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Nowroz F, Hasanuzzaman M, Siddika A, Parvin K, Caparros PG, Nahar K, Prasad PV. Elevated tropospheric ozone and crop production: potential negative effects and plant defense mechanisms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1244515. [PMID: 38264020 PMCID: PMC10803661 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1244515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) levels on Earth are increasing because of anthropogenic activities and natural processes. Ozone enters plants through the leaves, leading to the overgeneration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mesophyll and guard cell walls. ROS can damage chloroplast ultrastructure and block photosynthetic electron transport. Ozone can lead to stomatal closure and alter stomatal conductance, thereby hindering carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation. Ozone-induced leaf chlorosis is common. All of these factors lead to a reduction in photosynthesis under O3 stress. Long-term exposure to high concentrations of O3 disrupts plant physiological processes, including water and nutrient uptake, respiration, and translocation of assimilates and metabolites. As a result, plant growth and reproductive performance are negatively affected. Thus, reduction in crop yield and deterioration of crop quality are the greatest effects of O3 stress on plants. Increased rates of hydrogen peroxide accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and ion leakage are the common indicators of oxidative damage in plants exposed to O3 stress. Ozone disrupts the antioxidant defense system of plants by disturbing enzymatic activity and non-enzymatic antioxidant content. Improving photosynthetic pathways, various physiological processes, antioxidant defense, and phytohormone regulation, which can be achieved through various approaches, have been reported as vital strategies for improving O3 stress tolerance in plants. In plants, O3 stress can be mitigated in several ways. However, improvements in crop management practices, CO2 fertilization, using chemical elicitors, nutrient management, and the selection of tolerant crop varieties have been documented to mitigate O3 stress in different plant species. In this review, the responses of O3-exposed plants are summarized, and different mitigation strategies to decrease O3 stress-induced damage and crop losses are discussed. Further research should be conducted to determine methods to mitigate crop loss, enhance plant antioxidant defenses, modify physiological characteristics, and apply protectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Nowroz
- Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ayesha Siddika
- Department of Agronomy, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Khursheda Parvin
- Department of Horticulture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pedro Garcia Caparros
- Agronomy Department of Superior School Engineering, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Kamrun Nahar
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - P.V. Vara Prasad
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Hu Z, Zou Y, Wang Y, Lou L, Cai Q. Elevated carbon dioxide concentrations increase the risk of Cd exposure in rice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:120300-120314. [PMID: 37936041 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30646-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the Industrial Revolution, crops have been exposed to various changes in the environment, including elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration and cadmium (Cd) pollution in soil. However, information about how combined changes affect crop is limited. Here, we have investigated the changes of japonica and indica rice subspecies seedlings under elevated CO2 level (1200 ppm) and Cd exposure (5 μM Cd) conditions compared with ambient CO2 level (400 ppm) and without Cd exposure in CO2 growth chambers with hydroponic experiment. The results showed that elevated CO2 levels significantly promoted seedling growth and rescued the growth inhibition under Cd stress. However, the elevated CO2 levels led to a significant increase in the shoot Cd accumulation of the two rice subspecies. Especially, the increase of shoot Cd accumulation in indica rice was more than 50% compared with control. Further investigation revealed that the decreases in the photosynthetic pigments and photosynthetic rates caused by Cd were attenuated by the elevated CO2 levels. In addition, elevated CO2 levels increased the non-enzymatic antioxidants and significantly enhanced the ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities, alleviating the lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation induced by Cd. Overall, the research revealed how rice responded to the elevated CO2 levels and Cd exposure, which can help modify agricultural practices to ensure food security and food safety in a future high-CO2 world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Hu
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yiping Zou
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yulong Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Laiqing Lou
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qingsheng Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Yele Y, Chander S, Suroshe SS, Nebapure S, Tenguri P, Pattathanam Sundaran A. Ecological engineering in low land rice for brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) management. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15531. [PMID: 37786579 PMCID: PMC10541807 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice field bunds and edges can act as near crop habitats, available for planting flowering plants to attract and conserve the natural enemies. We evaluated the effect of ecological engineering on the incidence of Brown Planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Hemiptera; Delphacidae) and the abundance of its predators in the rice variety Pusa Basmati-1121. Plots included the oilseed crops viz. sesamum, sunflower and soybean, with plantings of flowering crops marigold, balsam and gaillardia as bund flora around the edges of rice plots. Ecologically engineered plots contained both crops+flowers and resulted in a significantly reduced BPH population per hill in rice plots for 2019 (6.3) and 2020 (9.4) compared to the control plots (9.8 and 14.4). Ecologically engineered plots also witnessed the delayed appearance of BPH during each growing season. Peak BPH populations are lower in the ecologically engineered plots than in the control grounds. Furthermore, the activity of natural enemies, viz., spiders, mirid bugs and rove beetles was the highest in rice fields planted with oilseed crops like sesamum, sunflower and soybean. Olfactory response studies showed that the attraction response of spiders toward sesamum and balsam leaves was more significant than in other crop plants. Rice yield was enhanced in plots planted with crops+flowers during both seasons compared to control plots. Planting of oilseed crops plants such as sesamum, sunflower and soybean with flowering crops such as marigold, balsam and gaillardia as bund flora on the bunds around the main rice field enhanced the natural enemy activity, suppressed the planthopper population, and increased yields. Based on the results, we recommend including ecological engineering techniques as one of the management components in the Integrated Pest Management programme for rice crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Yele
- National Institute of Biotic Stress Management, Raipur, Chattisgarh, India
| | - Subhash Chander
- National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Suresh Nebapure
- Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, Delhi, India
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Singh AA, Ghosh A, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB. Secondary metabolites responses of plants exposed to ozone: an update. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:88281-88312. [PMID: 37440135 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28634-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a secondary pollutant that causes oxidative stress in plants due to the generation of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS). Phenylpropanoid metabolism is induced as a usual response to stress in plants, and induction of key enzyme activities and accumulation of secondary metabolites occur, upon O3 exposure to provide resistance or tolerance. The phenylpropanoid, isoprenoid, and alkaloid pathways are the major secondary metabolic pathways from which plant defense metabolites emerge. Chronic exposure to O3 significantly accelerates the direction of carbon flows toward secondary metabolic pathways, resulting in a resource shift in favor of the synthesis of secondary products. Furthermore, since different cellular compartments have different levels of ROS sensitivity and metabolite sets, intracellular compartmentation of secondary antioxidative metabolites may play a role in O3-induced ROS detoxification. Plants' responses to resource partitioning often result in a trade-off between growth and defense under O3 stress. These metabolic adjustments help the plants to cope with the stress as well as for achieving new homeostasis. In this review, we discuss secondary metabolic pathways in response to O3 in plant species including crops, trees, and medicinal plants; and how the presence of this stressor affects their role as ROS scavengers and structural defense. Furthermore, we discussed how O3 affects key physiological traits in plants, foliar chemistry, and volatile emission, which affects plant-plant competition (allelopathy), and plant-insect interactions, along with an emphasis on soil dynamics, which affect the composition of soil communities via changing root exudation, litter decomposition, and other related processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Abha Singh
- Department of Botany, University of Lucknow, -226007, Lucknow, India
| | - Annesha Ghosh
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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van der Walt K, Burritt DJ, Nadarajan J. Impacts of Rapid Desiccation on Oxidative Status, Ultrastructure and Physiological Functions of Syzygium maire (Myrtaceae) Zygotic Embryos in Preparation for Cryopreservation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1056. [PMID: 35448783 PMCID: PMC9028110 DOI: 10.3390/plants11081056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Syzygium maire is a highly threatened Myrtaceae tree species endemic to New Zealand. Due to its recalcitrant seed storage behaviour, cryopreservation is the only viable long-term ex situ conservation option for this species. This study investigated viability, oxidative stress, thermal properties, and ultrastructure of zygotic embryo axes (EAs) desiccated to various moisture contents (MC). Fresh EAs had a MC of c. 1.9 g/g with 100% viability but rapid desiccation to MC < 0.3 g/g significantly reduced viability and decreased the activities of the enzymatic antioxidants superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, with a sevenfold increase in the production of protein carbonyls and lipid peroxides. Differential Scanning Calorimetry analysis showed no thermal events in EAs desiccated to a MC of <0.2 g/g, indicating that all freezable water had been removed, but this was lethal to both EAs and enzymatic antioxidants. The ultrastructure of desiccated EAs showed signs of plasmolysis, while fully hydrated EAs exposed to cryogenic temperature had ultrastructural disintegration and membrane damage. The decline in enzymatic antioxidant activities and the increase in lipid peroxidation suggest that S. maire EA viability loss is due to oxidative stress rather than structural impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin van der Walt
- Ōtari Native Botanic Garden, Wellington City Council, 150 Wilton Road, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4410, New Zealand
| | - David J. Burritt
- Department of Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
| | - Jayanthi Nadarajan
- Fitzherbert Science Centre, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Batchelar Road, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand;
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Singh RN, Mukherjee J, Sehgal VK, Krishnan P, Das DK, Dhakar RK, Bhatia A. Interactive effect of elevated tropospheric ozone and carbon dioxide on radiation utilisation, growth and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2021; 65:1939-1952. [PMID: 34050433 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-021-02150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted in the Free Air Ozone and Carbon dioxide Enrichment (FAOCE) facility to study the impact of elevated O3, CO2 and their interaction on chickpea crop (cv. Pusa-5023) in terms of phenology, biophysical parameters, yield components, radiation interception and use efficiency. The crop was exposed to elevated O3 (EO:60ppb), CO2 (EC:550 ppm) and their combined interactive treatment (ECO: EC+EO) during the entire growing season. Results revealed that the crop's total growth period was shortened by 10, 14 and 17 days under elevated CO2, elevated O3 and the combined treatment, respectively. Compared to ambient condition, the leaf area index (LAI) under elevated CO2 was higher by 4 to 28%, whilst it is reduced by 7.3 to 23.8% under elevated O3. The yield based radiation use efficiency (RUEy) was highest under elevated CO2 (0.48 g MJ-1), followed by combined (0.41 g MJ-1), ambient (0.38 g MJ-1) and elevated O3 (0.32 g MJ-1) treatments. Elevated O3 decreased RUEy by 15.78% over ambient, and the interaction results in a 7.8% higher RUEy. The yield was 31.7% more under elevated CO2 and 21.9% lower in elevated O3 treatment as compared to the ambient. The combined interactive treatment recorded a higher yield as compared to ambient by 9.7%. Harvest index (HI) was lowest under elevated O3 (36.10%), followed by ambient (39.18%), combined (40.81%), and highest was under elevated CO2 (44.18%). Chickpea showed a positive response to elevated CO2 resulting a 5% increase in HI as compared to ambient condition. Our findings quantified the positive and negative impacts of elevated O3, CO2 and their interaction on chickpea and revealed that the negative impacts of elevated O3 can be compensated by elevated CO2 in chickpea. This work promotes the understanding of crop behaviour under elevated O3, CO2 and their interaction, which can be used as valuable inputs for radiation-based crop simulation models to simulate climate change impact on chickpea crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- R N Singh
- Division of Agricultural Physics, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, 110012, India
- School of Atmospheric Stress Management, ICAR-NIASM, Pune, 413115, India
| | - Joydeep Mukherjee
- Division of Agricultural Physics, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, 110012, India.
| | - V K Sehgal
- Division of Agricultural Physics, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - P Krishnan
- Division of Agricultural Physics, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Deb Kumar Das
- Division of Agricultural Physics, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Raj Kumar Dhakar
- Division of Agricultural Physics, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Arti Bhatia
- Centre for Environmental Science and Climate Resilient Agriculture, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, 110012, India
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Shi Y, Liu Y, Li H, Pei H, Xu Y, Ju X. Phytochelatins formation kinetics and Cd-induced growth inhibition in Lolium perenne L. at elevated CO 2 level under Cd stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:35751-35763. [PMID: 33675496 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12883-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Elevated CO2 levels may alleviate toxicities induced by environmental stresses in plants, such as heavy metals. To assess this possibility, seedlings of Lolium perenne L. were exposed to different Cd stress and CO2 levels during hydroponic culture. The kinetics of growth, Cd accumulation, and thiol formation were investigated. Elevated CO2 levels increased the growth rate from 30 to 75%, and decreased the Cd accumulation rate from 36 to 42%, leading to a decrease of Cd content in root and shoot. However, an increase in Cd transport from root to shoot was observed at elevated CO2 under Cd stress. The production of phytochelatins (PCs) occurred earlier at elevated CO2 level than at ambient CO2 level after exposure to Cd stress. The mean SH/Cd ratio was relatively higher at elevated CO2 level, but elevated CO2 level significantly decreased thiol contents. The reduction of Cd contents, earlier production of PCs, and relatively higher SH/Cd ratio at the elevated CO2 level alleviated Cd toxicity in root and shoot to some extent, causing significant yield increase of L. perenne after exposure to Cd stress. This study could provide an important data support and theoretical basis in understanding the effects of elevated CO2 on plant growth, heavy metal accumulation, and thiol formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shi
- National Institute of Environmental Health, China CDC, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yaqi Liu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Houyu Li
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Haopeng Pei
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China.
| | - Xuehai Ju
- Rural Energy & Environment Agency, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R.C., Beijing, 100125, China.
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Ansari N, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB. An assessment of growth, floral morphology, and metabolites of a medicinal plant Sida cordifolia L. under the influence of elevated ozone. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:832-845. [PMID: 32820442 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10340-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a major secondary air pollutant and greenhouse gas, and its impact on growth, yield, and its quality is well established in the case of crop plants. However, the effects of tropospheric O3 have not been comprehensively studied on medicinal plants. Therefore, a field study was planned on a medicinally important Sida cordifolia L. plant (commonly known as country mallow or Bala) to assess the expected changes on the morphology, growth, and leaf injury under elevated O3 (ambient + 20 ppb) by using open-top chambers (OTCs) at 30, 60, and 90 days after treatment (DAT), while leaf and root metabolites were observed at 60 DAT. At all the growth stages, significant leaf damage was recorded as foliar injury symptoms. Most of the growth parameters also showed significant reductions at all the growth stages. Plants under elevated O3 showed a significant negative impact on most of the reproductive parts of the plant. Leaf weight ratio (LWR) showed significant increment at early stages while reduced at 90 DAT; however, root shoot ratio (RSR) showed a significant reduction at 60 DAT. The majority of the steroid metabolites showed an increase in root and leaves under elevated O3, while terpenes showed variable response. Due to O3 stress, most of the major metabolites showed an increase possibly due to their role in defense and other metabolic activities. Based on the outcomes, it is concluded that the future increase in the levels of tropospheric O3 will impact a significant effect on important metabolites of medicinal plants growing in tropical countries like India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naushad Ansari
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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Sharps K, Hayes F, Harmens H, Mills G. Ozone-induced effects on leaves in African crop species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115789. [PMID: 33120352 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric (ground-level) ozone is a harmful phytotoxic pollutant, and can have a negative impact on crop yield and quality in sensitive species. Ozone can also induce visible symptoms on leaves, appearing as tiny spots (stipples) between the veins on the upper leaf surface. There is little measured data on ozone concentrations in Africa and it can be labour-intensive and expensive to determine the direct impact of ozone on crop yield in the field. The identification of visible ozone symptoms is an easier, low cost method of determining if a crop species is being negatively affected by ozone pollution, potentially resulting in yield loss. In this study, thirteen staple African food crops (including wheat (Triticum aestivum), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) and finger millet (Eleusine coracana)) were exposed to an episodic ozone regime in a solardome system to monitor visible ozone symptoms. A more detailed examination of the progression of ozone symptoms with time was carried out for cultivars of P. vulgaris and T. aestivum, which showed early leaf loss (P. vulgaris) and an increased rate of senescence (T. aestivum) in response to ozone exposure. All of the crops tested showed visible ozone symptoms on their leaves in at least one cultivar, and ozone sensitivity varied between cultivars of the same crop. A guide to assist with identification of visible ozone symptoms (including photographs and a description of symptoms for each species) is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Sharps
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK.
| | - Felicity Hayes
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Harry Harmens
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Gina Mills
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd, LL57 2UW, UK
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Choquette NE, Ainsworth EA, Bezodis W, Cavanagh AP. Ozone tolerant maize hybrids maintain Rubisco content and activity during long-term exposure in the field. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:3033-3047. [PMID: 32844407 PMCID: PMC7756399 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Ozone pollution is a damaging air pollutant that reduces maize yields equivalently to nutrient deficiency, heat, and aridity stress. Therefore, understanding the physiological and biochemical responses of maize to ozone pollution and identifying traits predictive of ozone tolerance is important. In this study, we examined the physiological, biochemical and yield responses of six maize hybrids to elevated ozone in the field using Free Air Ozone Enrichment. Elevated ozone stress reduced photosynthetic capacity, in vivo and in vitro, decreasing Rubisco content, but not activation state. Contrary to our hypotheses, variation in maize hybrid responses to ozone was not associated with stomatal limitation or antioxidant pools in maize. Rather, tolerance to ozone stress in the hybrid B73 × Mo17 was correlated with maintenance of leaf N content. Sensitive lines showed greater ozone-induced senescence and loss of photosynthetic capacity compared to the tolerant line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E. Choquette
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignChampaignIllinoisUSA
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignChampaignIllinoisUSA
| | - Elizabeth A. Ainsworth
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignChampaignIllinoisUSA
- Department of Plant BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignChampaignIllinoisUSA
- Global Change and Photosynthesis Research UnitUSDA ARSUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - William Bezodis
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignChampaignIllinoisUSA
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Amanda P. Cavanagh
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic BiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignChampaignIllinoisUSA
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of EssexColchesterUK
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Cao Y, Qiao X, Hopke PK, Ying Q, Zhang Y, Zeng Y, Yuan Y, Tang Y. Ozone pollution in the west China rain zone and its adjacent regions, Southwestern China: Concentrations, ecological risk, and Sources. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 256:127008. [PMID: 32438126 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Located in the transitional region between the Sichuan Basin (SCB) and Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP), the West China Rain Zone (WCRZ) is a large-scale ecotone and partially belongs to the Southwest China Mountains, which is one of the world's 34 biodiversity hotspots. Using observation data from national air quality stations and our own monitoring data, we investigated the risk from O3 to vegetation and the major source-region of O3 for two UNESCO (i.e., United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) world heritage properties (Mt. Qingcheng and Mt. Emei) and one city (Ya'an) in the WCRZ. The results show that the annual mean maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) O3 concentration in Mt. Qingcheng (54 ppb) was higher than that in the adjacent SCB cities (38-48 ppb). The acute and chronic risk levels from O3 to vegetation were also higher in Mt. Qingcheng than at all the other sites. The mean MDA8 O3 concentrations and the O3 risk levels to vegetation in Mt. Emei and Ya'an fell in the range of that at the SCB and QTP cities. However, O3 exposures at all the WCRZ, SCB, and QTP sites exceeded the empirical critical loads for natural ecosystems, forest trees, and highly O3-sensitive plants. The SCB was identified as the largest source-region of O3 for Mt. Qingcheng and Mt. Emei but other Chinese regions and northern India also had considerable contributions. To protect biodiversity and ecosystem services, there is a need to further systematically study O3 and its ecological impacts for the entire WCRZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfei Cao
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology & Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology & Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China; State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, United States; Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, United States
| | - Qi Ying
- Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, United States
| | - Yueying Zhang
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology & Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Yingying Zeng
- Department of Environment, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Yanping Yuan
- Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology & Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China
| | - Ya Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China; Department of Environment, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, China.
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12
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Singer SD, Chatterton S, Soolanayakanahally RY, Subedi U, Chen G, Acharya SN. Potential effects of a high CO 2 future on leguminous species. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2020; 1:67-94. [PMID: 37283729 PMCID: PMC10168062 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Legumes provide an important source of food and feed due to their high protein levels and many health benefits, and also impart environmental and agronomic advantages as a consequence of their ability to fix nitrogen through their symbiotic relationship with rhizobia. As a result of our growing population, the demand for products derived from legumes will likely expand considerably in coming years. Since there is little scope for increasing production area, improving the productivity of such crops in the face of climate change will be essential. While a growing number of studies have assessed the effects of climate change on legume yield, there is a paucity of information regarding the direct impact of elevated CO2 concentration (e[CO2]) itself, which is a main driver of climate change and has a substantial physiological effect on plants. In this review, we discuss current knowledge regarding the influence of e[CO2] on the photosynthetic process, as well as biomass production, seed yield, quality, and stress tolerance in legumes, and examine how these responses differ from those observed in non-nodulating plants. Although these relationships are proving to be extremely complex, mounting evidence suggests that under limiting conditions, overall declines in many of these parameters could ensue. While further research will be required to unravel precise mechanisms underlying e[CO2] responses of legumes, it is clear that integrating such knowledge into legume breeding programs will be indispensable for achieving yield gains by harnessing the potential positive effects, and minimizing the detrimental impacts, of CO2 in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy D. Singer
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaLethbridge Research and Development CentreLethbridgeABCanada
| | - Syama Chatterton
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaLethbridge Research and Development CentreLethbridgeABCanada
| | | | - Udaya Subedi
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaLethbridge Research and Development CentreLethbridgeABCanada
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Guanqun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional ScienceUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonABCanada
| | - Surya N. Acharya
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaLethbridge Research and Development CentreLethbridgeABCanada
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13
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Ghosh A, Agrawal M, Agrawal SB. Effect of water deficit stress on an Indian wheat cultivar (Triticum aestivum L. HD 2967) under ambient and elevated level of ozone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 714:136837. [PMID: 32018978 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The response of a wheat cultivar (HD 2967) under the combination of elevated ozone (O3) and water deficit stress (WS) was evaluated in terms of morphological, physiological and yield parameters along with nutrient uptake and their redistribution to different plant parts. An open-top chamber experiment has been conducted under O3 exposures (ambient (A) and ambient +20 ppb O3 (E)) along with two different water regimes (well-watered; WW and water deficit with 50% of soil capacity; WS). Most of the growth parameters showed significant reductions due to elevated O3 under both WW and WS conditions. Stomatal conductance and assimilation rate reduced significantly under the combined stress as compared to their controls (AWW). The maximum decrease in grain yield was observed under the additive effect of both the stresses of water deficit and elevated O3 (-43.6%), followed by water deficit stress (-19.8%) and elevated O3 (-17.9%) as compared to the control (AWW). Furthermore, the study displayed that reduced water availability has checked the uptake of nutrients in the roots, shoot and leaves, while, a higher carbon accumulation has been observed with subsequent increases in C: N and C: K ratios in the leaves. Such limitation of nutrients uptake and photosynthates availability weakened the antioxidative defense system of the test cultivar, making it more sensitive against combined stresses. Besides, the study displayed that the defense system has been remarkably suppressed under the presence of interactive stress factors, which allowed us to predict that the distribution of limited carbon pool has inverse relationship between the plant's defense system and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annesha Ghosh
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Madhoolika Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Agrawal
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India..
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14
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Zheng G, Chen J, Li W. Impacts of CO 2 elevation on the physiology and seed quality of soybean. PLANT DIVERSITY 2020; 42:44-51. [PMID: 32140636 PMCID: PMC7046503 DOI: 10.1016/j.pld.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the responses of crops to elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (E[CO2]) is very important in terms of global food supplies. The present study investigates the effects of CO2 enrichment (to 800 μmol mol-1) on the physiology of soybean plants and the nutritional value of their seeds under growth chamber conditions. The photosynthesis of soybean was significantly promoted by E[CO2] at all growth stages, but leaf area and specific leaf weight were not affected. The levels of mineral elements in the leaves decreased under E[CO2]. The soil properties after soybean cultivation under E[CO2] were not affected, except for a decrease in available potassium. Moreover, the levels of soluble sugars in the seeds were not affected by E[CO2], but the levels of natural antioxidants decreased. In addition, the level of oleic acid decreased under E[CO2]. However, levels of fatty acid peroxidation and saturation were maintained. In conclusion, E[CO2] appears to have positive effects on the growth of cultivated soybean plants, but its influence on the nutritional values of soybean seeds is complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Zheng
- College of Chinese Material Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Dai and Yi Medicines, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiqi Li
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
- Corresponding author.
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15
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Singer SD, Soolanayakanahally RY, Foroud NA, Kroebel R. Biotechnological strategies for improved photosynthesis in a future of elevated atmospheric CO 2. PLANTA 2019; 251:24. [PMID: 31784816 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The improvement of photosynthesis using biotechnological approaches has been the focus of much research. It is now vital that these strategies be assessed under future atmospheric conditions. The demand for crop products is expanding at an alarming rate due to population growth, enhanced affluence, increased per capita calorie consumption, and an escalating need for plant-based bioproducts. While solving this issue will undoubtedly involve a multifaceted approach, improving crop productivity will almost certainly provide one piece of the puzzle. The improvement of photosynthetic efficiency has been a long-standing goal of plant biotechnologists as possibly one of the last remaining means of achieving higher yielding crops. However, the vast majority of these studies have not taken into consideration possible outcomes when these plants are grown long-term under the elevated CO2 concentrations (e[CO2]) that will be evident in the not too distant future. Due to the considerable effect that CO2 levels have on the photosynthetic process, these assessments should become commonplace as a means of ensuring that research in this field focuses on the most effective approaches for our future climate scenarios. In this review, we discuss the main biotechnological research strategies that are currently underway with the aim of improving photosynthetic efficiency and biomass production/yields in the context of a future of e[CO2], as well as alternative approaches that may provide further photosynthetic benefits under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy D Singer
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada.
| | - Raju Y Soolanayakanahally
- Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Nora A Foroud
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
| | - Roland Kroebel
- Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, AB, T1J 4B1, Canada
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16
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Abo Gamar MI, Kisiala A, Emery RJN, Yeung EC, Stone SL, Qaderi MM. Elevated carbon dioxide decreases the adverse effects of higher temperature and drought stress by mitigating oxidative stress and improving water status in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTA 2019; 250:1191-1214. [PMID: 31190116 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study revealed that elevated carbon dioxide increases Arabidopsis tolerance to higher temperature and drought stress by mitigating oxidative stress and improving water status of plants. Few studies have considered multiple aspects of plant responses to key components of global climate change, including higher temperature, elevated carbon dioxide (ECO2), and drought. Hence, their individual and combinatorial effects on plants need to be investigated in the context of understanding climate change impact on plant growth and development. We investigated the interactive effects of temperature, CO2, watering regime, and genotype on Arabidopsis thaliana (WT and ABA-insensitive mutant, abi1-1). Plants were grown in controlled-environment growth chambers under two temperature regimes (22/18 °C and 28/24 °C, 16 h light/8 h dark), two CO2 concentrations (400 and 700 μmol mol-1), and two watering regimes (well-watered and water-stressed) for 18 days. Plant growth, anatomical, physiological, molecular, and hormonal responses were determined. Our study provided valuable information about plant responses to the interactive effects of multiple environmental factors. We showed that drought and ECO2 had larger effects on plants than higher temperatures. ECO2 alleviated the detrimental effects of temperature and drought by mitigating oxidative stress and plant water status, and this positive effect was consistent across multiple response levels. The WT plants performed better than the abi1-1 plants; the former had higher rosette diameter, total dry mass, leaf and soil water potential, leaf moisture, proline, ethylene, trans-zeatin, isopentyladenine, and cis-zeatin riboside than the latter. The water-stressed plants of both genotypes accumulated more abscisic acid (ABA) than the well-watered plants; however, higher temperatures decreased the ability of WT plants to produce ABA in response to drought. We conclude that drought strongly, while higher temperature to a lesser extent, affects Arabidopsis seedlings, and ECO2 reduces the adverse effects of these stressors more efficiently in the WT plants than in the abi1-1 plants. Findings from this study can be extrapolated to other plant species that share similar characteristics and/or family with Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad I Abo Gamar
- Department of Biology, Life Science Centre, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Anna Kisiala
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - R J Neil Emery
- Department of Biology, Trent University, 2140 East Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON, K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Edward C Yeung
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Sophia L Stone
- Department of Biology, Life Science Centre, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Mirwais M Qaderi
- Department of Biology, Life Science Centre, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada.
- Department of Biology, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, NS, B3M 2J6, Canada.
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17
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Gandin A, Davrinche A, Jolivet Y. Deciphering the main determinants of O 3 tolerance in Euramerican poplar genotypes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 656:681-690. [PMID: 30529971 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is the main secondary pollutant and considered to be the most damaging for growth and productivity. O3 is well known to induce oxidative stress and Reactive Oxygen Species accumulation in leaf tissues. Several mechanisms have been suggested to enable trees to cope with such stress; however, their relative contribution to O3 tolerance is still unclear. Here, ten Euramerican poplar genotypes (Populus deltoides × nigra) were investigated regarding their response to 120 ppb of O3 for 3 weeks in order to determine main mechanisms and identify the key traits and strategies linked to a better tolerance to O3-induced oxidative stress. Results showed that ascorbate peroxidase and ascorbate regeneration through monodehydroascorbate reductase are the main determinants of O3 tolerance in Euramerican poplar, in protecting photosynthesis capacity from oxidative stress and therefore, maintaining growth and productivity. Besides, stomatal closure was harmful in sensitive genotypes, suggesting that avoiding strategy can be further deleterious under chronic ozone. Finally, O3-induced early senescence appeared essential when up scaling leaf-level mechanistic response to whole-plant productivity, in fine-tuning resource reallocation and photosynthesis area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Gandin
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR Silva, 54000 Nancy, France.
| | - Andrea Davrinche
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR Silva, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Yves Jolivet
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, UMR Silva, 54000 Nancy, France
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18
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Li P, De Marco A, Feng Z, Anav A, Zhou D, Paoletti E. Nationwide ground-level ozone measurements in China suggest serious risks to forests. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:803-813. [PMID: 29128249 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We processed hourly ozone (O3) concentrations collected in 2015 and in 2016 by a network of 1497 stations across China, with the main aim of assessing the risk that present ambient O3 exposure is posing to Chinese forests. Our results indicate that the values of the metrics AOT40 (the accumulated hourly O3 concentrations above 40 ppb during daylight hours) recommended as European Union standard, and W126 (the sum of weighted hourly concentrations from 8:00 to 20:00) recommended as USA standard for forest protection, exceeded the critical levels (5 ppm h across 6 months for AOT40 and 7-21 ppm h over 3 months for W126) on average by 5.1 and 1.2 times, respectively. N100 showed on average 65 annual exceedances of 100 ppb as hourly value. The 12-h and 24-h averages showed a small difference, suggesting high concentrations also at night. Risk was higher for the northern temperate climate than for the southern tropical and sub-tropical climates, and overall for the northern regions than for the southern regions. Higher risk occurred in the non-urban areas than in the urban areas in northern, south-west and north-west China, whereas risk was higher at urban areas in eastern and southern China. The overall results of this first nationwide assessment suggest a significant risk for forests over the entire China and warrant for urgent measures for controlling O3 precursor emissions and establishing standards of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian Distract, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan Disctrict, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Alessandra De Marco
- ENEA Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 31, Rome, Italy; National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian Distract, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan Disctrict, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Alessandro Anav
- ENEA Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 31, Rome, Italy; National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Daojing Zhou
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Elena Paoletti
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian Distract, Beijing, 100085, China; National Research Council, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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19
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Liu JX, Feng K, Wang GL, Xu ZS, Wang F, Xiong AS. Elevated CO 2 induces alteration in lignin accumulation in celery (Apium graveolens L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 127:310-319. [PMID: 29653434 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important regulator of plant growth and development, and its proportion in the atmosphere continues to rise now. Lignin is one of the major secondary products in plants with vital biological functions. However, the relationship between CO2 level and xylogenesis in celery is still unknown. In order to investigate the effects of increasing CO2 concentration on lignin accumulation in celery, 'Jinnanshiqin' were exposed to two CO2 applications, 400 (e0) and 1000 μmol mol-1 (e1), respectively. Plant morphology and lignin distribution in celery plants treated with elevated CO2 did not change significantly. There was an upward trend on lignin content in celery leaves, and the transcript abundance of 12 genes involved in lignin metabolism has altered in response to elevated CO2. The effects of high level of CO2 on different tissues were different. Our works confirmed that CO2 may play an important role in lignin accumulation in celery leaves. The current study will offer new evidence to understand the regulation mechanism of lignin biosynthesis under elevated CO2 and provide a reference to improve celery quality by adjusting the growth environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Xia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guang-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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20
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Dai L, Li P, Shang B, Liu S, Yang A, Wang Y, Feng Z. Differential responses of peach (Prunus persica) seedlings to elevated ozone are related with leaf mass per area, antioxidant enzymes activity rather than stomatal conductance. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 227:380-388. [PMID: 28482318 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the ozone (O3) sensitivity among peach tree (Prunus persica) cultivars widely planted in Beijing region and explore the possible eco-physiological response mechanisms, thirteen cultivars of peach seedlings were exposed to either charcoal-filtered air or elevated O3 (E-O3, non-filtered ambient air plus 60 ppb) for one growing season in open-top chambers. Leaf structure, stomatal structure, gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant defense system and lipid peroxidation were measured in three replicated chambers. Results showed that E-O3 significantly reduced abaxial epidemis thickness, but no effects on the thicknesses of adaxial epidemis, palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma. Stomatal area, density and conductance were not significantly affected by E-O3. E-O3 significantly accelerated leaf senescence, as indicated by increased lipid peroxidation and more declines in light-saturated photosynthetic rate and pigments contents. The reduced ascorbate content (ASC) was decreased but antioxidant enzyme activity (CAT, APX and SOD) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were significantly increased by E-O3 among cultivars. The cultivars with visible symptoms also had more reductions in net photosynthetic rate than those without visible symptoms. Ozone sensitivity among cultivars was strongly linked to leaf mass per area (LMA), antioxidant enzymes activity e.g. SOD, APX rather than stomatal parameters (stomatal area, density and conductance) and ASC. Results could provide a theoretical basis for selecting and breeding the ozone-resistant cultivars of peach trees grown in high O3-polluted regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture PR China, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Pin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Aizhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture PR China, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Younian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture PR China, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North) of Ministry of Agriculture PR China, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, China.
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Sekhar KM, Reddy KS, Reddy AR. Amelioration of drought-induced negative responses by elevated CO 2 in field grown short rotation coppice mulberry (Morus spp.), a potential bio-energy tree crop. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 132:151-164. [PMID: 28238122 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-017-0351-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Present study describes the responses of short rotation coppice (SRC) mulberry, a potential bio-energy tree, grown under interactive environment of elevated CO2 (E) and water stress (WS). Growth in E stimulated photosynthetic performance in well-watered (WW) as well as during WS with significant increases in light-saturated photosynthetic rates (A Sat), water use efficiency (WUEi), intercellular [CO2], and photosystem-II efficiency (F V/F M and ∆F/F M') with concomitant reduction in stomatal conductance (g s) and transpiration (E) compared to ambient CO2 (A) grown plants. Reduced levels of proline, H2O2, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and higher contents of antioxidants including ascorbic acid and total phenolics in WW and WS in E plants clearly demonstrated lesser oxidative damage. Further, A plants showed higher transcript abundance and antioxidant enzyme activities under WW as well as during initial stages of WS (15 days). However, with increasing drought imposition (30 days), A plants showed down regulation of antioxidant systems compared to their respective E plants. These results clearly demonstrated that future increased atmospheric CO2 enhances the photosynthetic potential and also mitigate the drought-induced oxidative stress in SRC mulberry. In conclusion, mulberry is a potential bio-energy tree crop which is best suitable for short rotation coppice forestry-based mitigation of increased [CO2] levels even under intermittent drought conditions, projected to prevail in the fast-changing global climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalva Madhana Sekhar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kanubothula Sitarami Reddy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Attipalli Ramachandra Reddy
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, Andhra Pradesh, India.
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22
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Bittner N, Trauer-Kizilelma U, Hilker M. Early plant defence against insect attack: involvement of reactive oxygen species in plant responses to insect egg deposition. PLANTA 2017; 245:993-1007. [PMID: 28175992 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2654-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Pinus sylvestris responds to insect egg deposition by ROS accumulation linked with reduced activity of the ROS scavenger catalase. Egg mortality in needles with hypersensitive response (HR)-like symptoms is enhanced. Aggressive reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in plant defence against biotic stressors, including herbivorous insects. Plants may even generate ROS in response to insect eggs, thus effectively fighting against future larval herbivory. However, so far nothing is known on how ROS-mediated plant defence against insect eggs is enzymatically regulated. Neither do we know how insects cope with egg-induced plant ROS. We addressed these gaps of knowledge by studying the activities of ROS-related enzymes in Pinus sylvestris deposited with eggs of the herbivorous sawfly Diprion pini. This species cuts a slit into pine needles and inserts its eggs into the needle tissue. About a quarter of egg-deposited needles show chlorotic tissue at the oviposition sites, indicating hypersensitive response-like direct defence responses resulting in reduced larval hatching from eggs. Hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase sensitive staining of sections of egg-deposited pine needles revealed the presence of hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase activity in needle tissue close to the eggs. Activity of ROS-producing NADPH-oxidase did not increase after egg deposition. However, the activity of the ROS-detoxifying enzyme catalase decreased after egg deposition and ovipositional wounding of needles. These results show that local ROS accumulation at the oviposition site is not caused by increased NADPH-oxidase activity, but reduced activity of pine needle catalase may contribute to it. However, our data suggest that pine sawflies can counteract the egg deposition-induced hydrogen peroxide accumulation in pine needles by high catalase activity in their oviduct secretion which is released with the eggs into pine tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Bittner
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Trauer-Kizilelma
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany
- Federal Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Hilker
- Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163, Berlin, Germany.
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Wu XJ, Sun S, Xing GM, Wang GL, Wang F, Xu ZS, Tian YS, Hou XL, Xiong AS. Elevated Carbon Dioxide Altered Morphological and Anatomical Characteristics, Ascorbic Acid Accumulation, and Related Gene Expression during Taproot Development in Carrots. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 7:2026. [PMID: 28119712 PMCID: PMC5221676 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.02026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has increased significantly in recent decades and is projected to rise in the future. The effects of elevated CO2 concentrations on morphological and anatomical characteristics, and nutrient accumulation have been determined in several plant species. Carrot is an important vegetable and the effects of elevated CO2 on carrots remain unclear. To investigate the effects of elevated CO2 on the growth of carrots, two carrot cultivars ('Kurodagosun' and 'Deep purple') were treated with ambient CO2 (a[CO2], 400 μmol⋅mol-1) and elevated CO2 (e[CO2], 3000 μmol⋅mol-1) concentrations. Under e[CO2] conditions, taproot and shoot fresh weights and the root/shoot ratio of carrot significantly decreased as compared with the control group. Elevated CO2 resulted in obvious changes in anatomy and ascorbic acid accumulation in carrot roots. Moreover, the transcript profiles of 12 genes related to AsA biosynthesis and recycling were altered in response to e[CO2]. The 'Kurodagosun' and 'Deep purple' carrots differed in sensitivity to e[CO2]. The inhibited carrot taproot and shoot growth treated with e[CO2] could partly lead to changes in xylem development. This study provided novel insights into the effects of e[CO2] on the growth and development of carrots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Jun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Sheng Sun
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural UniversityTaigu, China
| | - Guo-Ming Xing
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural UniversityTaigu, China
| | - Guang-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xi-Lin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing, China
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Feng Z, Wang L, Pleijel H, Zhu J, Kobayashi K. Differential effects of ozone on photosynthesis of winter wheat among cultivars depend on antioxidative enzymes rather than stomatal conductance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:404-411. [PMID: 27543944 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Five modern cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Yangmai16 (Y16), Yangmai 15 (Y15), Yangfumai 2 (Y2), Yannong 19 (Y19) and Jiaxing 002 (J2) were investigated to determine the impacts of elevated ozone concentration (E-O3) on photosynthesis-related parameters and the antioxidant system under fully open-air field conditions in China. The plants were exposed to E-O3 at 1.5 times the ambient ozone concentration (A-O3) from the initiation of tillering to final harvest. Pigments, gas exchange rates, chlorophyll a fluorescence, antioxidants contents, antioxidative enzyme activity and lipid oxidation were measured in three replicated plots throughout flag leaf development. Results showed that significant O3 effects on most variables were only found during the mid-grain filling stage. Across five cultivars, E-O3 significantly accelerated leaf senescence, as indicated by increased lipid oxidation as well as faster declines in pigment amounts and photosynthetic rates. The lower photosynthetic rates were mainly due to non-stomatal factors, e.g. lower maximum carboxylation capacity and electron transport rates. There were strong interactions between O3 and cultivar in photosynthetic pigments, light-saturated photosynthesis rate and chlorophyll a fluorescence with O3-sensitive (Y19, Y2 and Y15) and O3-tolerant (J2, Y16) cultivars being clearly differentiated in their responses to E-O3. E-O3 significantly influenced the antioxidative enzymes but not antioxidant contents. Significant interactions between O3 and cultivar were found in antioxidative enzymes, such as SOD and CAT, but not in stomatal conductance (gs). Therefore, it can be concluded that antioxidative enzymes rather than gs or antioxidants are responsible for the differential responses to E-O3 among cultivars. These findings provide important information for the development of accurate modeling O3 effects on crops, especially with respect to the developmental stage when O3 damage to photosynthesis becomes manifest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China; Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
| | - Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Håkan Pleijel
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 461, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Kazuhiko Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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Oikawa S, Ainsworth EA. Changes in leaf area, nitrogen content and canopy photosynthesis in soybean exposed to an ozone concentration gradient. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 215:347-355. [PMID: 27261884 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Influences of ozone (O3) on light-saturated rates of photosynthesis in crop leaves have been well documented. To increase our understanding of O3 effects on individual- or stand level productivity, a mechanistic understanding of factors determining canopy photosynthesis is necessary. We used a canopy model to scale photosynthesis from leaf to canopy, and analyzed the importance of canopy structural and leaf ecophysiological characteristics in determining canopy photosynthesis in soybean stands exposed to 9 concentrations of [O3] (37-116 ppb; 9-h mean). Light intensity and N content peaked in upper canopy layers, and sharply decreased through the lower canopy. Plant leaf area decreased with increasing [O3] allowing for greater light intensity to reach lower canopy levels. At the leaf level, light-saturated photosynthesis decreased and dark respiration increased with increasing [O3]. These data were used to calculate daily net canopy photosynthesis (Pc). Pc decreased with increasing [O3] with an average decrease of 10% for an increase in [O3] of 10 ppb, and which was similar to changes in above-ground dry mass production of the stands. Absolute daily net photosynthesis of lower layers was very low and thus the decrease in photosynthesis in the lower canopy caused by elevated [O3] had only minor significance for total canopy photosynthesis. Sensitivity analyses revealed that the decrease in Pc was associated with changes in leaf ecophysiology but not with decrease in leaf area. The soybean stands were very crowded, the leaves were highly mutually shaded, and sufficient light for positive carbon balance did not penetrate to lower canopy leaves, even under elevated [O3].
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Oikawa
- College of Science, Ibaraki University, Mito, 310-0056, Japan; Institute for Global Change Adaptation Science, Ibaraki University, Mito, 310-0056, Japan.
| | - Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Urbana, IL, USA
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26
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Electropriming of wheatgrass seeds using pulsed electric fields enhances antioxidant metabolism and the bioprotective capacity of wheatgrass shoots. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25306. [PMID: 27147445 PMCID: PMC4857078 DOI: 10.1038/srep25306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of pulsed electric field (PEF) (0.5–2 kV/cm) treatment of wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds, with different water contents, on antioxidant metabolism in the resultant seedlings was investigated. Imbibing seeds to a water content of 45% or greater prior to PEF treatment increased the glutathione level and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase in the resultant seedlings, compared to untreated controls. Pre-culture of human intestinal Caco-2 cells with simulated gastrointestinal digests of electrostimulated seedlings enhanced the ability of Caco-2 cells to cope with H2O2-induced oxidative damage, determined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays. The Caco-2 cell MTT and LDH assays correlated better with the increases in seedling glutathione content and antioxidant enzyme activities compared to the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) total antioxidant capacity assay, an assay commonly used to determine the ability of plant extracts to protect cells from oxidative damage. These results demonstrate for the first time that PEF treatment of imbibed seeds can stimulate changes in metabolism in the resultant seedlings, increasing the bioprotective potential of their shoots/sprouts and hence value as functional foods.
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27
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Yendrek CR, Koester RP, Ainsworth EA. A comparative analysis of transcriptomic, biochemical, and physiological responses to elevated ozone identifies species-specific mechanisms of resilience in legume crops. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:7101-12. [PMID: 26324463 PMCID: PMC4765784 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Current concentrations of tropospheric ozone ([O3]) pollution negatively impact plant metabolism, which can result in decreased crop yields. Interspecific variation in the physiological response of plants to elevated [O3] exists; however, the underlying cellular responses explaining species-specific differences are largely unknown. Here, a physiological screen has been performed on multiple varieties of legume species. Three varieties of garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) were resilient to elevated [O3]. Garden pea showed no change in photosynthetic capacity or leaf longevity when exposed to elevated [O3], in contrast to varieties of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Global transcriptomic and targeted biochemical analyses were then done to examine the mechanistic differences in legume responses to elevated [O3]. In all three species, there was an O3-mediated reduction in specific leaf weight and total non-structural carbohydrate content, as well as increased abundance of respiration-related transcripts. Differences specific to garden pea included a pronounced increase in the abundance of GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE transcript, as well as greater contents of foliar glutathione, apoplastic ascorbate, and sucrose in elevated [O3]. These results suggest that garden pea may have had greater capacity for detoxification, which prevented net losses in CO2 fixation in an elevated [O3] environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Yendrek
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - Robert P Koester
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Ainsworth
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, USDA ARS, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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28
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Mikkelsen BL, Olsen CE, Lyngkjær MF. Accumulation of secondary metabolites in healthy and diseased barley, grown under future climate levels of CO2, ozone and temperature. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 118:162-73. [PMID: 26343414 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce secondary metabolites promoting adaptation to changes in the environment and challenges by pathogenic microorganisms. A future climate with increased temperature and CO2 and ozone levels will likely alter the chemical composition of plants and thereby plant-pathogen interactions. To investigate this, barley was grown at elevated CO2, temperature and ozone levels as single factors or in combination resembling future climatic conditions. Increased basal resistance to the powdery mildew fungus was observed when barley was grown under elevated CO2, temperature and ozone as single factors. However, this effect was neutralized in the combination treatments. Twenty-five secondary metabolites were putatively identified in healthy and diseased barley leaves, including phenylpropanoids, phenolamides and hydroxynitrile glucosides. Accumulation of the compounds was affected by the climatic growth conditions. Especially elevated temperature, but also ozone, showed a strong impact on accumulation of many compounds, suggesting that these metabolites play a role in adaptation to unfavorable growth conditions. Many compounds were found to increase in powdery mildew diseased leaves, in correlation with a strong and specific influence of the climatic growth conditions. The observed disease phenotypes could not be explained by accumulation of single compounds. However, decreased accumulation of the powdery mildew associated defense compound p-coumaroylhydroxyagmatine could be implicated in the increased disease susceptibility observed when barley was grown under combination of elevated CO2, temperature and ozone. The accumulation pattern of the compounds in both healthy and diseased leaves from barley grown in the combination treatments could not be deduced from the individual single factor treatments. This highlights the complex role and regulation of secondary metabolites in plants' adaptation to unfavorable growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Mikkelsen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; VILLUM research center for "Plant Plasticity", University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - C E Olsen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; VILLUM research center for "Plant Plasticity", University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - M F Lyngkjær
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; VILLUM research center for "Plant Plasticity", University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
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29
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Weston DJ, Rogers A, Tschaplinski TJ, Gunter LE, Jawdy SA, Engle NL, Heady LE, Tuskan GA, Wullschleger SD. Scaling nitrogen and carbon interactions: what are the consequences of biological buffering? Ecol Evol 2015; 5:2839-50. [PMID: 26306170 PMCID: PMC4541989 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the consequences of elevated CO2 (eCO2; 800 ppm) on terrestrial ecosystems is a central theme in global change biology, but relatively little is known about how altered plant C and N metabolism influences higher levels of biological organization. Here, we investigate the consequences of C and N interactions by genetically modifying the N-assimilation pathway in Arabidopsis and initiating growth chamber and mesocosm competition studies at current CO2 (cCO2; 400 ppm) and eCO2 over multiple generations. Using a suite of ecological, physiological, and molecular genomic tools, we show that a single-gene mutant of a key enzyme (nia2) elicited a highly orchestrated buffering response starting with a fivefold increase in the expression of a gene paralog (nia1) and a 63% increase in the expression of gene network module enriched for N-assimilation genes. The genetic perturbation reduced amino acids, protein, and TCA-cycle intermediate concentrations in the nia2 mutant compared to the wild-type, while eCO2 mainly increased carbohydrate concentrations. The mutant had reduced net photosynthetic rates due to a 27% decrease in carboxylation capacity and an 18% decrease in electron transport rates. The expression of these buffering mechanisms resulted in a penalty that negatively correlated with fitness and population dynamics yet showed only minor alterations in our estimates of population function, including total per unit area biomass, ground cover, and leaf area index. This study provides insight into the consequences of buffering mechanisms that occur post-genetic perturbations in the N pathway and the associated outcomes these buffering systems have on plant populations relative to eCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Weston
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831-6407
| | - Alistair Rogers
- Biological, Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York, 11973-5000
| | | | - Lee E Gunter
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831-6407
| | - Sara A Jawdy
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831-6407
| | - Nancy L Engle
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831-6407
| | - Lindsey E Heady
- Biological, Environmental & Climate Sciences Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton, New York, 11973-5000
| | - Gerald A Tuskan
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831-6407
| | - Stan D Wullschleger
- Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 37831-6301
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Feng Z, Hu E, Wang X, Jiang L, Liu X. Ground-level O3 pollution and its impacts on food crops in China: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 199:42-8. [PMID: 25618365 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Ground-level ozone (O3) pollution has become one of the top environmental issues in China, especially in those economically vibrant and densely populated regions. In this paper, we reviewed studies on the O3 concentration observation and O3 effects on food crops throughout China. Data from 118 O3 monitoring sites reported in the literature show that the variability of O3 concentration is a function of geographic location. The impacts of O3 on food crops (wheat and rice) were studied at five sites, equipped with Open Top Chamber or O3-FACE (free-air O3 concentration enrichment) system. Based on exposure concentration and stomatal O3 flux-response relationships obtained from the O3-FACE experimental results in China, we found that throughout China current and future O3 levels induce wheat yield loss by 6.4-14.9% and 14.8-23.0% respectively. Some policies to reduce ozone pollution and impacts are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Enzhu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiaoke Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lijun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xuejun Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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31
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Yang Q, Chen L, Hu X, Zhao L, Yin P, Li Q. Toxic effect of a marine bacterium on aquatic organisms and its algicidal substances against Phaeocystis globosa. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0114933. [PMID: 25646807 PMCID: PMC4315471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms have caused enormous damage to the marine ecosystem and the coastal economy in China. In this paper, a bacterial strain B1, which had strong algicidal activity against Phaeocystis globosa, was isolated from the coastal waters of Zhuhai in China. The strain B1 was identified as Bacillus sp. on the basis of 16S rDNA gene sequence and morphological characteristics. To evaluate the ecological safety of the algicidal substances produced by strain B1, their toxic effects on marine organisms were tested. Results showed that there were no adverse effects observed in the growth of Chlorella vulgaris, Chaetoceros muelleri, and Isochrystis galbana after exposure to the algicidal substances at a concentration of 1.0% (v/v) for 96 h. The 48h LC50 values for Brachionus plicatilis, Moina mongolica Daday and Paralichthys olivaceus were 5.7, 9.0 and 12.1% (v/v), respectively. Subsequently, the algicidal substances from strain B1 culture were isolated and purified by silica gel column, Sephadex G-15 column and high-performance liquid chromatography. Based on quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and PeakView Software, the purified substances were identified as prolyl-methionine and hypoxanthine. Algicidal mechanism indicated that prolyl-methionine and hypoxanthine inhibited the growth of P. globosa by disrupting the antioxidant systems. In the acute toxicity assessment using M. mongolica, 24h LC50 values of prolyl-methionine and hypoxanthine were 7.0 and 13.8 g/L, respectively. The active substances produced by strain B1 can be considered as ecologically and environmentally biological agents for controlling harmful algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuchan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Water/Soil Toxic Pollutants Control and Bioremediation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lina Chen
- Key Laboratory of Water/Soil Toxic Pollutants Control and Bioremediation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Water/Soil Toxic Pollutants Control and Bioremediation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Pinghe Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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AbdElgawad H, Farfan-Vignolo ER, de Vos D, Asard H. Elevated CO₂ mitigates drought and temperature-induced oxidative stress differently in grasses and legumes. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 231:1-10. [PMID: 25575986 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Increasing atmospheric CO2 will affect plant growth, including mitigation of stress impact. Such effects vary considerably between species-groups. Grasses (Lolium perenne, Poa pratensis) and legumes (Medicago lupulina, Lotus corniculatus) were subjected to drought, elevated temperature and elevated CO2. Drought inhibited plant growth, photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, and induced osmolytes and antioxidants in all species. In contrast, oxidative damage was more strongly induced in the legumes than in the grasses. Warming generally exacerbated drought effects, whereas elevated CO2 reduced stress impact. In the grasses, photosynthesis and chlorophyll levels were more protected by CO2 than in the legumes. Oxidative stress parameters (lipid peroxidation, H2O2 levels), on the other hand, were generally more reduced in the legumes. This is consistent with changes in molecular antioxidants, which were reduced by elevated CO2 in the grasses, but not in the legumes. Antioxidant enzymes decreased similarly in both species-groups. The ascorbate-glutathione cycle was little affected by drought and CO2. Overall, elevated CO2 reduced drought effects in grasses and legumes, and this mitigation was stronger in the legumes. This is possibly explained by stronger reduction in H2O2 generation (photorespiration and NADPH oxidase), and a higher availability of molecular antioxidants. The grass/legume-specificity was supported by principal component analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamada AbdElgawad
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelyn Roxana Farfan-Vignolo
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dirk de Vos
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Han Asard
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Zinta G, AbdElgawad H, Domagalska MA, Vergauwen L, Knapen D, Nijs I, Janssens IA, Beemster GTS, Asard H. Physiological, biochemical, and genome-wide transcriptional analysis reveals that elevated CO2 mitigates the impact of combined heat wave and drought stress in Arabidopsis thaliana at multiple organizational levels. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2014; 20:3670-85. [PMID: 24802996 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Climate changes increasingly threaten plant growth and productivity. Such changes are complex and involve multiple environmental factors, including rising CO2 levels and climate extreme events. As the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying plant responses to realistic future climate extreme conditions are still poorly understood, a multiple organizational level analysis (i.e. eco-physiological, biochemical, and transcriptional) was performed, using Arabidopsis exposed to incremental heat wave and water deficit under ambient and elevated CO2 . The climate extreme resulted in biomass reduction, photosynthesis inhibition, and considerable increases in stress parameters. Photosynthesis was a major target as demonstrated at the physiological and transcriptional levels. In contrast, the climate extreme treatment induced a protective effect on oxidative membrane damage, most likely as a result of strongly increased lipophilic antioxidants and membrane-protecting enzymes. Elevated CO2 significantly mitigated the negative impact of a combined heat and drought, as apparent in biomass reduction, photosynthesis inhibition, chlorophyll fluorescence decline, H2 O2 production, and protein oxidation. Analysis of enzymatic and molecular antioxidants revealed that the stress-mitigating CO2 effect operates through up-regulation of antioxidant defense metabolism, as well as by reduced photorespiration resulting in lowered oxidative pressure. Therefore, exposure to future climate extreme episodes will negatively impact plant growth and production, but elevated CO2 is likely to mitigate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Zinta
- Research Group of Plant and Vegetation Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, Wilrijk, B-2610, Belgium; Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerp, B-2020, Belgium
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López-Orenes A, Martínez-Pérez A, Calderón AA, Ferrer MA. Pb-induced responses in Zygophyllum fabago plants are organ-dependent and modulated by salicylic acid. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 84:57-66. [PMID: 25240264 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Zygophyllum fabago is a promising species for restoring heavy metal (HM) polluted soils, although the mechanisms involved in HM tolerance in this non-model plant remain largely unknown. This paper analyses the extent to which redox-active compounds and enzymatic antioxidants in roots, stems and leaves are responsible for Pb tolerance in a metallicolous ecotype of Z. fabago and the possible influence of salicylic acid (SA) pretreatment (24 h, 0.5 mM SA) in the response to Pb stress. SA pretreatment reduced both the accumulation of Pb in roots and even more so the concentration of Pb in aerial parts of the plants, although a similar drop in the content of chlorophylls and in the maximum quantum yield of photosystem II was observed in both Pb- and SA-Pb-treated plants. Pb increased the endogenous free SA levels in all organs and this response was enhanced in root tissues upon SA pretreatment. Generally, Pb induced a reduction in catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase specific activities, whereas dehydroascorbate reductase was increased in all organs of control plants. SA pretreatment enhanced the Pb-induced H2O2 accumulation in roots by up-regulating Fe-superoxide dismutase isoenzymes. Under Pb stress, the GSH redox ratio remained highly reduced in all organs while the ascorbic acid redox ratio dropped in leaf tissues where a rise in lipid peroxidation products and electrolyte leakage was observed. Finally, an organ-dependent accumulation of proline and β-carboline alkaloids was found, suggesting these nitrogen-redox-active compounds could play a role in the adaptation strategies of this species to Pb stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio López-Orenes
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Ascensión Martínez-Pérez
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Antonio A Calderón
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - María A Ferrer
- Department of Agricultural Science and Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain.
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Pellegrini E, Bertuzzi S, Candotto Carniel F, Lorenzini G, Nali C, Tretiach M. Ozone tolerance in lichens: a possible explanation from biochemical to physiological level using Flavoparmelia caperata as test organism. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 171:1514-1523. [PMID: 25105236 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lichens are among the best biomonitors of airborne pollutants, but surprisingly they reveal high tolerance to ozone (O3). It was recently suggested that this might be due to the high levels of natural defences against oxidative stress, related to their poikilohydric life strategy. The objective of this work is to give a thorough description of the biochemical and physiological mechanisms that are at the basis of the O3-tolerance of lichens. Chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlaF) emission, histochemical ROS localization in the lichen thallus, and biochemical markers [enzymes and antioxidants involved in the ascorbate/glutathione (AsA/GSH) cycle; hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion (O2(-))] were used to characterize the response of the epiphytic lichen Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale exposed to O3 (250 ppb, 5 hd(-1), 2 weeks) at different watering regimes and air relative humidity (RH) in a fumigation chamber. After two-week exposure ChlaF was affected by the watering regime but not by O3. The watering regime influenced also the superoxide dismutase activity and the production of ROS. By contrast O3 strongly influenced the AsA/GSH biochemical pathway, decreasing the reduced ascorbate (AsA) content and increasing the enzymatic activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR) independently from the watering regime and the relative humidity applied. This study highlights that F. caperata can face the O3-induced oxidative stress thanks to high levels of constitutive enzymatic and non-enzymatic defences against ROS formed naturally during the dehydration-rehydration cycles to which lichens are frequently exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Bertuzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabio Candotto Carniel
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, I-34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, I-56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Tretiach
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 10, I-34127 Trieste, Italy.
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Zhang W, Wang G, Liu X, Feng Z. Effects of elevated O3 exposure on seed yield, N concentration and photosynthesis of nine soybean cultivars (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in Northeast China. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 226:172-81. [PMID: 25113462 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nine soybean cultivars widely cultivated in Northeast China were investigated in present study to assess their O3 sensitivities on the basis of the response of photosynthesis and seed yield to ambient and future ozone (O3) concentrations, and determine whether the effects of O3 vary with the developmental stages (flowering and seed filling stages). Relative to charcoal-filtered air (CF), elevated O3 concentration (E-O3, ambient air+40 ppb) significantly reduced soybean yields by 40%, with a range of 32-46% among cultivars. E-O3 also induced significant decreases in pigment contents, net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll a fluorescence at both flowering and seed filling stages in most cultivars. Except net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance (gs) at seed filling stage, all variables showed no significant interaction between O3 and cultivar, suggesting that all tested cultivars had similar sensitivities to O3. The responses of seed N content to E-O3 differed among cultivars. Ambient O3 concentration (mean of daily concentration of 19 ppb) did not induce any change relative to CF. Significant positive relationship between endogenous gs in CF and yield loss among cultivars was found only at seed filling stage. Positive correlation between effects of E-O3 on leaf N content and effects on light saturated photosynthetic rate (Asat) indicated that gs and leaf N content at seed filling stage contributes to yield loss and decreased photosynthesis by E-O3, respectively. It can be inferred that E-O3 had a larger negative effects on seed filling stage than flowering stage of soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Guanghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xiaobing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing 100085, China.
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Ludwików A, Cieśla A, Kasprowicz-Maluśki A, Mituła F, Tajdel M, Gałgański Ł, Ziółkowski PA, Kubiak P, Małecka A, Piechalak A, Szabat M, Górska A, Dąbrowski M, Ibragimow I, Sadowski J. Arabidopsis protein phosphatase 2C ABI1 interacts with type I ACC synthases and is involved in the regulation of ozone-induced ethylene biosynthesis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2014; 7:960-976. [PMID: 24637173 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssu025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene plays a crucial role in various biological processes and therefore its biosynthesis is strictly regulated by multiple mechanisms. Posttranslational regulation, which is pivotal in controlling ethylene biosynthesis, impacts 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylate synthase (ACS) protein stability via the complex interplay of specific factors. Here, we show that the Arabidopsis thaliana protein phosphatase type 2C, ABI1, a negative regulator of abscisic acid signaling, is involved in the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis under oxidative stress conditions. We found that ABI1 interacts with ACS6 and dephosphorylates its C-terminal fragment, a target of the stress-responsive mitogen-activated protein kinase, MPK6. In addition, ABI1 controls MPK6 activity directly and by this means also affects the ACS6 phosphorylation level. Consistently with this, ozone-induced ethylene production was significantly higher in an ABI1 knockout strain (abi1td) than in wild-type plants. Importantly, an increase in stress-induced ethylene production in the abi1td mutant was compensated by a higher ascorbate redox state and elevated antioxidant activities. Overall, the results of this study provide evidence that ABI1 restricts ethylene synthesis by affecting the activity of ACS6. The ABI1 contribution to stress phenotype underpins its role in the interplay between the abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Ludwików
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, Poznań 61-614, Poland.
| | - Agata Cieśla
- Institute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Science, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznan 60-479, Poland
| | - Anna Kasprowicz-Maluśki
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| | - Filip Mituła
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Tajdel
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| | - Łukasz Gałgański
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| | - Piotr A Ziółkowski
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| | - Piotr Kubiak
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 48, Poznań 60-627, Poland
| | - Arleta Małecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| | - Aneta Piechalak
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| | - Marta Szabat
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| | - Alicja Górska
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| | - Maciej Dąbrowski
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| | - Izabela Ibragimow
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| | - Jan Sadowski
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Umultowska 89, Poznań 61-614, Poland; Institute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Science, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznan 60-479, Poland
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Bortolin RC, Caregnato FF, Divan AM, Reginatto FH, Gelain DP, Moreira JCF. Effects of chronic elevated ozone concentration on the redox state and fruit yield of red pepper plant Capsicum baccatum. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 100:114-121. [PMID: 24238720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is one of the most harmful air pollutants to crops, contributing to high losses on crop yield. Tropospheric O3 background concentrations have increased since pre-industrial times reaching phytotoxic concentrations in many world regions. Capsicum peppers are the second most traded spice in the world, but few studies concerning the O3 effects in this genus are known. Thereby, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of chronic exposure to elevated O3 concentrations in red pepper plant Capsicum baccatum L. var. pendulum with especial considerations on the leaf redox state and fruit yield. Fifteen C. baccatum plants were exposed to O3 in open-top chambers during fruit ripening (62 days) at a mean concentration of 171.6 µg/m(3) from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm. We found that O3 treated plants significantly decreased the amount and the total weight of fruits, which were probably a consequence of the changes on leaf oxidative status induced by ozone exposure. Ozone exposed plants increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels on the leaves, which may be associated with the observed decrease on the activity of enzymatic antioxidant defense system, as well with lower levels of polyphenol and reduced thiol groups. Enhanced ROS production and the direct O3 reaction lead to biomacromolecules damages as seen in the diminished chlorophyll content and in the elevated lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation levels. Through a correlation analysis it was possible to observe that polyphenols content was more important to protect pepper plants against oxidative damages to lipids than to proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Calixto Bortolin
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Istituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.
| | - Fernanda Freitas Caregnato
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Istituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.
| | - Armando Molina Divan
- Laboratório de Bioindicação Vegetal, Centro de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçaçves, 9500, Prédio 43411, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.
| | - Flávio Henrique Reginatto
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário, Trindade, bloco K, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil.
| | - Daniel Pens Gelain
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Istituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.
| | - José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Istituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.
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Abstract
The evaluation of enzyme activities, especially their capacities, represents an important step towards the modelling of biochemical pathways in living organisms. The implementation of microplate technology enables the determination of up to >50 enzymes in relatively large numbers of samples and in various biological materials. Most of these enzymes are involved in central metabolism and several pathways are entirely covered. Direct or indirect assays can be used, as well as highly sensitive assays, depending on the abundance of the enzymes under study. To exemplify such methods, protocols for UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (E.C. 2.7.7.9) operating in real time and for pyrophosphate:fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase (E.C. 2.7.1.90) are presented.
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Yendrek CR, Leisner CP, Ainsworth EA. Chronic ozone exacerbates the reduction in photosynthesis and acceleration of senescence caused by limited N availability in Nicotiana sylvestris. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:3155-66. [PMID: 23625780 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Both elevated ozone (O(3)) and limiting soil nitrogen (N) availability negatively affect crop performance. However, less is known about how the combination of elevated O(3) and limiting N affect crop growth and metabolism. In this study, we grew tobacco (Nicotiana sylvestris) in ambient and elevated O(3) at two N levels (limiting and sufficient). Results at the whole plant, leaf, and cellular level showed that primary metabolism was reduced by growth in limiting N, and that reduction was exacerbated by exposure to elevated O(3). Limiting N reduced the rates of photosynthetic CO(2) uptake by 40.8% in ambient O(3)-exposed plants, and by 58.6% in elevated O(3)-exposed plants, compared with plants grown with sufficient N. Reductions in photosynthesis compounded to cause large differences in leaf and whole plant parameters including leaf number, leaf area, and leaf and root biomass. These results were consistent with our meta-analysis of all published studies of plant responses to elevated O(3) and N availability. In tobacco, N uptake and allocation was also affected by growth in limiting N and elevated O(3), and there was an O(3)-induced compensatory response that resulted in increased N recycling from senescing leaves. In addition, transcript-based markers were used to track the progress through senescence, and indicated that limiting N and elevated O(3), separately and in combination, caused an acceleration of senescence. These results suggest that reductions in crop productivity in growing regions with poor soil fertility will be exacerbated by rising background O(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Yendrek
- USDA ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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Caregnato FF, Bortolin RC, Divan Junior AM, Moreira JCF. Exposure to elevated ozone levels differentially affects the antioxidant capacity and the redox homeostasis of two subtropical Phaseolus vulgaris L. varieties. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:320-330. [PMID: 23714146 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) has become one of the most toxic air pollutants to plants worldwide. However, investigations on O3 impacts on crops health and productivity in South America countries are still scarce. The present study analyzed the differences on the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant system in foliar tissue of two subtropical Phaseolus vulgaris varieties exposed to high O3 concentration. Both varieties were negatively impacted by the pollutant, but the responses between each variety were quite distinct. Results revealed that Irai has higher constitutive levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ascorbate (AsA) concentration, but lower total thiol levels and catalase immunocontent. In this variety catalase protein concentration was increased after O3 exposure, indicating a better cellular capacity to reduce hydrogen peroxide. On the opposite, Fepagro 26-exposed plants increased ROS generation and AsA concentration, but had the levels of total thiol content and catalase protein unchanged. Furthermore, O3 treatment reduced the levels of chlorophylls a and b, and the relationship analysis between the chlorophyll ratio (a/b) and protein concentration were positively correlated indicating that photosynthetic apparatus is compromised, and thus probably is the biomass acquisition on Fepagro 26. Differently, O3 treatment of Irai did not affect chlorophylls a and b content, and loss on the protein content was lower. Altogether, these data suggest that early accumulation of ROS on Fepagro 26 are associated with an insufficient leaf antioxidant capacity, which leads to cell structure disruption and impairs the photosynthesis. Irai seems to be more tolerant to O3 toxic effects than Fepagro 26, and the observed differences on O3 sensitivity between the two varieties are apparently based on constitutive differences involved in the maintenance of intracellular redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Freitas Caregnato
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul(UFRGS), Av. Ramiro Barcelos, 2600, Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Ferreira ML, Domingos M. Seasonal characterization of antioxidant responses in plants of Ipomoea nil cv. Scarlet O'Hara. BRAZ J BIOL 2013; 72:831-7. [PMID: 23295511 DOI: 10.1590/s1519-69842012000500008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species can be produced in leaf cells during normal aerobic metabolism or in a variety of exogenous factors, which may cause oxidative damage to plants, unless they have an efficient antioxidant defense system, consisting of enzymatic and non-enzymatic substances. This work raised the hypothesis that plants of Ipomoea nil cv. Scarlet O'Hara, a native species and ornamental vine of the tropics, might tolerate oxidative stress factors imposed by natural fluctuations in weather conditions through changes in the antioxidant profile.The objective of this study was to determine the variations in three leaf antioxidants in plants growing inside a greenhouse without air pollutants and exposed to varying meteorological conditions throughout the four seasons of the year and to observe if such variations are related to the oscillations in meteorological factors. Four experimental campaigns were carried out, one in each season of 2006. Each campaign lasted 28 days and started with 45 plants. Ascorbic acid (AA) concentrations and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities were determined in leaves of five plants in nine sampling days of each campaign. The antioxidant responses oscillated throughout the year. The highest values were found during the spring. This seasonal antioxidant profile was associated to variations in temperature, relative humidity and global radiation. Plants of this cultivar may then tolerate oxidative stress naturally imposed by meteorological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Ferreira
- Universidade Nove de Julho - UNINOVE, Av. Adolfo Pinto, 109, Barra Funda, CEP 01156-050, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Biswas D, Xu H, Li Y, Ma B, Jiang G. Modification of photosynthesis and growth responses to elevated CO₂ by ozone in two cultivars of winter wheat with different years of release. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:1485-96. [PMID: 23378379 PMCID: PMC3617821 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of elevated CO2 on plants are expected to be compromised by the negative effects posed by other global changes. However, little is known about ozone (O3)-induced modulation of elevated CO2 response in plants with differential sensitivity to O3. An old (Triticum aestivum cv. Beijing 6, O3 tolerant) and a modern (T. aestivum cv. Zhongmai 9, O3 sensitive) winter wheat cultivar were exposed to elevated CO2 (714 ppm) and/or O3 (72 ppb, for 7h d(-1)) in open-topped chambers for 21 d. Plant responses to treatments were assessed by visible leaf symptoms, simultaneous measurements of gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence, in vivo biochemical properties, and growth. It was found that elevated CO2 resulted in higher growth stimulation in the modern cultivar attributed to a higher energy capture and electron transport rate compared with the old cultivar. Exposure to O3 caused a greater growth reduction in the modern cultivar due to higher O3 uptake and a greater loss of photosystem II efficiency (mature leaf) and mesophyll cell activity (young leaf) than in the old cultivar. Elevated CO2 completely protected both cultivars against the deleterious effects of O3 under elevated CO2 and O3. The modern cultivar showed a greater relative loss of elevated CO2-induced growth stimulation due to higher O3 uptake and greater O3-induced photoinhibition than the old cultivar at elevated CO2 and O3. Our findings suggest that the elevated CO2-induced growth stimulation in the modern cultivar attributed to higher energy capture and electron transport rate can be compromised by its higher O3 uptake and greater O3-induced photoinhibition under elevated CO2 and O3 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.K. Biswas
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, 100093, Beijing, PR China
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A0C6, Canada
| | - H. Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, 100093, Beijing, PR China
| | - Y.G. Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, 100093, Beijing, PR China
| | - B.L. Ma
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A0C6, Canada
| | - G.M. Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 20 Nanxincun, 100093, Beijing, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, No. 61, Daizong Avenue, 271018, Tai’an, PR China
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Kumari S, Agrawal M, Tiwari S. Impact of elevated CO2 and elevated O3 on Beta vulgaris L.: pigments, metabolites, antioxidants, growth and yield. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 174:279-288. [PMID: 23291007 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/10/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to assess morphological, biochemical and yield responses of palak (Beta vulgaris L. cv Allgreen) to ambient and elevated levels of CO(2) and O(3), alone and in combination. As compared to the plants grown in charcoal filtered air (ACO(2)), growth and yield of the plants increased under elevated CO(2) (ECO(2)) and decreased under combination of ECO(2) with elevated O(3) (ECO(2) + EO(3)), ambient O(3) (ACO(2) + AO(3)) and elevated O(3) (EO(3)). Lipid peroxidation, ascorbic acid, catalase and glutathione reductase activities enhanced under all treatments and were highest in EO(3.) Foliar starch and organic carbon contents increased under ECO(2) and ECO(2) + EO(3) and reduced under EO(3) and ACO(2) + AO(3.) Foliar N content declined in all treatments compared to ACO(2) resulting in alteration of C/N ratio. This study concludes that ambient level of CO(2) is not enough to counteract O(3) impact, but elevated CO(2) has potential to counteract the negative effects of future O(3) level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumita Kumari
- Laboratory of Air Pollution and Global Climate Change, Department of Botany, Ecology Research Circle, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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45
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Zavala JA, Nabity PD, DeLucia EH. An emerging understanding of mechanisms governing insect herbivory under elevated CO2. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 58:79-97. [PMID: 22974069 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
By changing the chemical composition of foliage, the increase in atmospheric CO(2) is fundamentally altering insect herbivory. The responses of folivorous insects to these changes is, however, highly variable. In this review we highlight emerging mechanisms by which increasing CO(2) alters the defense chemistry and signaling of plants. The response of allelochemicals affecting insect performance varies under elevated CO(2), and results suggest this is driven by changes in plant hormones. Increasing CO(2) suppresses the production of jasmonates and ethylene and increases the production of salicylic acid, and these differential responses of plant hormones affect specific secondary chemical pathways. In addition to changes in secondary chemistry, elevated CO(2) decreases rates of water loss from leaves, increases temperature and feeding rates, and alters nutritional content. New insights into the mechanistic responses of secondary chemistry to elevated CO(2) increase our ability to predict the ecological and evolutionary responses of plants attacked by insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Zavala
- Cátedra de Bioquímica/INBA, Facultad de Agronomía, University of Buenos Aires-CONICET, Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina.
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46
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Betzelberger AM, Yendrek CR, Sun J, Leisner CP, Nelson RL, Ort DR, Ainsworth EA. Ozone exposure response for U.S. soybean cultivars: linear reductions in photosynthetic potential, biomass, and yield. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1827-39. [PMID: 23037504 PMCID: PMC3510113 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.205591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Current background ozone (O(3)) concentrations over the northern hemisphere's midlatitudes are high enough to damage crops and are projected to increase. Soybean (Glycine max) is particularly sensitive to O(3); therefore, establishing an O(3) exposure threshold for damage is critical to understanding the current and future impact of this pollutant. This study aims to determine the exposure response of soybean to elevated tropospheric O(3) by measuring the agronomic, biochemical, and physiological responses of seven soybean genotypes to nine O(3) concentrations (38-120 nL L(-1)) within a fully open-air agricultural field location across 2 years. All genotypes responded similarly, with season-long exposure to O(3) causing a linear increase in antioxidant capacity while reducing leaf area, light absorption, specific leaf mass, primary metabolites, seed yield, and harvest index. Across two seasons with different temperature and rainfall patterns, there was a robust linear yield decrease of 37 to 39 kg ha(-1) per nL L(-1) cumulative O(3) exposure over 40 nL L(-1). The existence of immediate effects of O(3) on photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and photosynthetic transcript abundance before and after the initiation and termination of O(3) fumigation were concurrently assessed, and there was no evidence to support an instantaneous photosynthetic response. The ability of the soybean canopy to intercept radiation, the efficiency of photosynthesis, and the harvest index were all negatively impacted by O(3), suggesting that there are multiple targets for improving soybean responses to this damaging air pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Betzelberger
- Department of Plant Biology (A.M.B., C.P.L., D.R.O., E.A.A.), Institute for Genomic Biology (C.R.Y., J.S., D.R.O., E.A.A.), and Department of Crop Sciences (R.L.N.), University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801; and Soybean/Maize Germplasm, Pathology, and Genetics Research Unit (R.L.N., E.A.A.) and Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit (C.R.Y., D.R.O., E.A.A.), United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Craig R. Yendrek
- Department of Plant Biology (A.M.B., C.P.L., D.R.O., E.A.A.), Institute for Genomic Biology (C.R.Y., J.S., D.R.O., E.A.A.), and Department of Crop Sciences (R.L.N.), University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801; and Soybean/Maize Germplasm, Pathology, and Genetics Research Unit (R.L.N., E.A.A.) and Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit (C.R.Y., D.R.O., E.A.A.), United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | | | - Courtney P. Leisner
- Department of Plant Biology (A.M.B., C.P.L., D.R.O., E.A.A.), Institute for Genomic Biology (C.R.Y., J.S., D.R.O., E.A.A.), and Department of Crop Sciences (R.L.N.), University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801; and Soybean/Maize Germplasm, Pathology, and Genetics Research Unit (R.L.N., E.A.A.) and Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit (C.R.Y., D.R.O., E.A.A.), United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Randall L. Nelson
- Department of Plant Biology (A.M.B., C.P.L., D.R.O., E.A.A.), Institute for Genomic Biology (C.R.Y., J.S., D.R.O., E.A.A.), and Department of Crop Sciences (R.L.N.), University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801; and Soybean/Maize Germplasm, Pathology, and Genetics Research Unit (R.L.N., E.A.A.) and Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit (C.R.Y., D.R.O., E.A.A.), United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Donald R. Ort
- Department of Plant Biology (A.M.B., C.P.L., D.R.O., E.A.A.), Institute for Genomic Biology (C.R.Y., J.S., D.R.O., E.A.A.), and Department of Crop Sciences (R.L.N.), University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801; and Soybean/Maize Germplasm, Pathology, and Genetics Research Unit (R.L.N., E.A.A.) and Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit (C.R.Y., D.R.O., E.A.A.), United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Elizabeth A. Ainsworth
- Department of Plant Biology (A.M.B., C.P.L., D.R.O., E.A.A.), Institute for Genomic Biology (C.R.Y., J.S., D.R.O., E.A.A.), and Department of Crop Sciences (R.L.N.), University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 61801; and Soybean/Maize Germplasm, Pathology, and Genetics Research Unit (R.L.N., E.A.A.) and Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit (C.R.Y., D.R.O., E.A.A.), United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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DeLucia EH, Nabity PD, Zavala JA, Berenbaum MR. Climate change: resetting plant-insect interactions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:1677-85. [PMID: 22972704 PMCID: PMC3510101 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.204750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Evan H DeLucia
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA.
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Farfan-Vignolo ER, Asard H. Effect of elevated CO₂ and temperature on the oxidative stress response to drought in Lolium perenne L. and Medicago sativa L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2012; 59:55-62. [PMID: 22795847 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Studies addressing the combined impact of multiple climate factors on plant abiotic stress responses are still scarce. We investigated physiological and molecular (antioxidant), responses to water deficit, in grassland-model species, Lolium perenne L. and Medicago lupulina L., under future climate conditions, i.e. elevated CO₂ (+CO₂, +375 ppm) and elevated temperature (+T, +3 °C). Elevated CO₂, but not warming, significantly increased biomass (gDW) in L. perenne, but not in M. lupulina. Photosynthesis (A(sat)) and stomatal conductance (g(s)), were differently affected by climate in each species, L. perenne generally being more sensitive. Elevated CO₂ increased lipid peroxidation levels in M. lupulina, but not in L. perenne, and had no effect on protein oxidation and little effect on antioxidant levels. Drought stress caused severe inhibition in biomass and photosynthesis, most severely in L. perenne, and strongly increased oxidative damage. Elevated CO₂ protected against the drought-induced damage. Decreased activities of APX and POX may indicate lower levels of oxidative challenge (relaxation) at the level of H₂O₂ production. Polyphenols, tocopherols and antioxidant capacity, increased under drought stress, in all climate conditions. Elevated CO₂, increased reduced ascorbate (ASC) and reduced glutathione (GSH), and their redox status, in both species, although to different levels. Changes in activities of key ASC/GSH cycle enzymes, under stress and climate treatments, showed weak correlations with ASC and GSH levels, indicating the complexity of this network. Together this work supports the idea that redox changes are involved in responses to climate changes, in the absence and presence of water-deficit stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Roxana Farfan-Vignolo
- Laboratory for Molecular Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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de la Mata L, Cabello P, de la Haba P, Agüera E. Growth under elevated atmospheric CO(2) concentration accelerates leaf senescence in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 169:1392-400. [PMID: 22818664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Some morphogenetic and metabolic processes were sensitive to a high atmospheric CO(2) concentration during sunflower primary leaf ontogeny. Young leaves of sunflower plants growing under elevated CO(2) concentration exhibited increased growth, as reflected by the high specific leaf mass referred to as dry weight in young leaves (16 days). The content of photosynthetic pigments decreased with leaf development, especially in plants grown under elevated CO(2) concentrations, suggesting that high CO(2) accelerates chlorophyll degradation, and also possibly leaf senescence. Elevated CO(2) concentration increased the oxidative stress in sunflower plants by increasing H(2)O(2) levels and decreasing activity of antioxidant enzymes such as catalase and ascorbate peroxidase. The loss of plant defenses probably increases the concentration of reactive oxygen species in the chloroplast, decreasing the photosynthetic pigment content as a result. Elevated CO(2) concentration was found to boost photosynthetic CO(2) fixation, especially in young leaves. High CO(2) also increased the starch and soluble sugar contents (glucose and fructose) and the C/N ratio during sunflower primary leaf development. At the beginning of senescence, we observed a strong increase in the hexoses to sucrose ratio that was especially marked at high CO(2) concentration. These results indicate that elevated CO(2) concentration could promote leaf senescence in sunflower plants by affecting the soluble sugar levels, the C/N ratio and the oxidative status during leaf ontogeny. It is likely that systemic signals produced in plants grown with elevated CO(2), lead to early senescence and a higher oxidation state of the cells of these plant leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes de la Mata
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Celestino Mutis (C4), 3ª planta, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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50
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Yendrek CR, Ainsworth EA, Thimmapuram J. The bench scientist's guide to statistical analysis of RNA-Seq data. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:506. [PMID: 22980220 PMCID: PMC3522531 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) is emerging as a highly accurate method to quantify transcript abundance. However, analyses of the large data sets obtained by sequencing the entire transcriptome of organisms have generally been performed by bioinformatics specialists. Here we provide a step-by-step guide and outline a strategy using currently available statistical tools that results in a conservative list of differentially expressed genes. We also discuss potential sources of error in RNA-Seq analysis that could alter interpretation of global changes in gene expression. FINDINGS When comparing statistical tools, the negative binomial distribution-based methods, edgeR and DESeq, respectively identified 11,995 and 11,317 differentially expressed genes from an RNA-seq dataset generated from soybean leaf tissue grown in elevated O3. However, the number of genes in common between these two methods was only 10,535, resulting in 2,242 genes determined to be differentially expressed by only one method. Upon analysis of the non-significant genes, several limitations of these analytic tools were revealed, including evidence for overly stringent parameters for determining statistical significance of differentially expressed genes as well as increased type II error for high abundance transcripts. CONCLUSIONS Because of the high variability between methods for determining differential expression of RNA-Seq data, we suggest using several bioinformatics tools, as outlined here, to ensure that a conservative list of differentially expressed genes is obtained. We also conclude that despite these analytical limitations, RNA-Seq provides highly accurate transcript abundance quantification that is comparable to qRT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R Yendrek
- USDA ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, 1201 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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