane A, Hadchouel A, Schlatter J, Cotteret C. Pharmaceutical Oral Formulation of Methionine as a Pediatric Treatment in Inherited Metabolic Disease. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030957. [PMID: 36986818 PMCID: PMC10056843 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
L-Methionine (Met) is an essential alpha-amino acid playing a key role in several metabolic pathways. Rare inherited metabolic diseases such as mutations affecting the MARS1 gene encoding methionine tRNA synthetase (MetRS) can cause severe lung and liver disease before the age of two years. Oral Met therapy has been shown to restore MetRS activity and improve clinical health in children. As a sulfur-containing compound, Met has a strongly unpleasant odor and taste. The objective of this study was to develop an optimized pediatric pharmaceutical formulation of Met powder, to be reconstituted with water, to obtain a stable oral suspension. Organoleptic characteristics and physicochemical stability of the powdered Met formulation and suspension were evaluated at three storage temperatures. Met quantification was assessed by a stability-indicating chromatographic method as well as microbial stability. The use of a specific fruit flavor (e.g., strawberry) with sweeteners (e.g., sucralose) was considered acceptable. No drug loss, pH changes, microbiological growth, or visual changes were observed at 23 ± 2 °C and 4 ± 2 °C with the powder formulation for 92 days, and the reconstituted suspension for at least 45 days. The developed formulation facilitates the preparation, administration, the dose adjustment and palatability of Met treatment in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Querin
- Service Pharmacie, Hôpital Universitaire Necker—Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 rue de Sèvres, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Schweitzer-Chaput
- Service Pharmacie, Hôpital Universitaire Necker—Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 rue de Sèvres, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Salvatore Cisternino
- Service Pharmacie, Hôpital Universitaire Necker—Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 rue de Sèvres, F-75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMRS 1144, Faculté de Pharmacie, 4, Avenue de l’Observatoire, F-75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-1-44-495-191
| | - Sylvain Auvity
- Service Pharmacie, Hôpital Universitaire Necker—Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 rue de Sèvres, F-75015 Paris, France
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm UMRS 1144, Faculté de Pharmacie, 4, Avenue de l’Observatoire, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Fauqueur
- Service Pharmacie, Hôpital Universitaire Necker—Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 rue de Sèvres, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Abdel Negbane
- Service Pharmacie, Hôpital Universitaire Necker—Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 rue de Sèvres, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Alice Hadchouel
- Service de Pneumologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Universitaire Necker—Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP, 149 rue de Sèvres, F-75015 Paris, France
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Cité, 156 rue de Vaugirard, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Joël Schlatter
- Service Pharmacie, Hôpital Universitaire Necker—Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 rue de Sèvres, F-75015 Paris, France
- Service Pharmacie, Hôpital Paul Doumer, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP, 1 rue de l’hôpital, F-60140 Labruyère, France
| | - Camille Cotteret
- Service Pharmacie, Hôpital Universitaire Necker—Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 149 rue de Sèvres, F-75015 Paris, France
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13
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Oshima Y, Wakino S, Kanda T, Tajima T, Itoh T, Uchiyama K, Yoshimoto K, Sasabe J, Yasui M, Itoh H. Sodium benzoate attenuates 2,8-dihydroxyadenine nephropathy by inhibiting monocyte/macrophage TNF-α expression. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3331. [PMID: 36849798 PMCID: PMC9971245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium benzoate (SB), a known D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) enzyme inhibitor, has an anti-inflammatory effect, although its role in renal damage has not been explored. 2,8-dihydroxyadenine crystal induced chronic kidney disease, in which TNF-α is involved in the pathogenesis, was established by oral adenine administration in C57BL/6JJcl mice (AdCKD) with or without SB to investigate its renal protective effects. SB significantly attenuated AdCKD by decreasing serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels, and kidney interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy scores. The survival of AdCKD mice improved 2.6-fold by SB administration. SB significantly decreased the number of infiltrating macrophages observed in the positive F4/80 immunohistochemistry area and reduced the expression of macrophage markers and inflammatory genes, including TNF-α, in the kidneys of AdCKD. Human THP-1 cells stimulated with either lipopolysaccharide or TNF-α showed increased expression of inflammatory genes, although this was significantly reduced by SB, confirming the anti-inflammatory effects of SB. SB exhibited renal protective effects in AdCKD in DAO enzyme deficient mice, suggesting that anti-inflammatory effect of SB was independent of DAO enzyme activity. Moreover, binding to motif DNA sequence, protein level, and mRNA level of NF-κB RelB were significantly inhibited by SB in AdCKD kidneys and lipopolysaccharide treated THP-1 cells, respectively. We report that anti-inflammatory property of SB is independent of DAO enzymatic activity and is associated with down regulated NF-κB RelB as well as its downstream inflammatory genes such as TNF-α in AdCKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Oshima
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shu Wakino
- Department of Nephrology, Tokushima University School of Medicine, Tokushima, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Kanda
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takaya Tajima
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Itoh
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Uchiyama
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Yoshimoto
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jumpei Sasabe
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Yasui
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Pharmacology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- grid.26091.3c0000 0004 1936 9959Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Chen H, Liu W, Chang L, Kang Z, Yang Y, Zhang L. Tailoring Galactose Oxidase for Self-Powered Benzyl Alcohol Sensing. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300052. [PMID: 36752160 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Benzyl alcohol (BnOH) is a widely-used preservative in a variety of cosmetics, but the excess addition (≥1.0 %) may cause strong symptoms such as nausea, gastrointestinal irritation, convulsion, even death, making it crucial to monitor and control the addition quantity. Herein, we have developed a test-strip-like BnOH detection method via tailoring a galactose oxidase (GOase) towards BnOH oxidation and preparing a self-powered electrochromic strip for BnOH concentration visualization. A double-substituted GOase variant (Y329S/R330F), on the basis of the reported GOase M1 , has been obtained by semi-rational design with a 24.6-fold improved activity towards BnOH compared to GOase M1 . The GOase Y329S/R330F electrode has a response to BnOH with a linear range of 0.04 to 3.25 mM (R2 =0.9985), a sensitivity of 122.78 μA mM-1 cm-2 , and a detection limit of 0.03 mM (S/N=3). Coupling an electrochromic Prussian blue (PB) cathode helps the successful sensing visualization without any further power supply. The present sensing is more convenient and user-friendly than the generally used gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and brings a more accessible solution to the field of quality controlling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, No. 8, Guangrong Road, Hongqiao District, Tianjin, 300130, P. R. China.,Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 32, West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Weisong Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 32, West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lijing Chang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 32, West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Zepeng Kang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 32, West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yanqin Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, No. 8, Guangrong Road, Hongqiao District, Tianjin, 300130, P. R. China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 32, West 7th Avenue, Tianjin Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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15
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Non-Solvent- and Temperature-Induced Phase Separations of Polylaurolactam Solutions in Benzyl Alcohol as Methods for Producing Microfiltration Membranes. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids7010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of obtaining porous films through solutions of polylaurolactam (PA12) in benzyl alcohol (BA) was considered. The theoretical calculation of the phase diagram showed the presence of the upper critical solution temperature (UCST) for the PA12/BA system at 157 °C. The PA12 completely dissolved in BA at higher temperatures, but the resulting solutions underwent phase separation upon cooling down to 120–140 °C because of the PA12’s crystallization. The viscosity of the 10–40% PA12 solutions increased according to a power law but remained low and did not exceed 5 Pa·s at 160 °C. Regardless of the concentration, PA12 formed a dispersed phase when its solutions were cooled, which did not allow for the obtention of strong films. On the contrary, the phase separation of the 20–30% PA12 solutions under the action of a non-solvent (isopropanol) leads to the formation of flexible microporous films. The measurement of the porosity, wettability, strength, permeability, and rejection of submicron particles showed the best results for a porous film produced from a 30% solution by non-solvent-induced phase separation. This process makes it possible to obtain a membrane material with a 240 nm particle rejection of 99.6% and a permeate flow of 1.5 kg/m2hbar for contaminated water and 69.9 kg/m2hbar for pure water.
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16
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Dorofeev DA, Antonov AA, Gorobets AV, Kirilik EV, Safronova AK, Sinitsky AI, Pozdeeva OG, Shatrova YM, Tsyganov AZ. Discomfort During Instillation Of Antihypertensives And Ocular Surface Condition In Glaucoma Patients. RUSSIAN OPEN MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.15275/rusomj.2022.0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background — An increase in the frequency of manifestations of dry eye syndrome (DES), against the background of hypotensive therapy, leads to a decrease in treatment adherence. After reformulation in the composition of a preservative-free preparation of a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (CAI) (sodium benzoate was added), patient complaints of burning sensation during instillation became more frequent, which was the reason for our study. Objective — To evaluate the effect of sodium benzoate on the course of DES during local hypotensive therapy of glaucoma. Methods and Results — Group 1 consisted of 21 eyes with glaucoma receiving hypotensive therapy, Group 2 (20 eyes) included patients with suspected glaucoma not receiving therapy. Patients underwent standard diagnostic methods and examination of the ocular surface condition: tear break-up time test sensu Norn, Schirmer test, vital staining with lissamine green, and a survey based on the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire. When a preservative-free CAI in combination therapy was replaced with the CAI containing sodium benzoate, no statistically significant change in IOP occurred after four weeks of treatment (p> 0.05). In both groups, the indicators characterizing the ocular surface condition did not change statistically significantly over the observation period. Conclusion — Replacement of preservative-free CAI in combination therapy of glaucoma with CAI with sodium benzoate does not lead to statistically significant changes in intraocular pressure. The ocular surface condition does not change statistically significantly over a month of observation. Instillation discomfort is not related to the pH of the preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elena V. Kirilik
- Chelyabinsk Public Clinical Hospital No. 2, Polyclinic No. 1, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - Artem Z. Tsyganov
- S.N. Fyodorov National Medical Research Center for Eye Microsurgery, Moscow, Russia
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17
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Arfaeinia H, Asadgol Z, Ramavandi B, Dobaradaran S, Kalantari RR, Poureshgh Y, Behroozi M, Asgari E, Asl FB, Sahebi S. Monitoring and eco-toxicity effect of paraben-based pollutants in sediments/seawater, north of the Persian Gulf. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:4499-4521. [PMID: 35129708 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The current work is documented as the first record of the characteristics, removal efficiency, partitioning behavior, fate, and eco-toxicological effects of paraben congeners in a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP, stabilization ponds) and hospital WWTPs (septic tank and activated sludge), as well as seawater-sediments collected from runoff estuarine stations (RES) and coastal stations (CS) of the north of the Persian Gulf. The median values of Σparabens at the raw wastewater and effluent of the studied WWTPs were 1884 ng/L and 468 ng/L, respectively. The activated sludge system had a greater removal efficiency (56.10%) in removing ∑parabens than the septic tank (45.05%) and stabilization pond (35.54%). The discharge rates of methyl paraben (MeP) was computed to be 2.23, 21.18, and 9.12 g/d/1000 people for stabilization ponds, septic tank, and activated sludge, respectively. Median concentrations of Σparabens in seawater (103.42 ng/L) and sediments (322.05 ng/g dw) from RES stations were significantly larger than from CS stations (61.2 and 262.0 ng/g dw in seawater and sediments, respectively) (P < 0.05). The median of field-based koc for Σparabens was 130.81 cm3/g in RES stations and 189.51 cm3/g in CS stations. It was observed that the concentration of parabens could have negative impacts on some living aquatic populations (invertebrates and bacteria), but the risk was not significant for fishes and algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Arfaeinia
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Zahra Asadgol
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Ramavandi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Roshanak Rezaei Kalantari
- Research Center for Environmental Health Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yusef Poureshgh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Behroozi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Esrafil Asgari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Khoy University of Medical Sciences, Khoy, Iran
| | - Farshad Bahrami Asl
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Soleyman Sahebi
- Center of Excellence for Membrane Research and Technology, School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran, Iran
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18
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Tian T, Zhang WY, Zhou HY, Peng LJ, Zhou X, Zhang H, Yang FQ. A Catechol-Meter Based on Conventional Personal Glucose Meter for Portable Detection of Tyrosinase and Sodium Benzoate. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12121084. [PMID: 36551051 PMCID: PMC9776396 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the personal glucose meter (PGM) was first used as a fast and user-friendly meter for analyzing catechol (CA) based on the reduction of the mediator K3[Fe(CN)6] to K4[Fe(CN)6] in the glucose test strip. Then, an easy, low-cost, and convenient PGM-based method for detecting tyrosinase (TYR) activity and sodium benzoate (SBA) was developed on the basis of the TYR-catalyzed reaction. In this method, CA is oxidized to form o-benzoquinone by TYR, thereby reducing the residual amount of CA and the PGM readout. On the other hand, SBA can inhibit the oxidation of CA catalyzed by TYR and increase the residual amount of CA after the enzymatic reaction. Therefore, the activity of TYR is proportional to the difference in the PGM readout of CA, and the concentration of SBA is positively correlated with the residual amount of CA. After the relevant experimental conditions were systematically optimized, the proposed PGM-based method for the detection of TYR and SBA was successfully validated. The liner ranges are 1.0-103.3 U/mL and 6.25-1000 ppm, and the quantification limits are 1.0 U/mL and 6.25 ppm for TYR and SBA, respectively. Moreover, the spiked recovery tests in normal human serum and carbonate beverages (i.e., Cola, Sprite, and Fanta) were performed, and the recoveries (91.6-106.8%) further confirm the applicability of the PGM-based method in real sample analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tian
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Wei-Yi Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hang-Yu Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Li-Jing Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of High Active Traditional Chinese Drug Delivery System, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Feng-Qing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 401331, China
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19
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Lai MC, Liu WY, Liou SS, Liu IM. p-Hydroxybenzyl Alcohol Antagonized the ROS-Dependent JNK/Jun/Caspase-3 Pathway to Produce Neuroprotection in a Cellular Model of Parkinson's Disease. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235002. [PMID: 36501032 PMCID: PMC9741417 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive disorder that affects brain nerve cells responsible for body motion and remains incurable. p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) is the primary phenolic compound in Gastrodiae Rhizoma, known for its therapeutic benefits against neurodegeneration. However, the protective effect of HBA against Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of HBA in vitro 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced PD model in SH-SY5Y cells. SH-SY5Y cells were pretreated with various concentrations of HBA for 1 h and incubated with 100 μmol/L 6-OHDA for 24 h to induce cellular lesions. 2,5-Diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide was used to detect cellular viability. 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin oxidation detects reactive oxygen species (ROS). The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. The cellular mitochondrial function was identified through the collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential, the release of cytochrome c, and the synthesis of mitochondrial ATP. Expression of pro-and anti-apoptotic factors was measured by Western blot. HBA enhanced cell viability, blocked ROS overproduction, and reduced antioxidant activities induced by 6-OHDA. HBA also reduced mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death caused by 6-OHDA. Moreover, HBA reversed the 6-OHDA-mediated activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase, the downregulation of the Bcl-2/Bax ratio, the Apaf-1 upregulation and the induction of caspase-9, caspase-3, and PARP cleavage. This study shows that the protective effects of HBA against 6-OHDA-induced cell injury provide the potential preventive effects of HBA, making it a promising preventive agent for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chou Lai
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Collage of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung County 90741, Taiwan
| | - Wayne-Young Liu
- Department of Urology, Jen-Ai Hospital, Taichung 41265, Taiwan
- Center for Basic Medical Science, Collage of Health Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung City 406053, Taiwan
| | - Shorong-Shii Liou
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Collage of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung County 90741, Taiwan
| | - I-Min Liu
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Collage of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung County 90741, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-8-7624002
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20
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Naz S, Ullah S, Iqbal U, Yousuf S, Rahim S, Muhammad N, Fatima R, Ul Haq I, Haider A, Ali S. Homo- and heteroleptic 3-methylbenzoates of zinc(II) ion based on N-donor heterocycles; structure, DNA binding and pharmacological evaluation. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Formulation and Development of a Water-in-Oil Emulsion-Based Luliconazole Cream: In Vitro Characterization and Analytical Method Validation by RP-HPLC. Int J Anal Chem 2022; 2022:7273840. [PMID: 36193208 PMCID: PMC9525796 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7273840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Luliconazole (LCZ) is a new antifungal agent containing imidazole moiety which revealed broad-spectrum antifungal activity. The aim of this research was to prepare water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion-based cream formulation of LCZ in addition to the development and validation of an analytical method by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Cetostearyl alcohol (12.14%), light liquid paraffin (5.00%), white soft paraffin (2.75%), and Tween-80 (1.00%) appeared as the optimized concentration to give better consistency to the cream. Moreover, without adding pH adjusting agents the pH of the optimized formulation (F5) was obtained within the range of human skin pH throughout the stability period. The value of particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential was 187.90 ± 2.061 nm, 0.124 ± 0.026, and -10.553 ± 1.349 mV, respectively. In this study, an analytical C18 (4.6 mm × 25 cm), 5 μm column was used for chromatographic separation with a mixture of acetonitrile and water in the proportion of 50 : 50 v/v as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The calibration curve was obtained linear at 296 nm in the concentration range of 0.08–0.12 mg/mL. Furthermore, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 0.0013 and 0.0042 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, the observed results demonstrated that our developed method was linear (R2 = 0.999), precise (%RSD below than 2.0%), and accurate (mean recovery% = 100.18–100.91). The F5 showed no physical changes until 6th month analysis at room temperature and accelerated conditions. Similarly, the assay obtained 101.99% ± 0.27 and 99.89% ± 0.08 at room temperature and accelerated conditions, respectively. Additionally, all validated parameters were obtained within the acceptable limit as well. These findings conclude that both physically and chemically stable w/o cream formulation of LCZ can be formulated and assessed for their stability by applying the authenticated analytical procedure of RP-HPLC.
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22
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Dong Y, Ding Z, Song L, Zhang D, Xie C, Zhang S, Feng L, Liu H, Pang Q. Sodium Benzoate Delays the Development of Drosophila melanogaster Larvae and Alters Commensal Microbiota in Adult Flies. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:911928. [PMID: 35814654 PMCID: PMC9257017 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.911928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Sodium benzoate (SB), the sodium salt of benzoic acid, is widely used as a preservative in foods and drinks. The toxicity of SB to the human body attracted people’s attention due to the excessive use of preservatives and the increased consumption of processed and fast foods in modern society. The SB can inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi, and yeast. However, less is known of the effect of SB on host commensal microbial community compositions and their functions. In this study, we investigated the effect of SB on the growth and development of Drosophila melanogaster larvae and whether SB affects the commensal microbial compositions and functions. We also attempted to clarify the interaction between SB, commensal microbiota and host development by detecting the response of commensal microbiota after the intervention. The results show that SB significantly retarded the development of D. melanogaster larvae, shortened the life span, and changed the commensal microbial community. In addition, SB changed the transcription level of endocrine coding genes such as ERR and DmJHAMT. These results indicate that the slow down in D. melanogaster larvae developmental timing and shortened life span of adult flies caused by SB intake may result from the changes in endocrine hormone levels and commensal microbiota. This study provided experimental data that indicate SB could affect host growth and development of D. melanogaster through altering endocrine hormone levels and commensal microbial composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Dong
- Institute for Anti-aging and Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- *Correspondence: Yuling Dong,
| | - Zhongfeng Ding
- Institute for Anti-aging and Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Linxia Song
- Institute for Anti-aging and Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Desheng Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Changjian Xie
- Institute for Anti-aging and Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Shujing Zhang
- Institute for Anti-aging and Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Ling Feng
- Institute for Anti-aging and Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Institute for Anti-aging and Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Qiuxiang Pang
- Institute for Anti-aging and Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
- Qiuxiang Pang,
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23
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Bacteriostatic preserved saline for pain-free periocular injections: review. Eye (Lond) 2022; 36:1546-1552. [PMID: 35017698 PMCID: PMC8749351 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We review evidence regarding the use of 0.9% benzyl alcohol in 0.9% sodium chloride solution for periocular injections (‘preserved saline’) including botulinum toxin A injections and local anaesthesia. A literature search was undertaken using search terms ‘bacteriostatic saline’, ‘benzyl-alcohol saline’, ‘benzyl alcohol sodium chloride’ and ‘preserved saline’. Bibliographies identified further sources. There have been 62 studies published on the subject of preserved-saline since 1928. Significantly lower injection-associated pain levels for periocular/facial botulinum toxin injections reconstituted with preserved-saline rather than preservative-free saline are reported by 5 studies. Significantly lower injection-associated pain with preserved-saline diluted lidocaine and epinephrine solution for eyelid anaesthesia compared with unmodified or buffered lidocaine with epinephrine, and adequate anaesthesia, was reported by one study. Thirty-one studies have explored preserved-saline for anaesthetic and seven for bacteriostatic properties, with very low infection rates after periocular botulinum toxin injections, and reduced rates of infection in indwelling catheters when preserved saline is used to flush. A meta-analysis concluded that lidocaine-containing solutions are more effective at reducing pain from insertion of intravenous catheters. Patient-perceived pain related to periorbital injections of local anaesthesia is reduced when the anaesthetic is diluted with benzyl alcohol-preserved saline compared with other dilution or buffering options. Pain is similarly reduced for periocular botulinum toxin injections reconstituted with preserved saline compared with unpreserved saline. Benzyl-alcohol preserved-saline is inexpensive but costlier than unpreserved-saline, with minimal reported complications, particularly with periocular administration, and offers the opportunity to improve the patient experience.
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24
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Yu X, Niu W, Wang YY, Olaleye OE, Wang JN, Duan MY, Yang JL, He RR, Chu ZX, Dong K, Zhang GP, Liu CX, Cheng C, Li C. Novel assays for quality evaluation of XueBiJing: Quality variability of a Chinese herbal injection for sepsis management. J Pharm Anal 2022; 12:664-682. [PMID: 36105162 PMCID: PMC9463487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
XueBiJing is an intravenous five-herb injection used to treat sepsis in China. The study aimed to develop a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)- or liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (LC-UV)-based assay for quality evaluation of XueBiJing. Assay development involved identifying marker constituents to make the assay therapeutically relevant and building a reliable one-point calibrator for monitoring the various analytes in parallel. Nine marker constituents from the five herbs were selected based on XueBiJing's chemical composition, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. A selectivity test (for “similarity of response”) was developed to identify and minimize interference by non-target constituents. Then, an intercept test was developed to fulfill “linearity through zero” for each analyte (absolute ratio of intercept to C response, <2%). Using the newly developed assays, we analyzed samples from 33 batches of XueBiJing, manufactured over three years, and found small batch-to-batch variability in contents of the marker constituents (4.1%–14.8%), except for senkyunolide I (26.5%). To make assays therapeutically relevant, criteria were proposed for defining herbal medicine efficacy & selecting analytes. Two tests were developed to build a one-point assay calibrator for the simultaneous monitoring of various analytes. Variability among 3-year batches of XueBiJing was evaluated for the first time using the therapeutically relevant assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ya-Ya Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Olajide E. Olaleye
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jia-Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun-Ling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Rong-Rong He
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zi-Xuan Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kai Dong
- Research Institute, Tianjin Chasesun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 301700, China
| | - Gui-Ping Zhang
- Research Institute, Tianjin Chasesun Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 301700, China
| | - Chang-Xiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Pharmacokinetics and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Quality-Marker of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Chuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
- Corresponding author. State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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25
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Carpentier T, Maillard E, Royer M, Mustapha L, Marçon F. Antimicrobial preservation efficacy of liquid glucose and liquid maltitol syrups with and without 0.1% sorbic acid. PHARMACEUTICAL TECHNOLOGY IN HOSPITAL PHARMACY 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/pthp-2021-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Amongst paediatric pharmaceutical forms, syrups offer advantages such as ease of administration and good palatability. They also exhibited microbial self-preservation properties that may be useful to enhance shelf life of liquid formulation. The objective of our works is to test the self-preservation efficacy of maltitol and glucose syrup without or with sorbic acid as described in the European pharmacopoeia.
Methods
The European Pharmacopoeia test of antimicrobial preservation efficacy was performed on liquid glucose syrup and liquid maltitol syrup with and without 0.1% sorbic acid.
Results
Unpreserved glucose and maltitol syrups did not meet the European Pharmacopoeia acceptance criteria for antimicrobial preservative efficacy due to the regrowth of Aspergillus brasiliensis on day 28 whereas glucose and maltitol syrups with 0.1% sorbic acid pass the test.
Conclusions
The addition of a preservative (sorbic acid) in glucose and maltitol syrups allows the validation of the antimicrobial preservative efficacy test of the European Pharmacopoeia. Further tests are needed to see if preservative efficacy is maintained despite dilutions or in the presence of active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eve Maillard
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d’Amiens , Amiens , France
| | - Mathilde Royer
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d’Amiens , Amiens , France
| | - Lina Mustapha
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d’Amiens , Amiens , France
| | - Frédéric Marçon
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire d’Amiens , Amiens , France
- Laboratoire AGIR – UR4294 , Université de Picardie Jules Verne , Amiens , France
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26
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Rangasamy SB, Raha S, Dasarathy S, Pahan K. Sodium Benzoate, a Metabolite of Cinnamon and a Food Additive, Improves Cognitive Functions in Mice after Controlled Cortical Impact Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:192. [PMID: 35008615 PMCID: PMC8745327 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health concern, sometimes leading to long-term neurological disability, especially in children, young adults and war veterans. Although research investigators and clinicians have applied different treatment strategies or neurosurgical procedures to solve this health issue, we are still in need of an effective therapy to halt the pathogenesis of brain injury. Earlier, we reported that sodium benzoate (NaB), a metabolite of cinnamon and a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug against urea cycle disorders and glycine encephalopathy, protects neurons in animal models of Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. This study was undertaken to examine the therapeutic efficacy of NaB in a controlled cortical impact (CCI)-induced preclinical mouse model of TBI. Oral treatment with NaB, but not sodium formate (NaFO), was found to decrease the activation of microglia and astrocytes and to inhibit the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the hippocampus and cortex of CCI-insulted mice. Further, administration of NaB also reduced the vascular damage and decreased the size of the lesion cavity in the brain of CCI-induced mice. Importantly, NaB-treated mice showed significant improvements in memory and locomotor functions as well as displaying a substantial reduction in depression-like behaviors. These results delineate a novel neuroprotective property of NaB, highlighting its possible therapeutic importance in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh B. Rangasamy
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.R.); (S.D.)
| | - Sumita Raha
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.R.); (S.D.)
| | - Sridevi Dasarathy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.R.); (S.D.)
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; (S.R.); (S.D.)
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27
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Bonet-San-Emeterio M, Felipe Montiel N, del Valle M. Graphene for the Building of Electroanalytical Enzyme-Based Biosensors. Application to the Inhibitory Detection of Emerging Pollutants. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11082094. [PMID: 34443924 PMCID: PMC8400611 DOI: 10.3390/nano11082094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Graphene and its derivates offer a wide range of possibilities in the electroanalysis field, mainly owing to their biocompatibility, low-cost, and easy tuning. This work reports the development of an enzymatic biosensor using reduced graphene oxide (RGO) as a key nanomaterial for the detection of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). RGO was obtained from the electrochemical reduction of graphene oxide (GO), an intermediate previously synthesized in the laboratory by a wet chemistry top-down approach. The extensive characterization of this material was carried out to evaluate its proper inclusion in the biosensor arrangement. The results demonstrated the presence of GO or RGO and their correct integration on the sensor surface. The detection of CECs was carried out by modifying the graphene platform with a laccase enzyme, turning the sensor into a more selective and sensitive device. Laccase was linked covalently to RGO using the remaining carboxylic groups of the reduction step and the carbodiimide reaction. After the calibration and characterization of the biosensor versus catechol, a standard laccase substrate, EDTA and benzoic acid were detected satisfactorily as inhibiting agents of the enzyme catalysis obtaining inhibition constants for EDTA and benzoic acid of 25 and 17 mmol·L−1, respectively, and a maximum inhibition percentage of the 25% for the EDTA and 60% for the benzoic acid.
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28
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James T, Collins S, Marczylo T. Identification of Novel Simulants for Toxic Industrial Chemicals and Chemical Warfare Agents for Human Decontamination Studies: A Systematic Review and Categorisation of Physicochemical Characteristics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8681. [PMID: 34444429 PMCID: PMC8391658 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chemical simulants have long been used in human trials of mass decontamination to determine the efficacy of decontamination interventions against more toxic agents. Until now, reliance has mostly been on individual chemicals as surrogates to specific agents (e.g., methyl salicylate for sulphur mustard). A literature review was conducted to identify chemicals that had been previously tested on human volunteers and that represent diverse physicochemical characteristics in order to create a repository for chemical simulants. Of the 171 unique chemicals identified, 78 were discounted for the risk they could pose to human volunteers, 39 were deemed suitable for use, and a further 54 were considered to be possible simulants but would require further research. Suitable simulants included both solid and liquid chemicals spanning a wide range of physicochemical properties including molecular weight, octanol/water partition coefficient, vapour pressure, and solubility. This review identifies an array of potential simulants suitable for use in human volunteer decontamination studies and is of relevance to future studies on systemic absorption and surface decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas James
- Centre for Radiation, Chemicals and Environmental Hazards (CRCE), Public Health England, Chilton OX11 0RQ, UK; (S.C.); (T.M.)
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29
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Mondéjar-López M, López-Jiménez AJ, Abad-Jordá M, Rubio-Moraga A, Ahrazem O, Gómez-Gómez L, Niza E. Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles from Iris tuberosa as Potential Preservative in Cosmetic Products. Molecules 2021; 26:4696. [PMID: 34361847 PMCID: PMC8347276 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogenic-silver nanoparticles emerge as new nanosilver platforms that allow us to obtain silver nanoparticles via "green chemistry". In our study, biogenic-silver nanoparticles were obtained from Iris tuberosa leaf extract. Nanoparticles were characterized by a UV-vis spectroscopy, dynamical light scattering technique. The transmission electron microscope revealed spheric and irregular nanoparticles with 5 to 50 nm in diameter. Antimicrobial properties were evaluated against typical microbial contaminants found in cosmetic products, showing high antimicrobial properties. Furthermore, natural moisturizing cream was formulated with biogenic-silver nanoparticles to evaluate the preservative efficiency through a challenge test, indicating its promising use as preservative in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mondéjar-López
- Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (M.M.-L.); (A.J.L.-J.); (A.R.-M.); (O.A.); (L.G.-G.)
| | - Alberto José López-Jiménez
- Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (M.M.-L.); (A.J.L.-J.); (A.R.-M.); (O.A.); (L.G.-G.)
| | - Minerva Abad-Jordá
- Nirvel Cosmetics, S.L, Polígono Industrial Costes Baixes, Carrer C, 9, 03804 Alcoi, Spain;
| | - Angela Rubio-Moraga
- Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (M.M.-L.); (A.J.L.-J.); (A.R.-M.); (O.A.); (L.G.-G.)
| | - Oussama Ahrazem
- Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (M.M.-L.); (A.J.L.-J.); (A.R.-M.); (O.A.); (L.G.-G.)
| | - Loudes Gómez-Gómez
- Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (M.M.-L.); (A.J.L.-J.); (A.R.-M.); (O.A.); (L.G.-G.)
| | - Enrique Niza
- Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (M.M.-L.); (A.J.L.-J.); (A.R.-M.); (O.A.); (L.G.-G.)
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The persistence of moisturizer products on human skin in relation to sexual assault investigations. Forensic Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Naruse M, Masui R, Ochiai M, Maru Y, Hippo Y, Imai T. An organoid-based carcinogenesis model induced by in vitro chemical treatment. Carcinogenesis 2021; 41:1444-1453. [PMID: 32047892 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal carcinogenesis models induced by environmental chemicals have been widely used for basic and applied cancer research. However, establishment of in vitro or ex vivo models is essential for molecular mechanistic elucidation of early events in carcinogenesis, leading to clarification of the total mode of action. In the present study, to establish an organoid-based chemical carcinogenesis model, mouse organoids were treated in vitro with 4 genotoxic chemicals, e.g. ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), acrylamide (AA), diethylnitrosamine (DEN) and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) to examine their tumorigenicity after injection to nude mice. The four chemicals were reported to induce lung, liver or mammary carcinomas in mouse models. DMBA-treated mammary tissue-derived organoids with Trp53 heterozygous knockout exhibited tumorigenicity, but not those with wild-type Trp53, reflecting previous reports of corresponding animal models. Treatment of lung organoids with or without Trp53 knockout with EMS or AA resulted in carcinogenic histopathological characteristics, and the activation of oncogenic kinases was demonstrated in the nodules from the nude mouse subcutis. DEN-treated liver (biliary tract) organoids also had an increased number of similar changes. In conclusion, an ex vivo model for chemical carcinogenesis was established using normal mouse tissue-derived organoids. This model will be applied to detect early molecular events, leading to clarification of the mode of action of chemical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yoshiaki Maru
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hippo
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute, Chiba 260-8717, Japan
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Nowak K, Jabłońska E, Ratajczak-Wrona W. Controversy around parabens: Alternative strategies for preservative use in cosmetics and personal care products. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 198:110488. [PMID: 33221305 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Parabens usage as preservatives in cosmetics and personal care products have been debated among scientists and consumers. Parabens are easy to production, effective and cheap, but its safety status remains controversial. Other popular cosmetics preservatives are formaldehyde, triclosan, methylisothiazolinone, methylchloroisothiazolinone, phenoxyethanol, benzyl alcohol and sodium benzoate. Although their high antimicrobial effectiveness, they also exhibit some adverse health effects. Lately, scientists have shown that natural substances such as essential oils and plant extracts present antimicrobial potential. However, their use in cosmetic is a challenge. The present review article is a comprehensive summary of the available methods to prevent microbial contamination of cosmetics and personal care products, which can allow reducing the use of parabens in these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Ewa Jabłońska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
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Saito J, Nadatani N, Setoguchi M, Nakao M, Kimura H, Sameshima M, Kobayashi K, Matsumoto H, Yoshikawa N, Yokoyama T, Takahashi H, Suenaga M, Watanabe R, Imai K, Obara M, Hashimoto M, Yamamoto K, Fujiwara N, Sakata W, Nagai H, Enokihara T, Katayama S, Takahashi Y, Araki M, Iino K, Akiyama N, Katsu H, Fushimi K, Takeda T, Torimoto M, Kishi R, Mitsuya N, Kihara R, Hasegawa Y, Hamada Y, Kimura T, Wada M, Tanzawa A, Yamatani A. Potentially harmful excipients in neonatal medications: a multicenter nationwide observational study in Japan. J Pharm Health Care Sci 2021; 7:23. [PMID: 34193299 PMCID: PMC8246663 DOI: 10.1186/s40780-021-00208-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A multicenter investigation of neonate exposure to potentially harmful excipients (PHEs) in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) in Japan has not been conducted. Methods A multicenter nationwide observational study was conducted. Neonate patient demographic data and information on all medicines prescribed and administered during hospitalization on 1 day between November 2019 and March 2021 were extracted from the medical records. Nine PHEs, paraben, polysorbate 80, propylene glycol, benzoates, saccharin sodium, sorbitol, ethanol, benzalkonium chloride, and aspartame, were selected. PHEs were identified from the package insert and the Interview Form. The quantitative daily exposure was calculated if quantitative data were available for each product containing the PHE. Results Prescription data was collected from 22 NICUs in Japan. In total, 343 neonates received 2360 prescriptions for 426 products containing 228 active pharmaceutical ingredients. PHEs were found in 52 (12.2%) products in 646 (27.4%) prescriptions for 282 (82.2%) neonates. Benzyl alcohol, sodium benzoates, and parabens were the most common PHEs in parenteral, enteral, and topical formulations, respectively. Quantitative analysis showed that 10 (10%), 38 (42.2%), 37 (94.9%), and 9 (39.1%) neonates received doses exceeding the acceptable daily intake of benzyl alcohol, polysorbate 80, propylene glycol, and sorbitol, respectively. However, due to the lack of quantitative information for all enteral and topical products, accurate daily PHE exposure could not be quantified. Conclusions Neonates admitted to NICUs in Japan were exposed to PHEs, and several of the most commonly prescribed medicines in daily clinical practice in NICUs contained PHEs. Neonate PHE exposure could be reduced by replacing these medicines with available PHE-free alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Saito
- Department of Pharmacy, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 175-8535, Japan.
| | - Naomi Nadatani
- Department of Pharmacy, Saitama Medical Center, Kawagoe-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makoto Setoguchi
- Department of Pharmacy, Kagoshima City Hospital, Kagoshima-shi, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masahiko Nakao
- Department of Clinical Research Center, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kimura
- Department of Pharmacy, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mayuri Sameshima
- Department of Pharmacy, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiko Kobayashi
- Department of Pharmacy, Nagano Children's Hospital, Azumino-shi, Nagano, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Matsumoto
- Division of Pharmacy, Ohara HealthCare Foundation Kurashiki Central Hospital, Kurashiki-shi, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoki Yoshikawa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki-shi, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Yokoyama
- Department of Pharmacy, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daiichi Hospital, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hitomi Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacy, Anjo Kosei Hospital, Anjo-shi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Mei Suenaga
- Department of Pharmacy, National Hospital Organization Saga National Hospital, Saga-shi, Saga, Japan
| | - Ran Watanabe
- Department of Pharmacy, Teikyo University Hospital, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kinuko Imai
- Department of Pharmacy, Teikyo University Hospital, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mami Obara
- Department of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Morioka-shi, Iwate, Japan
| | - Mari Hashimoto
- Department of Pharmacy, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacy, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Naoko Fujiwara
- Department of Pharmacy, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Wakako Sakata
- Department of Pharmacy, Nihon University Itabashi Hospital, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagai
- Department of Pharmacy, Hyogo Prefectural, Amagasaki General Medical Center, Amagasaki-shi, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Enokihara
- Department of Pharmacy, Dokkyo Medical University Hospital, Mibu-shi, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Sayaka Katayama
- Department of Pharmacy, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yuta Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacy, Saitama Children's Medical Center, Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mariko Araki
- Division of Pharmacy, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata-shi, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kanako Iino
- Department of Pharmacy, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, Izumi-shi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoko Akiyama
- Department of Pharmacy, Hospital of the University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Katsu
- Department of Pharmacy, National Hospital Organization Mie Chuo Medical Center, Tsu-shi, Mie, Japan
| | - Kumiko Fushimi
- Department of Pharmacy, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daiichi Hospital, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomoya Takeda
- Department of Pharmacy, Japanese Red Cross Kyoto Daiichi Hospital, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mayumi Torimoto
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Rina Kishi
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya-shi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Naoki Mitsuya
- Department of Pharmacy, Japanese Red Cross Otsu Hospital, Otsu-shi, Shiga, Japan
| | - Rie Kihara
- Department of Pharmacy, National Hospital Organization Kyushu Medical Center, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Hasegawa
- Department of Pharmacy, Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Hamada
- Department of Pharmacy, Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshimi Kimura
- Department of Pharmacy, Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Wada
- Department of Neonatology, Maternal and Perinatal Center, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayano Tanzawa
- Department of Pharmacy, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 175-8535, Japan
| | - Akimasa Yamatani
- Department of Pharmacy, National Center for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 175-8535, Japan
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Efenberger-Szmechtyk M, Gałązka-Czarnecka I, Otlewska A, Czyżowska A, Nowak A. Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliot, Chaenomeles superba Lindl. and Cornus mas L. Leaf Extracts as Natural Preservatives for Pork Meat Products. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26103009. [PMID: 34070170 PMCID: PMC8158479 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26103009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of using Aronia melanocarpa, Chaenomeles superba, and Cornus mas leaf extracts as natural preservatives for pork meat products. Pork sausages were stored in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) (80% N2 and 20% CO2) at 4 °C for 29 days. The total psychrotrophic counts (TPC) were determined during the storage period, along with the numbers of Enterobacteriaceae and lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The extracts improved the microbial quality of the meat products but to a lesser extent than sodium nitrate (III). They reduced the amounts of Enterobacteriaceae and LAB. The A.melanocarpa leaf extract showed the strongest preservative effect. The bacterial biodiversity of the meat products was investigated based on high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Two predominant bacteria phyla were identified, Proteobacteria and Firmucutes, mostly consisting of genera Photobacterium, Brochothrix, and Carnobacterium. The extracts also influenced microbial community in sausages decreasing or increasing bacterial relative abundance. The extracts significantly inhibited lipid oxidation and improved the water-holding capacity of the meat, with C. superba extract showing the strongest influence. In addition, A. melanocarpa and C. superba improved the redness (a*) of the sausages. The results of this study show that A. melanocarpa, C. superba, and C. mas leaf extracts can extend the shelf life of meat products stored in MAP at 4 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Efenberger-Szmechtyk
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.O.); (A.C.); (A.N.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ilona Gałązka-Czarnecka
- Institute of Food Technology and Analysis, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Anna Otlewska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.O.); (A.C.); (A.N.)
| | - Agata Czyżowska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.O.); (A.C.); (A.N.)
| | - Agnieszka Nowak
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 171/173, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.O.); (A.C.); (A.N.)
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Olofinnade AT, Onaolapo AY, Onaolapo OJ, Olowe OA. The potential toxicity of food-added sodium benzoate in mice is concentration-dependent. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:561-569. [PMID: 34141170 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium benzoate (NaB) is a versatile food preservative that has also found some applications in the treatment of medical disorders. However, till date, its possible widespread effects on the body are not well studied. We examined the likely effect of diet-added NaB on weight/food intake, haematological parameters, neurobehaviour, antioxidant status, lipid profile and anti-inflammatory/apoptotic markers in mice. Animals were assigned randomly into 4 groups of 10 mice each. Groups included normal control (fed rodent chow) and three groups fed NaB at 125 (0.0125%), 250 (0.025% and 500 (0.05%) mg/kg of feed added to diet, respectively, for eight weeks. Body weight and food intake were assessed. At the end of the experimental period animals were euthanized, blood was then taken for the assessment of haematological, biochemical and inflammatory/apoptotic markers. At the lowest concentration, NaB diet increased body weight and food intake. Decrease in haematological cell counts and total antioxidant capacity were observed, whereas serum malondialdehyde levels and superoxide dismutase activity were increased across the three concentrations. Serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-10 decreased, whereas caspase-3 levels showed no significant difference. Lipid profile and biochemical indices of kidney and liver function were also affected by NaB diet. In conclusion, our findings suggest that NaB may be harmful if regulations regarding its limit of consumption are mistakenly or deliberately ignored. Therefore, it is advisable that regulations on quantities to be added to food be enforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Tope Olofinnade
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Lagos State University, P.M.B. 21266. 1-5 Oba Akinjobi Way,G.R.A Ikeja, Lagos State, Nigeria
| | - Adejoke Yetunde Onaolapo
- Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, University Road. P.M.B, 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olakunle James Onaolapo
- Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, University Road. P.M.B, 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olugbenga Adekunle Olowe
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, University Road. P.M.B, 4000, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria Nigeria
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Involvement of Cholinergic, Adrenergic, and Glutamatergic Network Modulation with Cognitive Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052283. [PMID: 33668976 PMCID: PMC7956475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. The number of AD cases has been rapidly growing worldwide. Several the related etiological hypotheses include atypical amyloid β (Aβ) deposition, neurofibrillary tangles of tau proteins inside neurons, disturbed neurotransmission, inflammation, and oxidative stress. During AD progression, aberrations in neurotransmission cause cognitive decline-the main symptom of AD. Here, we review the aberrant neurotransmission systems, including cholinergic, adrenergic, and glutamatergic network, and the interactions among these systems as they pertain to AD. We also discuss the key role of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) dysfunction in AD-associated cognitive impairment. Furthermore, we summarize the results of recent studies indicating that increasing glutamatergic neurotransmission through the alteration of NMDARs shows potential for treating cognitive decline in mild cognitive impairment or early stage AD. Future studies on the long-term efficiency of NMDA-enhancing strategies in the treatment of AD are warranted.
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Enzymatic Synthesis of Lipophilic Esters of Phenolic Compounds, Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Activity and Effect on the Oxidative Stability of Selected Oils. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020314. [PMID: 33669574 PMCID: PMC7922254 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the effect of the substituent and its position in the aromatic ring on the antioxidant activity of hexanoic acid esters obtained in reactions catalyzed by immobilized lipase B from Candida antarctica. 4-Hydroxybenzyl hexanoate, 2-hydroxybenzyl hexanoate, 4-methoxybenzyl hexanoate, and vanillyl hexanoate were obtained with conversion yields of 50 to 80%. The antioxidant activity of synthesized esters, their alcohol precursors and BHT (Butylated HydroxyToluene) was compared with DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), CUPRAC (cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity), and CBA (crocin bleaching assay) methods. Furthermore, it was investigated whether the presence of vanillyl hexanoate in a concentration of 0.01 and 0.1% affected the oxidative stability of sunflower and rapeseed oils in the Rancimat test. It was observed that the antioxidant activity of hexanoic acid esters depends on the presence and position of the hydroxyl group in the aromatic ring. The highest activities were found for vanillyl alcohol, vanillyl hexanoate, and BHT. The addition of the ester and BHT significantly extended the induction times of the tested oils, and these compounds exhibited similar activity. Vanillyl hexanoate increased the induction time from 4.49 to 5.28 h and from 2.73 to 3.12 h in the case of rapeseed and sunflower oils, respectively.
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Manjunatha B, Sreevidya B, Lee SJ. Developmental toxicity triggered by benzyl alcohol in the early stage of zebrafish embryos: Cardiovascular defects with inhibited liver formation and degenerated neurogenesis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:141631. [PMID: 32889257 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Benzyl alcohol (BnOH) is an aromatic alcohol used worldwide as an excipient in foods, cosmetics, household products, and medications. Although BnOH is a bacteriostatic agent found in many parenteral preparations, this agent is responsible for precipitating the gasping syndrome in premature neonates. Increasing evidence of human exposure to BnOH and environmental contamination of BnOH requires a detailed toxicity assessment of this aromatic chemical. Few studies on the toxicity of BnOH have been reported on different animal models, but its developmental toxicity effects are not fully understood yet. Studies on the effects of BnOH on the specific endpoints of organ toxicity are rare. Thus, the present study aimed to examine the developmental toxicity effects of BnOH by using zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo as a biological disease model. Four-hour post fertilization zebrafish embryos were exposed to BnOH for 72 h to assess BnOH toxicity on an ecological viewpoint. The median lethal concentrations of varying BnOH concentrations in zebrafish embryos were estimated. The embryonic toxicity induced by BnOH was revealed by the apoptosis in embryos and pathological alterations, such as increased mortality, inhibited hatching rate, and decreased somite number. Moreover, pericardial edema and string heartbeat were observed because of arrhythmia and cardiac malformation. The number of normal vessels in the head and trunk regions was remarkably reduced in transgenic zebrafish line Tg (Fli-1: EGFP). Morphological defects and yolk sac retention were related to the degenerated liver formation in Tg (Lfabp: dsRED). Furthermore, BnOH exposure led to the disruption of motor neuron axonal integrity and the alteration of the axon pattern in Tg (olig2: dsRED). In addition, the results exhibited the pathological effects of BnOH exposure on major organs. We believe that this study is the second to report the developmental organ toxicity of BnOH to zebrafish embryos. This study provides important information for further elucidating the mechanism of BnOH-induced developmental organ toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangeppagari Manjunatha
- Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea.
| | - B Sreevidya
- Narayana Medical College and Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh 524003, India
| | - Sang Joon Lee
- Center for Biofluid and Biomimic Research, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, South Korea.
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Cebi N, Taylan O, Abusurrah M, Sagdic O. Detection of Orange Essential Oil, Isopropyl Myristate, and Benzyl Alcohol in Lemon Essential Oil by FTIR Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics. Foods 2020; 10:foods10010027. [PMID: 33374136 PMCID: PMC7824320 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential oils are high-valued natural extracts that are involved in industries such as food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutics. The lemon essential oil (LEO) has high economic importance in the food and beverage industry because of its health-beneficial characteristics and desired flavor properties. LEO, similar to other natural extracts, is prone to being adulterated through economic motivations. Adulteration causes unfair competition between vendors, disruptions in national economies, and crucial risks for consumers worldwide. There is a need for cost-effective, rapid, reliable, robust, and eco-friendly analytical techniques to detect adulterants in essential oils. The current research developed chemometric models for the quantification of three adulterants (orange essential oil, benzyl alcohol, and isopropyl myristate) in cold-pressed LEOs by using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), principal component regression (PCR), and partial least squares regression (PLSR) based on FTIR spectra. The cold-pressed LEO was successfully distinguished from adulterants by robust HCA. PLSR and PCR showed high accuracy with high R2 values (0.99-1) and low standard error of cross-validation (SECV) values (0.58 and 5.21) for cross-validation results of the raw, first derivative, and second derivative FTIR spectra. The findings showed that FTIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate analyses has a considerable capability to detect and quantify adulterants in lemon essential oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Cebi
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, 34210 İstanbul, Turkey;
- Correspondence:
| | - Osman Taylan
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mona Abusurrah
- Department of Management Information Systems, College of Business Administration, Taibah University, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Osman Sagdic
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yıldız Technical University, 34210 İstanbul, Turkey;
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Correia-Álvarez E, Keating JE, Glish G, Tarran R, Sassano MF. Reactive Oxygen Species, Mitochondrial Membrane Potential, and Cellular Membrane Potential Are Predictors of E-Liquid Induced Cellular Toxicity. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:S4-S13. [PMID: 33320253 PMCID: PMC8493666 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The use of flavors in electronic cigarettes appeals to adults and
never-smoking youth. Consumption has rapidly increased over the last decade,
and in the U.S. market alone, there are over 8000 unique flavors. The U.S.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has begun to regulate e-liquids, but many
have not been tested, and their impact, both at the cellular level, and on
human health remains unclear. Methods We tested e-liquids on the human cell line HEK293T and measured toxicity,
mitochondrial membrane potential
(ΔΨ m), reactive oxygen species
production (ROS), and cellular membrane potential
(Vm) using high-throughput screening (HTS)
approaches. Our HTS efforts included single-dose and 16-point
dose–response curves, which allowed testing of ≥90
commercially available e-liquids in parallel to provide a rapid assessment
of cellular effects as a proof of concept for a fast, preliminary toxicity
method. We also investigated the chemical composition of the flavors via gas
chromatography–mass spectrometry. Results We found that e-liquids caused a decrease in
ΔΨ m and
Vm and an increase in ROS production and
toxicity in a dose-dependent fashion. In addition, the presence of five
specific chemical components: vanillin, benzyl alcohol, acetoin,
cinnamaldehyde, and methyl-cyclopentenolone, but not nicotine, were linked
with the changes observed in the cellular traits studied. Conclusion Our data suggest that ΔΨ m, ROS,
Vm, and toxicity may be indicative of the
extent of cell death upon e-liquid exposure. Further research on the effect
of flavors should be prioritized to help policy makers such as the FDA to
regulate e-liquid composition. Implications E-liquid cellular toxicity can be predicted using parameters amenable to HTS.
Our data suggest that ΔΨ m, ROS,
Vm, and toxicity may be indicative of the
extent of cell death upon e-liquid exposure, and this toxicity is linked to
the chemical composition, that is, flavoring components. Further research on
the effect of flavors should be prioritized to help policy makers such as
the FDA to regulate e-liquid composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Correia-Álvarez
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North
Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - James E Keating
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Gary Glish
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Robert Tarran
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North
Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - M Flori Sassano
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North
Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC
- Corresponding Author: M. Flori Sassano, PhD, Department of Cell
Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina 115 Mason Farm Road, Chapel
Hill, NC 27599-7544, USA. Telephone: 919-966-7053; Fax: 919-966-6927; E-mail:
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41
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Torfs E, Brackman G. A perspective on the safety of parabens as preservatives in wound care products. Int Wound J 2020; 18:221-232. [PMID: 33236854 PMCID: PMC8243994 DOI: 10.1111/iwj.13521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial and/or preservative ingredients incorporated in wound care products are subjected to certain safety restrictions. However, several of those agents, and paraben preservatives in particular, have been criticised. Conflicting reports on the potential of parabens to induce allergic contact dermatitis, and their assumed oestrogen‐like activity, raised public health concerns about their overall safety. Here, we seek to provide a balanced perspective on the most significant purported adverse health effects, and thereby allay the many misconceptions regarding the safety of parabens. Extensive and long‐term monitoring of paraben allergy frequencies illustrate that allergic reactions are quite uncommon, especially when compared with other antimicrobial and preservative agents. The estrogenic potential of parabens was illustrated to be far less potent than that of natural oestrogen receptor ligands, and the etiological significance of their presence in human tissue has not been established. The general consensus based on investigations by both the scientific community and regulatory agencies indicates that, with current safety regulations regarding their use in place, this effective and well‐documented group of preservatives should not warrant drastic measures to replace them. As such, despite the ongoing concern, it is indicated that, when used at typical concentrations, parabens are unlikely to affect human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Torfs
- Research and Development department, Flen Health NV, Kontich, Belgium
| | - Gilles Brackman
- Research and Development department, Flen Health NV, Kontich, Belgium
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42
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Tabatabaei MH, Mahounak FS, Asgari N, Moradi Z. Cytotoxicity of the Ingredients of Commonly Used Toothpastes and Mouthwashes on Human Gingival Fibroblasts. Front Dent 2020; 16:450-457. [PMID: 33089246 PMCID: PMC7569277 DOI: 10.18502/fid.v16i6.3444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Toothpastes and mouthwashes contain ingredients that may be toxic for oral mucosal tissues. This study aimed to assess the cytotoxicity of the ingredients of commonly used toothpastes and mouthwashes. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was performed on 16 toothpastes and four mouthwashes widely available in the Iranian market. First, the concentration of six main ingredients of these products, namely sodium fluoride (NaF), sodium lauryl sulfate, cocamidopropyl betaine, zinc lactate, paraben, and sodium benzoate, was determined. The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was used to assess the cytotoxicity of these materials for human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). The MTT assay was performed at 1, 15, and 30 minutes following exposure to five concentrations of each material in triplicate (according to the concentrations obtained in the isolation step). Data were analyzed using three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The difference in the cytotoxicity of the materials was statistically significant (P<0.001). Cytotoxicity was time- and concentration-dependent; by an increase in the concentration of the materials, their cytotoxicity increased over time. The cytotoxicity of sodium lauryl sulfate and cocamidopropyl betaine was >90%. The cytotoxicity of NaF varied from 25% to 70%, and the cytotoxicity of all concentrations of zinc lactate and sodium benzoate was <50% for HGFs. Conclusion: To decrease the cytotoxic effects of toothpastes, sodium lauryl sulfate and cocamidopropyl betaine should be replaced with safer detergents, and the concentration of fluoride should be decreased to 400 parts per million (ppm). Alternatively, fluoride may be replaced with other antibacterial and cariostatic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Hasani Tabatabaei
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Sadeghi Mahounak
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Asgari
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Moradi
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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43
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Khan IS, Dar KB, Ganie SA, Ali MN. Toxicological impact of sodium benzoate on inflammatory cytokines, oxidative stress and biochemical markers in male Wistar rats. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:1345-1354. [PMID: 33003957 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1825472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sodium benzoate is a widely used food and pharmaceutical preservative due to its antibacterial and antifungal activity. In the present study effect of different concentrations of sodium benzoate on hepatic antioxidants, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-6), biochemical markers and histopathology of liver was evaluated. Twenty five adult rats (aged 1-2 months) with 5 rats per group were randomly distributed into 5 groups. Group 1 rats were used as control and all groups (1-5) were provided with water and fed ad libitum. In addition to usual water and food, rats of group 2, 3, 4 and 5 were treated with 70, 200, 400 and 700 mg/kg b.wt of sodium benzoate once a day via oral gavage for 30 days. Our results showed that activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), glutathione-s-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in rats decreased significantly when treated with 200, 400 and 700 mg/kg b.wt of sodium benzoate. Increase in the concentration of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, serum total protein, albumin, globulin, urea and creatinine was found to be dose dependent. Severe histopathological damage was observed in the hepatic tissue at higher concentrations of sodium benzoate. It was noticed that high concentrations of sodium benzoate (200, 400 and 700 mg/kg b.wt) produce significant increase in inflammatory cytokine markers (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-6) in comparison to control. Sodium benzoate at concentration of 70 mg/kg b.wt did not produce any significant changes in any of the above studied parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishfaq Shafi Khan
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | - Khalid Bashir Dar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
| | | | - Md Niamat Ali
- Cytogenetics and Molecular Biology Research Laboratory, Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India
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44
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Gadaleta D, Marzo M, Toropov A, Toropova A, Lavado GJ, Escher SE, Dorne JLCM, Benfenati E. Integrated In Silico Models for the Prediction of No-Observed-(Adverse)-Effect Levels and Lowest-Observed-(Adverse)-Effect Levels in Rats for Sub-chronic Repeated-Dose Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 34:247-257. [PMID: 32664725 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Repeated-dose toxicity (RDT) is a critical endpoint for hazard characterization of chemicals and is assessed to derive safe levels of exposure for human health. Here we present the first attempt to model simultaneously no-observed-(adverse)-effect level (NO(A)EL) and lowest-observed-(adverse)-effect level (LO(A)EL). Classification and regression models were derived based on rat sub-chronic repeated dose toxicity data for 327 compounds from the Fraunhofer RepDose database. Multi-category classification models were built for both NO(A)EL and LO(A)EL though a consensus of statistics- and fragment-based algorithms, while regression models were based on quantitative relationships between the endpoints and SMILES-based attributes. NO(A)EL and LO(A)EL models were integrated, and predictions were compared to exclude inconsistent values. This strategy improved the performance of single models, leading to R2 greater than 0.70, root-mean-square error (RMSE) lower than 0.60 (for regression models), and accuracy of 0.61-0.73 (for classification models) on the validation set, based on the endpoint and the threshold applied for selecting predictions. This study confirms the effectiveness of the modeling strategy presented here for assessing RDT of chemicals using in silico models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Gadaleta
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Marzo
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrey Toropov
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Alla Toropova
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna J Lavado
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Sylvia E Escher
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jean Lou C M Dorne
- Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, European Food Safety Authority, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Emilio Benfenati
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
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45
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Almoughrabie S, Ngari C, Guillier L, Briandet R, Poulet V, Dubois-Brissonnet F. Rapid assessment and prediction of the efficiency of two preservatives against S. aureus in cosmetic products using High Content Screening-Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236059. [PMID: 32716948 PMCID: PMC7384607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cosmetic products are susceptible to microbiological spoilage due to contaminations that could happen during fabrication or by consumer’s repetitive manipulation. The composition of cosmetic products must guarantee efficient bacterial inactivation all along with the product shelf life, which is usually assessed by challenge-tests. A challenge-test consists in inoculating specific bacteria, i.e. Staphylococcus aureus, in the formula and then investigating the bacterial log reduction over time. The main limitation of this method is relative to the time-consuming protocol, where 30 days are needed to obtain results. In this study, we have proposed a rapid alternative method coupling High Content Screening—Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (HCS-CLSM), image analysis and modeling. It consists in acquiring real-time S. aureus inactivation kinetics on short-time periods (typically 4h) and in predicting the efficiency of preservatives on longer scale periods (up to 7 days). The action of two preservatives, chlorphenesin and benzyl alcohol, was evaluated against S. aureus at several concentrations in a cosmetic matrix. From these datasets, we compared two secondary models to determine the logarithm reduction time (Dc) for each preservative concentration. Afterwards, we used two primary inactivation models to predict log reductions for up to 7 days and we compared them to observed log reductions. The IQ model better fits datasets and the Q value gives information about the matrix level of interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Almoughrabie
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Laurent Guillier
- Direction de l’évaluation des risques, ANSES, Agence nationale de sécurité de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Romain Briandet
- Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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46
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The Application of Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy to Investigate the Liquid Phase Hydrogenation of Benzaldehyde Over an Alumina-Supported Palladium Catalyst. Top Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-020-01323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe hydrogenation of benzaldehyde in cyclohexane over a 5 wt% Pd/Al2O3 catalyst at 313 K is firstly investigated at ambient pressure in a stirred batch reactor. The formation of benzyl alcohol is a facile process and a small mass imbalance is indirectly attributed to the formation of benzene as a by-product. No hydrogenolysis reaction to form toluene is observed. Secondly, examination of this reaction system by attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy enables the chemistry at the liquid/solid interface to be probed. Specifically, the ν(C=O) modes of solvated and adsorbed benzaldehyde are evident at 1712 and 1691 cm−1 respectively, providing information on how the reagent is partitioning within the reaction medium. Spectral acquisition on initiation of hydrogenation then enables the benzaldehyde → benzyl alcohol transition to be tracked. The additional presence of a broad CO stretching band of chemisorbed carbon monoxide (1852–1929 cm−1) is attributed to the hydrogen-assisted decarbonylation pathway that forms the benzene by-product.
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47
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Abstract
Health care workers may be at risk of occupational allergic contact dermatitis because of their frequent exposure to medical hand skin cleansers. We identified American Contact Dermatitis Society Core 80 Allergens found in medical hand skin cleansers (waterless skin soaps, water-needed skin soaps, and skin disinfectants) in the United States and developed a list of "low-allergen" medical hand skin cleansers. Waterless skin soaps most commonly contained fragrance, tocopherol, and sodium benzoate. Top allergens in water-needed skin soaps included fragrance, chloroxylenol, propylene glycol, and cocamidopropyl betaine. The most common allergens identified in skin disinfectants were chlorhexidine, cocamide diethanolamine, and fragrance. We identified 11 waterless skin soaps that were free of American Contact Dermatitis Society Core 80 Allergens. Low-allergen products were also identified for water-needed skin soaps (2 products) and skin disinfectants (4 products). This information is accurate as of the date of publication; product availability and ingredients may change over time.
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48
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Yu X, Sun J, Li G, Huang Y, Li Y, Xia D, Jiang F. Integration of •SO 4--based AOP mediated by reusable iron particles and a sulfidogenic process to degrade and detoxify Orange II. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 174:115622. [PMID: 32145554 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The sulfate radical (•SO4-)-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for the degradation of refractory organic pollutants consume a large amount of persulfate activators and often generate toxic organic by-products. In this study, we proposed a novel iron-cycling process integrating •SO4--based AOP mediated by reusable iron particles and a sulfidogenic process to degrade and detoxify Orange II completely. The rusted waste iron particles (Fe0@FexOy), which contained FeII/FeIII oxides (FexOy) on the shell and zero-valent iron (Fe0) in the core, efficiently activated persulfate to produce •SO4- and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) to degrade over 95% of Orange II within 120 min. Both •SO4- and •OH destructed Orange II through a sequence of electron transfer, electrophilic addition and hydrogen abstraction reactions to generate several organic by-products (e.g., aromatic amines and phenol), which were more toxic than the untreated Orange II. The AOP-generated organic by-products were further mineralized and detoxified in a sulfidogenic bioreactor with sewage treatment together. In a 170-d trial, the organic carbon removal efficiency was up to 90%. The inhibition of the bioreactor effluents on the growth of Chlorella pyrenoidosa became negligible, due to the complete degradation and mineralization of toxic AOP-generated by-products by aromatic-degrading bacteria (e.g., Clostridium and Dechloromonas) and other bacteria. The sulfidogenic process also well recovered the used Fe0@FexOy particles through the reduction of surface FeIII back into FeII by hydrogen sulfide formed and iron-reducing bacteria (e.g., Sulfurospirillum and Paracoccus). The regenerated Fe0@FexOy particles had more reactive surface FeII sites and exhibited much better reactivity in activating persulfate in at least 20 reuse cycles. The findings demonstrate that the integrated process is a promising solution to the remediation of toxic and refractory organic pollutants because it reduces the chemical cost of persulfate activation and also completely detoxifies the toxic by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Guangdong Polytechnic of Environmental Protection Engineering, Foshan, 528216, China
| | - Jianliang Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guibiao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yu Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Dehua Xia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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49
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Rodriguez KJ, Cunningham C, Foxenberg R, Hoffman D, Vongsa R. The science behind wet wipes for infant skin: Ingredient review, safety, and efficacy. Pediatr Dermatol 2020; 37:447-454. [PMID: 32065466 PMCID: PMC7383888 DOI: 10.1111/pde.14112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the diapered area, the continuous exposure to excess moisture and irritants from urine and feces weakens the stratum corneum, making the skin more susceptible to irritation. The use of wet wipes for infants (baby wipes) is a common practice to clean skin after urine or a bowel movement, and this practice even extends to cleaning the hands and face, resulting in repeated daily use. Therefore, ensuring that baby wipes contain ingredients that are safe and mild on skin is important to help minimize skin irritation and discomfort. While disposable baby wipes have been shown to be effective and gentle at cleaning infant skin, even the skin of premature infants, there is growing public concern regarding their safety and tolerability. Not all products are made the same, as differences exist in manufacturing processes, ingredients, materials, safety, and quality testing. Therefore, it is important that healthcare professionals have accessible evidenced-based information on the safety and tolerability of common ingredients found in baby wipes to optimally educate their patients and families. Herein, we provide a review on best practices for ingredient selection, safety, and efficacy of baby wipes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Rebecca Vongsa
- Formerly with Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Neenah, Wisconsin
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50
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Erythropel HC, Anastas PT, Krishnan-Sarin S, O'Malley SS, Jordt SE, Zimmerman JB. Differences in flavourant levels and synthetic coolant use between USA, EU and Canadian Juul products. Tob Control 2020; 30:tobaccocontrol-2019-055500. [PMID: 32341193 PMCID: PMC7606218 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-055500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 'Juul' is the dominant US e-cigarette brand and was recently introduced to Canada, UK, France, Germany and Italy, with several flavours available across countries. US/Canadian products are sold with 5%, 3% and 1.5% (Canada only) nicotine content, whereas European Union (EU) regulation limits nicotine content to 1.7%. The differential nicotine content raises the question if flavour profiles and Juul device power output differ between countries. METHODS 'Mint', 'Vanilla' and 'Mango' e-liquids from all six countries were purchased in 2019 and analysed by GC/MS for their principal flavourant and nicotine content. In addition, device power specifications were compared for devices purchased from the respective countries. RESULTS Compositions of Juul e-liquids from the USA and Canada were identical and differed from the EU-marketed liquids, in which principal flavourant concentrations were significantly lower. EU Juul 'Mint' e-liquids contained a synthetic coolant, N-ethyl-p-menthane-3-carboxamide (WS-3), absent in US/Canadian products. US/Canadian 'Mango' e-liquid contained triethyl-citrate, an emulsifier. Nicotine contents matched label information, and devices had identical power specifications. CONCLUSIONS Tested US/Canadian Juul e-liquids contained higher flavour concentrations than EU products, likely reflecting adaptation to user preferences. In EU, 'Mint' e-liquid, menthol is partially substituted with the synthetic coolant WS-3 that elicits a cooling effect like menthol but lacks its distinct 'minty' odour. The inhalational safety of WS-3 is unknown. The use of an emulsifier in US/Canadian 'Mango' Juul e-liquid may be necessary to keep the product homogeneous. Similar power specifications of devices between countries suggest that nicotine aerosol delivery is likely proportional to the e-liquid nicotine content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanno C Erythropel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products Use and Addiction: Flavors, Nicotine, and Other Constituents, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Paul T Anastas
- School of Public Health, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Suchitra Krishnan-Sarin
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products Use and Addiction: Flavors, Nicotine, and Other Constituents, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Stephanie S O'Malley
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products Use and Addiction: Flavors, Nicotine, and Other Constituents, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sven Eric Jordt
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products Use and Addiction: Flavors, Nicotine, and Other Constituents, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julie B Zimmerman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products Use and Addiction: Flavors, Nicotine, and Other Constituents, Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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