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Dorfschmidt L, Váša F, White SR, Romero-García R, Kitzbichler MG, Alexander-Bloch A, Cieslak M, Mehta K, Satterthwaite TD, Bethlehem RAI, Seidlitz J, Vértes PE, Bullmore ET. Human adolescent brain similarity development is different for paralimbic versus neocortical zones. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314074121. [PMID: 39121162 PMCID: PMC11331068 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314074121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Adolescent development of human brain structural and functional networks is increasingly recognized as fundamental to emergence of typical and atypical adult cognitive and emotional proodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data collected from N [Formula: see text] 300 healthy adolescents (51%; female; 14 to 26 y) each scanned repeatedly in an accelerated longitudinal design, to provide an analyzable dataset of 469 structural scans and 448 functional MRI scans. We estimated the morphometric similarity between each possible pair of 358 cortical areas on a feature vector comprising six macro- and microstructural MRI metrics, resulting in a morphometric similarity network (MSN) for each scan. Over the course of adolescence, we found that morphometric similarity increased in paralimbic cortical areas, e.g., insula and cingulate cortex, but generally decreased in neocortical areas, and these results were replicated in an independent developmental MRI cohort (N [Formula: see text] 304). Increasing hubness of paralimbic nodes in MSNs was associated with increased strength of coupling between their morphometric similarity and functional connectivity. Decreasing hubness of neocortical nodes in MSNs was associated with reduced strength of structure-function coupling and increasingly diverse functional connections in the corresponding fMRI networks. Neocortical areas became more structurally differentiated and more functionally integrative in a metabolically expensive process linked to cortical thinning and myelination, whereas paralimbic areas specialized for affective and interoceptive functions became less differentiated, as hypothetically predicted by a developmental transition from periallocortical to proisocortical organization of the cortex. Cytoarchitectonically distinct zones of the human cortex undergo distinct neurodevelopmental programs during typical adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Dorfschmidt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0SZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA19139
| | - František Váša
- Department of Neuroimaging, King’s College London, LondonSE5 8AF, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R. White
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael Romero-García
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0SZ, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Universidad de Sevilla, Centro de Investigación Biomédica En Red Salud Mental, Instituto de Salud Carlos, Dpto. de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Sevilla41013, Spain
| | - Manfred G. Kitzbichler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0SZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Cambridge University Hospitals National Health Service Trust, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 2PY, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Alexander-Bloch
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA19139
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA19139
| | - Matthew Cieslak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA19139
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Kahini Mehta
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA19139
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Theodore D. Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA19139
- Penn Lifespan Informatics and Neuroimaging Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | | | - Richard A. I. Bethlehem
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0SZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Jakob Seidlitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA19139
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA19139
| | - Petra E. Vértes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Edward T. Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, CambridgeCB2 0SZ, United Kingdom
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Hettwer MD, Dorfschmidt L, Puhlmann LMC, Jacob LM, Paquola C, Bethlehem RAI, Bullmore ET, Eickhoff SB, Valk SL. Longitudinal variation in resilient psychosocial functioning is associated with ongoing cortical myelination and functional reorganization during adolescence. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6283. [PMID: 39075054 PMCID: PMC11286871 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a period of dynamic brain remodeling and susceptibility to psychiatric risk factors, mediated by the protracted consolidation of association cortices. Here, we investigated whether longitudinal variation in adolescents' resilience to psychosocial stressors during this vulnerable period is associated with ongoing myeloarchitectural maturation and consolidation of functional networks. We used repeated myelin-sensitive Magnetic Transfer (MT) and resting-state functional neuroimaging (n = 141), and captured adversity exposure by adverse life events, dysfunctional family settings, and socio-economic status at two timepoints, one to two years apart. Development toward more resilient psychosocial functioning was associated with increasing myelination in the anterolateral prefrontal cortex, which showed stabilized functional connectivity. Studying depth-specific intracortical MT profiles and the cortex-wide synchronization of myeloarchitectural maturation, we further observed wide-spread myeloarchitectural reconfiguration of association cortices paralleled by attenuated functional reorganization with increasingly resilient outcomes. Together, resilient/susceptible psychosocial functioning showed considerable intra-individual change associated with multi-modal cortical refinement processes at the local and system-level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike D Hettwer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behavior (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
- Max Planck School of Cognition, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Lena Dorfschmidt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Lifespan Brain Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lara M C Puhlmann
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Linda M Jacob
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Casey Paquola
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behavior (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | | | | | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behavior (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Max Planck School of Cognition, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sofie L Valk
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behavior (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
- Max Planck School of Cognition, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
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3
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Neufeld SAS, St Clair M, Brodbeck J, Wilkinson PO, Goodyer IM, Jones PB. Measurement Invariance in Longitudinal Bifactor Models: Review and Application Based on the p Factor. Assessment 2024; 31:774-793. [PMID: 37350099 PMCID: PMC11092300 DOI: 10.1177/10731911231182687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Bifactor models are increasingly being utilized to study latent constructs such as psychopathology and cognition, which change over the lifespan. Although longitudinal measurement invariance (MI) testing helps ensure valid interpretation of change in a construct over time, this is rarely and inconsistently performed in bifactor models. Our review of MI simulation literature revealed that only one study assessed MI in bifactor models under limited conditions. Recommendations for how to assess MI in bifactor models are suggested based on existing simulation studies of related models. Estimator choice and influence of missing data on MI are also discussed. An empirical example based on a model of the general psychopathology factor (p) elucidates our recommendations, with the present model of p being the first to exhibit residual MI across gender and time. Thus, changes in the ordered-categorical indicators can be attributed to changes in the latent factors. However, further work is needed to clarify MI guidelines for bifactor models, including considering the impact of model complexity and number of indicators. Nonetheless, using the guidelines justified herein to establish MI allows findings from bifactor models to be more confidently interpreted, increasing their comparability and utility.
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Wiedemann A, Jones PB, Burn AM. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on young adults' mental health and beyond: a qualitative investigation nested within an ongoing general population cohort study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024:10.1007/s00127-024-02659-5. [PMID: 38578523 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-024-02659-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Initial discussions about the COVID-19 pandemic often overlooked its impact on young adults. By employing a qualitative approach nested within an ongoing general population cohort study, we seek to fill a gap in the literature by providing insights into the longer-term impact on this demographic. METHODS Data collection involved the use of in-depth semi-structured interviews. Using a pre-determined sampling frame, we purposively recruited 30 participants based on age, gender, ethnicity, and deprivation from the Neuroscience in Psychiatry Network (NSPN). The NSPN cohort, established in 2012, consists of 2403 young people aged 14-24 at baseline, recruited from Greater London and Cambridgeshire. Interviews were conducted in Autumn 2022; data were analysed using the framework method. RESULTS Participants were on average 28 years old (SD = 3 years, range 24-34 years; 53.3% female). The sample comprised individuals from diverse ethnic backgrounds, with 40% from non-White ethnic groups. Many young adults reported profound personal growth and a stronger sense of resilience, a perception observed across varying levels of anxiety or depression. Nevertheless, we observed substantial disruptions to their personal and professional lives such as returning to their parents' homes, often deferring other life plans, lacking mental health support, and encountering significant career challenges. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the complexity of pandemic impacts, demonstrating the need for supportive policies and further research to understand the circumstances under which genuine personal growth occurs, whether it is enduring or transient, and which factors influence it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wiedemann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK.
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.
- Applied Research Collaboration, National Institute for Health Research, East of England, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Peter B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Applied Research Collaboration, National Institute for Health Research, East of England, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Burn
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Applied Research Collaboration, National Institute for Health Research, East of England, Cambridge, UK
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Cao X, Wang Z, Chen Y, Zhu J. Childhood maltreatment and resting-state network connectivity: The risk-buffering role of positive parenting. Dev Psychopathol 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38561986 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579424000725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Unraveling the neurobiological foundations of childhood maltreatment is important due to the persistent associations with adverse mental health outcomes. However, the mechanisms through which abuse and neglect disturb resting-state network connectivity remain elusive. Moreover, it remains unclear if positive parenting can mitigate the negative impact of childhood maltreatment on network connectivity. We analyzed a cohort of 194 adolescents and young adults (aged 14-25, 47.42% female) from the Neuroscience in Psychiatry Network (NSPN) to investigate the impact of childhood abuse and neglect on resting-state network connectivity. Specifically, we examined the SAN, DMN, FPN, DAN, and VAN over time. We also explored the moderating role of positive parenting. The results showed that childhood abuse was linked to stronger connectivity within the SAN and VAN, as well as between the DMN-DAN, DMN-VAN, DMN-SAN, SAN-DAN, FPN-DAN, SAN-VAN, and VAN-DAN networks about 18 months later. Positive parenting during childhood buffered the negative impact of childhood abuse on network connectivity. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate the protective effect of positive parenting on network connectivity following childhood abuse. These findings not only highlight the importance of positive parenting but also lead to a better understanding of the neurobiology and resilience mechanisms of childhood maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Cao
- Center for Early Environment and Brain Development, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders of Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengxinyue Wang
- Center for Early Environment and Brain Development, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders of Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Center for Early Environment and Brain Development, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Psychology, Guangzhou University; Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Zhu
- Center for Early Environment and Brain Development, School of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Psychology, Guangzhou University; Guangzhou, China
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6
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Wiedemann A, Bhatti J, Hook RW, Neufeld SAS. Cohort Profile Update: The Neuroscience in Psychiatry Network (NSPN) 2400 cohort during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Epidemiol 2023; 52:e315-e323. [PMID: 37418602 PMCID: PMC10749753 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wiedemann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research, Applied Research Collaboration, East of England, UK
| | - Junaid Bhatti
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Roxanne W Hook
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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7
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König M, Berhe O, Ioannidis K, Orellana S, Davidson E, Kaser M, Moreno-López L, van Harmelen AL. The stress-buffering role of friendships in young people with childhood threat experiences: a preliminary report. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2023; 14:2281971. [PMID: 38154076 PMCID: PMC10990450 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2281971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: High-quality friendships have a positive impact on the mental health of young people with childhood adversity (CA). Social stress buffering, the phenomenon of a social partner attenuating acute stress responses, is a potential yet unexplored mechanism that may underlie this relationship.Objective: This study examined whether perceived friendship quality was related to better mental health and lower neural stress response in young people with CA.Method: A total of N = 102 young people (aged 16-26) with low to moderate CA were included in the study. We first investigated associations between friendship quality, mental health, and CA. In a representative subset (n = 62), we assessed neural stress responses using the Montreal Imaging Stress Task. In our sample, CA was best described along two dimensions resembling threat or deprivation like experiences. Hence, we investigated both cumulative and dimensional effects of CA.Results: We found no support for social thinning after CA, meaning that the severity of CA (cumulative or dimensional) did not differentially impact friendship quality. High-quality friendships, on the other hand, were strongly associated with better mental health. Furthermore, acute stress increased state anxiety and enhanced neural activity in five frontolimbic brain regions, including the left hippocampus. We found weak support that threat experiences interacted with friendship quality to predict left hippocampal reactivity to stress. However, this effect did not survive multiple comparison correction.Conclusion: The absence of social thinning in our sample may suggest that the risk of developing impoverished social networks is low for rather well-functioning young people with low to moderate CA. Regardless, our findings align with prior research, consistently showing a strong association between high-quality friendships and better mental health in young people with CA. Future research is needed to examine whether friendships aid neural stress responses in young people with childhood threat experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian König
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Oksana Berhe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Ioannidis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sofia Orellana
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eugenia Davidson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Muzaffer Kaser
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - RAISE Consortium
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Moreno-López
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anne-Laura van Harmelen
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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8
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Reiter AMF, Hula A, Vanes L, Hauser TU, Kokorikou D, Goodyer IM, Fonagy P, Moutoussis M, Dolan RJ. Self-reported childhood family adversity is linked to an attenuated gain of trust during adolescence. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6920. [PMID: 37903767 PMCID: PMC10616102 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41531-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A longstanding proposal in developmental research is that childhood family experiences provide a template that shapes a capacity for trust-based social relationships. We leveraged longitudinal data from a cohort of healthy adolescents (n = 570, aged 14-25), which included decision-making and psychometric data, to characterise normative developmental trajectories of trust behaviour and inter-individual differences therein. Extending on previous cross-sectional findings from the same cohort, we show that a task-based measure of trust increases longitudinally from adolescence into young adulthood. Computational modelling suggests this is due to a decrease in social risk aversion. Self-reported family adversity attenuates this developmental gain in trust behaviour, and within our computational model, this relates to a higher 'irritability' parameter in those reporting greater adversity. Unconditional trust at measurement time point T1 predicts the longitudinal trajectory of self-reported peer relation quality, particularly so for those with higher family adversity, consistent with trust acting as a resilience factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M F Reiter
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK.
- Department of Child and Adolescence Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Centre of Mental Health, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- CRC Cognitive Control, Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Andreas Hula
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lucy Vanes
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tobias U Hauser
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical School and University Hospital, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Danae Kokorikou
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ian M Goodyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Moutoussis
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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9
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Brown SSG, Westwater ML, Seidlitz J, Ziauddeen H, Fletcher PC. Hypothalamic volume is associated with body mass index. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 39:103478. [PMID: 37558541 PMCID: PMC10509524 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus is an important neuroendocrine hub for the control of appetite and satiety. In animal studies it has been established that hypothalamic lesioning or stimulation causes alteration to feeding behaviour and consequently body mass, and exposure to high calorie diets induces hypothalamic inflammation. These findings suggest that alterations in hypothalamic structure and function are both a cause and a consequence of changes to food intake. However, there is limited in vivo human data relating the hypothalamus to obesity or eating disorders, in part due to technical problems relating to its small size. Here, we used a novel automated segmentation algorithm to exploratorily investigate the relationship between hypothalamic volume, normalised to intracranial volume, and body mass index (BMI). The analysis was applied across four independent datasets comprising of young adults (total n = 1,351 participants) spanning a range of BMIs (13.3 - 47.8 kg/m2). We compared underweight (including individuals with anorexia nervosa), healthy weight, overweight and obese individuals in a series of complementary analyses. We report that overall hypothalamic volume is significantly larger in overweight and obese groups of young adults. This was also observed for a number of hypothalamic sub-regions. In the largest dataset (the HCP-Young Adult dataset (n = 1111)) there was a significant relationship between hypothalamic volume and BMI. We suggest that our findings of a positive relationship between hypothalamic volume and BMI is potentially consistent with hypothalamic inflammation as seen in animal models in response to high fat diet, although more research is needed to establish a causal relationship. Overall, we present novel, in vivo findings that link elevated BMI to altered hypothalamic structure. This has important implications for study of the neural mechanisms of obesity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S G Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Margaret L Westwater
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, United Kingdom
| | - Jakob Seidlitz
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Lifespan Brain Institute of Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hisham Ziauddeen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Trust, United Kingdom
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10
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Stochl J, Jones H, Soneson E, Wagner AP, Khandaker GM, Zammit S, Heron J, Hammerton G, Bullmore ET, Dolan R, Fonagy P, Goodyer IM, Perez J, Jones PB. Stratification of adolescents across mental phenomena emphasizes the importance of transdiagnostic distress: a replication in two general population cohorts. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 32:797-807. [PMID: 34792650 PMCID: PMC10147756 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Characterizing patterns of mental phenomena in epidemiological studies of adolescents can provide insight into the latent organization of psychiatric disorders. This avoids the biases of chronicity and selection inherent in clinical samples, guides models of shared aetiology within psychiatric disorders and informs the development and implementation of interventions. We applied Gaussian mixture modelling to measures of mental phenomena from two general population cohorts: the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC, n = 3018) and the Neuroscience in Psychiatry Network (NSPN, n = 2023). We defined classes according to their patterns of both positive (e.g. wellbeing and self-esteem) and negative (e.g. depression, anxiety, and psychotic experiences) phenomena. Subsequently, we characterized classes by considering the distribution of diagnoses and sex split across classes. Four well-separated classes were identified within each cohort. Classes primarily differed by overall severity of transdiagnostic distress rather than particular patterns of phenomena akin to diagnoses. Further, as overall severity of distress increased, so did within-class variability, the proportion of individuals with operational psychiatric diagnoses. These results suggest that classes of mental phenomena in the general population of adolescents may not be the same as those found in clinical samples. Classes differentiated only by overall severity support the existence of a general, transdiagnostic mental distress factor and have important implications for intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stochl
- Department of Psychiatry, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration East of England, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Kinanthropology, Charles University, Prague, Czechia.
| | - Hannah Jones
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emma Soneson
- Department of Psychiatry, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Adam P Wagner
- National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration East of England, Cambridge, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Golam M Khandaker
- Department of Psychiatry, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stanley Zammit
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jon Heron
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gemma Hammerton
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Edward T Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Ray Dolan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ian M Goodyer
- Department of Psychiatry, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - J Perez
- Department of Psychiatry, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration East of England, Cambridge, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Psychiatry Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Peter B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, Herchel Smith Building for Brain and Mind Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Applied Research Collaboration East of England, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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11
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Castro Martínez JC, Santamaría-García H. Understanding mental health through computers: An introduction to computational psychiatry. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1092471. [PMID: 36824671 PMCID: PMC9941647 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1092471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Computational psychiatry recently established itself as a new tool in the study of mental disorders and problems. Integration of different levels of analysis is creating computational phenotypes with clinical and research values, and constructing a way to arrive at precision psychiatry are part of this new branch. It conceptualizes the brain as a computational organ that receives from the environment parameters to respond to challenges through calculations and algorithms in continuous feedback and feedforward loops with a permanent degree of uncertainty. Through this conception, one can seize an understanding of the cerebral and mental processes in the form of theories or hypotheses based on data. Using these approximations, a better understanding of the disorder and its different determinant factors facilitates the diagnostics and treatment by having an individual, ecologic, and holistic approach. It is a tool that can be used to homologate and integrate multiple sources of information given by several theoretical models. In conclusion, it helps psychiatry achieve precision and reproducibility, which can help the mental health field achieve significant advancement. This article is a narrative review of the basis of the functioning of computational psychiatry with a critical analysis of its concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Camilo Castro Martínez
- Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Hernando Santamaría-García
- Ph.D. Programa de Neurociencias, Departamento de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
- Centro de Memoria y Cognición Intellectus, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco – Trinity College Dublin, San Francisco, CA, United States
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12
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Wiedemann A, Stochl J, Neufeld SAS, Fritz J, Bhatti J, Hook RW, Goodyer IM, Dolan RJ, Bullmore ET, Chamberlain SR, Fonagy P, Perez J, Jones PB. The impact of the initial COVID-19 outbreak on young adults' mental health: a longitudinal study of risk and resilience factors. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16659. [PMID: 36198725 PMCID: PMC9533974 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies assessing the effects of COVID-19 on mental health include prospective markers of risk and resilience necessary to understand and mitigate the combined impacts of the pandemic, lockdowns, and other societal responses. This population-based study of young adults includes individuals from the Neuroscience in Psychiatry Network (n = 2403) recruited from English primary care services and schools in 2012-2013 when aged 14-24. Participants were followed up three times thereafter, most recently during the initial outbreak of the COVID-19 outbreak when they were aged between 19 and 34. Repeated measures of psychological distress (K6) and mental wellbeing (SWEMWBS) were supplemented at the latest assessment by clinical measures of depression (PHQ-9) and anxiety (GAD-7). A total of 1000 participants, 42% of the original cohort, returned to take part in the COVID-19 follow-up; 737 completed all four assessments [mean age (SD), 25.6 (3.2) years; 65.4% female; 79.1% White]. Our findings show that the pandemic led to pronounced deviations from existing mental health-related trajectories compared to expected levels over approximately seven years. About three-in-ten young adults reported clinically significant depression (28.8%) or anxiety (27.6%) under current NHS guidelines; two-in-ten met clinical cut-offs for both. About 9% reported levels of psychological distress likely to be associated with serious functional impairments that substantially interfere with major life activities; an increase by 3% compared to pre-pandemic levels. Deviations from personal trajectories were not necessarily restricted to conventional risk factors; however, individuals with pre-existing health conditions suffered disproportionately during the initial outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. Resilience factors known to support mental health, particularly in response to adverse events, were at best mildly protective of individual psychological responses to the pandemic. Our findings underline the importance of monitoring the long-term effects of the ongoing pandemic on young adults' mental health, an age group at particular risk for the emergence of psychopathologies. Our findings further suggest that maintaining access to mental health care services during future waves, or potential new pandemics, is particularly crucial for those with pre-existing health conditions. Even though resilience factors known to support mental health were only mildly protective during the initial outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, it remains to be seen whether these factors facilitate mental health in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wiedemann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK. .,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK. .,National Institute for Health Research, Applied Research Collaboration, East of England, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Jan Stochl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK.,National Institute for Health Research, Applied Research Collaboration, East of England, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Kinanthropology and Humanities, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sharon A S Neufeld
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK
| | - Jessica Fritz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK.,Department of Clinical Psychology, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Junaid Bhatti
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK
| | - Roxanne W Hook
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK
| | | | - Ian M Goodyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, UK
| | - Edward T Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK
| | - Samuel R Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jesus Perez
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK.,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.,National Institute for Health Research, Applied Research Collaboration, East of England, Cambridge, UK.,Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Department of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Research (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Peter B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Douglas House, 18B Trumpington Road, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, UK.,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.,National Institute for Health Research, Applied Research Collaboration, East of England, Cambridge, UK
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13
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Martin E, Dourish CT, Hook R, Chamberlain SR, Higgs S. Associations between inattention and impulsivity ADHD symptoms and disordered eating risk in a community sample of young adults. Psychol Med 2022; 52:2622-2631. [PMID: 33272332 PMCID: PMC7613803 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720004638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and trait impulsivity have been associated with disordered eating but are seldom assessed in community studies, or longitudinally and little is known about the mediating mechanisms. METHODS We tested associations between ADHD symptoms and disordered eating cross-sectionally and between trait impulsivity and disordered eating longitudinally. We utilised data from a normative cohort of young adults (642 participants: 65% female, Mage = 23 years). Participants were classified as high risk or low risk for disordered eating using the SCOFF instrument. In the first two steps of both cross-sectional and longitudinal hierarchical logistic regression models, demographics and covariates were entered. For the cross-sectional regression, Adult ADHD self-report scale (ASRS) scores, separated into inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive symptoms, were entered in the third step. In a separate longitudinal model, Barratt impulsivity scale subscales (attentional, motor and non-planning impulsivity) were entered in the third step. Depression, as assessed by the moods and feelings questionnaire (MFQ), was examined as a mediator. RESULTS Cross-sectionally, sex, MFQ score and inattentive symptoms predicted disordered eating risk (model R2 = 20%). Longitudinally, sex, MFQ score and attentional impulsivity predicted disordered eating risk (model R2 = 16%). The relationship between inattentive symptoms and the disordered eating risk was partially mediated by MFQ score, whereas the relationship between attentional impulsivity and the disordered eating risk was fully mediated by MFQ scores. CONCLUSIONS These data highlight (1) a specific role for inattentive symptoms of ADHD and (2) the importance of both depression and impulsivity in predicting eating disorder risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Martin
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - R. Hook
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - S. R. Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - S. Higgs
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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14
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Royer J, Rodríguez-Cruces R, Tavakol S, Larivière S, Herholz P, Li Q, Vos de Wael R, Paquola C, Benkarim O, Park BY, Lowe AJ, Margulies D, Smallwood J, Bernasconi A, Bernasconi N, Frauscher B, Bernhardt BC. An Open MRI Dataset For Multiscale Neuroscience. Sci Data 2022; 9:569. [PMID: 36109562 PMCID: PMC9477866 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMultimodal neuroimaging grants a powerful window into the structure and function of the human brain at multiple scales. Recent methodological and conceptual advances have enabled investigations of the interplay between large-scale spatial trends (also referred to as gradients) in brain microstructure and connectivity, offering an integrative framework to study multiscale brain organization. Here, we share a multimodal MRI dataset for Microstructure-Informed Connectomics (MICA-MICs) acquired in 50 healthy adults (23 women; 29.54 ± 5.62 years) who underwent high-resolution T1-weighted MRI, myelin-sensitive quantitative T1 relaxometry, diffusion-weighted MRI, and resting-state functional MRI at 3 Tesla. In addition to raw anonymized MRI data, this release includes brain-wide connectomes derived from (i) resting-state functional imaging, (ii) diffusion tractography, (iii) microstructure covariance analysis, and (iv) geodesic cortical distance, gathered across multiple parcellation scales. Alongside, we share large-scale gradients estimated from each modality and parcellation scale. Our dataset will facilitate future research examining the coupling between brain microstructure, connectivity, and function. MICA-MICs is available on the Canadian Open Neuroscience Platform data portal (https://portal.conp.ca) and the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/j532r/).
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15
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Rouault M, Will GJ, Fleming SM, Dolan RJ. Low self-esteem and the formation of global self-performance estimates in emerging adulthood. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:272. [PMID: 35821225 PMCID: PMC9276660 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
High self-esteem, an overall positive evaluation of self-worth, is a cornerstone of mental health. Previously we showed that people with low self-esteem differentially construct beliefs about momentary self-worth derived from social feedback. However, it remains unknown whether these anomalies extend to constructing beliefs about self-performance in a non-social context, in the absence of external feedback. Here, we examined this question using a novel behavioral paradigm probing subjects' self-performance estimates with or without external feedback. We analyzed data from young adults (N = 57) who were selected from a larger community sample (N = 2402) on the basis of occupying the bottom or top 10% of a reported self-esteem distribution. Participants performed a series of short blocks involving two perceptual decision-making tasks with varying degrees of difficulty, with or without feedback. At the end of each block, they had to decide on which task they thought they performed best, and gave subjective task ratings, providing two measures of self-performance estimates. We found no robust evidence of differences in objective performance between high and low self-esteem participants. Nevertheless, low self-esteem participants consistently underestimated their performance as expressed in lower subjective task ratings relative to high self-esteem participants. These results provide an initial window onto how cognitive processes underpinning the construction of self-performance estimates across different contexts map on to global dispositions relevant to mental health such as self-esteem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Rouault
- Institut Jean Nicod, Département d'études cognitives, ENS, EHESS, CNRS, PSL University, 75005, Paris, France.
- Laboratoire de neurosciences cognitives et computationnelles, Département d'études cognitives, ENS, INSERM, PSL University, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Geert-Jan Will
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen M Fleming
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London, WC1H 0AP, UK
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
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16
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Park BY, Paquola C, Bethlehem RAI, Benkarim O, Mišić B, Smallwood J, Bullmore ET, Bernhardt BC. Adolescent development of multiscale structural wiring and functional interactions in the human connectome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2116673119. [PMID: 35776541 PMCID: PMC9271154 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116673119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a time of profound changes in the physical wiring and function of the brain. Here, we analyzed structural and functional brain network development in an accelerated longitudinal cohort spanning 14 to 25 y (n = 199). Core to our work was an advanced in vivo model of cortical wiring incorporating MRI features of corticocortical proximity, microstructural similarity, and white matter tractography. Longitudinal analyses assessing age-related changes in cortical wiring identified a continued differentiation of multiple corticocortical structural networks in youth. We then assessed structure-function coupling using resting-state functional MRI measures in the same participants both via cross-sectional analysis at baseline and by studying longitudinal change between baseline and follow-up scans. At baseline, regions with more similar structural wiring were more likely to be functionally coupled. Moreover, correlating longitudinal structural wiring changes with longitudinal functional connectivity reconfigurations, we found that increased structural differentiation, particularly between sensory/unimodal and default mode networks, was reflected by reduced functional interactions. These findings provide insights into adolescent development of human brain structure and function, illustrating how structural wiring interacts with the maturation of macroscale functional hierarchies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-yong Park
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Data Science, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Casey Paquola
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, 52428, Germany
| | - Richard A. I. Bethlehem
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, United Kingdom
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, United Kingdom
| | - Oualid Benkarim
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | | | - Bratislav Mišić
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jonathan Smallwood
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Edward T. Bullmore
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 8AH, United Kingdom
| | - Boris C. Bernhardt
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
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17
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Lutz NM, Neufeld SAS, Hook RW, Jones PB, Bullmore ET, Goodyer IM, Ford TJ, Chamberlain SR, Wilkinson PO. Why Is Non-suicidal Self-injury More Common in Women? Mediation and Moderation Analyses of Psychological Distress, Emotion Dysregulation, and Impulsivity. Arch Suicide Res 2022:1-17. [PMID: 35698453 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2022.2084004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) appears to be more common among women than men, though the underlying reasons for this remain unclear. In a community sample of young adults (N = 996, aged 18-33) assessed during the COVID-19 pandemic, we investigated alternative explanation for the NSSI prevalence gap: are women more likely to experience the feelings which lead to NSSI as a coping strategy, or does this prevalence gap result from differences in how men and women respond to distress? METHODS Cross-sectional mediation and moderation analyses tested how self-reported psychological distress (K10), emotion dysregulation (DERS), and impulsivity (UPPS-P) may contribute to a higher prevalence of NSSI among women. RESULTS Women were twice as likely as men to report past-year NSSI (14.47% versus 7.78%, OR = 2.00, 95% CI [1.29, 3.13]). Women reported significantly higher psychological distress and significantly lower sensation seeking and positive urgency than men. Psychological distress partially statistically mediated the relationship between gender and past-year NSSI. Gender did not significantly moderate associations between psychological distress, emotion dysregulation, or impulsivity and past-year NSSI. Past-year NSSI prevalence did not significantly decrease with age and we found no significant age by gender interaction. CONCLUSIONS Greater levels of NSSI in young women are partly explained by their greater levels of psychological distress, but not by differences in how men and women respond to this distress. Given similar levels of psychological distress, emotion dysregulation, and impulsivity, women and men are similarly likely to experience NSSI. HighlightsWomen aged 18-33 were significantly more likely to report past-year NSSI than menWomen's greater psychological distress contributed to their higher NSSI prevalenceVariables investigated here were similarly associated with NSSI in men and women.
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18
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Wilkinson PO, Qiu T, Jesmont C, Neufeld SAS, Kaur SP, Jones PB, Goodyer IM. Age and gender effects on non-suicidal self-injury, and their interplay with psychological distress. J Affect Disord 2022; 306:240-245. [PMID: 35304237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION NSSI (non-suicidal self-injury) is an important public health issue, with high prevalence and associations with future mental illness and suicide. To date, no large single study has tested age and gender effects on NSSI and their interplay with psychological distress. METHOD NSSI and psychological distress were ascertained by questionnaire in a community study of 2368 young people aged 14-25; proportions at each age and of each gender were approximately equal. RESULTS There was a significant quadratic interaction between age and gender on last month NSSI prevalence (p = 0.025): NSSI was more common in females ages 16-19, but there were no significant gender differences at younger/older ages. General distress partially mediated the effects of age and gender on NSSI. The association between general distress and NSSI was not significantly moderated by age, gender nor their interactions. CONCLUSIONS Gender difference in NSSI is not a static gap, but evolves across time, widening in mid-adolescence and disappearing by early adulthood. Part of the reason for that gender gap being present at those ages is the increase levels of distress in young women at those ages. There was no evidence that the effects of general distress on NSSI differed by age/gender.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tianyou Qiu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK; University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ceit Jesmont
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK; North West School of Paediatrics, UK
| | | | - Sahaj P Kaur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK; Medway NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Peter B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
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19
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Dorfschmidt L, Bethlehem RA, Seidlitz J, Váša F, White SR, Romero-García R, Kitzbichler MG, Aruldass AR, Morgan SE, Goodyer IM, Fonagy P, Jones PB, Dolan RJ, Harrison NA, Vértes PE, Bullmore ET. Sexually divergent development of depression-related brain networks during healthy human adolescence. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm7825. [PMID: 35622918 PMCID: PMC9140984 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm7825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sexual differences in human brain development could be relevant to sex differences in the incidence of depression during adolescence. We tested for sex differences in parameters of normative brain network development using fMRI data on N = 298 healthy adolescents, aged 14 to 26 years, each scanned one to three times. Sexually divergent development of functional connectivity was located in the default mode network, limbic cortex, and subcortical nuclei. Females had a more "disruptive" pattern of development, where weak functional connectivity at age 14 became stronger during adolescence. This fMRI-derived map of sexually divergent brain network development was robustly colocated with i prior loci of reward-related brain activation ii a map of functional dysconnectivity in major depressive disorder (MDD), and iii an adult brain gene transcriptional pattern enriched for genes on the X chromosome, neurodevelopmental genes, and risk genes for MDD. We found normative sexual divergence in adolescent development of a cortico-subcortical brain functional network that is relevant to depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Dorfschmidt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | | | - Jakob Seidlitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Lifespan Brain Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - František Váša
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Simon R. White
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | | | | | - Athina R. Aruldass
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Sarah E. Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
- The Alan Turing Institute, London NW1 2DB, UK
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Ian M. Goodyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Peter B. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Huntingdon PE29 3RJ, UK
| | - Ray J. Dolan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London WC1B 5EH, UK
| | | | - Neil A. Harrison
- Department of Neuroscience, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex Campus, Brighton BN1 9RY, UK
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Petra E. Vértes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Edward T. Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
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20
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Ioannidis K, Hook RW, Wiedemann A, Bhatti J, Czabanowska K, Roman-Urrestarazu A, Grant JE, Goodyer IM, Fonagy P, Bullmore ET, Jones PB, Chamberlain SR. Associations between COVID-19 pandemic impact, dimensions of behavior and eating disorders: A longitudinal UK-based study. Compr Psychiatry 2022; 115:152304. [PMID: 35306448 PMCID: PMC8916988 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2022.152304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing concern about how people with eating disorders are impacted by the widespread societal restructuring during the COVID-19 crisis. AIMS We aimed to examine how factors relating to the impact of the pandemic associate with eating disorders and quantify this relationship while adjusting for concurrent and longitudinal parameters of risk. METHODS We gathered demographic, behavioral and clinical data pre- and mid-pandemic as well as childhood trauma history from a longitudinal online survey of 489 adults (mean age 23.4 years) recruited from the Neuroscience in Psychiatry Network (NSPN). Using pre-pandemic (T1) and concurrent (T2) data we aimed to predict eating disorders at mid-pandemic (T2). We deployed hierarchical generalized logistic regression to ascertain the strength of longitudinal and concurrent associations. RESULTS Pre-pandemic eating disorder scores strongly associated with concurrent eating disorder (z = 5.93). More conflict at home mid-pandemic (z = 2.03), pre- (lower sensation seeking z = -2.58) and mid-pandemic (higher lack of perseverance z = 2.33) impulsivity traits also associated with mid-pandemic eating disorder. CONCLUSION Conflict at home mid-pandemic and specific aspects of impulsiveness significantly associated with concurrent eating disorder when adjusted for pre-pandemic eating disorder symptoms, baseline demographics, behavioral traits, history of traumatic experiences and concurrent psychopathology. These results provide insight into the struggles of those suffering with eating disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight the importance of impulsiveness traits and the immediate family environment in their experience of illness during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Ioannidis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK; Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK; Department of International Health, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
| | | | - Anna Wiedemann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK,Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Junaid Bhatti
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Katarzyna Czabanowska
- Department of International Health, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands,Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andres Roman-Urrestarazu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK,Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK,Department of International Health, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jon E. Grant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ian M. Goodyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK,Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Edward T. Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK,Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter B. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK,Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samuel R. Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK,Department of Psychiatry, University of Southampton, UK,Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
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21
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Low AAY, Hopper WJT, Angelescu I, Mason L, Will GJ, Moutoussis M. Self-esteem depends on beliefs about the rate of change of social approval. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6643. [PMID: 35459920 PMCID: PMC9033861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10260-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in understanding the neurobiological basis of psychiatric disorders is rigorously quantifying subjective metrics that lie at the core of mental illness, such as low self-esteem. Self-esteem can be conceptualized as a 'gauge of social approval' that increases in response to approval and decreases in response to disapproval. Computational studies have shown that learning signals that represent the difference between received and expected social approval drive changes in self-esteem. However, it is unclear whether self-esteem based on social approval should be understood as a value updated through associative learning, or as a belief about approval, updated by new evidence depending on how strongly it is held. Our results show that belief-based models explain self-esteem dynamics in response to social evaluation better than associative learning models. Importantly, they suggest that in the short term, self-esteem signals the direction and rate of change of one's beliefs about approval within a group, rather than one's social position.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ilinca Angelescu
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
| | - Liam Mason
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Geert-Jan Will
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Moutoussis
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, London, UK
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
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22
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Cassels M, Neufeld S, van Harmelen AL, Goodyer I, Wilkinson P. Prospective Pathways From Impulsivity to Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Youth. Arch Suicide Res 2022; 26:534-547. [PMID: 32893737 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2020.1811180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a common behavior, particularly among adolescents and young adults. Impulsivity has been implicated as an important factor associated with NSSI, however prospective longitudinal research is lacking. Moreover, the relationship between impulsivity and other risk factors for NSSI is unclear. By examining longitudinal models including impulsivity, attachment, and distress we hope to elucidate the nature of the association between impulsivity and NSSI. 1,686 community-recruited young people (ages 14-25) with no NSSI in the past year were followed up for one year, completing self-report measures of the above factors. Impulsivity independently predicted new onset of NSSI over and above other risk factors, indicating heightened impulsivity is a prospective risk factor for NSSI. Psychological distress mediated the parenting-NSSI association.
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23
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Shahar N, Hauser TU, Moran R, Moutoussis M, Bullmore ET, Dolan RJ. Assigning the right credit to the wrong action: compulsivity in the general population is associated with augmented outcome-irrelevant value-based learning. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:564. [PMID: 34741013 PMCID: PMC8571313 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Compulsive behavior is enacted under a belief that a specific act controls the likelihood of an undesired future event. Compulsive behaviors are widespread in the general population despite having no causal relationship with events they aspire to influence. In the current study, we tested whether there is an increased tendency to assign value to aspects of a task that do not predict an outcome (i.e., outcome-irrelevant learning) among individuals with compulsive tendencies. We studied 514 healthy individuals who completed self-report compulsivity, anxiety, depression, and schizotypal measurements, and a well-established reinforcement-learning task (i.e., the two-step task). As expected, we found a positive relationship between compulsivity and outcome-irrelevant learning. Specifically, individuals who reported having stronger compulsive tendencies (e.g., washing, checking, grooming) also tended to assign value to response keys and stimuli locations that did not predict an outcome. Controlling for overall goal-directed abilities and the co-occurrence of anxious, depressive, or schizotypal tendencies did not impact these associations. These findings indicate that outcome-irrelevant learning processes may contribute to the expression of compulsivity in a general population setting. We highlight the need for future research on the formation of non-veridical action-outcome associations as a factor related to the occurrence and maintenance of compulsive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitzan Shahar
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, WC1B 5EH, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK.
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Psychology Department, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Tobias U Hauser
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, WC1B 5EH, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Rani Moran
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, WC1B 5EH, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Michael Moutoussis
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, WC1B 5EH, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | | | - Raymond J Dolan
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, WC1B 5EH, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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24
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Liu S, Müller S, Dolan RJ, Zhao X, Zheng JC, Heinz A. Opportunities, risks and challenges in global mental health and population neuroscience: a case of Sino-German cooperation. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 271:1027-1034. [PMID: 32729097 PMCID: PMC8354880 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-020-01176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Large scale prospective cohorts have now been established across several countries, and continents, and among the aims include an assessment of the developmental trajectory of mental disorders. This level of international cooperation helps transfer research findings to new social contexts as well as enabling an assessment of which findings can be replicated, and which interventions are most effective, in different social and cultural settings. However, data sharing across different regional and national health care systems requires a careful consideration of different standards in ethical research, data protection and patient care, including respect for patients' rights, in cooperating jurisdictions. In our review, we discuss ethical, legal and practical challenges associated with such cooperation with a focus on research participants, specifically patient recruitment, by considering the instance of China and Germany. Our broader aim is to promote international cooperation by identifying key challenges that arise in international cooperation, and to facilitate an exchange in relation to legal and practical approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Liu
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Campus Charité Mitte), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sabine Müller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Campus Charité Mitte), Berlin, Germany
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Max Planck Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research & Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Xudong Zhao
- Pudong Mental Health Centre, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin C Zheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, USA
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Campus Charité Mitte), Berlin, Germany
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25
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Warling A, McDermott CL, Liu S, Seidlitz J, Rodrigue AL, Nadig A, Gur RC, Gur RE, Roalf D, Moore TM, Glahn D, Satterthwaite TD, Bullmore ET, Raznahan A. Regional White Matter Scaling in the Human Brain. J Neurosci 2021; 41:7015-7028. [PMID: 34244364 PMCID: PMC8372020 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1193-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anatomical organization of the primate cortex varies as a function of total brain size, where possession of a larger brain is accompanied by disproportionate expansion of associative cortices alongside a relative contraction of sensorimotor systems. However, equivalent scaling maps are not yet available for regional white matter anatomy. Here, we use three large-scale neuroimaging datasets to examine how regional white matter volume (WMV) scales with interindividual variation in brain volume among typically developing humans (combined N = 2391: 1247 females, 1144 males). We show that WMV scaling is regionally heterogeneous: larger brains have relatively greater WMV in anterior and posterior regions of cortical white matter, as well as the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum, but relatively less WMV in most subcortical regions. Furthermore, regions of positive WMV scaling tend to connect previously-defined regions of positive gray matter scaling in the cortex, revealing a coordinated coupling of regional gray and white matter organization with naturally occurring variations in human brain size. However, we also show that two commonly studied measures of white matter microstructure, fractional anisotropy (FA) and magnetization transfer (MT), scale negatively with brain size, and do so in a manner that is spatially unlike WMV scaling. Collectively, these findings provide a more complete view of anatomic scaling in the human brain, and offer new contexts for the interpretation of regional white matter variation in health and disease.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recent work has shown that, in humans, regional cortical and subcortical anatomy show systematic changes as a function of brain size variation. Here, we show that regional white matter structures also show brain-size related changes in humans. Specifically, white matter regions connecting higher-order cortical systems are relatively expanded in larger human brains, while subcortical and cerebellar white matter tracts responsible for unimodal sensory or motor functions are relatively contracted. This regional scaling of white matter volume (WMV) is coordinated with regional scaling of cortical anatomy, but is distinct from scaling of white matter microstructure. These findings provide a more complete view of anatomic scaling of the human brain, with relevance for evolutionary, basic, and clinical neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allysa Warling
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Cassidy L McDermott
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Siyuan Liu
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jakob Seidlitz
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Amanda L Rodrigue
- Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ajay Nadig
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Ruben C Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Lifespan Brain Institute of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Raquel E Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Lifespan Brain Institute of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - David Roalf
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Tyler M Moore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
- Lifespan Brain Institute of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - David Glahn
- Tommy Fuss Center for Neuropsychiatric Disease Research, Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Edward T Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Armin Raznahan
- Section on Developmental Neurogenomics, Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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26
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Preference uncertainty accounts for developmental effects on susceptibility to peer influence in adolescence. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3823. [PMID: 34158482 PMCID: PMC8219700 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23671-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescents are prone to social influence from peers, with implications for development, both adaptive and maladaptive. Here, using a computer-based paradigm, we replicate a cross-sectional effect of more susceptibility to peer influence in a large dataset of adolescents 14 to 24 years old. Crucially, we extend this finding by adopting a longitudinal perspective, showing that a within-person susceptibility to social influence decreases over a 1.5 year follow-up time period. Exploiting this longitudinal design, we show that susceptibility to social influences at baseline predicts an improvement in peer relations over the follow-up period. Using a Bayesian computational model, we demonstrate that in younger adolescents a greater tendency to adopt others’ preferences arises out of a higher uncertainty about their own preferences in the paradigmatic case of delay discounting (a phenomenon called ‘preference uncertainty’). This preference uncertainty decreases over time and, in turn, leads to a reduced susceptibility of one’s own behaviour to an influence from others. Neuro-developmentally, we show that a measure of myelination within medial prefrontal cortex, estimated at baseline, predicts a developmental decrease in preference uncertainty at follow-up. Thus, using computational and neural evidence, we reveal adaptive mechanisms underpinning susceptibility to social influence during adolescence. People often change their preferences to conform with others. Using a longitudinal design, the authors show that such conformity decreases over the course of adolescence and that this reduction in conformity is accompanied by a decreasing degree of uncertainty about what to like.
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27
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Moutoussis M, Garzón B, Neufeld S, Bach DR, Rigoli F, Goodyer I, Bullmore E, Guitart-Masip M, Dolan RJ. Decision-making ability, psychopathology, and brain connectivity. Neuron 2021; 109:2025-2040.e7. [PMID: 34019810 PMCID: PMC8221811 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Decision-making is a cognitive process of central importance for the quality of our lives. Here, we ask whether a common factor underpins our diverse decision-making abilities. We obtained 32 decision-making measures from 830 young people and identified a common factor that we call "decision acuity," which was distinct from IQ and reflected a generic decision-making ability. Decision acuity was decreased in those with aberrant thinking and low general social functioning. Crucially, decision acuity and IQ had dissociable brain signatures, in terms of their associated neural networks of resting-state functional connectivity. Decision acuity was reliably measured, and its relationship with functional connectivity was also stable when measured in the same individuals 18 months later. Thus, our behavioral and brain data identify a new cognitive construct that underpins decision-making ability across multiple domains. This construct may be important for understanding mental health, particularly regarding poor social function and aberrant thought patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Moutoussis
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London WC1B 5EH, UK.
| | - Benjamín Garzón
- Aging Research Centre, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sharon Neufeld
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Dominik R Bach
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London WC1B 5EH, UK; Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ian Goodyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Edward Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - Marc Guitart-Masip
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London WC1B 5EH, UK; Aging Research Centre, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London WC1B 5EH, UK
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28
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Loosen AM, Skvortsova V, Hauser TU. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms and information seeking during the Covid-19 pandemic. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:309. [PMID: 34021112 PMCID: PMC8138954 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01410-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased mental-health symptoms as a reaction to stressful life events, such as the Covid-19 pandemic, are common. Critically, successful adaptation helps to reduce such symptoms to baseline, preventing long-term psychiatric disorders. It is thus important to understand whether and which psychiatric symptoms show transient elevations, and which persist long-term and become chronically heightened. At particular risk for the latter trajectory are symptom dimensions directly affected by the pandemic, such as obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms. In this longitudinal large-scale study (N = 406), we assessed how OC, anxiety and depression symptoms changed throughout the first pandemic wave in a sample of the general UK public. We further examined how these symptoms affected pandemic-related information seeking and adherence to governmental guidelines. We show that scores in all psychiatric domains were initially elevated, but showed distinct longitudinal change patterns. Depression scores decreased, and anxiety plateaued during the first pandemic wave, while OC symptoms further increased, even after the ease of Covid-19 restrictions. These OC symptoms were directly linked to Covid-related information seeking, which gave rise to higher adherence to government guidelines. This increase of OC symptoms in this non-clinical sample shows that the domain is disproportionately affected by the pandemic. We discuss the long-term impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on public mental health, which calls for continued close observation of symptom development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa M Loosen
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Vasilisa Skvortsova
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tobias U Hauser
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK.
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29
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Chye Y, Suo C, Romero-Garcia R, Bethlehem RAI, Hook R, Tiego J, Goodyer I, Jones PB, Dolan R, Bullmore ET, Grant JE, Yücel M, Chamberlain SR. Examining the relationship between altered brain functional connectome and disinhibition across 33 impulsive and compulsive behaviours. Br J Psychiatry 2021; 220:1-3. [PMID: 35049467 PMCID: PMC7612272 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2021.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Impulsive and compulsive problem behaviours are associated with a variety of mental disorders. Latent phenotyping indicates the expression of impulsive and compulsive problem behaviours is predominantly governed by a transdiagnostic 'disinhibition' phenotype. In a cohort of 117 individuals, recruited as part of the Neuroscience in Psychiatry Network (NSPN), we examined how brain functional connectome and network properties relate to disinhibition. Reduced functional connectivity within a subnetwork of frontal (especially right inferior frontal gyrus), occipital and parietal regions was linked to disinhibition. Findings provide insights into neurobiological pathways underlying the emergence of impulsive and compulsive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Chye
- BrainPark, The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Australia
| | - Chao Suo
- BrainPark, The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Australia
| | | | | | - Roxanne Hook
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeggan Tiego
- Neural Systems and Behaviour Laboratory, The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Australia
| | - Ian Goodyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Ray Dolan
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, UK; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, UK
| | | | - Jon E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, USA
| | - Murat Yücel
- BrainPark, The Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Monash University, Australia
| | - Samuel R Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK; Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, UK; and Cambridgeshire & Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, UK
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30
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Park BY, Bethlehem RAI, Paquola C, Larivière S, Rodríguez-Cruces R, Vos de Wael R, Bullmore ET, Bernhardt BC. An expanding manifold in transmodal regions characterizes adolescent reconfiguration of structural connectome organization. eLife 2021; 10:e64694. [PMID: 33787489 PMCID: PMC8087442 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical time for the continued maturation of brain networks. Here, we assessed structural connectome development in a large longitudinal sample ranging from childhood to young adulthood. By projecting high-dimensional connectomes into compact manifold spaces, we identified a marked expansion of structural connectomes, with strongest effects in transmodal regions during adolescence. Findings reflected increased within-module connectivity together with increased segregation, indicating increasing differentiation of higher-order association networks from the rest of the brain. Projection of subcortico-cortical connectivity patterns into these manifolds showed parallel alterations in pathways centered on the caudate and thalamus. Connectome findings were contextualized via spatial transcriptome association analysis, highlighting genes enriched in cortex, thalamus, and striatum. Statistical learning of cortical and subcortical manifold features at baseline and their maturational change predicted measures of intelligence at follow-up. Our findings demonstrate that connectome manifold learning can bridge the conceptual and empirical gaps between macroscale network reconfigurations, microscale processes, and cognitive outcomes in adolescent development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-yong Park
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- Department of Data Science, Inha UniversityIncheonRepublic of Korea
| | - Richard AI Bethlehem
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Casey Paquola
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum JülichJülichGermany
| | - Sara Larivière
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Raul Rodríguez-Cruces
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Reinder Vos de Wael
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Edward T Bullmore
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Boris C Bernhardt
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
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31
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Kieling C, Buchweitz C, Caye A, Manfro P, Pereira R, Viduani A, Anés M, Battel L, Benetti S, Fisher HL, Karmacharya R, Kohrt BA, Martini T, Petresco S, Piccin J, Rocha T, Rohde LA, Rohrsetzer F, Souza L, Velazquez B, Walsh A, Yoon L, Zajkowska Z, Zonca V, Swartz JR, Mondelli V. The Identifying Depression Early in Adolescence Risk Stratified Cohort (IDEA-RiSCo): Rationale, Methods, and Baseline Characteristics. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:697144. [PMID: 34234702 PMCID: PMC8255472 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.697144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The characterization of adolescents at high risk for developing depression has traditionally relied on the presence or absence of single risk factors. More recently, the use of composite risk scores combining information from multiple variables has gained attention in prognostic research in the field of mental health. We previously developed a sociodemographic composite score to estimate the individual level probability of depression occurrence in adolescence, the Identifying Depression Early in Adolescence Risk Score (IDEA-RS). Objectives: In this report, we present the rationale, methods, and baseline characteristics of the Identifying Depression Early in Adolescence Risk Stratified Cohort (IDEA-RiSCo), a study designed for in-depth examination of multiple neurobiological, psychological, and environmental measures associated with the risk of developing and with the presence of depression in adolescence, with a focus on immune/inflammatory and neuroimaging markers. Methods: Using the IDEA-RS as a tool for risk stratification, we recruited a new sample of adolescents enriched for low (LR) and high (HR) depression risk, as well as a group of adolescents with a currently untreated major depressive episode (MDD). Methods for phenotypic, peripheral biological samples, and neuroimaging assessments are described, as well as baseline clinical characteristics of the IDEA-RiSCo sample. Results: A total of 7,720 adolescents aged 14-16 years were screened in public state schools in Porto Alegre, Brazil. We were able to identify individuals at low and high risk for developing depression in adolescence: in each group, 50 participants (25 boys, 25 girls) were included and successfully completed the detailed phenotypic assessment with ascertainment of risk/MDD status, blood and saliva collections, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Across a variety of measures of psychopathology and exposure to negative events, there was a clear pattern in which either the MDD group or both the HR and the MDD groups exhibited worse indicators in comparison to the LR group. Conclusion: The use of an empirically-derived composite score to stratify risk for developing depression represents a promising strategy to establish a risk-enriched cohort that will contribute to the understanding of the neurobiological correlates of risk and onset of depression in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kieling
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Claudia Buchweitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Arthur Caye
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pedro Manfro
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Rivka Pereira
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Anna Viduani
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maurício Anés
- Medical Physics and Radioprotection Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucas Battel
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Silvia Benetti
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Helen L Fisher
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom.,ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rakesh Karmacharya
- Program in Neuroscience and Chemical Biology, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital & McLean Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brandon A Kohrt
- Division of Global Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Thais Martini
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sandra Petresco
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jader Piccin
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Thiago Rocha
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,ADHD Outpatient and Developmental Psychiatry Programs, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Rohrsetzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Laila Souza
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Velazquez
- Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Annabel Walsh
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leehyun Yoon
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Zuzanna Zajkowska
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valentina Zonca
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, London, United Kingdom.,Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Johnna R Swartz
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, London, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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32
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Brain micro-architecture and disinhibition: a latent phenotyping study across 33 impulsive and compulsive behaviours. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:423-431. [PMID: 32919402 PMCID: PMC7116462 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00848-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Impulsive and compulsive symptoms are common, tend to co-occur, and collectively account for a substantive global disease burden. Latent phenotyping offers a promising approach to elucidate common neural mechanisms conferring vulnerability to such symptoms in the general population. We utilised the Neuroscience in Psychiatry Network (NSPN), a cohort of young people (aged 18-29 years) in the United Kingdom, who provided questionnaire data and Magnetic Resonance Imaging scans. Partial Least Squares was used to identify brain regions in which intra-cortical myelination (measured using Magnetisation Transfer, MT) was significantly associated with a disinhibition phenotype, derived from bi-factor modelling of 33 impulsive and compulsive problem behaviours. The neuroimaging sample comprised 126 participants, mean 22.8 (2.7 SD) years old, being 61.1% female. Disinhibition scores were significantly and positively associated with higher MT in the bilateral frontal and parietal lobes. 1279 genes associated with disinhibition-related brain regions were identified, which were significantly enriched for functional biological interactions reflecting receptor signalling pathways. This study indicates common microstructural brain abnormalities contributing to a multitude of related, prevalent, problem behaviours characterised by disinhibition. Such a latent phenotyping approach provides insights into common neurobiological pathways, which may help to improve disease models and treatment approaches. Now that this latent phenotyping model has been validated in a general population sample, it can be extended into patient settings.
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33
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Ioannidis K, Hook RW, Grant JE, Czabanowska K, Roman-Urrestarazu A, Chamberlain SR. Eating disorders with over-exercise: A cross-sectional analysis of the mediational role of problematic usage of the internet in young people. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 132:215-222. [PMID: 33189357 PMCID: PMC7614800 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Eating disorders are widespread illnesses with significant global impact. There is growing concern about how young people overuse online resources leading to mental health sequelae. We gathered data from 639 individuals from a population cohort. Participants were all young adults at the point of contact and were grouped as having probable eating disorder with excessive exercise (n = 37) or controls (n = 602). We measured obsessionality, compulsivity, impulsivity, and problematic internet use. Group differences in these domains were evaluated; and structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to assess structural relationships between variables. Cases had higher scores of obsessional thoughts of threat (Cohen's d = 0.94, p < 0.001), intolerance towards uncertainty (Cohen's d = 0.72; p < 0.001), thoughts of importance and control (Cohen's d = 0.65, p < 0.01), compulsivity (Cohen's d = 0.72; p < 0.001), negative urgency (Cohen's d = 0.75, p < 0.001), and higher problematic usage of the internet (Cohen's d = 0.73; p-corrected <0.001). Our SEM showed significant partial mediation of problematic internet use on both the effect of obsessionality latent factor on cases (z-value = 2.52, p < 0.05), as well as of sensation seeking latent factor on cases (z-value = 2.09, p < 0.05). Youth with eating disorder and heightened exercise levels have increased obsessive thoughts of threat, compulsivity traits and sensation seeking impulsivity. The association between obsessive thoughts and eating disorders, as well as sensation seeking and eating disorders were partially mediated by problematic internet use. Problematic internet use may be playing a role in the development or maintenance of eating disorder symptoms in the background of obsessional thoughts and sensation seeking impulsive traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Ioannidis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK; Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK; Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.
| | - Roxanne W Hook
- Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jon E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katarzyna Czabanowska
- Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands; Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andres Roman-Urrestarazu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK; Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK; Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Samuel R Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK; Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Southampton, UK, Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
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34
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Vaghi MM, Moutoussis M, Váša F, Kievit RA, Hauser TU, Vértes PE, Shahar N, Romero-Garcia R, Kitzbichler MG, Bullmore ET, Dolan RJ. Compulsivity is linked to reduced adolescent development of goal-directed control and frontostriatal functional connectivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:25911-25922. [PMID: 32989168 PMCID: PMC7568330 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922273117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A characteristic of adaptive behavior is its goal-directed nature. An ability to act in a goal-directed manner is progressively refined during development, but this refinement can be impacted by the emergence of psychiatric disorders. Disorders of compulsivity have been framed computationally as a deficit in model-based control, and have been linked also to abnormal frontostriatal connectivity. However, the developmental trajectory of model-based control, including an interplay between its maturation and an emergence of compulsivity, has not been characterized. Availing of a large sample of healthy adolescents (n = 569) aged 14 to 24 y, we show behaviorally that over the course of adolescence there is a within-person increase in model-based control, and this is more pronounced in younger participants. Using a bivariate latent change score model, we provide evidence that the presence of higher compulsivity traits is associated with an atypical profile of this developmental maturation in model-based control. Resting-state fMRI data from a subset of the behaviorally assessed subjects (n = 230) revealed that compulsivity is associated with a less pronounced change of within-subject developmental remodeling of functional connectivity, specifically between the striatum and a frontoparietal network. Thus, in an otherwise clinically healthy population sample, in early development, individual differences in compulsivity are linked to the developmental trajectory of model-based control and a remodeling of frontostriatal connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matilde M Vaghi
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, WC1 B5EH London, United Kingdom;
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, WC1N 3AR London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Moutoussis
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, WC1 B5EH London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, WC1N 3AR London, United Kingdom
| | - František Váša
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, CB2 2QQ Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, SE5 8AF London, United Kingdom
| | - Rogier A Kievit
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, WC1 B5EH London, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, CB2 7EF Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Tobias U Hauser
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, WC1 B5EH London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, WC1N 3AR London, United Kingdom
| | - Petra E Vértes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, CB2 2QQ Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The Alan Turing Institute, NW1 2DB London, United Kingdom
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, E1 4NS London, United Kingdom
| | - Nitzan Shahar
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, WC1 B5EH London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, WC1N 3AR London, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael Romero-Garcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, CB2 2QQ Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Manfred G Kitzbichler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, CB2 2QQ Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edward T Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, CB2 2QQ Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, WC1 B5EH London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, WC1N 3AR London, United Kingdom
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35
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Romero-Garcia R, Seidlitz J, Whitaker KJ, Morgan SE, Fonagy P, Dolan RJ, Jones PB, Goodyer IM, Suckling J, Vértes PE, Bullmore ET. Schizotypy-Related Magnetization of Cortex in Healthy Adolescence Is Colocated With Expression of Schizophrenia-Related Genes. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 88:248-259. [PMID: 32029217 PMCID: PMC7369635 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic risk is thought to drive clinical variation on a spectrum of schizophrenia-like traits, but the underlying changes in brain structure that mechanistically link genomic variation to schizotypal experience and behavior are unclear. METHODS We assessed schizotypy using a self-reported questionnaire and measured magnetization transfer as a putative microstructural magnetic resonance imaging marker of intracortical myelination in 68 brain regions in 248 healthy young people (14-25 years of age). We used normative adult brain gene expression data and partial least squares analysis to find the weighted gene expression pattern that was most colocated with the cortical map of schizotypy-related magnetization. RESULTS Magnetization was significantly correlated with schizotypy in the bilateral posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus (and for disorganized schizotypy, also in medial prefrontal cortex; all false discovery rate-corrected ps < .05), which are regions of the default mode network specialized for social and memory functions. The genes most positively weighted on the whole-genome expression map colocated with schizotypy-related magnetization were enriched for genes that were significantly downregulated in two prior case-control histological studies of brain gene expression in schizophrenia. Conversely, the most negatively weighted genes were enriched for genes that were transcriptionally upregulated in schizophrenia. Positively weighted (downregulated) genes were enriched for neuronal, specifically interneuronal, affiliations and coded a network of proteins comprising a few highly interactive "hubs" such as parvalbumin and calmodulin. CONCLUSIONS Microstructural magnetic resonance imaging maps of intracortical magnetization can be linked to both the behavioral traits of schizotypy and prior histological data on dysregulated gene expression in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jakob Seidlitz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kirstie J Whitaker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Huntingdon, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Goodyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Huntingdon, United Kingdom
| | - John Suckling
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Petra E Vértes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom; School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward T Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Huntingdon, United Kingdom
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36
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Bach DR, Moutoussis M, Bowler A, Dolan RJ. Predictors of risky foraging behaviour in healthy young people. Nat Hum Behav 2020; 4:832-843. [PMID: 32393840 PMCID: PMC7115941 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-020-0867-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During adolescence and early adulthood, learning when to avoid threats and when to pursue rewards becomes crucial. Using a risky foraging task, we investigated individual differences in this dynamic across 781 individuals aged 14-24 years who were split into a hypothesis-generating discovery sample and a hold-out confirmation sample. Sex was the most important predictor of cautious behaviour and performance. Males earned one standard deviation (or 20%) more reward than females, collected more reward when there was little to lose and reduced foraging to the same level as females when potential losses became high. Other independent predictors of cautiousness and performance were self-reported daringness, IQ and self-reported cognitive complexity. We found no evidence for an impact of age or maturation. Thus, maleness, a high IQ or self-reported cognitive complexity, and self-reported daringness predicted greater success in risky foraging, possibly due to better exploitation of low-risk opportunities in high-risk environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik R Bach
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK.
- Computational Psychiatry Research, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Moutoussis
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Aislinn Bowler
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
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37
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Montagnese M, Knolle F, Haarsma J, Griffin JD, Richards A, Vertes PE, Kiddle B, Fletcher PC, Jones PB, Owen MJ, Fonagy P, Bullmore ET, Dolan RJ, Moutoussis M, Goodyer IM, Murray GK. Reinforcement learning as an intermediate phenotype in psychosis? Deficits sensitive to illness stage but not associated with polygenic risk of schizophrenia in the general population. Schizophr Res 2020; 222:389-396. [PMID: 32389614 PMCID: PMC7594641 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia is a complex disorder in which the causal relations between risk genes and observed clinical symptoms are not well understood and the explanatory gap is too wide to be clarified without considering an intermediary level. Thus, we aimed to test the hypothesis of a pathway from molecular polygenic influence to clinical presentation occurring via deficits in reinforcement learning. METHODS We administered a reinforcement learning task (Go/NoGo) that measures reinforcement learning and the effect of Pavlovian bias on decision making. We modelled the behavioural data with a hierarchical Bayesian approach (hBayesDM) to decompose task performance into its underlying learning mechanisms. Study 1 included controls (n = 29, F|M = 0.81), At Risk Mental State for psychosis (ARMS, n = 23, F|M = 0.35) and FEP (First-episode psychosis, n = 26, F|M = 0.18). Study 2 included healthy adolescents (n = 735, F|M = 1.06), 390 of whom had their polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia (PRSs) calculated. RESULTS Patients with FEP showed significant impairments in overriding Pavlovian conflict, a lower learning rate and a lower sensitivity to both reward and punishment. Less widespread deficits were observed in ARMS. PRSs did not significantly predict performance on the task in the general population, which only partially correlated with measures of psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS Reinforcement learning deficits are observed in first episode psychosis and, to some extent, in those at clinical risk for psychosis, and were not predicted by molecular genetic risk for schizophrenia in healthy individuals. The study does not support the role of reinforcement learning as an intermediate phenotype in psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franziska Knolle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joost Haarsma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Juliet D Griffin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Richards
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Petra E Vertes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Beatrix Kiddle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge,United Kingdom
| | - Peter B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge,United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Owen
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward T Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge,United Kingdom
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, United Kingdom; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Moutoussis
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, United Kingdom; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Goodyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge,United Kingdom
| | - Graham K Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge,United Kingdom.
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Corsico P. Psychosis, vulnerability, and the moral significance of biomedical innovation in psychiatry. Why ethicists should join efforts. MEDICINE, HEALTH CARE, AND PHILOSOPHY 2020; 23:269-279. [PMID: 31773383 PMCID: PMC7260249 DOI: 10.1007/s11019-019-09932-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The study of the neuroscience and genomics of mental illness are increasingly intertwined. This is mostly due to the translation of medical technologies into psychiatry and to technological convergence. This article focuses on psychosis. I argue that the convergence of neuroscience and genomics in the context of psychosis is morally problematic, and that ethics scholarship should go beyond the identification of a number of ethical, legal, and social issues. My argument is composed of two strands. First, I argue that we should respond to technological convergence by developing an integrated, patient-centred approach focused on the assessment of individual vulnerabilities. Responding to technological convergence requires that we (i) integrate insights from several areas of ethics, (ii) translate bioethical principles into the mental health context, and (iii) proactively try to anticipate future ethical concerns. Second, I argue that a nuanced understanding of the concept of vulnerability might help us to accomplish this task. I borrow Florencia Luna's notion of 'layers of vulnerability' to show how potential harms or wrongs to individuals who experience psychosis can be conceptualised as stemming from different sources, or layers, of vulnerability. I argue that a layered notion of vulnerability might serve as a common ground to achieve the ethical integration needed to ensure that biomedical innovation can truly benefit, and not harm, individuals who suffer from psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Corsico
- Centre for Social Ethics and Policy, Department of Law, School of Social Sciences, The University of Manchester, Williamson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
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39
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Ziegler G, Moutoussis M, Hauser TU, Fearon P, Bullmore ET, Goodyer IM, Fonagy P, Jones PB, Lindenberger U, Dolan RJ. Childhood socio-economic disadvantage predicts reduced myelin growth across adolescence and young adulthood. Hum Brain Mapp 2020; 41:3392-3402. [PMID: 32432383 PMCID: PMC7375075 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Socio-economic disadvantage increases exposure to life stressors. Animal research suggests early life stressors impact later neurodevelopment, including myelin developmental growth. To determine how early life disadvantage may affect myelin growth in adolescence and young adulthood, we analysed data from an accelerated longitudinal neuroimaging study measuring magnetisation transfer (MT), a myelin-sensitive marker, in 288 participants (149 female) between 14 and 25 years of age at baseline. We found that early life economic disadvantage before age 12, measured by a neighbourhood poverty index, was associated with slower myelin growth. This association was observed for magnetization transfer in cortical, subcortical and core white matter regions, and also in key subcortical nuclei. Participant IQ at baseline, alcohol use, body mass index, parental occupation and self-reported parenting quality did not account for these effects, but parental education did so partially. Specifically, positive parenting moderated the effect of socio-economic disadvantage in a protective manner. Thus, early socioeconomic disadvantage appears to alter myelin growth across adolescence. This finding has potential translational implications, including clarifying whether reducing socio-economic disadvantage during childhood, and increasing parental education and positive parenting, promote normal trajectories of brain development in economically disadvantaged contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Ziegler
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK.,Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK.,Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,DZNE Magdeburg, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Moutoussis
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK.,Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tobias U Hauser
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK.,Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pasco Fearon
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Edward T Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Research and Development Department, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.,Medical Research Council/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian M Goodyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Research and Development Department, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Research and Development Department, Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK.,Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK.,Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
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40
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Polek E, Neufeld SAS, Wilkinson P, Goodyer I, St Clair M, Prabhu G, Dolan R, Bullmore ET, Fonagy P, Stochl J, Jones PB. How do the prevalence and relative risk of non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal thoughts vary across the population distribution of common mental distress (the p factor)? Observational analyses replicated in two independent UK cohorts of young people. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e032494. [PMID: 32398331 PMCID: PMC7223145 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To inform suicide prevention policies and responses to youths at risk by investigating whether suicide risk is predicted by a summary measure of common mental distress (CMD (the p factor)) as well as by conventional psychopathological domains; to define the distribution of suicide risks over the population range of CMD; to test whether such distress mediates the medium-term persistence of suicide risks. DESIGN Two independent population-based cohorts. SETTING Population based in two UK centres. PARTICIPANTS Volunteers aged 14-24 years recruited from primary healthcare registers, schools and colleges, with advertisements to complete quotas in age-sex-strata. Cohort 1 is the Neuroscience in Psychiatry Network (n=2403); cohort 2 is the ROOTS sample (n=1074). PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES Suicidal thoughts (ST) and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). RESULTS We calculated a CMD score using confirmatory bifactor analysis and then used logistic regressions to determine adjusted associations between risks and CMD; curve fitting was used to examine the relative prevalence of STs and NSSI over the population distribution of CMD. We found a dose-response relationship between levels of CMD and risk of suicide. The majority of all subjects experiencing ST and NSSI (78% and 76% in cohort 1, and 66% and 71% in cohort 2) had CMD scores no more than 2 SDs above the population mean; higher scores indicated the highest risk but were, by definition, infrequent. Pathway mediation models showed that CMD mediated the longitudinal course of both ST and NSSI. CONCLUSIONS NSSI and ST in youths reflect CMD that also mediates their persistence. Universal prevention strategies reducing levels of CMD in the whole population without recourse to screening or measurement may prevent more suicides than approaches targeting youths with the most severe distress or with psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ela Polek
- Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
- Psychology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Paul Wilkinson
- Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Ian Goodyer
- Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | | | - Gita Prabhu
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College, London, UK
| | - Ray Dolan
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College, London, UK
| | | | - Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jan Stochl
- Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration East of England, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
| | - Peter B Jones
- Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration East of England, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK
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41
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Will GJ, Moutoussis M, Womack PM, Bullmore ET, Goodyer IM, Fonagy P, Jones PB, Rutledge RB, Dolan RJ. Neurocomputational mechanisms underpinning aberrant social learning in young adults with low self-esteem. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:96. [PMID: 32184384 PMCID: PMC7078312 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0702-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Low self-esteem is a risk factor for a range of psychiatric disorders. From a cognitive perspective a negative self-image can be maintained through aberrant learning about self-worth derived from social feedback. We previously showed that neural teaching signals that represent the difference between expected and actual social feedback (i.e., social prediction errors) drive fluctuations in self-worth. Here, we used model-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to characterize learning from social prediction errors in 61 participants drawn from a population-based sample (n = 2402) who were recruited on the basis of being in the bottom or top 10% of self-esteem scores. Participants performed a social evaluation task during fMRI scanning, which entailed predicting whether other people liked them as well as the repeated provision of reported feelings of self-worth. Computational modeling results showed that low self-esteem participants had persistent expectations that others would dislike them, and a reduced propensity to update these expectations in response to social prediction errors. Low self-esteem subjects also displayed an enhanced volatility in reported feelings of self-worth, and this was linked to an increased tendency for social prediction errors to determine momentary self-worth. Canonical correlation analysis revealed that individual differences in self-esteem related to several interconnected psychiatric symptoms organized around a single dimension of interpersonal vulnerability. Such interpersonal vulnerability was associated with an attenuated social value signal in ventromedial prefrontal cortex when making predictions about being liked, and enhanced dorsal prefrontal cortex activity upon receipt of social feedback. We suggest these computational signatures of low self-esteem and their associated neural underpinnings might represent vulnerability for development of psychiatric disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert-Jan Will
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, UK. .,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK. .,Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Michael Moutoussis
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Palee M. Womack
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Edward T. Bullmore
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian M. Goodyer
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Fonagy
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter B. Jones
- grid.5335.00000000121885934Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK ,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Robb B. Rutledge
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Raymond J. Dolan
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, UK ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
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42
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Mihalik A, Ferreira FS, Moutoussis M, Ziegler G, Adams RA, Rosa MJ, Prabhu G, de Oliveira L, Pereira M, Bullmore ET, Fonagy P, Goodyer IM, Jones PB, Shawe-Taylor J, Dolan R, Mourão-Miranda J. Multiple Holdouts With Stability: Improving the Generalizability of Machine Learning Analyses of Brain-Behavior Relationships. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 87:368-376. [PMID: 32040421 PMCID: PMC6970221 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2009, the National Institute of Mental Health launched the Research Domain Criteria, an attempt to move beyond diagnostic categories and ground psychiatry within neurobiological constructs that combine different levels of measures (e.g., brain imaging and behavior). Statistical methods that can integrate such multimodal data, however, are often vulnerable to overfitting, poor generalization, and difficulties in interpreting the results. METHODS We propose an innovative machine learning framework combining multiple holdouts and a stability criterion with regularized multivariate techniques, such as sparse partial least squares and kernel canonical correlation analysis, for identifying hidden dimensions of cross-modality relationships. To illustrate the approach, we investigated structural brain-behavior associations in an extensively phenotyped developmental sample of 345 participants (312 healthy and 33 with clinical depression). The brain data consisted of whole-brain voxel-based gray matter volumes, and the behavioral data included item-level self-report questionnaires and IQ and demographic measures. RESULTS Both sparse partial least squares and kernel canonical correlation analysis captured two hidden dimensions of brain-behavior relationships: one related to age and drinking and the other one related to depression. The applied machine learning framework indicates that these results are stable and generalize well to new data. Indeed, the identified brain-behavior associations are in agreement with previous findings in the literature concerning age, alcohol use, and depression-related changes in brain volume. CONCLUSIONS Multivariate techniques (such as sparse partial least squares and kernel canonical correlation analysis) embedded in our novel framework are promising tools to link behavior and/or symptoms to neurobiology and thus have great potential to contribute to a biologically grounded definition of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agoston Mihalik
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Fabio S. Ferreira
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom,Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Moutoussis
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Ziegler
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom,Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rick A. Adams
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom,Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria J. Rosa
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom,Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gita Prabhu
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leticia de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Behaviour, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Mirtes Pereira
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology of Behaviour, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Edward T. Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom,ImmunoPsychiatry, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M. Goodyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - John Shawe-Taylor
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond Dolan
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janaina Mourão-Miranda
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom,Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Though moderate exercise has numerous health benefits, some individuals may become excessively preoccupied with exercise, endorsing features akin to "addiction." The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationships between problematic exercise (viewed dimensionally), quality of life, and psychological measures. METHODS Young adults were recruited from an established population-based cohort in the United Kingdom and completed an online survey. The factor structure of the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) was characterized. Relationships between dimensional EAI factor scores and other variables (impulsivity, compulsivity, emotional dysregulation) were elicited. RESULTS Six hundred and forty-two individuals took part in the study (mean age 23.4 years, 64.7% female). The EAI yielded two factors - a "general factor" and a "relationship conflict factor." Both EAI factor scores were associated with disordered eating, impulsivity (UPPS), and compulsivity (CHI-T). Only the relationship conflict factor score was significantly associated with impaired quality of life (all domains) and with maladaptive personality traits (emotional dysregulation and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder traits). Few participants met conventional threshold for full exercise addiction (1.1%). CONCLUSION Higher problematic exercise scores, in a sample largely free from exercise addiction, were associated with impulsive and compulsive personality features, emotional dysregulation, and disordered eating. Further research is needed to examine whether these results generalize to other populations (such as gym attendees) and are evident using more rigorous in-person clinical assessment rather than online assessment. Longitudinal research is needed to examine both positive and negative impacts of exercise, since moderate exercise may, in fact, be useful for those with impulsive/compulsive tendencies, by dampening negative emotional states or substituting for other more damaging types of repetitive habit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R. Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, and Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Jon E. Grant
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, USA
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44
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Paquola C, Bethlehem RAI, Seidlitz J, Wagstyl K, Romero-Garcia R, Whitaker KJ, Vos de Wael R, Williams GB, Vértes PE, Margulies DS, Bernhardt B, Bullmore ET. Shifts in myeloarchitecture characterise adolescent development of cortical gradients. eLife 2019; 8:e50482. [PMID: 31724948 PMCID: PMC6855802 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied an accelerated longitudinal cohort of adolescents and young adults (n = 234, two time points) to investigate dynamic reconfigurations in myeloarchitecture. Intracortical profiles were generated using magnetization transfer (MT) data, a myelin-sensitive magnetic resonance imaging contrast. Mixed-effect models of depth specific intracortical profiles demonstrated two separate processes i) overall increases in MT, and ii) flattening of the MT profile related to enhanced signal in mid-to-deeper layers, especially in heteromodal and unimodal association cortices. This development was independent of morphological changes. Enhanced MT in mid-to-deeper layers was found to spatially co-localise specifically with gene expression markers of oligodendrocytes. Interregional covariance analysis revealed that these intracortical changes contributed to a gradual differentiation of higher-order from lower-order systems. Depth-dependent trajectories of intracortical myeloarchitectural development contribute to the maturation of structural hierarchies in the human neocortex, providing a model for adolescent development that bridges microstructural and macroscopic scales of brain organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey Paquola
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and HospitalMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Richard AI Bethlehem
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Autism Research Centre, Department of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Jakob Seidlitz
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Developmental Neurogenomics UnitNational Institute of Mental HealthBethesdaUnited States
| | - Konrad Wagstyl
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Kirstie J Whitaker
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- The Alan Turing InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Reinder Vos de Wael
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and HospitalMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Guy B Williams
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wolfson Brain Imaging CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Petra E Vértes
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- The Alan Turing InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Daniel S Margulies
- FrontlabInstitut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, UPMC UMRS 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225ParisFrance
| | - Boris Bernhardt
- Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Lab, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and HospitalMcGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Edward T Bullmore
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wolfson Brain Imaging CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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45
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Vanes LD, Moutoussis M, Ziegler G, Goodyer IM, Fonagy P, Jones PB, Bullmore ET, Dolan RJ. White matter tract myelin maturation and its association with general psychopathology in adolescence and early adulthood. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 41:827-839. [PMID: 31661180 PMCID: PMC7268015 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a time period associated with marked brain maturation that coincides with an enhanced risk for onset of psychiatric disorder. White matter tract myelination, a process that continues to unfold throughout adolescence, is reported to be abnormal in several psychiatric disorders. Here, we ask whether psychiatric vulnerability is linked to aberrant developmental myelination trajectories. We assessed a marker of myelin maturation, using magnetisation transfer (MT) imaging, in 10 major white matter tracts. We then investigated its relationship to the expression of a general psychopathology "p-factor" in a longitudinal analysis of 293 healthy participants between the ages of 14 and 24. We observed significant longitudinal MT increase across the full age spectrum in anterior thalamic radiation, hippocampal cingulum, dorsal cingulum and superior longitudinal fasciculus. MT increase in the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, inferior longitudinal fasciculus and uncinate fasciculus was pronounced in younger participants but levelled off during the transition into young adulthood. Crucially, longitudinal MT increase in dorsal cingulum and uncinate fasciculus decelerated as a function of mean p-factor scores over the study period. This suggests that an increased expression of psychopathology is closely linked to lower rates of myelin maturation in selective brain tracts over time. Impaired myelin growth in limbic association fibres may serve as a neural marker for emerging mental illness during the course of adolescence and early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy D Vanes
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Moutoussis
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gabriel Ziegler
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ian M Goodyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge Clinical School, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge Clinical School, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward T Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge Clinical School, Cambridge, UK
| | -
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge Clinical School, Cambridge, UK
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
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46
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Stochl J, Soneson E, Wagner A, Khandaker G, Goodyer I, Jones P. Identifying key targets for interventions to improve psychological wellbeing: replicable results from four UK cohorts. Psychol Med 2019; 49:2389-2396. [PMID: 30430959 PMCID: PMC6763534 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291718003288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing importance is being placed on mental health and wellbeing at individual and population levels. While there are several interventions that have been proposed to improve wellbeing, more evidence is needed to understand which aspects of wellbeing are most influential. This study aimed to identify key items that signal improvement of mental health and wellbeing. METHODS Using network analysis, we identified the most central items in the graph network estimated from the well-established Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS). Results were compared across four major UK cohorts comprising a total of 47,578 individuals: the Neuroscience in Psychiatry Network, the Scottish Schools Adolescent Lifestyle and Substance Use Survey, the Northern Ireland Health Survey, and the National Child Development Study. RESULTS Regardless of gender, the three items most central in the network were related to positive self-perception and mood: 'I have been feeling good about myself'; 'I have been feeling confident'; and 'I have been feeling cheerful'. Results were consistent across all four cohorts. CONCLUSIONS Positive self-perception and positive mood are central to psychological wellbeing. Psychotherapeutic and public mental health interventions might best promote psychological wellbeing by prioritising the improvement of self-esteem, self-confidence and cheerfulness. However, empirical testing of interventions using these key targets is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Stochl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Herschel Smith Building for Brain & Mind Sciences, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care East of England (CLAHRC), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Kinanthropology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - E. Soneson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Herschel Smith Building for Brain & Mind Sciences, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, Cambridge, UK
| | - A.P. Wagner
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care East of England (CLAHRC), Cambridge, UK
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - G.M. Khandaker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Herschel Smith Building for Brain & Mind Sciences, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, Cambridge, UK
| | - I. Goodyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Herschel Smith Building for Brain & Mind Sciences, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, Cambridge, UK
| | - P.B. Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Herschel Smith Building for Brain & Mind Sciences, Cambridge, CB2 0SZ, Cambridge, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care East of England (CLAHRC), Cambridge, UK
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Chamberlain SR, Tiego J, Fontenelle LF, Hook R, Parkes L, Segrave R, Hauser TU, Dolan RJ, Goodyer IM, Bullmore E, Grant JE, Yücel M. Fractionation of impulsive and compulsive trans-diagnostic phenotypes and their longitudinal associations. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2019; 53:896-907. [PMID: 31001986 PMCID: PMC6724459 DOI: 10.1177/0004867419844325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Young adulthood is a crucial neurodevelopmental period during which impulsive and compulsive problem behaviours commonly emerge. While traditionally considered diametrically opposed, impulsive and compulsive symptoms tend to co-occur. The objectives of this study were as follows: (a) to identify the optimal trans-diagnostic structural framework for measuring impulsive and compulsive problem behaviours, and (b) to use this optimal framework to identify common/distinct antecedents of these latent phenotypes. METHOD In total, 654 young adults were recruited as part of the Neuroscience in Psychiatry Network, a population-based cohort in the United Kingdom. The optimal trans-diagnostic structural model capturing 33 types of impulsive and compulsive problem behaviours was identified. Baseline predictors of subsequent impulsive and compulsive trans-diagnostic phenotypes were characterised, along with cross-sectional associations, using partial least squares. RESULTS Current problem behaviours were optimally explained by a bi-factor model, which yielded dissociable measures of impulsivity and compulsivity, as well as a general disinhibition factor. Impulsive problem behaviours were significantly explained by prior antisocial and impulsive personality traits, male gender, general distress, perceived dysfunctional parenting and teasing/arguments within friendships. Compulsive problem behaviours were significantly explained by prior compulsive traits and female gender. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that trans-diagnostic phenotypes of 33 impulsive and compulsive problem behaviours are identifiable in young adults, utilising a bi-factor model based on responses to a single questionnaire. Furthermore, these phenotypes have different antecedents. The findings yield a new framework for fractionating impulsivity and compulsivity, and suggest different early intervention targets to avert emergence of problem behaviours. This framework may be useful for future biological and clinical dissection of impulsivity and compulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel R Chamberlain
- Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust and Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK,Samuel R Chamberlain, Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust and Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - Jeggan Tiego
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Leonardo F Fontenelle
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Roxanne Hook
- Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust and Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Linden Parkes
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Rebecca Segrave
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tobias U Hauser
- The Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Ray J Dolan
- The Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - Ian M Goodyer
- Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust and Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ed Bullmore
- Cambridge and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust and Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jon E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Murat Yücel
- Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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48
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Mihalik A, Ferreira FS, Rosa MJ, Moutoussis M, Ziegler G, Monteiro JM, Portugal L, Adams RA, Romero-Garcia R, Vértes PE, Kitzbichler MG, Váša F, Vaghi MM, Bullmore ET, Fonagy P, Goodyer IM, Jones PB, Dolan R, Mourão-Miranda J. Brain-behaviour modes of covariation in healthy and clinically depressed young people. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11536. [PMID: 31395894 PMCID: PMC6687746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47277-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how variations in dimensions of psychometrics, IQ and demographics relate to changes in brain connectivity during the critical developmental period of adolescence and early adulthood is a major challenge. This has particular relevance for mental health disorders where a failure to understand these links might hinder the development of better diagnostic approaches and therapeutics. Here, we investigated this question in 306 adolescents and young adults (14-24 y, 25 clinically depressed) using a multivariate statistical framework, based on canonical correlation analysis (CCA). By linking individual functional brain connectivity profiles to self-report questionnaires, IQ and demographic data we identified two distinct modes of covariation. The first mode mapped onto an externalization/internalization axis and showed a strong association with sex. The second mode mapped onto a well-being/distress axis independent of sex. Interestingly, both modes showed an association with age. Crucially, the changes in functional brain connectivity associated with changes in these phenotypes showed marked developmental effects. The findings point to a role for the default mode, frontoparietal and limbic networks in psychopathology and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agoston Mihalik
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Fabio S Ferreira
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria J Rosa
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Moutoussis
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Ziegler
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Joao M Monteiro
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Liana Portugal
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal Fluminense University, Niteroi, Brazil
| | - Rick A Adams
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rafael Romero-Garcia
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Petra E Vértes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Manfred G Kitzbichler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - František Váša
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matilde M Vaghi
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edward T Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- ImmunoPsychiatry, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Goodyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond Dolan
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janaina Mourão-Miranda
- Centre for Medical Image Computing, Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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49
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Credit assignment to state-independent task representations and its relationship with model-based decision making. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:15871-15876. [PMID: 31320592 PMCID: PMC6689934 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821647116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that agents learn action values based on experience in a “model-free” manner (i.e., without holding a model of the environment). Environments usually embody many features, where a subset is considered relevant for model-free outcome learning. In this study, we show that a putative model-free system assigns credit to outcome-irrelevant task representations, regardless of stimulus features. The degree of impact of these associations is strongly linked to deployment of model-based strategies. Our findings motivate a reconsideration of how model-free representations are formed and regulated according to the structure of the environment. Model-free learning enables an agent to make better decisions based on prior experience while representing only minimal knowledge about an environment’s structure. It is generally assumed that model-free state representations are based on outcome-relevant features of the environment. Here, we challenge this assumption by providing evidence that a putative model-free system assigns credit to task representations that are irrelevant to an outcome. We examined data from 769 individuals performing a well-described 2-step reward decision task where stimulus identity but not spatial-motor aspects of the task predicted reward. We show that participants assigned value to spatial-motor representations despite it being outcome irrelevant. Strikingly, spatial-motor value associations affected behavior across all outcome-relevant features and stages of the task, consistent with credit assignment to low-level state-independent task representations. Individual difference analyses suggested that the impact of spatial-motor value formation was attenuated for individuals who showed greater deployment of goal-directed (model-based) strategies. Our findings highlight a need for a reconsideration of how model-free representations are formed and regulated according to the structure of the environment.
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50
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Ziegler G, Hauser TU, Moutoussis M, Bullmore ET, Goodyer IM, Fonagy P, Jones PB, Lindenberger U, Dolan RJ. Compulsivity and impulsivity traits linked to attenuated developmental frontostriatal myelination trajectories. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:992-999. [PMID: 31086316 PMCID: PMC7610393 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The transition from adolescence to adulthood is a period when ongoing brain development coincides with a substantially increased risk of psychiatric disorders. The developmental brain changes accounting for this emergent psychiatric symptomatology remain obscure. Capitalizing on a unique longitudinal dataset that includes in vivo myelin-sensitive magnetization transfer (MT) MRI scans, we show that this developmental period is characterized by brain-wide growth in MT trajectories within both gray matter and adjacent juxtacortical white matter. In this healthy population, the expression of common developmental traits, namely compulsivity and impulsivity, is tied to a reduced growth of these MT trajectories in frontostriatal regions. This reduction is most marked in dorsomedial and dorsolateral prefrontal regions for compulsivity and in lateral and medial prefrontal regions for impulsivity. These findings highlight that psychiatric traits of compulsivity and impulsivity are linked to regionally specific reductions in myelin-related growth in late adolescent brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Ziegler
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK.
- Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Tobias U Hauser
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, UK.
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Michael Moutoussis
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Edward T Bullmore
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
- Medical Research Council/Wellcome Trust Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- ImmunoPsychiatry, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, UK
| | - Ian M Goodyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter Fonagy
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Peter B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ulman Lindenberger
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, UK
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, London, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
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