1
|
Carmona G, Moreno-Simonet L, Cosio PL, Astrella A, Fernández D, Cadefau JA, Rodas G, Jou C, Milisenda JC, Cano MD, Arànega R, Marotta M, Grau JM, Padullés JM, Mendiguchia J. Hamstrings on focus: Are 72 hours sufficient for recovery after a football (soccer) match? A multidisciplinary approach based on hamstring injury risk factors and histology. J Sports Sci 2024:1-17. [PMID: 39087576 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2386209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess acute and residual changes in sprint-related hamstring injury (HSI) risk factors after a football (soccer) match, focusing on recovery within the commonly observed 72-h timeframe between elite football matches. We used a multifactorial approach within a football context, incorporating optical and ultrastructural microscopic analysis of BFlh (biceps femoris long head) muscle fibres, along with an examination of BFlh fibre composition. Changes in sprint performance-related factors and HSI modifiable risk factors were examined until 3 days after the match (MD +3) in 20 football players. BFlh biopsy specimens were obtained before and at MD +3 in 10 players. The findings indicated that at MD +3, sprint-related performance and HSI risk factors had not fully recovered, with notable increases in localized BFlh fibre disruptions. Interestingly, match load (both external and internal) did not correlate with changes in sprint performance or HSI risk factors nor with BFlh fibre disruption. Furthermore, our study revealed a balanced distribution of ATPase-based fibre types in BFlh, with type-II fibres associated with sprint performance. Overall, the results suggest that a 72-h recovery period may not be adequate for hamstring muscles in terms of both HSI risk factors and BFlh fibre structure following a football match.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Carmona
- TecnoCampus, Departament de Ciències de la Salut, Grup de Recerca Tecnologia Aplicada a l'Alt Rendiment i la Salut (TAARS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Mataró, Spain
| | - Lia Moreno-Simonet
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Luís Cosio
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Astrella
- International Doctoral School, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
- Physiotherapy Department, RX2 Sports & Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Fernández
- Sports performance Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, Rink Hockey, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Aureli Cadefau
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gil Rodas
- Sports Medicine Unit, Hospital Clinic and Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Department, Medical Department of Futbol Club Barcelona (FIFA Medical Center of Excellence) and Barça Innovation, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Jou
- Pathology Department and Biobank, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Applied Research in Neuromuscular Diseases, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institut (IRSJD), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José César Milisenda
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Lab, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Dolores Cano
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Lab, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Arànega
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Lab, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Marotta
- Leitat Foundation, Leitat Technological Center, Carrer de la Innovació 2, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Grau
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Lab, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX - Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Padullés
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jurdan Mendiguchia
- Department of Physical Therapy, ZENTRUM Rehab and Performance Center, Barañain, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Teixeira JE, Encarnação S, Branquinho L, Morgans R, Afonso P, Rocha J, Graça F, Barbosa TM, Monteiro AM, Ferraz R, Forte P. Data Mining Paths for Standard Weekly Training Load in Sub-Elite Young Football Players: A Machine Learning Approach. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:114. [PMID: 39051275 PMCID: PMC11270353 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9030114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test a machine learning (ML) model to predict high-intensity actions and body impacts during youth football training. Sixty under-15, -17, and -19 sub-elite Portuguese football players were monitored over a 6-week period. External training load data were collected from the target variables of accelerations (ACCs), decelerations (DECs), and dynamic stress load (DSL) using an 18 Hz global positioning system (GPS). Additionally, we monitored the perceived exertion and biological characteristics using total quality recovery (TQR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), session RPE (sRPE), chronological age, maturation offset (MO), and age at peak height velocity (APHV). The ML model was computed by a feature selection process with a linear regression forecast and bootstrap method. The predictive analysis revealed that the players' MO demonstrated varying degrees of effectiveness in predicting their DEC and ACC across different ranges of IQR. After predictive analysis, the following performance values were observed: DEC (x¯predicted = 41, β = 3.24, intercept = 37.0), lower IQR (IQRpredicted = 36.6, β = 3.24, intercept = 37.0), and upper IQR (IQRpredicted = 46 decelerations, β = 3.24, intercept = 37.0). The player's MO also demonstrated the ability to predict their upper IQR (IQRpredicted = 51, β = 3.8, intercept = 40.62), lower IQR (IQRpredicted = 40, β = 3.8, intercept = 40.62), and ACC (x¯predicted = 46 accelerations, β = 3.8, intercept = 40.62). The ML model showed poor performance in predicting the players' ACC and DEC using MO (MSE = 2.47-4.76; RMSE = 1.57-2.18: R2 = -0.78-0.02). Maturational concerns are prevalent in football performance and should be regularly checked, as the current ML model treated MO as the sole variable for ACC, DEC, and DSL. Applying ML models to assess automated tracking data can be an effective strategy, particularly in the context of forecasting peak ACC, DEC, and bodily effects in sub-elite youth football training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José E. Teixeira
- Department of Sport Sciences, Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (S.E.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- SPRINT—Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Inovation Center, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; (J.R.); (F.G.)
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.B.); (R.F.)
- LiveWell—Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- CI-ISCE, ISCE Douro, 4560-547 Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Samuel Encarnação
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (S.E.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- LiveWell—Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- CI-ISCE, ISCE Douro, 4560-547 Penafiel, Portugal
- Department of Pysical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria de Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luís Branquinho
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.B.); (R.F.)
- Biosciences Higher School of Elvas, Polytechnic Institute of Portalegre, 7300-110 Portalegre, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Center (CIEQV), 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Ryland Morgans
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK
| | - Pedro Afonso
- Department of Sports, Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - João Rocha
- SPRINT—Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Inovation Center, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; (J.R.); (F.G.)
| | - Francisco Graça
- SPRINT—Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Inovation Center, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal; (J.R.); (F.G.)
| | - Tiago M. Barbosa
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (S.E.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- LiveWell—Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - António M. Monteiro
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (S.E.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- LiveWell—Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Ferraz
- Research Center in Sports, Health and Human Development, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal; (L.B.); (R.F.)
- Department of Sports Sciences, University of Beria Interior, 6201-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Pedro Forte
- Department of Sport Sciences, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (S.E.); (T.M.B.); (A.M.M.)
- LiveWell—Research Centre for Active Living and Wellbeing, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- CI-ISCE, ISCE Douro, 4560-547 Penafiel, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vaccaro-Benet P, Gómez-Carmona CD, Marzano-Felisatti JM, Pino-Ortega J. Internal and External Load Profile during Beach Invasion Sports Match-Play by Electronic Performance and Tracking Systems: A Systematic Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3738. [PMID: 38931522 PMCID: PMC11207299 DOI: 10.3390/s24123738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Beach variants of popular sports like soccer and handball have grown in participation over the last decade. However, the characterization of the workload demands in beach sports remains limited compared to their indoor equivalents. This systematic review aimed to: (1) characterize internal and external loads during beach invasion sports match-play; (2) identify technologies and metrics used for monitoring; (3) compare the demands of indoor sports; and (4) explore differences by competition level, age, sex, and beach sport. Fifteen studies ultimately met the inclusion criteria. The locomotive volumes averaged 929 ± 269 m (average) and 16.5 ± 3.3 km/h (peak) alongside 368 ± 103 accelerations and 8 ± 4 jumps per session. The impacts approached 700 per session. The heart rates reached 166-192 beats per minute (maximal) eliciting 60-95% intensity. The player load was 12.5 ± 2.9 to 125 ± 30 units. Males showed 10-15% higher external but equivalent internal loads versus females. Earlier studies relied solely on a time-motion analysis, while recent works integrate electronic performance and tracking systems, enabling a more holistic quantification. However, substantial metric intensity zone variability persists. Beach sports entail intermittent high-intensity activity with a lower-intensity recovery. Unstable surface likely explains the heightened internal strain despite moderately lower running volumes than indoor sports. The continued integration of technology together with the standardization of workload intensity zones is needed to inform a beach-specific training prescription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pau Vaccaro-Benet
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (P.V.-B.); (J.P.-O.)
| | - Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona
- BioVetMed & SportSci Research Group, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Training Optimization and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), Department of Didactics of Music Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Joaquín Martín Marzano-Felisatti
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 Murcia, Spain; (P.V.-B.); (J.P.-O.)
- BioVetMed & SportSci Research Group, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mejuto G, Gómez-Carmona CD, Gracia J, Rico-González M. Surfing Time-Motion Characteristics Possible to Gain Using Global Navigation Satellite Systems: A Systematic Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3455. [PMID: 38894246 PMCID: PMC11174645 DOI: 10.3390/s24113455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The popularity of surfing has increased exponentially, reaching its recent debut in the Olympic Games. However, surfing suffers from a relative immature technological market, while in other sports some technologies such as global navigation satellite systems (GNSSs) have become an essential work material for strength and conditioning and head coaches. This article aims to systematically review surfers' time-motion demands based on GNSSs. A systematic review of relevant articles was carried out using five main databases (PubMed, ProQuest Central, SCOPUS, SPORTDiscus, and FECYT (Web of Sciences, CCC, CIDW, KJD, MEDLINE, RSCI, and SCIELO)) until 23 March 2024. From the 238 studies initially found, 9 were included in the qualitative synthesis. In these, GNSS devices were employed with male (n = 143) and female (n = 28) surfers from different levels during competition and training situations. The studies show that the intermittent nature of the sport is evident, with substantial periods spent paddling and waiting punctuated by relatively brief high-intensity efforts when riding waves at high speeds. Notable differences emerged between competition and training demands, suggesting potential mismatches in how athletes currently prepare compared to event requirements. These novel insights allow quantifying surfing's harsh physiological requirements and could guide conditioning practices to better meet the sport's unique characteristics across populations. Therefore, training should emulate the lengthy aerobic capabilities needed for the paddling volumes observed, while also targeting the anaerobic systems to meet the repeated high-intensity surf riding efforts. However, inconsistencies in methods and reporting practices limit direct comparisons and comprehensive profiling of the sport's physical characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaizka Mejuto
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of the Basque Country, UPV-EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
| | - Carlos David Gómez-Carmona
- Biovetmed & Sportsci Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain
- Optimization of Training and Sports Performance Research Group, Department of Didactics of Music, Plastic and Body Expression, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Caceres, Spain
| | - Jokin Gracia
- Department of Strength and Conditioning, Athletic Club of Bilbao, 48196 Bilbao, Spain;
| | - Markel Rico-González
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of the Basque Country, UPV-EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain;
- Biovetmed & Sportsci Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Alonso-Callejo A, García-Unanue J, Guitart-Trench M, Majano C, Gallardo L, Felipe JL. Validity and Reliability of the Acceleration-Speed Profile for Assessing Running Kinematics' Variables Derived From the Force-Velocity Profile in Professional Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:563-570. [PMID: 37831781 PMCID: PMC10880943 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Alonso-Callejo, A, García-Unanue, J, Guitart-Trench, M, Majano, C, Gallardo, L, and Felipe, J. Validity and reliability of the acceleration-speed profile for assessing running kinematics' variables derived from the force-velocity profile in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): 563-570, 2024-The aim of this research is to assess the validity and reliability of the acceleration-speed profile (ASP) for measuring the mechanical variables of running kinematics when compared with the force-velocity profile (FVP) obtained by reference systems. The ASP and FVP of 14 male players of an elite football club were assessed during a competitive microcycle. Three ASPs were tested according to the number and type of sessions included in its plotting (ASP1: 5 training sessions and competitive match; ASP2: 5 training sessions; ASP3: competitive match). Force-velocity profile was tested 4 days before match (MD-4) with a 30-m linear sprint using 3 previously validated devices (encoder, mobile App, and global positioning system). Level of significance was p < 0.05. Acceptable reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.5) was found between the ASP1 and the encoder for all variables (F 0 -A 0 , V 0 -S 0 , and V max ). The more reliable ASP method was the ASP1 showing a lower bias than the ASP2 and ASP3 methods for almost all variables and reference systems. For ASP1, lower mean absolute error (MAE: 0.3-0.5) and higher correlation (P-M corr: 0.57-0.92) were found on variables related to the velocity in comparison with variables related to the early acceleration phase (F 0 -A 0 ; MAE: 0.49-0.63; P-M corr: 0.13-0.41). Acceleration-speed profile, when computed with data from a complete competitive week, is a reliable method for analyzing variables derived from velocity and acceleration kinematics. From these results, practitioners could implement ASP and the applications of the FVP previously studied, such as resistance training prescription, performance assessment, and return-to-play management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Alonso-Callejo
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jorge García-Unanue
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Marc Guitart-Trench
- Medical and Performance Department, Barça Innovation Hub, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Carlos Majano
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Felipe
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
- Performance Analysis Department, UD Las Palmas, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Henríquez M, Ozaeta E, Castillo D, Reina R, Cornejo MI, Iturricastillo A, Arthur-Banning S, Yanci J. Assessing the Match Physical Responses of International Referees for Footballers with Cerebral Palsy: A Tournaments and Halves Comparative Analysis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1595. [PMID: 38475129 DOI: 10.3390/s24051595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Similar to conventional football, the modality dedicated to footballers with cerebral palsy (CP) requires referees who cope with the physical demands imposed during competitive matches to apply the rules of the game. While a significant body of research has explored the physical demands on referees in mainstream football, there is a noticeable lack of data regarding CP football. This study aimed to examine the physical response of international referees participating in different levels of world competitions for footballers with CP. Thirteen international referees, who officiated 49 matches in the men's 2022 World Cup (1st to 15th ranked teams) and 2022 World Championships (16th to 30th ranked teams), participated in this study. A cross-sectional design was used to determine the physical responses and compare the 1st and 2nd halves and the performance in the different tournaments, recording physical variables throughout the matches. Significant higher physical responses were observed in the World Cup in comparison to the World Championship. Overall, high-level tournaments have been shown to elicit more intense physical responses from referees officiating CP football matches compared to lower-level tournaments. For the World Cup, a significantly higher number of accelerations and decelerations were registered in the 1st half compared to the 2nd half. This information may be useful for the strength and conditioning coaches of referees to plan weekly training sessions more specifically and adjust the periodical training load and post-match recovery protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matías Henríquez
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Odontología y Ciencias de la Rehabilitación, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 8380000, Chile
| | - Eñaut Ozaeta
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Valoración del Rendimiento Deportivo, Actividad Física y Salud, y Lesiones Deportivas (REDAFLED), Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, 42004 Soria, Spain
| | - Raúl Reina
- Department of Sport Sciences, Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernández University, 03202 Elche, Spain
| | | | - Aitor Iturricastillo
- Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Skye Arthur-Banning
- Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Javier Yanci
- Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pino-Ortega J, Bastida-Castillo A, Gómez-Carmona CD, Rico-González M. Validity and reliability of an eight antennae ultra-wideband local positioning system to measure performance in an indoor environment. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:145-155. [PMID: 33208034 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1830162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Validity and reliability have become crucial factors in tracking player load and positioning. One of the most important parameters to guarantee accurate measurements with radiofrequency systems is the number of reference nodes used to calculate player position. However, the accuracy of ultra-wideband (UWB) technology has only been analysed with 6 antennae. So, the purpose of the present study was to analyse the accuracy and inter-unit reliability of an UWB system with eight antennae. Three well-trained males covered 18 trajectories for the analysis of x- and y- coordinate accuracy assessment related to the positional variation among eight antennae UWB data and lines on a basketball court. This was achieved using geographical information system mapping software that calculated, for each interval and participant, the distance from the main axis of locomotion and the opposite side of the field every 0.5 s. The results showed that this is a valid system (Mean = 0.03 m; magnitude differences = 0.21% with real measures as reference; %CV <1% in all cases) for measuring locomotion and positioning. Besides, the inter-unit, test-retest and inter-subject analysis did not influence the reliability results. So, an eight antennae UWB system can be considered suitable for locomotion and positioning in an indoor environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Pino-Ortega
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- BioVetMed & SportSci Research Group, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Carlos D Gómez-Carmona
- Department of Music, Plastic, and Body Expression, University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Markel Rico-González
- BioVetMed & SportSci Research Group, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Oliva-Lozano JM, Chmura P, Granero-Gil P, Muyor JM. Using Microtechnology and the Fourier Transform for the Analysis of Effective Activity Time in Professional Soccer. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2491-2495. [PMID: 37815271 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Oliva-Lozano, JM, Chmura, P, Granero-Gil, P, and Muyor, JM. Using microtechnology and the Fourier Transform for the analysis of effective activity time in professional soccer. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2491-2495, 2023-This study aimed to investigate the use of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) for the analysis of effective activity time in professional soccer by (a) exploring the relationship between this variable and standard external load parameters and (b) analyzing the effective activity time during official professional soccer matches. Twenty-six male players participated in the study. Each player was categorized as midfielder, central defender, full-back, wide-midfielder, or forward. Tracking systems based on inertial sensors (4 3D accelerometers, 3 3D gyroscopes, and 1 magnetometer), and global positioning systems technology were used to collect external load measures for 35 matches. Each match was analyzed considering 15-minute periods to explore the evolution of effective activity time during the matches. The extra time from each match was also included. Fast Fourier transform duration may be a representative variable of effective activity time, given the strong positive correlation with the external load variables ( p < 0.001). The linear regression analysis showed that the variables that significantly contributed to the model ( R2 = 0.97) were the total of steps and the distance covered. The mean effective activity time in soccer match play was ∼48.69 minutes. This time significantly changed depending on factors such as the period of the match ( F = 239.05; p < 0.001; ηp 2 = 0.60) or playing position ( F = 16.99; p < 0.001; ηp 2 = 0.06). The greatest effective activity time was observed for all playing positions in the 0'-15' period. However, the 60'-75' period showed the lowest effective activity times compared with the rest of the 15-minute periods for all positions except for forwards (75'-90'). From a practical standpoint, sports performance practitioners may consider these results to improve the individualization of training and match demands. Also, a more accurate indicator of exercise intensity may be obtained (e.g., multiplying the rating of perceived exertion by the effective activity time).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - José M Muyor
- Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- Laboratory of Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Ergonomics (KIBIOMER Lab.), Research Central Services, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Díaz-Serradilla E, Castillo D, Rodríguez-Marroyo JA, Raya González J, Villa Vicente JG, Rodríguez-Fernández A. Effect of Different Nonstarter Compensatory Strategies on Training Load in Female Soccer Players: A Pilot Study. Sports Health 2023; 15:835-841. [PMID: 37249238 PMCID: PMC10606965 DOI: 10.1177/19417381231176555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In soccer, the day of the week with the highest external load is match day (MD), with starters (>60 minutes per match) showing higher levels of physical fitness and seasonal high-intensity loading. It is necessary, therefore, to determine training strategies to reduce the differences between starters and nonstarters. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the external load of different training compensatory strategies with match external load in female nonstarters. HYPOTHESIS A strategy combining small-sided games (SSG) and running-based drills (RBD) would reproduce match demands, with RBD leading to greater high-intensity running and SSG leading to a greater number of accelerations and decelerations. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive and comparative study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. METHODS The training and match external load of 14 female players belonging to the same reserve squad of a Spanish First Division Club (Liga Reto Iberdrola) was registered. In the first session after the match (MD+1), nonstarters (<60 minutes in the match) performed 1 of 3 different compensatory strategies: RBD, SSG, or a mixed intervention combining the previous strategies (RBD+SSG). Starters carried out a recovery session. RESULTS A marked difference in load was observed between the compensatory training strategies and MD. In comparison with MD, RBD showed greater high-intensity and sprint distances and lower acceleration, SSG showed less high-intensity running and sprint distances, lower peak velocity, and greater acceleration, and RBD+SSG registered lower accelerations. In addition, nonstarters covered greater high-intensity running and sprint distances in RBD and achieved higher accelerations in SSG. CONCLUSION RBD and SSG compensatory strategies could be recommended to nonstarter female soccer players in MD+1 to compensate for match external load deficits. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study provides comprehensive information on the compensatory exercises of female soccer players, which can be useful for strength and conditioning coaches when developing recovery strategies during a microcycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elba Díaz-Serradilla
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Valoración del Rendimiento Deportivo, Actividad Física y Salud, y Lesiones Deportivas (REDAFLED), Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, Soria, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mateus N, Exel J, Santos S, Gonçalves B, Sampaio J. Effectiveness of wearable technology to optimize youth soccer players' off-training behaviour and training responses: a parallel group randomized trial. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023; 7:384-393. [PMID: 35983660 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2114604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although youth soccer players meet and exceed the weekly physical activity (PA) guidelines also exhibit high off-training sedentary behaviour (SB) levels. Recent evidence indicated that low PA preceding training leads to decreased PA intensity in soccer practice and that SB impairs sports performance and recovery. Thus, a parallel group randomized trial examined the effect of activity wristbands on young players' off-training PA and SB profiles; assessed the added value of wearable wristbands with PA warnings; and investigated whether manipulating off-training PA can affect the players' training responses. METHODS Thirty-two adolescent soccer players (16.1 ± 0.9 years old) were monitored during weekdays for two weeks (interspersed with one week). Players were randomly assigned to a reminder to move (REM) and a non-reminder to move group (nREM). The REM wore an activity wristband (Fitbit Charge 2) with PA warnings in the last week of research, while the nREM wore identical monitors without PA feedback. Throughout the study, off-training PA was assessed using tri-axial accelerometers, and training responses were analysed using wearable inertial monitoring units. Gardner-Altman estimation plots and a Fisher's Exact Test of Independence estimated each group's off-training PA changes between the monitored weeks. Complementary, an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) quantified the effect of Fitbit wristband configurations (with a reminder to move or without a reminder to move) on the off-training PA and soccer training external load variables. The independent variable group had two levels (REM and nREM). The off-training PA and training load values collected in the first week were introduced in the model as a covariate, the groups were designated fixed factors and the off-training PA and training load from the third week were the dependent variables. The team was also included as a covariate and the between-group differences post-intervention were adjusted for baseline and team. RESULTS Interestingly, results showed that different wearable wristbands did not influence the players' off-training PA profiles (p > 0.05). Concomitantly, no differences were observed in training responses (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Findings emphasize the importance of health and youth sports organizations in developing newer approaches for promoting healthier lifestyles, beyond training practices, with potentially favourable implications for sports performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Mateus
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
- University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro School of Life Sciences and Environment, Department of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Juliana Exel
- Department of Sport Science Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sara Santos
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
- University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro School of Life Sciences and Environment, Department of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Departamento de Desporto e Saude, Escola de Saude e Desenvolvimento Humano,Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Évora, Portugal
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, CreativeLab Research Community, Vila Real, Portugal
- University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro School of Life Sciences and Environment, Department of Sports Science, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Martinez-Torremocha G, Sanchez-Sanchez J, Alonso-Callejo A, Martin-Sanchez ML, Serrano C, Gallardo L, Garcia-Unanue J, Felipe JL. Physical Demands in the Worst-Case Scenarios of Elite Futsal Referees Using a Local Positioning System. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8662. [PMID: 37960362 PMCID: PMC10648636 DOI: 10.3390/s23218662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyze the worst-case scenarios of professional futsal referees during the first and second half of official matches in the Spanish Futsal Cup using a Local Positioning System (LPS) for monitoring their movement patterns. Eight professional futsal referees (40 ± 3.43 years; 1.80 ± 0.03 m; 72.84 ± 4.01 kg) participated in the study. The external load (total distance, high-speed running distance and efforts, sprint distance and efforts, and accelerations and decelerations distances) of the referees was monitored and collected using an LPS. The results revealed significant differences in the worst-case scenarios of the futsal referees during the match according to the time window analyzed (p < 0.05). The longest time windows (120 s, 180 s, and 300 s) showed lower relative total distances in the worst-case scenarios (p < 0.05). The high-speed running distances were significatively higher in the first half for the 120 s (+2.65 m·min-1; ES: 1.25), 180 s (+1.55 m·min-1; ES: 1.28), and 300 s (+0.95 m·min-1; ES: 1.14) time windows (p < 0.05). No differences were found between the first and second half for the high-intensity deceleration distance (p > 0.05). These results will serve to prepare the referees in the best conditions for the competition and adapt the training plans to the worst-case scenarios.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Martinez-Torremocha
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (G.M.-T.); (A.A.-C.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.); (J.L.F.)
| | - Javier Sanchez-Sanchez
- School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (M.L.M.-S.); (C.S.)
| | - Antonio Alonso-Callejo
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (G.M.-T.); (A.A.-C.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.); (J.L.F.)
| | - Maria Luisa Martin-Sanchez
- School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (M.L.M.-S.); (C.S.)
| | - Carlos Serrano
- School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (M.L.M.-S.); (C.S.)
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (G.M.-T.); (A.A.-C.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.); (J.L.F.)
| | - Jorge Garcia-Unanue
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (G.M.-T.); (A.A.-C.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.); (J.L.F.)
| | - Jose Luis Felipe
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (G.M.-T.); (A.A.-C.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.); (J.L.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Castillo-Rodríguez A, Caparrós JLR, Figueiredo A, González-Fernández FT, Onetti-Onetti W. Cause-Effect: The Relationship between Role and Experience with Psychological and Physical Responses in the Competition Context in Soccer Referees. J Hum Kinet 2023; 89:289-300. [PMID: 38053965 PMCID: PMC10694706 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/169174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed the effects of psychological responses (impulsivity, self-esteem, self-confidence, and anxiety) in baseline and pre-competitive contexts of national soccer referees (SRs), their control of the game (yellow and red cards), and physical performance (PP) according to the role (assistant or main referee), and experience in the category. Twenty-seven national SRs from Spain participated in this study. Baseline and pre-competitive psychological data were collected through the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2 test), Urgency, Premeditation (lack of), Perseverance (lack of), Sensation Seeking, Positive Urgency, Impulsive Behavior Scale (UPPS-P test), and Rosenberg tests. Furthermore, WIMU PRO™ inertial devices were used to monitor PP. The results indicated that a lack of perseverance and self-esteem were higher in the main SRs and somatic anxiety in assistant SRs. Experience of SRs was related to anxiety, self-confidence, self-esteem, impulsivity dimensions, and PP metrics (p < 0.05). Finally, red cards were related to positive and negative urgency (r = 0.38 and r = 0.35, p < 0.05, respectively). In conclusion, the main SRs and SRs with more experience had better psychological characteristics and PP in a competitive context. However, yellow and red cards were not associated with these factors, although red cards were related with urgency. Based on these data, specific training programs could be incorporated to enhance emotional control in SRs with less experience to achieve greater performance and professional development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Castillo-Rodríguez
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Figueiredo
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pérez-Chao EA, Portes R, Gómez MÁ, Parmar N, Lorenzo A, Jiménez-Sáiz SL. A Narrative Review of the Most Demanding Scenarios in Basketball: Current Trends and Future Directions. J Hum Kinet 2023; 89:231-245. [PMID: 38053946 PMCID: PMC10694712 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/170838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the analysis of most demanding scenarios (MDS) in basketball has improved the practical knowledge about match demands and possible impacts for the training process, it seems important to summarize the scientific evidence providing useful information and future directions related to MDS. This review assesses the results reflected in the available literature about the MDS in basketball, synthesizing and discussing data from scientific papers, and then providing relevant insights about terminology, sex and sample size, competition category, workload variables recorded, technology used, method of calculation, time windows analyzed, and activities evaluated related to MDS. Therefore, the present narrative review would be of practical use for coaches, scientists, athletes as well as strength and conditioning trainers exploring the current trends and future directions related to MDS in basketball.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Alonso Pérez-Chao
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University Alfonso X el Sabio, Villanueva de la Cañada, Spain
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Gómez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nimai Parmar
- London Sport Institute, Faculty of Science and Technology, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Alberto Lorenzo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio L. Jiménez-Sáiz
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Education & Sport Sciences and Interdisciplinary Studies, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Fuenlabrada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Oliva Lozano JM, Muyor JM, Pérez-Guerra A, Gómez D, Garcia-Unanue J, Sanchez-Sanchez J, Felipe JL. Effect of the Length of the Microcycle on the Daily External Load, Fatigue, Sleep Quality, Stress, and Muscle Soreness of Professional Soccer Players: A Full-Season Study. Sports Health 2023; 15:695-699. [PMID: 36314427 PMCID: PMC10467485 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221131531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the length of the microcycle (ie, training period from the day after the match to the following match) on the daily external load and perceived wellness of professional soccer players (Spanish LaLiga Smartbank). HYPOTHESIS The length of the microcycle has a significant effect on the daily external load and perceived wellness. STUDY DESIGN Longitudinal study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS Data were collected daily during a full season using perceived wellness questionnaires and electronic performance and tracking systems. RESULTS The length of the microcycle had a significant effect on volume- and intensity-related external load variables. There were differences between short, regular, and long microcycles depending on the day of the microcycle. These differences were observed in all external load variables. However, no significant differences between short, regular, or long microcycles were found on match day for any external load variable, except for high-intensity decelerations. Regarding the perceived wellness, the length of the microcycle had no effect on these variables, and there were no significant interactions between the length and the day of the microcycle. CONCLUSION The length of the microcycle had a significant effect on volume- and intensity-related external load variables, but no significant effect on perceived wellness was observed. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These data may help strength and conditioning coaches understand that workload periodization should take this contextual variable into account, especially for external training load. In addition, this study may serve as a guide for practitioners to know the physical requirements of professional soccer players in Spanish LaLiga Smartbank, because the weekly external load profile and perceived wellness have been reported for different lengths of the microcycles. Thus, these data may be used for player load management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José M. Oliva Lozano
- Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- Performance Analysis Department, UD Las Palmas, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José M. Muyor
- Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- Laboratory of Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Ergonomics (KIBIOMER Lab.), Research Central Services, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Andrés Pérez-Guerra
- Performance Analysis Department, UD Las Palmas, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - David Gómez
- Performance Analysis Department, UD Las Palmas, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | | | - José Luis Felipe
- IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Flórez Gil E, Rodríguez-Fernández A, Vaquera A, Suárez-Iglesias D, Scanlan AT. The discriminative, criterion, and longitudinal validity of small-sided games to assess physical fitness in female basketball players. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1498-1506. [PMID: 37947079 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2279819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The validity of small-sided games (SSG) for assessing physical fitness was evaluated in 21 female basketball players from senior (n = 8), under-18 years (n = 6), and under-16 years (n = 7) age categories. Players underwent fitness testing (countermovement jump [CMJ], agility T-test, repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test, and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test [YYIRT1]) and 3vs3-SSG before and after a 6-week preseason. Player demands were monitored during SSG using local positioning system and heart rate technology. Regarding discriminative validity, senior players produced better CMJ, agility T-test, and YYIRT1 performance (p < 0.05, effect size [ES] = 1.72-2.25), and more distance and PlayerLoad (p < 0.05, ES = 1.53-2.47) during SSG than under-18 players following the preseason. For criterion validity, total distance and distance completing high-intensity decelerations during SSG were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with CMJ (r = 0.44-0.66), YYIRT1 (r = 0.43-0.63), agility T-test (total distance only, r=-0.51), and RSA test performance (r=-0.49 to -0.52) among all players combined following the preseason. Regarding longitudinal validity, significantly better agility T-test and YYIRT1 performance (p ≤ 0.001, ES = 0.88-0.93) alongside lower heart rate during SSG (p = 0.001, ES = 0.88) were evident for all players combined following the preseason. These results partially support the validity of 3vs3-SSG to assess physical fitness in female basketball players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro Rodríguez-Fernández
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, VALFIS Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Alejandro Vaquera
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, VALFIS Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Worcester, UK
| | - David Suárez-Iglesias
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, VALFIS Research Group, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), Universidad de León, León, Spain
| | - Aaron T Scanlan
- School of Health, Medical, and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Baena-Raya A, Díez-Fernández DM, López-Sagarra A, Martínez-Rubio C, Soriano-Maldonado A, Rodríguez-Pérez MA. Novel Curvilinear Sprint Test in Basketball: Reliability and Comparison With Linear Sprint. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e535-e540. [PMID: 36719967 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Baena-Raya, A, Díez-Fernández, DM, López-Sagarra, A, Martínez-Rubio, C, Soriano-Maldonado, A, and Rodríguez-Pérez, MA. Novel curvilinear sprint test in basketball: reliability and comparison with linear sprint. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): e535-e540, 2023-This study (a) evaluated the reliability of a curvilinear sprint (CS) test to assess kinetic and kinematic outcomes in basketball players, (b) compared the kinetic and kinematic outcomes derived from curvilinear vs. linear sprints (LS), and (c) examined the association of both the CS and LS with change of direction (COD) performance. Thirty young basketball players (17 men and 13 women) competing at the national level (i.e., Spanish Basketball National League) performed a novel CS test around the 3-point line (the 3-point line CS test) to the right and left sides. The maximum and average values of acceleration (ACC), velocity (VEL), and centripetal force (CentF) were measured using Local Positioning System technology (WIMU PRO, Realtrack Systems S.L., Almería, Spain). All outcomes showed a high relative (intraclass correlations coefficient ≥ 0.90) and absolute (coefficient of variation [CV] < 5%) reliability, except the maximal CentF to the right (CV = 5.41%) and left sides (CV = 7.72%). Linear sprints displayed higher ACC and VEL outputs compared with the 3-point line CS test (all p < 0.001). Both sprinting tests were very large to nearly perfect associated with COD performance (LS r range from -0.71 to -0.86; CS r range from -0.68 to -0.94; p < 0.001), and the curvilinear ACC max was the kinematic outcome most strongly associated with COD performance ( r range from -0.73 to -0.94). In conclusion, the 3-point line CS test is reliable to measure CS performance in basketball and presents different kinetic and kinematic features than LS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Baena-Raya
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain; and
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - David M Díez-Fernández
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain; and
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Andrés López-Sagarra
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez-Rubio
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Alberto Soriano-Maldonado
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain; and
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodríguez-Pérez
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain; and
- SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Majano C, Garcia-Unanue J, Fernández-Cuevas I, Escamilla-Galindo V, Alonso-Callejo A, Sanchez-Sanchez J, Gallardo L, Felipe JL. Association between physical demands, skin temperature and wellbeing status in elite football players. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13780. [PMID: 37612294 PMCID: PMC10447551 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40396-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The demanding nature of elite football requires players to be closely monitored to ensure optimal performance and minimize injury risk. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between physical demands, skin temperature, and well-being status in 30 elite football players over a 12-week competitive period. Thermography assessments, weekly Well-being questionnaires, and daily training and match load recordings were used to gather data. Results indicated that along the microcycles there was a decrease in high-intensity accelerations and decelerations distance completed, while maintaining other high-intensity actions. Furthermore, it was found that high-intensity movements contribute to the generation of thermal asymmetries in the thighs; the adductor thermal asymmetry showed a positive relationship with stress and muscle soreness, the knee thermal asymmetry had a positive relationship with fatigue and a negative relationship with rest and quality of rest, and finally the hamstrings muscles exhibited significant differences between the thermal asymmetry groups, with the high asymmetry completing less high intensity actions than the low asymmetry group. In conclusion, this study highlights the interconnections between physical demands, skin temperature, and well-being in elite football players and provides valuable insights for coaches and trainers in their efforts to optimize performance and health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Majano
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. De Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jorge Garcia-Unanue
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. De Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain.
| | - Ismael Fernández-Cuevas
- Research Department, ThermoHuman (R&D Department, ThermoHuman, Spain), Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Sciences for Physical Activity and Sport (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Alonso-Callejo
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. De Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Javier Sanchez-Sanchez
- School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. De Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Felipe
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. De Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
- Performance Analysis Department, UD Las Palmas, 35019, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gantois P, Piqueras-Sanchiz F, Cid MJFA, Pino-Ortega J, Castillo D, Nakamura FY. The effects of different small-sided games configurations on heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and running demands in professional soccer players. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:1214-1222. [PMID: 35723596 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2092427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of different small-sided games (SSG) configurations on heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and running demands in soccer players. Twelve male soccer players (U18) participated in this randomized cross-over study. Players performed three SSG in different "fixed" and "dynamic" pitch sizes (3v3 in large (SSGL) and small (SSGS) fixed area; or 3v3 in dynamic dimensions [SSGD]), with 4x4 minutes interspersed by 2 minutes of rest. HR measures (maximum [HRmax], average [HRavg], and percentage of maximum [%HRmax]), RPE, and running demands were collected across the SGG sessions. The following running activities were recorded: total distance covered (TD), distance covered (DC) at 6-12 km·h-1, ≥ 12-18 km·h-1, and >18 km·h-1, peak running speed, acceleration (ACC) and deceleration (DEC) at 1-2 m·s-2 and 2-3 m·s-2, player load, and high metabolic load distance (HMLD). SSGL displayed higher HRavg, %HRmax, and RPE values than SSGS (p < 0.05). SSGL resulted in higher TD, DC at 6-12 km·h-1, ≥ 12-18 km·h-1, > 18 km·h-1, and higher peak speed than SSGS and SSGD (p < 0.05). Moreover, SSGD presented higher TD and DC at 6-12 km·h-1 and ≥ 12-18 km·h-1 than SSGS (p < 0.05). In contrast, SSGD and SSGS showed higher number of ACC and DEC at 1-2 m·s-2 than SSGL (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the pitch size and playing area of the SSG can be manipulated to promote desired physiological and physical demands in young soccer players.HighlightsWe examined how fixed (small and large) or variable (dynamic) pitch sizes affected the psychophysiological and running demands of young soccer players during small-sided games.Small-sided games with larger pitch sizes and areas per player elicited greater psychophysiological and running demands than small areas.The pitch size designed in the current study does not appear to affect the number of acceleration and deceleration (> 2 m·s-2).Varying the pitch size during the small-sided games (i.e. dynamic condition) could be an interesting constraint to be considered by soccer coaches in order to enhance task variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Petrus Gantois
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education, UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Francisco Piqueras-Sanchiz
- Department of Sports and Computers Sciences, Physical Performance & Sports Research Center, Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | | | - José Pino-Ortega
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Education, University of Valladolid, Soria, Spain
| | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Espasa-Labrador J, Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe A, Montalvo AM, Carrasco-Marginet M, Irurtia A, Calleja-González J. Monitoring Internal Load in Women's Basketball via Subjective and Device-Based Methods: A Systematic Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23094447. [PMID: 37177651 PMCID: PMC10181569 DOI: 10.3390/s23094447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The monitoring of internal load in basketball can be used to understand the effects and potential physiological adaptations caused by external load. The main aim of this systematic review was to identify the methods and variables used to quantify internal load in female basketball. The studies included different populations and events: youth athletes, elite, and amateur players. Subjective methods included using the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) method, and sensor-based methods included monitoring the cardiac response to exercise, using heart rate (HR) as the primary metric. The results showed that the HRAvg exhibited a wider range of values during training than during competition, and different metrics were used to evaluate internal load, such as HRMax, HRmin, %HRMax, total time and % of time spent in different HR zones (2-8 zones), Banister's TRIMP, and summated HR zones. RPE and HR metrics were the most commonly used methods. However, the use of multiple metrics with little standardization resulted in significant heterogeneity among studies, limiting meaningful comparisons. The review provides a reference for current research on female basketball. Future research could address this limitation by adopting more consistent measurement protocols standardizing the use of metrics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Espasa-Labrador
- INEFC-Barcelona Research Group on Sport Sciences (GRCE), National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), 08038 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Azahara Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe
- FPCEE and FCS Blanquerna, SAFE Research Group, Ramon Llull University, 08022 Barcelona, Spain
- Segle XXI Female Basketball Team, Catalan Federation of Basketball, 08915 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Alicia M Montalvo
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Marta Carrasco-Marginet
- INEFC-Barcelona Research Group on Sport Sciences (GRCE), National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), 08038 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Irurtia
- INEFC-Barcelona Research Group on Sport Sciences (GRCE), National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), 08038 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria, Spain
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10110 Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Martínez-Serrano A, Freitas TT, Franquesa X, Enrich E, Mallol M, Alcaraz PE. Does External Load Reflect Acute Neuromuscular Fatigue and Rating of Perceived Exertion in Elite Young Soccer Players? J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e1-e7. [PMID: 35836311 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Martínez-Serrano, A, Freitas, TT, Franquesa, X, Enrich, E, Mallol, M, and Alcaraz, PE. Does external load reflect acute neuromuscular fatigue and rating of perceived exertion in elite young soccer players? J Strength Cond Res 37(3): e1-e7, 2023-This study aimed to analyze the acute and residual effects of increased high-speed running (HSR) demands during an in-season training microcycle in young elite soccer players on localized neuromuscular fatigue (NMF) of the knee extensors (KE), posterior chain muscles, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Thirty-four elite young soccer players (age = 17.1 ± 0.8 years) were assessed in 2 consecutive days at different time points (baseline, POST-activation gym-based session, POST-small-sided game [SSG], POST-training 1 [TR1], POST-6H, POST-24H, POST-preventive gym-based session, and POST-training 2 [TR2]). Neuromuscular fatigue of the KE and posterior chain muscles was measured with a maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). External (total distance, number of accelerations or decelerations, and HSR distance) and internal (RPE) load was assessed during the SSG, TR1, and TR2 sessions. Players were divided through a median split, into "HIGH" or "LOW" group according to the training demands. The alpha level was set at p ≤ 0.05. A 2-way mixed effects model ANOVA showed a significant decreased in 90:20 MVIC after TR1 in the "HIGH" HSR group ( p = 0.037; effect size [ES] = 0.45). No significant differences in RPE were found after TR1 ( p = 0.637; ES = 0.58) and TR2 ( p = 0.109; ES = 0.62) when comparing the "HIGH" HSR group with the "LOW" HSR group. Assessing player's force production capabilities can be an effective strategy to detect NMF when HSR demands are acutely increased. Special caution should be taken when prescribing the training load of the training session based solely on RPE, as NMF might be present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Martínez-Serrano
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy
| | - Tomás T Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy
- NAR-Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Xavi Franquesa
- Strength and Conditioning Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
- Barça Innovation Hub, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edgar Enrich
- Strength and Conditioning Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
- Barça Innovation Hub, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Milos Mallol
- Strength and Conditioning Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and
- Barça Innovation Hub, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro E Alcaraz
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Strength and Conditioning Society, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gamble ASD, Bigg JL, Pignanelli C, Nyman DLE, Burr JF, Spriet LL. Reliability and validity of an indoor local positioning system for measuring external load in ice hockey players. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:311-318. [PMID: 35062856 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2032371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study determined the reliability and validity of a Kinexon local positioning system (LPS) for measuring external load in ice hockey players during an on-ice session. Fourteen ice hockey players (25.1 y, 78.6 kg, 176.9 cm) wore two LPS sensors to examine the inter-sensor reliability of the LPS during an on-ice session, and LPS speed and acceleration were measured during 40 m linear on-ice sprints and compared to a previously validated robotic sprint device to examine LPS accuracy. The coefficient of variation (CV), standard error of measurement (SEM), and intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated for each LPS measure. Pearson's correlations, simple linear regressions, and Bland-Altman plots were used to test the agreement and relationship between the two systems. Statistical significance was determined at p < 0.05. The majority of LPS measures were reliable (CV < 10% and ICC > 0.9) when comparing the two sensors worn by each player. Peak speed, speed at 5 m, and 0-5 m acceleration were all comparable to those reported by the robotic sprint device, with nearly perfect (peak speed and 0-5 m acceleration) and very large (speed at 5 m) magnitudes of correlation and mean biases <0.5 km/hr for speed measures and <0.01 m/s2 for acceleration. The present results demonstrate that the Kinexon LPS is reliable and accurate for investigating on-ice external load in ice hockey players when sensors are consistently secured on the back of the players' shoulder pads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S D Gamble
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica L Bigg
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Pignanelli
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle L E Nyman
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie F Burr
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.,Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence L Spriet
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Oliva-Lozano JM, Martínez-Puertas H, Fortes V, Muyor JM. When do soccer players experience the most demanding passages of match play? A longitudinal study in a professional team. Res Sports Med 2023; 31:101-111. [PMID: 34162290 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1943390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study analysed the periods in which the most demanding passages (MDP) of play occurred during professional soccer matches, considering different criterion variables and investigating the effect that the playing position had on the MDP-of-play occurrence for each criterion variable. The MDP of play were calculated based on five criterion variables: distance covered (DIS), sprinting distance (SPD), high-metabolic load distance (HMLD), and the total of high-intensity accelerations and decelerations (ACCHIGH and DECHIGH). The results showed that the first period of the match (0'-15') was the interval with the highest frequency (i.e., the greatest % of cases) in which the players achieved the MDP of play for all the variables (DIS= 38.9%; SPD= 28.4%; HMLD= 37.7%; ACCHIGH= 54.3%; DECHIGH= 48.8%). The playing position had no significant effect on MDP-of-play occurrence in any variable (likelihood ratio, LR= 15.88-32.05; p > 0.05; effect size, ES= 0.01-0.04), except for the DIS covered (LR= 32.05; p= 0.04; ES= 0.05), in which the most frequent MDP for the full backs occurred within the second period of the match (15'-30'). In conclusion, the first periods of the matches usually elicited the MDP of play and these periods need to be trained to prevent injuries and optimize performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Víctor Fortes
- Unión Deportiva Almería, Sport Science Area, Almería, Spain
| | - José M Muyor
- Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,Laboratory of Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Ergonomics (KIBIOMER Lab.), Research Central Services, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hostrup M, Bangsbo J. Performance Adaptations to Intensified Training in Top-Level Football. Sports Med 2023; 53:577-594. [PMID: 36380164 PMCID: PMC9667002 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01791-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Because physical demands are surging in football (soccer, USA), clubs are more and more seeking players who have a high capacity to perform repeated intense exercise. High-intensity interval training (HIIT), comprising exercise performed at intensities near or exceeding the capacity of aerobic energy systems, effectively enhances the physical conditioning of players. But given that HIIT imposes high loads, it increases the risk of overload-associated match performance decline and injury. This makes some coaches inclined to conduct HIIT in the weeks leading up to the season and during the season. Therefore, the challenge is how to optimize and dose HIIT during these phases, as they can be decisive. Studies have highlighted the utility of conducting periods of intensified training to overcome the risk of overload while at the same time enhancing performance. During intensified training periods of typically a few weeks, intensity is increased by enlarging the amount of HIIT, for example, aerobic high-intensity training or speed endurance training, while volume at low-to-moderate intensity is significantly reduced. The outcome depends on training composition and prescription-most notably, intensity and duration of bouts and recovery. When work intervals are prescribed for a few minutes at intensities > 90% heart rate max (i.e., aerobic high-intensity training), then beneficial adaptations pertaining to aerobic power and capacity are apparent. But when work intervals are conducted at much higher intensities, as all-out efforts or sprinting of typically 10- to 40-s duration with longer recovery periods (i.e., speed endurance training), beneficial adaptations pertaining to anaerobic energy systems, ion handling, and fatigue resilience are commonly observed. In this review, we discuss the utility of conducting intensified training periods to enhance performance in elite football players during the late preparation phase and competitive season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morten Hostrup
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building 2nd Floor, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, August Krogh Building 2nd Floor, Universitetsparken 13, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
When and How Do Soccer Players From a Semi-Professional Club Sprint in Match Play? J Hum Kinet 2023; 86:195-204. [PMID: 37181255 PMCID: PMC10170543 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/159964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the periods in which sprints occurred during official matches and analyze these sprints considering the effect of the playing position and different contextual variables. Electronic performance and tracking systems were used for the analysis of all sprints performed by players. Matches were recorded by video and synchronized with performance tracking data. A total of 252 sprints were analyzed. The greatest frequency of sprints was observed in the period 1 (0’–15’), followed by period 2 (15’–30’) and period 6 (75’–90’), regardless of the playing position (χ2 = 31.35; p = 0.051). Most sprints were non-linear (non-linear sprints: 97.6%; linear sprints: 2.4%) and without ball possession (without ball possession: 95.2%; with ball possession: 4.8%) for all playing positions, but the role of the sprint and the field area in which the sprint occurred were dependent on the position (p < 0.001). Specifically, players covered ~17.55 m per sprint, starting at ~10.34 km/h, reaching ~26.74 km/h, maximally accelerating at ~2.73 m/s2, and decelerating at ~3.61 m/s2. Overall, the playing position and contextual variables had no significant effect on physical performance variables analyzed during these sprints. Therefore, this study allows performance practitioners to have a better understanding of when and how soccer players sprint in match-play. In this regard, this study presents some training and testing strategies that may be considered to improve performance and decrease injury risk.
Collapse
|
25
|
Ibáñez SJ, Piñar MI, García D, Mancha-Triguero D. Physical Fitness as a Predictor of Performance during Competition in Professional Women's Basketball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:988. [PMID: 36673748 PMCID: PMC9859287 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20020988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of physical fitness in team sports is enjoying greater importance in the training of professional teams. The objectives of this research were to characterize physical fitness and game indicators based on the game position. This is an empirical study, with a quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional methodology. In addition, different relationships between the level of physical fitness and the game indicators during the competition were determined. Finally, a predictive analysis of the selected variables was carried out in order to know the importance of the variables in the performance and at what time of the season they had the greatest impact. For this, a professional female basketball team (n = 12) with a mean age of 25.25 ± 7.617 years, height 178.25 ± 9.206 cm and a body mass of 72.33 ± 11.657 kg was analyzed. Each player was equipped with a WIMUPRO inertial device, and all competition statistics were analyzed. The results obtained show that there were no differences among all the skills evaluated and game indicators depending on the game position. Likewise, a relationship was determined between the level of physical fitness and the technical-tactical contribution, being different between different times of the season. Moreover, physical fitness only predicted the player's final performance in the competition for female player centers in the first and second rounds of the championship, and for forwards in the first round. Four physical-physiological profiles with contributions to the different ones during the competition were also determined. Finally, three groups of female players by playing position were identified according to their sport performance, namely PIR, high, medium and low ratings, associated with physical performances. In all groups, there were significant differences between playing positions, PIR and physical performances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio J. Ibáñez
- Group for Optimisation of Training and Sport Performance (GOERD), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | | | - David García
- Faculty of Sport Science, University of Granada, 18011 Granada, Spain
| | - David Mancha-Triguero
- Group for Optimisation of Training and Sport Performance (GOERD), Faculty of Sport Science, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Cardenal Spínola, CEU San Pablo Andalucía University, 41930 Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Oliva-Lozano JM, Fortes V, Muyor JM. When and how do elite soccer players sprint in match play? A longitudinal study in a professional soccer league. Res Sports Med 2023; 31:1-12. [PMID: 34000948 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1929224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to examine the periods in which the maximum speed actions occurred during elite soccer matches and analyse these actions considering the effect of playing position and different contextual variables. Performance-related variables (VMAX: maximum speed; Vo: starting speed; SPD: sprinting distance; ACCMAX: maximum acceleration; DECMAX: maximum deceleration) and sprint-related contextual variables (trajectory, ball possession, role, field area in which the action occurred) from each maximum speed action were collected. The first 15 minutes of each match half elicited most maximum speed actions (44.6% of cases), regardless of playing position (likelihood ratio, LR=13.95; p=0.95). However, playing position had a significant effect on the role of the action (Chi-Squared, χ2=50.68; p=0.001) and the field area in which the sprint occurred (χ2=26.54; p=0.001). Regarding the effect of different contextual variables on the sprint-related performance variables, no significant effect from any contextual variable on ACCMAX, DECMAX or Vo was found (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, the contextual variables had a significant effect on SPD (from ball possession: sprints without ball > sprints with ball; trajectory: non-linear sprints > linear sprints; role: offensive sprints > defensive sprints) and VMAX (from ball possession: sprints without ball > sprints with ball; playing position: midfielders < other positions).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Víctor Fortes
- Unión Deportiva Almería, Sport Science Area, Almería, Spain
| | - José M Muyor
- Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,Laboratory of Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Ergonomics (KIBIOMER Lab), Research Central Services, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pérez-Castillo ÍM, Rueda R, Bouzamondo H, López-Chicharro J, Mihic N. Biomarkers of post-match recovery in semi-professional and professional football (soccer). Front Physiol 2023; 14:1167449. [PMID: 37113691 PMCID: PMC10126523 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1167449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High-level football (soccer) players face intense physical demands that result in acute and residual fatigue, impairing their physical performance in subsequent matches. Further, top-class players are frequently exposed to match-congested periods where sufficient recovery times are not achievable. To evaluate training and recovery strategies, the monitoring of players' recovery profiles is crucial. Along with performance and neuro-mechanical impairments, match-induced fatigue causes metabolic disturbances denoted by changes in chemical analytes that can be quantified in different body fluids such as blood, saliva, and urine, thus acting as biomarkers. The monitoring of these molecules might supplement performance, neuromuscular and cognitive measurements to guide coaches and trainers during the recovery period. The present narrative review aims to comprehensively review the scientific literature on biomarkers of post-match recovery in semi-professional and professional football players as well as provide an outlook on the role that metabolomic studies might play in this field of research. Overall, no single gold-standard biomarker of match-induced fatigue exists, and a range of metabolites are available to assess different aspects of post-match recovery. The use of biomarker panels might be suitable to simultaneously monitoring these broad physiological processes, yet further research on fluctuations of different analytes throughout post-match recovery is warranted. Although important efforts have been made to address the high interindividual heterogeneity of available markers, limitations inherent to these markers might compromise the information they provide to guide recovery protocols. Further research on metabolomics might benefit from evaluating the long-term recovery period from a high-level football match to shed light upon new biomarkers of post-match recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - José López-Chicharro
- Real Madrid, Medical Services, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: José López-Chicharro,
| | - Niko Mihic
- Real Madrid, Medical Services, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zlojutro N, Eler S, Joksimovic M, Eler N, Marković S, Kukrić A, Goranovic K. Kinematic parameters and metabolic power in elite soccer players: A small sided a large sided games comparison. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1150713. [PMID: 37089420 PMCID: PMC10119402 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1150713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The goal of this paper is to determine what happens in one minute (on average) in kinematic parameters and metabolic power in small sided games (SSG) (3v3; 5v5) and large sided games (LSG) (10v10) and in which games kinematic parameters and metabolic power are best developed. Methods: The participants of this study were 22 professional football players, height 182.95±6.52 cm, mass 77.17±8.21 kg, body mass index (BMI) 22.97±1.47 kg/m2, body fat 9.85±2.55 %, aged 27.1±5.4 yrs, who played in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Data total distance (TD), maximum speed (MS), number of accelerations (nAcc), number of decelerations (nDec), number of sprints (nS), high intensity distance (Z4≥19.8 km/h), sprint distance (Z5≥25.2 km/h) and movements requiring a certain metabolic power (Pmet), were collected using a 20 Hz Global positioning system (GPS) system Pro2 (GPEXE, Exelio srl, Udine, Italy), on a total of 307 individual observations. Results: The results showed that the average total distance was significantly higher in the 5v5 (135.16±18.78 m) and 10v10 (133.43±20.06 m) games (F=64.26, p<0.001) compared to the 3v3 (108.24±11.26 m). Furthermore, the values of the variables Z4 (8.32±3.38 m, F=97.59), Z5 (1.84±1.53 m, F=123.64), nS (0.13±0.10 n, F=96.14) as well as Maxspeed (27.06±1.90 km/h, F=139.33), are statistically significantly higher (p<0.001) in the 10v10 game compared to the other two game formats. The average number of nAcc (0.40±0.32 n, F=9.86, p<0.001) and nDec (0.62±0.36 n, F=6.42, p<0.001) is statistically significantly higher in the 5v5 game. The results showed that the 5v5 game is significantly more metabolically demanding Pmet (2.76±0.67 W•kg-1, F=66.08, p<0.001) compared to the other two game formats. Discussion: The data presented in this paper can be used as a basis for the construction of specific exercises based on kinematic and physiological requirements, and for planning and programming microcycles in football.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja Zlojutro
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Serdar Eler
- Faculty of Sport Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Marko Joksimovic
- Faculty of Sports and Physical Education, University of Montenegro, Niksic, Montenegro
- *Correspondence: Marko Joksimovic,
| | - Nebahat Eler
- Vocational School of Physical Education and Sports, Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Zonguldak, Türkiye
| | - Saša Marković
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Aleksandar Kukrić
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Kosta Goranovic
- Faculty of Sports and Physical Education, University of Montenegro, Niksic, Montenegro
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Errekagorri I, Echeazarra I, Olaizola A, Castellano J. Evaluating Physical and Tactical Performance and Their Connection during Female Soccer Matches Using Global Positioning Systems. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 23:69. [PMID: 36616667 PMCID: PMC9823530 DOI: 10.3390/s23010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the tactical and physical performance during official matches of a women's soccer league and to correlate both dimensions in periods of 15 min. To do this, eight official matches of a semi-professional soccer team belonging to the Women's Second Division of Spain (Reto Iberdrola) were analysed during the 2020-2021 season. The variables recorded were classified into two dimensions: tactical variables (i.e., Width, Length, Height and Surface Area) and physical variables (i.e., Total Distance Covered (TD), Total Distance Covered in High-Speed Running (HSR) and Total Distance Covered in Sprint). The main results were: (1) there were no differences between the periods in any of the tactical dimension variables; (2) in the physical dimension, a significant decrease in TD and HSR was described at the end of the match (period 60-75); and (3) some positive correlations were found among some variables of the tactical and physical dimension at the beginning and at the end of the match (periods 0-15, 60-75 and 75-90). The findings of the study suggest that connecting the tactical and physical dimension in the interpretation of team performance would allow for a better understanding of player and team performance and during competition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibai Errekagorri
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Lasarte 71, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain
- Society, Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Lasarte 71, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain
| | - Ibon Echeazarra
- Department of Didactics of Corporal Expression, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Juan Ibáñez de Santo Domingo 1, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain
| | - Aratz Olaizola
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Lasarte 71, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain
| | - Julen Castellano
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Lasarte 71, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain
- Society, Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Lasarte 71, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Álava, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Martin-Sanchez ML, Oliva-Lozano JM, Garcia-Unanue J, Felipe JL, Moreno-Pérez V, Gallardo L, Sánchez-Sánchez J. Physical demands in Spanish male and female elite football referees during the competition: a prospective observational study. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 6:566-571. [PMID: 36342831 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2145015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze the physical demands of elite male and female field referees in match play and compare the physical demands between male and female football referees in the competition. METHODS Match data were collected from 36 elite football referees (19 males and 17 females) during a total of 409 football matches. Electronic performance and tracking systems based on global positioning systems (GPS) were used in this research. RESULTS Male referees experienced significantly greater physical demands (p < 0.05) in men league than female referees in women league for total distance, explosive distance, high-intensity breaking distance, total of sprints, sprinting distance, high-speed running distance, high-speed running actions, maximal speed, total of accelerations and decelerations, maximal acceleration and deceleration, acceleration/deceleration. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, strength and conditioning coaches should consider these gender differences in match demands to maximize the fitness-fatigue response of the referees since this may lead to a better performance during the decision-making process in the competition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Martin-Sanchez
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | | | - Jorge Garcia-Unanue
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Felipe
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Víctor Moreno-Pérez
- Sport Research Center, Miguel - Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain.,Center for Translational Research in Physiotherapy, Department of Pathology and Surgery, Miguel - Hernandez University of Elche, San Joan, Spain
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Olaizola A, Errekagorri I, Lopez-de-Ipina K, María Calvo P, Castellano J. Comparison of the External Load in Training Sessions and Official Matches in Female Football: A Case Report. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192315820. [PMID: 36497893 PMCID: PMC9736486 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the external load of training sessions using as a reference an official competition match in women's football in order to find if the training sessions replicate the competition demands. Twenty-two semi-professional football players were analyzed during 17 weeks in the first phase of the competitive period of the 2020-2021 season of Spanish women's football. In addition to the competition (Official Matches, OM), four types of sessions were distinguished: strength or intensity (INT), endurance or extensity (EXT), velocity (VEL), and activation or pre-competitive (PREOM). The external load variables recorded were total distance (TD), high-speed running (HSR), sprint (Sprint), accelerations (ACC2), decelerations (DEC2), player load (PL), distance covered per minute (TDmin), high metabolic load distance (HMLD), and total impacts. The main results were that the external load demanded was different according to the type of session, being, in all cases, much lower than OM. The variables referring to the neuromuscular demands (ACC2 and DEC2) were higher in the INT sessions, the TD variable in the EXT sessions and the velocity variables (HSR and Sprint) in the VEL sessions. We can conclude that there was an alternating horizontal distribution of training loads within the competitive micro-cycle in women's football, although the order was not the usual one for tactical periodization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aratz Olaizola
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Ibai Errekagorri
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Society, Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Karmele Lopez-de-Ipina
- Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge 01223, UK
- Department of Computers’ Arquitecture and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo M. Lardizabal, 1, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Pilar María Calvo
- Department of Computers’ Arquitecture and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Paseo M. Lardizabal, 1, 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Julen Castellano
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- Society, Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Alonso-Callejo A, García-Unanue J, Perez-Guerra A, Gomez D, Sánchez-Sánchez J, Gallardo L, Oliva-Lozano JM, Felipe JL. Effect of playing position and microcycle days on the acceleration speed profile of elite football players. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19266. [PMID: 36357478 PMCID: PMC9649751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23790-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the differences in the A-S profile of elite football players induced by playing position and the microcycle day. Players belonged to a second division club in the Spanish La Liga competition. They were classified into five playing positions: central defenders (CD), full backs (FB), midfielders (MF), wide midfielders (WMF) and forwards (FW). Microcycle days were categorised according to the days until matchday (MD, MD-1, MD-2, MD-3, MD-4 and MD-5). Data was collected along six microcycles, including one match per microcycle. The variables analysed were: maximal theoretical acceleration (A0), maximal theoretical speed (S0), maximal acceleration (ACCmax), maximal speed (Smax) and A-S slope (ASslope). Significant differences were found within positions and microcycle day for all variables (p < 0.05). Match day (MD) showed greater values than the training sessions in A0, ACCmax and Smax (p < 0.05). The highest values for variables associated with acceleration capabilities were found in CD on MD, whereas speed variables were higher in WMF. MD-2 showed the lowest values in all variables except for ASslope. Maximal acceleration and sprint abilities are therefore affected by playing position. Wide positions showed the highest speed capacity, and CD presented a likely acceleration profile. Higher values for all variables concerning the microcycle day, were achieved on MD, and were not reproduced during training with the consequent injury risk and performance decrease it takes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Alonso-Callejo
- grid.8048.40000 0001 2194 2329IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jorge García-Unanue
- grid.8048.40000 0001 2194 2329IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Andrés Perez-Guerra
- Performance Analysis Department, UD Las Palmas, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - David Gomez
- Performance Analysis Department, UD Las Palmas, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- grid.119375.80000000121738416School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C. Tajo, S/N, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- grid.8048.40000 0001 2194 2329IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jose María Oliva-Lozano
- grid.28020.380000000101969356Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Almería, Spain ,Unión Deportiva Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Felipe
- grid.8048.40000 0001 2194 2329IGOID Research Group, Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain ,Performance Analysis Department, UD Las Palmas, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sánchez MLM, Oliva-Lozano JM, García-Unanue J, Krustrup P, Felipe JL, Moreno-Pérez V, Gallardo L, Sánchez-Sánchez J. Association between Fitness Level and Physical Match Demands of Professional Female Football Referees. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191710720. [PMID: 36078434 PMCID: PMC9518354 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the physical demands for elite female referees during competitive matches and to evaluate the relationship between match performance and fitness levels. Seventeen female elite field referees were fitness-tested (29.0 ± 5.2 (SD) years, 163.8 ± 6.7 cm, 54.0 ± 5.1 kg, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (YYIR1) performance 1610 ± 319 m) and were analysed during a total of 187 football matches. Global positioning systems (GPS) were used in this research. The physical demands were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the second half of matches compared to the first half. Regarding the acceleration-related variables, the female referees revealed a higher number of high-intensity actions in the first half compared to the second half. However, higher low-intensity demands were observed for the females referees in the second half compared to the first half in the total number of accelerations (ACC) (~70.48 n; ES = 0.61; p < 0.05) and decelerations (DEC) (~71.11 n; ES = 0.62; p < 0.05); total number of ACC in zone 1 (~85.27 n; ES = 0.70; p < 0.05) and DEC in zone 1 (Z1) (~83.98 n; ES = 0.71; p < 0.05); and distance covered accelerating and decelerating in Z1. The distance covered in YYIR1 and the performance in the repeated sprint ability test correlated with the physical demands during matches for female football referees (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study described the physical performance profile of female football referees and differences between the first and second halves of matches were observed. The results of this study revealed positive correlations between intermittent exercise fitness levels, the repeated sprint ability performance and match performance in female football referees, and thus this information can be implemented in their training plan designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Luisa Martín Sánchez
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Calle Tajo, s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Peter Krustrup
- Faculty of Health Science, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jose Luis Felipe
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Calle Tajo, s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Moreno-Pérez
- Center for Translational Research in Physiotherapy, Department of Pathology and Surgery, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, 03202 San Joan, Spain
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45004 Toledo, Spain
| | - Javier Sánchez-Sánchez
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Calle Tajo, s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Oliveira Júnior O, Chiari R, Lopes WR, Abreu KC, Lopes AD, Fialho G, Lasmar RCP, Bittencourt NFN, Leopoldino AAO. VALIDATION AND RELIABILITY BETWEEN EXTERNAL LOAD ANALYSIS DEVICES FOR SOCCER PLAYERS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202228042021_0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective: To test the reliability between two instruments with different analysis mechanisms, either by GPS (model GPSPORTS®) or by video analysis (InStat For Players®), relating the results of total distance covered and distance at high speed ≥ 20km/h (Very High-Intensity Running Distance, VHIR) during official soccer matches. Study Design: This is a methodological study. Data from 35 male professional soccer athletes from all tactical positions were included. Age 29.2 (± 4.8 years) and body fat 9.9 (± 1.7%), excluding goalkeepers (102 individual analyzes) were collected in official matches. In the data analysis, descriptive statistics procedures were used to characterize the sample and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to verify the agreement on the stability and internal consistency of the tests with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: The ICC in the case of the total distance traveled variable was significant 0,914 (0,876; 0,941) and indicated a very high agreement, with the linear correlation coefficient indicating a strong positive correlation (p <0.001). The ICC for the VHIR variable was not significant, although the linear correlation coefficient indicates a strong positive correlation (p <0.001). Clinical Relevance Statment: This study reveals that there is good agreement in the comparison of two systems designed to analyze the movement demands of each professional soccer athlete in relation to the total distance covered. Level of Evidence I; Methodological Study - Investigation of a diagnostic test.
Collapse
|
35
|
Rico-González M, Illa J, Nakamura FY, Pino-Ortega J. Reducing Big Data to Principal Components for Position-Specific Futsal Training. Percept Mot Skills 2022; 129:1546-1562. [PMID: 35830493 DOI: 10.1177/00315125221115014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Since training/competition loads must be quickly assessed and interpreted to inform exercise prescription, big data should be simplified through multivariate data analysis. Our aim in the present research was to highlight which variables from big data analyses provided the most relevant information for describing the behavior of top-level futsal players in their different playing positions (i.e., goalkeeper, defenders, wingers, and forwards). We collected data from four top-level Spanish teams that participated in the final rounds of a national tournament. Through principal component analysis (PCA) we grouped 6-9 variables in 3-4 PCs that explained 62-81% of total variance, depending on playing positions. The most relevant variables explaining goalkeepers' performance were accelerations per minute, maximum acceleration (m/s2), 5-8 impacts per minute, and < 3 takeoffs per minute. Defenders' behavior was best explained by absolute distance covered from 6-12 km/h (m/min) and from 18-21 km/h (m/min), from 5-8 landings per minute, and > 8 landings per minute. Wingers' and pivots' performances were mainly explained by accelerations and decelerations, together with a high level of aerobic endurance (especially for wingers). These findings allow for individualized training and game analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markel Rico-González
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of the Basque Country, Leioa, Spain.,BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research group, Department of Physical activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Murcia
| | - Jordi Illa
- Sports Performance Area, 523641Fútbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fabio Yuzo Nakamura
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, Brazil.,Research Centre in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, Maia, Portugal
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- BIOVETMED & SPORTSCI Research group, Department of Physical activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, San Javier, Murcia.,Faculty of Sports Sciences, 567872University of Murcia, San Javier, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Errekagorri I, Castellano J, Los Arcos A, Rico-González M, Pino-Ortega J. Different Sampling Frequencies to Calculate Collective Tactical Variables during Competition: A Case of an Official Female's Soccer Match. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:4508. [PMID: 35746288 PMCID: PMC9230581 DOI: 10.3390/s22124508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to assess the impact of the sampling frequency on the outcomes of collective tactical variables during an official women’s soccer match. To do this, the first half (lasting 46 min) of an official league match of a semi-professional soccer team belonging to the Women’s Second Division of Spain (Reto Iberdrola) was analysed. The collective variables recorded were classified into three main groups: point-related variable (i.e., change in geometrical centre position (cGCp)), distance-related variables (i.e., width, length, height, distance from the goalkeeper to the near defender and mean distance between players), and area-related variables (i.e., surface area). Each variable was measured using eight different sampling frequencies: data every 100 (10 Hz), 200 (5 Hz), 250 (4 Hz), 400 (2.5 Hz), 500 (2 Hz), 1000 (1 Hz), 2000 (0.5 Hz), and 4000 ms (0.25 Hz). With the exception of cGCp, the outcomes of the collective tactical variables did not vary depending on the sampling frequency used (p > 0.05; Effect Size < 0.001). The results suggest that a sampling frequency of 0.5 Hz would be sufficient to measure the collective tactical variables that assess distance and area during an official soccer match.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibai Errekagorri
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Lasarte 71, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (J.C.); (A.L.A.)
- Society, Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Lasarte 71, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Julen Castellano
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Lasarte 71, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (J.C.); (A.L.A.)
- Society, Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Lasarte 71, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Asier Los Arcos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Lasarte 71, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (J.C.); (A.L.A.)
- Society, Sports and Physical Exercise Research Group (GIKAFIT), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Lasarte 71, 01007 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Markel Rico-González
- Department of Didactics of Musical, Plastic and Corporal Expression, Faculty of Education, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain;
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Murcia, Argentina 19, 30720 Murcia, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Applying Different Strategies of Task Constraint Manipulation in Small-Sided and Conditioned Games: How Do They Impact Physical and Tactical Demands? SENSORS 2022; 22:s22124435. [PMID: 35746216 PMCID: PMC9227788 DOI: 10.3390/s22124435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate how different strategies of task constraint manipulation impact physical and tactical demands in small-sided and conditioned games (SSCG). Ten recreational U-17 soccer players participated in this study (16.89 ± 0.11 years). We used different strategies of task manipulation to design two 4 vs. 4 SSCG: Structural SSCG and Functional SSCG. In Structural SSCG, pitch format and goal sizes were manipulated, while in Functional SSCG, players were allowed to kick the ball twice and at least 5 passes to shoot at the opponent’s goal. Players participated in four Structural and Functional SSCG, of five minutes duration with a two-minute interval in between. Players’ physical performance and tactical behavior were assessed using the WIMU PROTM inertial device. Structural SSCG stimulated players to cover more distance in sprinting (p = 0.003) and high-speed running (p < 0.001). Regarding tactical behavior, Structural SSCG stimulated players to explore game space better (p < 0.001). Moreover, Functional SSCG stimulated players to be closer to the ball, decreasing the effective playing space (p = 0.008). We conclude that these strategies of task constraint manipulation impact physical and tactical demands of the game.
Collapse
|
38
|
Portes R, Navarro Barragán RM, Calleja-González J, Gómez-Ruano MÁ, Jiménez Sáiz SL. Physical Persistency across Game Quarters and during Consecutive Games in Elite Junior Basketball Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095658. [PMID: 35565053 PMCID: PMC9099518 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Given the intermittent nature of basketball and the different demands that occur during playing time that are specific to every level of competition, the ratio of accelerations/decelerations and the intensity level across quarters were evaluated in female elite junior basketball players (n = 48; age: 16.8 ± 0.7 years; height: 1.76 ± 0.07 cm; body mass: 67.2 ± 6.2 kg). The following variables were analyzed to determine physical persistency across game quarters:(a) total distance covered (m), (b) high-intensity running (HIR) (14–21 km·h−1) distance covered (m), (c) sprint (21–30 km·h−1) distance covered (m), (d) total accelerations (n), (e) total decelerations (n), (f) relative accelerations (n·min−1), (g) relative decelerations (n·min−1), (h) ratio of acceleration/deceleration (A/D), (i) total jumps (j) relative jumps (n·min−1) (k) player load (AU). using the WIMU PRO® system. Higher but shorter acceleration intensity occurred during the last quarters due to the tight results of the matches. The results suggest that high-intensity efforts such as sprints and HIR seem to increase the A/D ratio (guard and forward positions). Therefore, specific conditioning, as well as eccentric strength training, could be included by practitioners in training programs to improve the performance of these positions during competition, especially as a prior preparation to a game-congested event. Centers seem to have a more variable performance through quarters than do other positions, perhaps highlighting the need for specific conditioning strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Portes
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea De Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (R.P.); (R.M.N.B.)
| | | | - Julio Calleja-González
- Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01007 Vitoria, Spain;
| | - Miguel Ángel Gómez-Ruano
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Technical University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
García-Ceberino JM, Bravo A, de la Cruz-Sánchez E, Feu S. Analysis of Intensities Using Inertial Motion Devices in Female Soccer: Do You Train like You Compete? SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:2870. [PMID: 35458863 PMCID: PMC9027575 DOI: 10.3390/s22082870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Intensity research in female soccer is limited. This study aimed to investigate whether female professional soccer players train with external and internal intensities similar to those recorded in real competition. The specific players' position, the game situation and training task type were analyzed in a total of 18 female players (26.25 ± 3.89 years). The empirical, descriptive and associative study was structured into two parts. Part 1: characterizing the training sessions (n = 13) and official matches (n = 3) using the Integral Analysis System of Training Tasks. The association between sports planning variables was evaluated using adjusted standardized residuals from contingency tables, Chi-Square and Fisher tests, as well as the Phi and Cramer's V coefficients. The main findings show that the coach and/or physical trainer predominantly planned training sessions using small-sided games, which integrate physical fitness and tactical-technical behaviors of the game and imply a medium-high subjective external intensity (20.63 ± 5.79 points). The subjective external intensity of the matches was very high (30.00 ± 0.00 points). Part 2: quantifying the external and internal intensity through the inertial motion devices and heart rate monitors. Differences in the intensities according to the type of session (training session and match), specific position of the players, game situation and type of the training task were assessed through different statistical tests. By specific position (Kruskal-Wallis H and one-factor ANOVA tests), defenders performed fewer accelerations/min and decelerations/min, while they recorded higher heart rates in training sessions and official matches. In contrast, the wingbacks performed higher accelerations/min and decelerations/min in training sessions and official matches. The wingers had the lowest heart rate in official matches. Regarding the game situation (Kruskal-Wallis H test) measured during training sessions, the unopposed tasks recorded higher accelerations/min and decelerations/min, while the small-sided games and full games recorded higher values in the rest of the intensities (both subjective and objective). With regard to the type of training task (Kruskal-Wallis H test), the simple application exercises recorded higher accelerations/min and decelerations/min. Distance in meters/min was greater in the complex application exercises. High-intensity activity/min and player load/min were higher in the simple specific game. In addition, modified sport and real game recorded higher subjective external intensity*min, sprints/min and heart rate. Furthermore, training sessions differed statistically (Mann-Whitney U test) from official matches in terms of subjective intensity and the objective external and internal intensity variables weighted by minutes. For all these reasons, female players do not train (training sessions) as they compete (official matches). The use of inertial motion devices has made it possible to quantify intensities during training sessions and real competition in soccer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. García-Ceberino
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain;
- Optimization of Training and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Ana Bravo
- Sport Extremadura, Sports Club, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
| | | | - Sebastián Feu
- Optimization of Training and Sports Performance Research Group (GOERD), University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
- Faculty of Education, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gamble ASD, Bigg JL, Nyman DLE, Spriet LL. Local Positioning System-Derived External Load of Female and Male Varsity Ice Hockey Players During Regular Season Games. Front Physiol 2022; 13:831723. [PMID: 35283770 PMCID: PMC8914021 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.831723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purposes of this study were to quantify the external load for female and male varsity ice hockey players during regular season games using a local positioning system (LPS), compare LPS-derived external load between sexes and positions, and compare skating distances in absolute and relative speed zones. Methods Data were collected for 21 female (7 defense, 14 forwards; 20.0 ± 1.4 yrs., 69.1 ± 6.7 kg, 167.1 ± 5.4 cm) and 25 male (8 defense, 17 forwards; 21.9 ± 1.1 yrs., 85.9 ± 5.4 kg, 181.1 ± 5.2 cm) varsity ice hockey players. Measures included skating distance (total, and in absolute and relative speed zones), peak skating speed, peak acceleration and deceleration, accumulative acceleration load, and number of accelerations, decelerations, turns, skating transitions, direction changes, and impacts. Results Female and male players had a high external load during games, with average peak skating speeds >28 km/h and average skating distances >4.4 km. Most LPS-derived measures showed greater external load in males than females (p < 0.05). Forwards skated further at higher speeds compared to defense in both sexes (p < 0.001). Skating distances were significantly different when comparing absolute and relative speed zones (p < 0.001), with absolute speed zones potentially overestimating skating at very slow, very fast, and sprint speeds and underestimating skating at slow and moderate speeds. Conclusion This was the first study to measure external load in female ice hockey players with a LPS. Both female and male varsity players had high external loads during games, with forwards having greater external load at higher intensities and defense having greater external load at lower intensities. Sex and positional differences outline the importance of individualized athlete monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. D. Gamble
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Alexander S. D. Gamble,
| | - Jessica L. Bigg
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Danielle L. E. Nyman
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Lawrence L. Spriet
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Impact of match-related contextual variables on weekly training load in a professional soccer team: a full season study. Biol Sport 2022; 39:125-134. [PMID: 35173371 PMCID: PMC8805347 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.102927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyse the impact of match-related contextual variables (match location, match outcome and level of the opponent) on the weekly training load in a professional soccer team throughout a full competitive season. Total distance, high-speed running distance (HSRD, > 18 km·h-1), highmetabolic load distance (HMLD, > 25.5 W·kg-1), player load and total number of impacts (above 3 G) were collected from training and match sessions in professional soccer players (n = 25) competing in LaLiga123. Comparisons of external load parameters by each match-related contextual variable were examined using a mixed-effect model. Differences between playing positions were found for total distance (p < 0.05; r = 0.11–0.15), HSRD (p < 0.05; r = 0.13–0.19), HMLD (p < 0.05; r = 0.12–0.19), player load (p < 0.05; r = 0.11–0.19) and impacts (p < 0.05; r = 0.15–0.26). However, no significant interaction was observed between match-related contextual variables and playing position for any variable (p > 0.05). In addition, a significant impact of match outcome (p < 0.05; r = 0.11–0.15), opponent level (p < 0.05; r = 0.11–0.17) and match location (p < 0.05; r = 0.14–0.20) on the weekly training load (before and after the match) was observed. In conclusion, match-related contextual variables seem to slightly affect weekly external training load. Thus, coaching and medical departments could consider the influence of these contextual variables when prescribing the training load relative to the match demands.
Collapse
|
42
|
Oliva-Lozano JM, Conte D, Fortes V, Muyor JM. Exploring the Use of Player Load in Elite Soccer Players. Sports Health 2022; 15:61-66. [PMID: 35034515 PMCID: PMC9808829 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211065768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aims of this study were to (1) analyze the distribution of the player load (PLTOTAL) in 3 axes of movement (PLAP, anterior-posterior; PLML, medial-lateral; PLV, vertical) during elite soccer matches, (2) investigate the effect of playing position on PL-related variables, and (3) explore the association between PLTOTAL and distance covered by the players. HYPOTHESIS Despite different load distribution between axes of movement, PLTOTAL might be used as a body load indicator for all playing positions. STUDY DESIGN Longitudinal study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS Data were collected from elite soccer players using WIMU Pro tracking systems, which included inertial sensors. RESULTS The axis of movement had a significant effect on the distribution of the load (P < 0.001; conditional R2 = 0.91), with the greatest contribution from the PLV (P < 0.001; d = 5.41-5.86). Moreover, no effect of playing position on PLTOTAL, PLV, PLML, or PLAP was observed (P > 0.05). Finally, a large correlation was found between PLTOTAL and distance covered, and the linear mixed model showed that distance may be predicted by the PLTOTAL (conditional R2 = 0.81; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Differences in load distribution were based on the axis of movement, although playing position had no effect on any variable. The selection of either distance covered, which is representative of a 2-dimensional analysis, or PLTOTAL, which is representative of a 3-dimensional analysis, may be adequate for monitoring locomotor demands or accelerometer-derived load. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Training strategies that focus on the vertical component of match play should be adopted. In addition, given that PLTOTAL is an accelerometry-based metric, which combines the accelerations in anterior-posterior, medial-lateral, and vertical planes, strength and conditioning coaches may use this parameter as a measure of total body load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José M. Oliva-Lozano
- Health Research Centre, University of
Almería, Almería, Spain
- José M. Oliva-Lozano, MSc,
University of Almería, Edificio Central A. Carretera Sacramento s/n, La Cañada
de San Urbano, Almería, 04120, Spain ()
(Twitter: @jmolivalozano)
| | - Daniele Conte
- Institute of Sport Science and
Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | - José M. Muyor
- Health Research Centre, University of
Almería, Almería, Spain
- Laboratory of Kinesiology, Biomechanics
and Ergonomics (KIBIOMER Lab), Research Central Services, University of Almería,
Almería, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Castillo D, Raya-González J, Weston M, Yanci J. Distribution of External Load During Acquisition Training Sessions and Match Play of a Professional Soccer Team. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:3453-3458. [PMID: 31469765 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Castillo, D, Raya-González, J, Weston, M, and Yanci, J. Distribution of external load during acquisition training sessions and match play of a professional soccer team. J Strength Cond Res 35(12): 3453-3458, 2021-The aim of this study was to use global position systems to analyze the external loads of the 3 different acquisition training sessions (ATS) with competitive matches in professional soccer players over a 6-week period. Sixteen professional soccer players participated in the study, which analyzed the distribution of external load during the training microcycle of a professional soccer team. The 3 types of ATS undertaken by the players were as follows: ATS1 (strength), ATS2 (endurance), and ATS3 (speed). The total distance covered, the distance covered at above 14 km·h-1, the distance covered >21 km·h-1, the number of high accelerations (>3 m·s-2), and player load were recorded. The results showed that external loads were consistently higher during matches when compared with all training sessions (range of effect sizes: 1.06-3.38). Between training session comparisons revealed higher external loads during ATS1 and ATS2, when compared with ATS3 (range of effect sizes: 0.60-2.41). The only external load variable that differed between ATS1 and ATS2 was the distance covered >21 km·h-1, which was higher for ATS1. Our findings suggest that technical staff should consider the physical demands of weekly periodization to understand the training process regarding optimizing player physical performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | | | - Matthew Weston
- Department of Psychology, Sport & Exercise, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom; and
| | - Javier Yanci
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Oliva-Lozano JM, Muyor JM. Understanding the FIFA quality performance reports for electronic performance and tracking systems: from science to practice. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2021; 6:398-403. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1984557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José M. Oliva-Lozano
- Department of Education , Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - José M. Muyor
- Department of Education, Laboratory of Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Ergonomics (Kibiomer Lab.), Research Central Services, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Rojas-Valverde D, Gómez-Carmona CD, Bastida Castillo A, Nakamura FY, Giménez-Martínez E, Matabosch-Pijuán M, Bernal JR, Pino-Ortega J. A longitudinal analysis and data mining of the most representative external workload indicators of the whole elite Mexican soccer clubs elite Mexican soccer clubS. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1996131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Rojas-Valverde
- Centro de Investigación y Diagnóstico en Salud y Deporte (CIDISAD), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
- Clínica de Lesiones Deportivas (Rehab & Readapt), Escuela Ciencias del Movimiento Humano y Calidad de Vida, Universidad Nacional, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Carlos D. Gómez-Carmona
- Grupo de Investigación en Optimización Del Entrenamiento y Rendimiento Deportivo (Goerd), Departamento de Didáctica de la Música, Plástica y Expresión Corporal, Universidad de Extremadura. Cáceres, Extremadura, España
| | - Alejandro Bastida Castillo
- BioVetMed & Sport Sci Research Group. Departamento de Actividad Física y Deporte. Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Murcia, San Javier, Murcia, España
| | - Fabio Y. Nakamura
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development (CIDESD), University Institute of Maia (Ismai), Maia, Portugal
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education Upe/ufpb, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jose R. Bernal
- Centro de Innovación Tecnológica, Liga BBVA, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- BioVetMed & Sport Sci Research Group. Departamento de Actividad Física y Deporte. Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Murcia, San Javier, Murcia, España
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Phatak AA, Wieland FG, Vempala K, Volkmar F, Memmert D. Artificial Intelligence Based Body Sensor Network Framework-Narrative Review: Proposing an End-to-End Framework using Wearable Sensors, Real-Time Location Systems and Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning Algorithms for Data Collection, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery in Sports and Healthcare. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:79. [PMID: 34716868 PMCID: PMC8556803 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
With the rising amount of data in the sports and health sectors, a plethora of applications using big data mining have become possible. Multiple frameworks have been proposed to mine, store, preprocess, and analyze physiological vitals data using artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms. Comparatively, less research has been done to collect potentially high volume, high-quality 'big data' in an organized, time-synchronized, and holistic manner to solve similar problems in multiple fields. Although a large number of data collection devices exist in the form of sensors. They are either highly specialized, univariate and fragmented in nature or exist in a lab setting. The current study aims to propose artificial intelligence-based body sensor network framework (AIBSNF), a framework for strategic use of body sensor networks (BSN), which combines with real-time location system (RTLS) and wearable biosensors to collect multivariate, low noise, and high-fidelity data. This facilitates gathering of time-synchronized location and physiological vitals data, which allows artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML)-based time series analysis. The study gives a brief overview of wearable sensor technology, RTLS, and provides use cases of AI/ML algorithms in the field of sensor fusion. The study also elaborates sample scenarios using a specific sensor network consisting of pressure sensors (insoles), accelerometers, gyroscopes, ECG, EMG, and RTLS position detectors for particular applications in the field of health care and sports. The AIBSNF may provide a solid blueprint for conducting research and development, forming a smooth end-to-end pipeline from data collection using BSN, RTLS and final stage analytics based on AI/ML algorithms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin A Phatak
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sports University, Cologne, Germany.
| | | | | | - Frederik Volkmar
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sports University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Daniel Memmert
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sports University, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Integrating video tracking and GPS to quantify accelerations and decelerations in elite soccer. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18531. [PMID: 34535734 PMCID: PMC8448836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97903-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the degree of agreement comparing number and distance covered in different acceleration and deceleration sections registered by a video tracking system (MEDIACOACH) and a GPS device (WIMU PRO) during official competition. Data from a Spanish professional club were registered over the course of a season. First, the descriptive statistics presented more bursts of accelerations and decelerations in WIMU PRO than in MEDIACOACH, whereas the distances covered recorded by both systems were similar. Second, negative relationships were found (i.e., negative bias) comparing WIMU PRO to MEDIACOACH in the number of accelerations and decelerations between 0/1 m/s2 and ½ m/s2 (p < 0.05), and in the distances covered in accelerations and decelerations (p < 0.05) between 0/1 m/s2 and in accelerations and decelerations registered between 2/3 m/s2 and more than 3 m/s2. Moreover, the differences in means (i.e., standardized mean bias) across the two devices were trivial (> 0.19) and small (0.2-0.59) for most variables. The standardized typical errors in the estimate (TEE) were moderate (0.3-0.59) and small to moderate (0.1-0.29 to 0.3-0.59), respectively. Also, the Intra class Correlation Coefficients (ICCs) for agreement and consistency between systems showed good and excellent values (> 0.90). The magnitude of change in means (%) between systems, defined as the percentage change between the numbers or values, was below 14% and 7% for number and distances covered, respectively. All scores in the smallest worthwhile change were lower than 9% and in the coefficients of variation were lower than 95% and 15%, respectively. Thus, both systems demonstrated an acceptable degree of agreement and could be useful in analyzing players' acceleration demands in professional soccer. However, caution is required when interpreting the results and a comparison with a gold standard is required in order to validate both systems.
Collapse
|
48
|
Font R, Karcher C, Reche X, Carmona G, Tremps V, Irurtia A. Monitoring external load in elite male handball players depending on playing positions. Biol Sport 2021; 38:475-481. [PMID: 34475629 PMCID: PMC8329973 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.101123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring workload is critical for elite training and competition, as well as preventing potential sports injuries. The assessment of external load in team sports has been provided with new technologies that help coaches to individualize training and optimize their team's playing system. In this study we characterized the physical demands of an elite handball team during an entire sports season. Novel data are reported for each playing position of this highly strenuous body-contact team sport. Sixteen world top players (5 wings, 2 centre backs, 6 backs, 3 line players) were equipped with a local positioning system (WIMU PRO) during fourteen official Spanish first league matches. Playing time, total distance covered at different running speeds, and acceleration variables were monitored. During a handball match, wings cover the greater distance by high-speed running (> 5.0 m·s-1): 410.3 ± 193.2 m, and by sprint (> 6.7 m·s-1): 98.0 ± 75.4 m. Centre backs perform the following playing position that supports the highest speed intensities during the matches: high-speed running: 243.2 ± 130.2 m; sprint: 62.0 ± 54.2 m. Centre backs also register the largest number of high-intensity decelerations (n = 142.7 ± 59.5) compared to wings (n = 112.9 ± 56.0), backs (n = 105.2 ± 49.2) and line players: 99.6 ± 28.9). This study provides helpful information for professional coaches and their technical staff to optimize training load and individualize the physical demands of their elite male handball players depending on each playing position.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roger Font
- Sport Performance Area FC Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- School of Health Sciences, Tecnocampus, Pompeu Fabra University, Mataró, Spain
| | - Claude Karcher
- University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Medicine, Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Muscular Protection laboratory (EA 3072), Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg, Faculty of Sport Sciences, European Centre for Education, Research and Innovation in Exercise Physiology (CEERIPE), Strasbourg, France
| | - Xavier Reche
- Sport Performance Area FC Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerard Carmona
- Sport Performance Area FC Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Health Sciences, Tecnocampus, Pompeu Fabra University, Mataró, Spain
| | - Victor Tremps
- Sport Performance Area FC Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Irurtia
- INEFC-Barcelona Sport Sciences Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan School of Kinanthropometry, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Influence of bout duration on exercise demands during 4v4 small-sided games in elite young football players. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00821-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
50
|
Castillo D, Rodríguez-Fernández A, Nakamura FY, Sanchez-Sanchez J, Ramirez-Campillo R, Yanci J, Zubillaga A, Raya-González J. Influence of Different Small-Sided Game Formats on Physical and Physiological Demands and Physical Performance in Young Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2287-2293. [PMID: 30908372 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Castillo, D, Rodríguez-Fernández, A, Nakamura, FY, Sanchez-Sanchez, J, Ramirez-Campillo, R, Yanci, J, Zubillaga, A, and Raya-González, J. Influence of different small-sided game formats on physical and physiological demands and physical performance in young soccer players. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2287-2293, 2021-The aim of this study was to quantify the acute impact of bout duration and individual interaction space on physical and physiological demands and on physical performance. Ten young male soccer players (age: 14.8 ± 0.6 years) from the same team playing in the National U-16 Division participated. Physical (total distance [TD]; distance covered at different speeds; and maximum velocity [Velmax]) and physiological (peak [HRpeak] and mean [HRmean] heart rate) parameters were collected for every bout during each small-sided game (SSG) format. Moreover, the effects of SSGs on horizontal jump (HJ) and 30-m sprint performances were evaluated. The SSG formats were composed of 6 players a side (including goalkeepers) and included 4 repetitions of 6 minutes in a space of 100 m2 (SSG1) or 200 m2 (SSG2) and 6 repetitions of 4 minutes in 100 m2 (SSG3) or 200 m2 (SSG4). The TD, the distance covered at different speeds, and Velmax were greater (p < 0.01, effect size [ES] = 1.25-5.95, large) in SSG2 and SSG4 than SSG1 and SSG3, respectively. Furthermore, the HRmean and HRpeak were lower (p < 0.05, ES = 1.53-2.23, large) during SSG3 than other SSGs. In addition, while a significant (p < 0.05, ES = 0.70-2.04, moderate to large) increase in SPR30 time in SSG1 and SSG3 was observed, HJ performance was not affected (p > 0.05, ES = 0.03-0.54, trivial to moderate) by any SSG format. These findings suggest increasing pitch size to induce greater physical demands and to use SSGs with smaller pitch size, and independently of the bout duration, to induce neuromuscular fatigue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Castillo
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | | | - Fábio Yuzo Nakamura
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Pescara, Italy
- The College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- Associate Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - Javier Sanchez-Sanchez
- Research Group Planning and Assessment of Training and Athletic Performance, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Laboratory of Human Performance, Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile ; and
| | - Javier Yanci
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Asier Zubillaga
- Physical Education and Sport Department, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|