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Zhao X, Malterud A, Curry L, Malo V, MacMonegle A, Nonnemaker J, Allen J. Promising Themes for Electronic Cigarette Prevention Campaigns for Youth and Young Adults. Nicotine Tob Res 2024; 26:999-1006. [PMID: 38302084 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are the most widely used tobacco product by youth and young adults in the United States. Effective prevention campaigns require the identification of appropriate content focus for message construction. AIMS AND METHODS A sample of 2622 youth and young adults ages 15-24 were recruited through social media advertisements and completed an online survey. Respondents reported current e-cigarette use or intention to use if not currently using. They also indicated agreement or disagreement with 75 e-cigarette-related beliefs representing 16 themes. The relative promise of each theme/belief for campaign messaging was investigated by examining its association with the behavior/intention outcomes and the opportunity for positive change in its distribution (room to move). RESULTS All themes showed significant associations with the behavior (ORs = 2.49-19.04) and intention (ORs = 2.21-6.11) outcomes. Room to move for themes ranged from 32.9% to 96.3% in behavior analysis and 15.6-93.9% in intention analysis. A normed relative promise index (M = 50, SD = 17) showed flavors (72), comparison to cigarettes (69), and relaxation and mental health (68) as the top ranked themes. Subgroup analyses by demographics revealed few differences. Results on the belief level were largely consistent with those on the theme level. CONCLUSIONS Data from this study provide timely evidence for the relative value of various themes/beliefs as potential targets for message development in e-cigarette prevention campaigns. The final selection of target themes/beliefs requires consideration of openness to persuasion, which may be informed by additional testing. IMPLICATIONS Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are the most widely used tobacco products among youth and young adults in the United States. This study adds new evidence on the relative promise of a wide range of e-cigarette beliefs and belief clusters (themes) as potential targets for message development in educational campaigns. This evidence is important to consider in future campaign efforts directed at the youth and young adult populations in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoquan Zhao
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food & Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
- Department of Communication, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Andie Malterud
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food & Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Laurel Curry
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jane Allen
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Messer K, Pierce JP, Chen J, Luo M, Stone MD, Leas EC, Shi Y, Strong DR, Trinidad DR, McMenamin SB. Cigarette smoking decline among US young adults from 2000 to 2019, in relation to state-level cigarette price and tobacco control expenditure. Tob Control 2024:tc-2023-058483. [PMID: 38981671 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-058483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of state-level cigarette price and tobacco control expenditure with the large 2000-2019 decline in cigarette smoking among US 18-24 year-olds. METHODS Smoking behaviour was assessed in the 24 most populous US states using the 1992-2019 Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey; association with price and expenditure was tested using adjusted logistic regression. States were ranked by inflation-adjusted average price and tobacco control expenditure and grouped into tertiles. State-specific time trends were estimated, with slope changes in 2001/2002 and 2010/2011. RESULTS Between 2000 and 2010, the odds of smoking among US young adults decreased by a third (adjusted OR, AOR 0.68, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.84). By 2019, these odds were one-quarter of their 2000 level (AOR 0.24, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.31). Among states in the lowest tertile of price/expenditure tobacco control activity, initially higher young adult smoking decreased by 13 percentage points from 2010 to 2018-2019, to a prevalence of 5.6% (95% CI 4.5% to 6.8%), equal to that in the highest tobacco-control tertile of states (6.5%, 95% CI 5.2% to 7.8%). Neither state tobacco control spending (AOR 1.0, 95% CI 0.999 to 1.002) nor cigarette price (AOR 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92 to 1.01) were associated with young adult smoking in statistical models. In 2019, seven states had prevalence over 3 SDs higher than the 24-state mean. CONCLUSION National programmes may have filled a gap in state-level interventions, helping drive down the social acceptability of cigarette smoking among young adults across all states. Additional interventions are needed to assist high-prevalence states to further reduce smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Messer
- Moores Cancer Center, Univeristy of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - John P Pierce
- Moores Cancer Center, Univeristy of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jiayu Chen
- Division of Biostatistics, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Man Luo
- Division of Biostatistics, Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Matthew D Stone
- Herbert Werthiem School of Public Health, Univeristy of Califronia, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Eric C Leas
- Herbert Werthiem School of Public Health, Univeristy of Califronia, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Yuyan Shi
- Herbert Werthiem School of Public Health, Univeristy of Califronia, San Diego, California, USA
| | - David R Strong
- Herbert Werthiem School of Public Health, Univeristy of Califronia, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Dennis R Trinidad
- Herbert Werthiem School of Public Health, Univeristy of Califronia, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sara B McMenamin
- Herbert Werthiem School of Public Health, Univeristy of Califronia, San Diego, California, USA
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Kim JEC, Kranzler EC, Yu K, Denison B, Dahlen HM, Luchman JN, Ihongbe TO, Marshall MC, Hoffman B, Moffett K, Dupervil D, Margolis KA, Hoffman L. The Association Between the We Can Do This Campaign and Vaccination Beliefs in the United States, January 2021-March 2022. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38958603 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2024.2373159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Public health campaigns addressing COVID-19 vaccination beliefs may be effective in changing COVID-19 vaccination behaviors, particularly among people who remain vaccine hesitant. The "We Can Do This" COVID-19 public education campaign (the Campaign) was designed to increase COVID-19 vaccine confidence and uptake. This study aims to evaluate whether Campaign dose was associated with changes in vaccination beliefs related to COVID-19 vaccine concerns and perceived risks, the importance of COVID-19 vaccines, the perceived benefits of COVID-19 vaccination, normative beliefs about COVID-19 vaccination, and perceptions about general vaccine safety and effectiveness. The study linked data from four waves of a nationally representative longitudinal panel of U.S. adults (January 2021-March 2022) with Campaign paid digital media data (April 2021-May 2022). We used mixed-effects linear regressions to examine the association between Campaign paid digital impressions and changes in vaccination beliefs. The results provide evidence that Campaign digital impressions were significantly associated with changes in respondent beliefs regarding COVID-19 vaccine concerns and perceived risks, perceived benefits of COVID-19 vaccination, and perceptions about general vaccine safety and effectiveness. Findings suggest that public education campaigns may influence vaccine confidence and uptake by increasing positive vaccination beliefs and reducing vaccine concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Eun C Kim
- Communication Campaign Research & Evaluation, Fors Marsh, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Elissa C Kranzler
- Communication Campaign Research & Evaluation, Fors Marsh, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Kathleen Yu
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Benjamin Denison
- Communication Campaign Research & Evaluation, Fors Marsh, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Heather M Dahlen
- Communication Campaign Research & Evaluation, Fors Marsh, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Joseph N Luchman
- Communication Campaign Research & Evaluation, Fors Marsh, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Timothy O Ihongbe
- Communication Campaign Research & Evaluation, Fors Marsh, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Michael C Marshall
- Communication Campaign Research & Evaluation, Fors Marsh, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Blake Hoffman
- Communication Campaign Research & Evaluation, Fors Marsh, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Kenneth Moffett
- Communication Campaign Research & Evaluation, Fors Marsh, Arlington, Virginia
| | - Daphney Dupervil
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Katherine A Margolis
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Leah Hoffman
- Communication Campaign Research & Evaluation, Fors Marsh, Arlington, Virginia
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Reynolds RM, Trasher JF, Yang B, Henderson KC, Ashley DL, Hackworth EE, Ntansah CA, Pei D, Popova L. Perceptions of a reduced nicotine policy and predictors of policy support: A nationally representative U.S. survey. Prev Med 2024; 184:107952. [PMID: 38657684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2024.107952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is considering a policy to reduce nicotine in cigarettes to non-addictive levels. Although current evidence supports the public-health benefits of a reduced-nicotine policy, almost half of people who smoke (∼ 40%) do not support the policy. This study estimates the factors most strongly associated with support or opposition toward the policy, including tobacco use status, perceived effects of a reduced nicotine policy, trust in the FDA, and psychological distress. The study aims to inform messaging campaigns and policy makers. METHODS Data were collected in 2021 with nationally representative samples of U.S. adults (n = 1763). After receiving information about the reduced nicotine policy, participants indicated their beliefs and support for or opposition to the policy, along with other individual difference characteristics. Univariate population parameters and multinomial logistic regression coefficients were estimated. RESULTS In adjusted models, people who formerly or never smoked were less likely to oppose the policy compared to those who currently smoke; people with higher psychological distress and those who believe the policy will promote switching to e-cigarettes were more likely to oppose the policy. In addition, people were more likely to support the policy if they believed it would make quitting easier or that the FDA is trustworthy. CONCLUSIONS Educational campaigns about reduced nicotine policy should expect higher impact by targeting prevalent perceptions and those more strongly associated with policy sentiment. In anticipation of the policy rollout, there may be a critical window to shape public opinion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reed M Reynolds
- Communication Department, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - James F Trasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Communication, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Emily E Hackworth
- Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Charity A Ntansah
- Department of Health Promotion, Education & Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Di Pei
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lucy Popova
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Toenders YJ, Green KH, Te Brinke LW, van der Cruijsen R, van de Groep S, Crone EA. From developmental neuroscience to policy: A novel framework based on participatory research. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2024; 67:101398. [PMID: 38850964 PMCID: PMC11200278 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Insights from developmental neuroscience are not always translated to actionable policy decisions. In this review, we explore the potential of bridging the gap between developmental neuroscience and policy through youth participatory research approaches. As the current generation of adolescents lives in an increasingly complex and rapidly changing society, their lived experiences are crucial for both research and policy. Moreover, their active involvement holds significant promise, given their heightened creativity and need to contribute. We therefore advocate for a transdisciplinary framework that fosters collaboration between developmental scientists, adolescents, and policy makers in addressing complex societal challenges. We highlight the added value of adolescents' lived experiences in relation to two pressing societal issues affecting adolescents' mental health: performance pressure and social inequality. By integrating firsthand lived experiences with insights from developmental neuroscience, we provide a foundation for progress in informed policy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara J Toenders
- Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Kayla H Green
- Developmental Neuroscience in Society, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lysanne W Te Brinke
- Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Suzanne van de Groep
- Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eveline A Crone
- Developmental Neuroscience in Society, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Tabbakh T, Mitsopoulos E, Nuss T, Durkin SJ. Messages about climate, pollution and social justice harms of tobacco as motivators to quit: an untapped communication opportunity? Tob Control 2024:tc-2023-058161. [PMID: 38199814 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-058161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campaigns highlighting the health harms of smoking have demonstrated success in motivating people who smoke to quit. Tobacco production and use also exert a toll on the environment, sustainable development and human rights. However, messages highlighting these harms of tobacco have been relatively unexplored as a cessation motivation strategy. In this study, we examined the extent to which a range of messages about climate, pollution and social justice harms of tobacco are perceived as motivating among people who smoke, overall and by sociodemographics. DATA AND METHODS Australian adults who smoke (n=395) aged 18-59 years reported the 'extent to which each of the following motivated them to quit smoking' and were then presented with messages about climate (four items), pollution (three items) and social justice (three items) harms of tobacco, which they rated on a 5-point scale ranging from 1 'Not at all' to 5 'Very much so' in this online cross-sectional survey. Differences by age, education, gender, socioeconomic status (SES) and geographical region were examined using prevalence ratios from generalised linear models with log-link (Poisson regression). RESULTS For each of the 10 messages, between one-half and two-thirds of the overall sample perceived them as motivating (49-65%), particularly messages highlighting harms to human or animal life and welfare (all ≥60%). Across all message themes, younger adults (18-35 years) and those who completed tertiary education were more likely to perceive some messages as motivating. Perceived motivation did not vary significantly by gender, SES or geographical region. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that value-based messaging featuring the environmental and social justice footprint of tobacco is perceived as motivating for smoking cessation, especially among younger people and those with higher education who may be more engaged with these issues. Inclusion of such messages as part of a comprehensive antitobacco communication strategy may provide an untapped opportunity by potentially providing people who smoke with additional compelling reasons to quit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Tabbakh
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eve Mitsopoulos
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tegan Nuss
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah J Durkin
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Fazel M, Soneson E. Current evidence and opportunities in child and adolescent public mental health: a research review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:1699-1719. [PMID: 37771261 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A public mental health lens is increasingly required to better understand the complex and multifactorial influences of interpersonal, community and institutional systems on the mental health of children and adolescents. METHODS This research review (1) provides an overview of public mental health and proposes a new interactional schema that can guide research and practice, (2) summarises recent evidence on public mental health interventions for children and adolescents, (3) highlights current challenges for this population that might benefit from additional attention and (4) discusses methodological and conceptual hurdles and proposes potential solutions. RESULTS In our evidence review, a broad range of universal, selective and indicated interventions with a variety of targets, mechanisms and settings were identified, some of which (most notably parenting programmes and various school-based interventions) have demonstrated small-to-modest positive effects. Few, however, have achieved sustained mental health improvements. CONCLUSIONS There is an opportunity to re-think how public mental health interventions are designed, evaluated and implemented. Deliberate design, encompassing careful consideration of the aims and population-level impacts of interventions, complemented by measurement that embraces complexity through more in-depth characterisation, or 'phenotyping', of interpersonal and environmental elements is needed. Opportunities to improve child and adolescent mental health outcomes are gaining unprecedented momentum. Innovative new methodology, heightened public awareness, institutional interest and supportive funding can enable enhanced study of public mental health that does not shy away from complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Fazel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emma Soneson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Kreslake JM, Aarvig K, Liu MS, Vallone DM, Hair EC. Pathways to Quitting E-cigarettes Among Youth and Young Adults: Evidence From the truth® Campaign. Am J Health Promot 2023:8901171231218492. [PMID: 38029725 DOI: 10.1177/08901171231218492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examines the pathways through which e-cigarette users' awareness of the truth® campaign influences e-cigarette use frequency over time. DESIGN AND SETTING Data included four waves (2020-2023) of the Truth Longitudinal Cohort, a probability-based, nationally representative survey. PARTICIPANTS The analytic sample was 15-24-year-olds who reported current e-cigarette use at baseline (N = 718). Wave-by-wave retention rates were 64% to 69%. MEASURES Respondents' cumulative awareness of truth® ads was calculated (Waves 1-2). Strength of agreement with campaign-targeted attitudes was measured on five-point scales (Wave 2). The outcome was change in the 4-level frequency of e-cigarette use (Waves 2-4). ANALYSIS Latent growth structural equation modeling examined the pathway from cumulative ad awareness to the frequency of e-cigarette use via campaign-targeted attitudes. RESULTS Model fit estimates identified a three-step pathway by which awareness of the campaign reduced e-cigarette use. Ad awareness was significantly associated with stronger campaign-targeted attitudes: perceived risk (β = .20, P < .0001); anti-vape industry (β = .13, P = .003); independence from addiction (β = .13, P = .004); and affinity with groups that reject vaping (β = .18, P < .0001). Each attitude was significantly associated with stronger perceived norms against e-cigarette use (respectively: β = .25, P < .0001; β = .15, P < .0001; β = .12, P = .018; β = .27, P < .0001). Perceived norms against e-cigarette use had a significant negative relationship with growth in e-cigarette use frequency over time (β = -.23, P < .0001). CONCLUSION Greater truth® anti-vaping ad awareness strengthens campaign-targeted attitudes among current users, increasing perceived norms against e-cigarette use and reducing use over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Kreslake
- Truth Initiative, Schroeder Institute, Washington, DC, USA
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Donna M Vallone
- Truth Initiative, Schroeder Institute, Washington, DC, USA
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Baltimore, MD, USA
- New York University, College of Global Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Hair
- Truth Initiative, Schroeder Institute, Washington, DC, USA
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Baltimore, MD, USA
- New York University, College of Global Public Health, New York, NY, USA
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Delnevo CD, Villanti AC. Dramatic Reductions in Cigarette Smoking Prevalence among High School Youth from 1991 to 2022 Unlikely to Have Been Undermined by E-Cigarettes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6866. [PMID: 37835136 PMCID: PMC10572215 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20196866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
There is concern that youth e-cigarette use could lead youth to initiate cigarette smoking. This study identifies epochs of cigarette smoking among U.S. high school students in three commonly utilized national school-based surveys over three decades without a priori assumptions. We examined trends in ever and current cigarette smoking among high school youth from 1991 to 2022 in three datasets: Monitoring the Future (MTF), the National Youth Risk Behavior Survey (NYRBS) and the National Youth Tobacco Survey (NYTS) via Joinpoint regression. High stable rates of ever smoking were noted from 1991 to 1999 (NYRBS and MTF) and then significantly declined from 1999 to 2013; declines accelerated through to 2022. In the NYTS, ever cigarette smoking significantly declined from 1999 to 2018 and then declines accelerated to 2022. Current cigarette smoking reached its peak in 1997, and then significantly declined from 1997 to 2013 in the NYRBS and MTF and similarly in the NYTS from 1999 to 2018. Declines in current smoking then accelerated in all surveys through to 2022. These findings suggest dramatic successes in reducing youth smoking since the late 1990s, with more rapid declines in prevalence in the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristine D. Delnevo
- Rutgers Institute for Nicotine & Tobacco Studies, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
- Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Andrea C. Villanti
- Rutgers Institute for Nicotine & Tobacco Studies, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA;
- Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Hair EC, Kreslake JM, Tulsiani S, McKay T, Vallone D. Reducing e-cigarette use among youth and young adults: evidence of the truth campaign's impact. Tob Control 2023:tc-2023-057992. [PMID: 37553244 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2023-057992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mass media campaigns have been shown to be effective in reducing cigarette use. However, evidence is limited for whether campaigns can shift e-cigarette use among youth and young adults (YYA). To assess the impact of the truth anti-e-cigarette campaign, which focused on the effects of vaping on mental health, this study examines the relationship between campaign awareness and e-cigarette behaviour among YYA. METHODS Data from weekly cross-sectional surveys of YYA aged 15-24 years from September 2021 to October 2022 were used for multilevel models assessing how weekly campaign awareness is related to intentions to use e-cigarettes and current e-cigarette use (past 30 days). Weekly campaign awareness was calculated by averaging individual-level awareness for each week. Control variables included individual-level campaign awareness, sociodemographics, perceived financial situation, parental smoking, sensation seeking, and mental health. RESULTS Weekly campaign awareness ranged from 50% to 78%, with most weeks (77%) being within 65% and 75% of weekly campaign awareness. At weekly awareness levels between 65% and 75%, there was a significant association with lower intentions to use e-cigarettes. A dose-response relationship was observed for current use: compared with weeks with lower (<65%) awareness, weeks with awareness of 65-70% had 14% lower odds of current use, weeks with 70-75% awareness had 16% lower odds and weeks with >75% weekly awareness had 18% lower odds (p=0.018, p=0.009 and p=0.007, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Findings from this analysis of weekly campaign awareness demonstrate that exposure to the truth anti-e-cigarette campaign is associated with significantly lower odds of intentions to use and current use of e-cigarette among YYA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Hair
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Global Institute of Public Health, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jennifer M Kreslake
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Tatum McKay
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Donna Vallone
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Global Institute of Public Health, New York University, New York, New York, USA
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Rubenstein D, Denlinger-Apte RL, Cornacchione Ross J, McClernon FJ. Adoption of E-Cigarettes Among Older Adults Who Smoke to Reduce Harm and Narrow Age-Related Disparities: An Application of the Health Belief Model. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:1212-1214. [PMID: 36702774 PMCID: PMC10202631 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dana Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Rachel L Denlinger-Apte
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Jennifer Cornacchione Ross
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - F Joseph McClernon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27705, USA
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12
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JERNIGAN DAVIDH. Alcohol and Public Health: Failure and Opportunity. Milbank Q 2023; 101:552-578. [PMID: 37096612 PMCID: PMC10126957 DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Policy Points Public health science regarding alcohol consumption and problems, alcohol's role in equity and social justice, and identification of effective policy interventions has grown steadily stronger in the past 30 years. Progress on effective alcohol policies has stalled or gone backward in the United States and much of the world. Because alcohol influences at least 14 of the 17 sustainable development goals, as well as more than 200 disease and injury conditions, reducing alcohol problems should offer a platform for collaboration across public health silos but will require that public health itself respect and follow its own science.
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Hair EC, Kreslake JM, Rath JM, Pitzer L, Bennett M, Vallone D. Early evidence of the associations between an anti-e-cigarette mass media campaign and e-cigarette knowledge and attitudes: results from a cross-sectional study of youth and young adults. Tob Control 2023; 32:179-187. [PMID: 34290134 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Antismoking mass media campaigns have contributed to significant declines in combustible tobacco use among young people. This study evaluates a national anti-e-cigarette campaign to determine its association with knowledge, attitudes and beliefs in the context of increasing e-cigarette use in the USA. METHODS A national sample of respondents aged 15-24 years (n=8421) was drawn from a repeated cross-sectional online panel survey (220 participants/week) (October 2018 to December 2019). Self-reported exposure to the truth anti-e-cigarette campaign was measured according to level of ad awareness. Outcomes were subjective knowledge of campaign-targeted facts about e-cigarettes and attitudinal constructs about perceived e-cigarette harm, social unacceptability and anti-industry sentiments. Covariates included respondent demographics, current e-cigarette use and cigarette use, parental smoking, sensation seeking, mental health and growth in e-cigarette sales. RESULTS Ad awareness was associated with knowledge that e-cigarette users are more likely to start smoking (low OR: 1.28, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.44; high OR: 1.88, 95% CI 1.66 to 2.13) and of the nicotine content of JUUL compared with cigarettes (low OR: 1.63, 95% CI 1.45 to 1.82; high OR: 2.50, 95% CI 2.21 to 2.84). High ad awareness was associated with knowledge that the long-term health effects of JUUL use are unknown (OR: 1.88, 95% CI 1.57 to 2.28). High ad awareness was associated with significantly higher perceived product harm (OR: 1.35, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.54), social unacceptability (OR: 1.32, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.53) and anti-industry attitudes (OR: 1.40, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.62), compared with respondents with no awareness. CONCLUSIONS Young people with awareness of anti-e-cigarette ads demonstrate higher levels of campaign-targeted knowledge, attitudes and beliefs. Future campaign evaluation priorities include measuring the campaign effects on e-cigarette use behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Hair
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute, Washington, DC, USA .,Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer M Kreslake
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jessica Miller Rath
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lindsay Pitzer
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Donna Vallone
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Mavragani A, Cheng X, Zhang J, Yannam JS, Barnes AJ, Koch JR, Hayes R, Gimm G, Zhao X, Purohit H, Xue H. Social Media Data Mining of Antitobacco Campaign Messages: Machine Learning Analysis of Facebook Posts. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e42863. [PMID: 36780224 PMCID: PMC9972210 DOI: 10.2196/42863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social media platforms provide a valuable source of public health information, as one-third of US adults seek specific health information online. Many antitobacco campaigns have recognized such trends among youth and have shifted their advertising time and effort toward digital platforms. Timely evidence is needed to inform the adaptation of antitobacco campaigns to changing social media platforms. OBJECTIVE In this study, we conducted a content analysis of major antitobacco campaigns on Facebook using machine learning and natural language processing (NLP) methods, as well as a traditional approach, to investigate the factors that may influence effective antismoking information dissemination and user engagement. METHODS We collected 3515 posts and 28,125 associated comments from 7 large national and local antitobacco campaigns on Facebook between 2018 and 2021, including the Real Cost, Truth, CDC Tobacco Free (formally known as Tips from Former Smokers, where "CDC" refers to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), the Tobacco Prevention Toolkit, Behind the Haze VA, the Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, and Smoke Free US campaigns. NLP methods were used for content analysis, including parsimonious rule-based models for sentiment analysis and topic modeling. Logistic regression models were fitted to examine the relationship of antismoking message-framing strategies and viewer responses and engagement. RESULTS We found that large campaigns from government and nonprofit organizations had more user engagements compared to local and smaller campaigns. Facebook users were more likely to engage in negatively framed campaign posts. Negative posts tended to receive more negative comments (odds ratio [OR] 1.40, 95% CI 1.20-1.65). Positively framed posts generated more negative comments (OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.19-1.66) as well as positive comments (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.13-1.48). Our content analysis and topic modeling uncovered that the most popular campaign posts tended to be informational (ie, providing new information), where the key phrases included talking about harmful chemicals (n=43, 43%) as well as the risk to pets (n=17, 17%). CONCLUSIONS Facebook users tend to engage more in antitobacco educational campaigns that are framed negatively. The most popular campaign posts are those providing new information, with key phrases and topics discussing harmful chemicals and risks of secondhand smoke for pets. Educational campaign designers can use such insights to increase the reach of antismoking campaigns and promote behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaolu Cheng
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Physics and Engineering, College of Engineering and Science, Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania, Slippery Rock, PA, United States
| | - Jaya Sindhu Yannam
- Department of Health Administration and Policy, College of Public Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Andrew J Barnes
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - J Randy Koch
- Department of Psychology, College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States.,Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Rashelle Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Gilbert Gimm
- Department of Health Administration and Policy, College of Public Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Xiaoquan Zhao
- Department of Communication, College of Humanities and Social Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Hemant Purohit
- Department of Information Sciences and Technology, College of Engineering and Computing, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Hong Xue
- Department of Health Administration and Policy, College of Public Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
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15
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Kyvsgaard B, Ribe MØ, Sorensen DWM. Does Chemical Property Marking Deter Burglary? Results from a New Danish Experiment. CAMBRIDGE JOURNAL OF EVIDENCE-BASED POLICING 2022. [PMCID: PMC9762862 DOI: 10.1007/s41887-022-00085-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Research Question
Does enrollment of a burglarized household in a chemical property marking program reduce the risk of repeat burglary of the household? Data This randomized controlled trial utilizes a sample of 12,000 previously burgled households in North Zealand, Denmark, randomly divided into treatment, placebo, and control groups. Methods Treatment households received a letter describing local burglary problems and were offered a free chemical property marking kit including warning stickers to deter would-be burglars. Placebo households received a letter outlining generic methods of burglary prevention but were not offered a property marking kit. Control households were not contacted. Results A process evaluation shows that only 29% of the 4000-household treatment group both registered for the experiment and posted warning stickers as instructed. An intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis conducted after 15½ months indicated no statistically significant (p < .05) differences in follow-up prevalence rates of burglary experienced by treatment (4.6%), placebo (5.1%), and control (4.9%) households. Conclusion The current experiment fails to find clear evidence that the posting of warning stickers indicating a once-burglarized household’s use of chemical property marking deters domestic burglary. Nonetheless, it remains possible to demonstrate an effect if a larger proportion of the experimental group could be persuaded to post warning stickers as instructed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Kyvsgaard
- Ministry of Justice, Slotsholmsgade 10, DK-1216 Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Adams ET, Nabi RL, Noar SM, Evans R, Widman L. How Emotional Shifts Effect Youth Perceptions of Opioid Risk and Efficacy: Testing a Know the Truth Campaign Narrative. HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2022; 37:1820-1831. [PMID: 33977833 PMCID: PMC8887820 DOI: 10.1080/10410236.2021.1921349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Integrating the extended parallel process model (EPPM) and the emotional flow hypothesis, we tested the persuasive effect of emotional shifts during exposure to a Know the Truth anti-opioid campaign narrative in a sample of middle-school students (n = 480). Testing two emotional flow sequences (threat to efficacy and efficacy to threat) of the Know the Truth narrative against a static (threat-only) emotional condition, we found that youth exposed to any emotional flow narrative reported higher levels of hope and lower levels of fear than those exposed to a threat-only narrative. We also found that a threat to efficacy narrative elicited higher levels of self-efficacy than an efficacy to threat emotional flow condition, suggesting that the emotional sequence influences self-efficacy, a well-established predictor of health behavior change. We conclude that the traditional threat to efficacy emotional flow may be superior to its inverse (efficacy to threat) when communicating with young people about opioid addiction. Implications for message design are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robin L. Nabi
- Department of Communication, University of California at Santa Barbara
| | - Seth M. Noar
- Hussman School of Journalism and Media, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Reina Evans
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University
| | - Laura Widman
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University
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17
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Slocum E, Xie Y, Colston DC, Emery S, Patrick ME, Thrasher JF, Elliott MR, Fleischer NL. Impact of the Tips From Former Smokers Anti-Smoking Media Campaign on Youth Smoking Behaviors and Anti-Tobacco Attitudes. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:1927-1936. [PMID: 35749779 PMCID: PMC9653086 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anti-tobacco media campaigns can prevent youth smoking, but there is little research on how adult-targeted campaigns affect youth. We investigated the association between the Tips From Former Smokers (Tips) campaign and youth smoking behaviors and anti-tobacco attitudes, and variation by sex, race and/or ethnicity, or socioeconomic status. AIMS AND METHODS We used data from the monitoring of the future study, a nationally representative survey on 8th, 10th, and 12th graders, from 2013-2015. Quartiles of Tips gross rating points (GRPs) were used to estimate exposure. Youth smoking behavior outcomes included smoking prevalence, initiation, and susceptibility. The anti-tobacco attitude outcomes included the extent that anti-tobacco ads made participants (1) less favorable towards smoking or (2) less likely to smoke cigarettes. Modified Poisson regression models estimated average marginal effects; separate additive interactions between Tips GRP exposure and sex, race and/or ethnicity, parents' highest education, and college plans (12th graders only) were used to test for effect modification. RESULTS Tips GRPs were not associated with smoking behaviors within any grade. However, 12th graders in the highest quartile of Tips had a 7.0 percentage point higher probability (95% CI = 0.023-0.116) of responding that anti-tobacco ads made them less likely to smoke. Tips GRPs were associated with a lower probability of past 30-day smoking prevalence among 10th grade females, but not males (joint P-value = .002). No additional statistically significant interactions were found for any other outcomes for any grade. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the potential for adult-targeted campaigns to increase youth's anti-smoking attitudes, but campaign exposure was not associated with smoking behaviors. IMPLICATIONS Few studies have examined the potential for anti-smoking media campaigns to influence audiences outside their targeted audience. In this study, we show the potential for adult-targeted campaigns to impact youth and suggest that Tips exposure may promote anti-smoking attitudes among youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Slocum
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yanmei Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David C Colston
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sherry Emery
- Social Data Collaboratory, NORC at the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60603, USA
| | - Megan E Patrick
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - James F Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Michael R Elliott
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Washington Heights Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Nancy L Fleischer
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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18
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Chan L, Harris-Roxas B, Freeman B, MacKenzie R, Woodland L, O'Hara BJ. Attitudes towards the 'Shisha No Thanks' campaign video: Content analysis of Facebook comments. Tob Induc Dis 2022; 20:88. [PMID: 36330277 PMCID: PMC9578129 DOI: 10.18332/tid/153543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While social media are commonly used in public health campaigns, there is a gap in our understanding of what happens after the campaign is seen by the target audience. This study aims to understand how the Shisha No Thanks campaign video was received by the Facebook audience by analyzing Facebook comments posted to it. Specifically, this study aims to determine whether the Facebook audience accepted or rejected the campaign’s message. METHODS A sample of the Facebook comments was extracted, and the study team, which included cultural support workers, developed content categories consistent with the research question. Each comment was then coded by three team members, and only assigned a category if there was agreement by at least two members. RESULTS Of the 4990 comments that were sampled, 9.1% (456) accepted the campaign message, 22.9% (1144) rejected the message, 21.8% (1089) were unclear, and 46.1% (2301) contained only tagged names. Of the sample, 2.8% (138) indicated the commenter took on board the campaign message by expressing an intention to stop smoking shisha, or asking a friend to stop smoking shisha. Of the comments that showed rejection of the campaign, the majority were people dismissing the campaign by laughing at it or expressing pro-shisha sentiments. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that conducting content analyses of social media comments can provide important insight into how a campaign message is received by a social media audience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Chan
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Ben Harris-Roxas
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Becky Freeman
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Ross MacKenzie
- Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lisa Woodland
- New South Wales Multicultural Health Communication Service, Sydney, Australia
| | - Blythe J O'Hara
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
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19
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Cornacchione Ross J, K Suerken C, Reboussin BA, Denlinger-Apte RL, Spangler JG, Sutfin EL. Cigar Harm Beliefs and Associations with Cigar Use among Young Adults. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 57:1478-1485. [PMID: 35786154 PMCID: PMC9680833 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2022.2092149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigar use, including little cigars and cigarillos (LCCs) and large traditional cigars, continues to harm young adults. Research on harm beliefs about cigars, particularly large cigars, is sparse. The current study examined cigar harm beliefs and associations with cigar use. Methods: Data are from a 2019 survey of a young adult cohort study recruited in fall 2010. Participants were asked questions about their beliefs about the harm of LCC and large cigar use. Those reporting ever use of cigars were asked how frequently they inhale the smoke into their lungs. Results: Participants (N = 1910) were 51.9% female with a mean age of 26.7 (SD = 0.6). Ever cigar use was 44.2% for large cigars and 43% for LCCs. Compared to those who have never used large cigars or LCCs, those reporting ever use of large cigars or LCCs reported lower harm beliefs about inhaling harmful chemicals and becoming addicted (ps <.0001). Those who reported higher harm beliefs also reported inhaling the smoke into their lungs more frequently for large cigars and LCCs (ps<.05). Conclusions: Cigar use harm beliefs were lower among participants reporting ever use of cigars compared to those reporting never use. Contrary to predictions, those reporting greater harm beliefs were more likely to report inhaling smoke more frequently than those with lower harm beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Cornacchione Ross
- Department of Social Sciences & Health Policy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Cynthia K Suerken
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Beth A Reboussin
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Rachel L Denlinger-Apte
- Department of Social Sciences & Health Policy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - John G Spangler
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Erin L Sutfin
- Department of Social Sciences & Health Policy, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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20
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Guillory J, Curry L, Farrelly M, Henes A, Homsi G, Saunders M, MacMonegle A, Fiacco L, Alexander T, Delahanty J, Mekos D, Hoffman L, Ganz O. Reach, Receptivity, And Beliefs Associated With the Fresh Empire Campaign to Prevent and Reduce Cigarette Use Among Youth in the United States. Am J Health Promot 2022; 36:789-800. [PMID: 35081751 PMCID: PMC9258634 DOI: 10.1177/08901171211069991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the association between exposure to FDA's Fresh Empire tobacco public education campaign and tobacco-related beliefs. DESIGN Repeated cross-sectional data collection design with embedded longitudinal cohort over six data collection waves. SETTING 30 US evaluation markets. SAMPLE Hip Hop peer crowd-identified US youth aged 12-18 (N = 5,378). MEASURES Self-reported brand and video ad awareness (saw any ad at least sometimes) and perceived effectiveness (1-5 scale) to describe campaign awareness and receptivity. Exogenous exposure was measured using population-adjusted broadcast and digital video impressions. Tobacco-related beliefs included beliefs about smoking risks, attitudes towards tobacco-free people and lifestyles, and normative beliefs about smoking. ANALYSIS Descriptive analyses of awareness, receptivity, and agreement with tobacco-related beliefs. Logistic regression models to determine the relationship between broadcast and digital video impressions and beliefs. INTERVENTION Fresh Empire campaign. RESULTS The campaign generated a high level of reach (71% brand and 66% video ad awareness at final wave) and messages were well-received (across waves 3.5-4.1 mean perceived effectiveness scores). Higher broadcast television exposure was associated with increased agreement with five beliefs related to addiction/control, being a bad influence on family/friends, and cosmetic effects of smoking (breath and attractiveness) (ORs = 1.16-1.27, (Ps < .05)). CONCLUSION Fresh Empire successfully reached and resonated with Hip Hop-identified youth. The campaign was associated with a limited number of targeted beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amy Henes
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Ghada Homsi
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Leah Fiacco
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Tesfa Alexander
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MA, USA
| | - Janine Delahanty
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MA, USA
| | - Debra Mekos
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MA, USA
| | | | - Ollie Ganz
- Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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21
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Pourkarim M, Nayebzadeh S, Alavian SM, Hataminasab SH. Digital Marketing: A Unique Multidisciplinary Approach towards the Elimination of Viral Hepatitis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060626. [PMID: 35745480 PMCID: PMC9228079 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
New technologies are supported by the global implementation of the internet. These improvements have deeply affected various disciplines of sciences and consequently changed services such as daily business, particularly health sectors. Innovative digital marketing strategies utilize the channels of social media and retrieved user data to analyze and improve relevant services. These multidisciplinary innovations can assist specialists, physicians and researchers in diagnostic, prophylaxis and treatment issues in the health sector. Accordingly, compared to recent decades, health decision makers are more accurate and trustful in defining new strategies. Interestingly, using social media and mobile health apps in current pandemics of SARS-CoV-2 could be an important instance of the key role of these platforms at the local and global level of health policies. These digital technologies provide platforms to connect public health sectors and health politicians for communicating and spreading relevant information. Adding influencers and campaigns to this toolbox strengthens the implementation of public health programs. In 2016, the WHO adopted a global program to eliminate viral hepatitis by 2030. Recent constructive measures that have been used in the battle against COVID-19 could be adopted for the elimination of viral hepatitis program. The presented evidence in our narrative review demonstrates that the application of digital marketing tools to create campaigns on social media, armed with professional influencers, can efficiently consolidate this program. The application of different strategies in using these popular tools will raise the public awareness about viral hepatitis. Subsequently, the availability of an effective vaccine for HBV and antiviral medication for HCV can motivate the audience to take steps towards prophylaxis and screening methods against these infectious illnesses. The encouragement of health policy makers to apply digital communication technologies and comprehensive roadmaps to implement this global program will certainly decrease the burden of viral hepatitis worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Pourkarim
- Department of Management, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd P.O. Box 89195/155, Iran; (M.P.); (S.H.H.)
| | - Shahnaz Nayebzadeh
- Department of Management, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd P.O. Box 89195/155, Iran; (M.P.); (S.H.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +98-351-8211391; Fax: +98-351-8214810
| | | | - Seyyed Hassan Hataminasab
- Department of Management, Yazd Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazd P.O. Box 89195/155, Iran; (M.P.); (S.H.H.)
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22
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MacMonegle AJ, Smith AA, Duke J, Bennett M, Siegel-Reamer LR, Pitzer L, Speer JL, Zhao X. Effects of a National Campaign on Youth Beliefs and Perceptions About Electronic Cigarettes and Smoking. Prev Chronic Dis 2022; 19:E16. [PMID: 35389831 PMCID: PMC8992685 DOI: 10.5888/pcd19.210332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our study assesses the relationship between the exposure of youth to the US Food and Drug Administration's national tobacco public education campaign, The Real Cost, and changes in campaign-focused risk perceptions and beliefs. METHODS A nationally representative cohort study of youth was conducted from June 2018 to July 2019, consisting of a baseline and one follow-up survey. We performed logistic regressions to examine the association between campaign exposure and beliefs. Exposure was measured by self-report as the frequency of exposure to individual campaign advertisements about the health consequences of e-cigarette use and of smoking cigarettes. RESULTS We found that increased levels of exposure to campaign advertising was associated with a significant increase in the odds of reporting agreement with campaign-specific beliefs. Positive patterns of findings were found across multiple items selected by specific advertisements, whereas unrelated beliefs were not associated with advertisement exposure. CONCLUSION A sustained national tobacco public education campaign can change beliefs about the harms of e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking among youth. Combined with other findings from The Real Cost evaluation, results indicate that prevention mass media campaigns continue to be an effective and cost-efficient approach to reduce the health and financial cost of tobacco use in the US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna J MacMonegle
- RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Rd, PO Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
| | - Alexandria A Smith
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Jennifer Duke
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Morgane Bennett
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Lindsay Pitzer
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | | | - Xiaoquan Zhao
- Center for Tobacco Products, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
- Department of Communication, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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23
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Cooke ME, Clifford JS, Do EK, Gilman JM, Maes HH, Peterson RE, Prom-Wormley EC, Evins AE, Schuster RM. Polygenic score for cigarette smoking is associated with ever electronic-cigarette use in a college-aged sample. Addiction 2022; 117:1071-1078. [PMID: 34636095 PMCID: PMC9875558 DOI: 10.1111/add.15716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Electronic cigarette use has escalated rapidly in recent years, particularly among youth. Little is known about the genetic influences on e-cigarette use. This study aimed to determine whether genetic risk for regular use of combustible cigarettes or for number of cigarettes smoked per day confers risk for ever e-cigarette use or frequency of e-cigarette use. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, AND MEASUREMENTS We used data from 9541 young adults from the Spit for Science longitudinal cohort study (2011-2019). Polygenic scores (PGS) of regular combustible cigarette use (PGS-RCU) and cigarettes per day (PGS-CPD) were constructed using summary statistics from the two largest available genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of European ancestry and East Asian ancestry of combustible cigarette use and used to test whether the PGS of RCU or CPD predicted lifetime e-cigarette use and frequency of past 30-day e-cigarette use in a diverse sample of young adults of African (AFR), Admixed American (AMR), East Asian (EAS), European (EUR), and South Asian (SAS) ancestry. FINDINGS The PGS-RCU was associated with lifetime e-cigarette use in the EUR sample (OR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.19-1.36, P = 7.53 × 10-12 ), but not in the other subsamples (ps > 0.12). This association remained significant after excluding regular combustible cigarette smokers (OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.12-1.31, P = 3.36 × 10-6 ). There was no statistically significant association between PGS-CPD and lifetime e-cigarette use and neither the PGS-RCU nor the PGS-CPD were associated with frequency of e-cigarette use in the past 30 days in any of the subsamples. CONCLUSIONS Genetic factors associated with regular combustible cigarette use appear to be associated with ever e-cigarette use in young adults. We did not find evidence for shared genetic factors influencing heaviness of use of combustible cigarettes and current e-cigarette use frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Cooke
- Center for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 101 Merrimac St., Boston MA 02114, USA
| | - James S. Clifford
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Division of Epidemiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA, USA
| | - Elizabeth K. Do
- Department of Health Behavior & Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA, USA
| | - Jodi M. Gilman
- Center for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 101 Merrimac St., Boston MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Hermine H. Maes
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA, USA,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA, USA,Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA, USA
| | - Roseann E. Peterson
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA, USA
| | - Elizabeth C. Prom-Wormley
- Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Division of Epidemiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond VA, USA,Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA, USA,Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA, USA
| | - A. Eden Evins
- Center for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 101 Merrimac St., Boston MA 02114, USA
| | - Randi M. Schuster
- Center for Addiction Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, 101 Merrimac St., Boston MA 02114, USA
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Hoek J, Edwards R, Waa A. From social accessory to societal disapproval: smoking, social norms and tobacco endgames. Tob Control 2022; 31:358-364. [PMID: 35241613 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet Hoek
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Richard Edwards
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Waa
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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25
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Cuccia AF, Patel M, Kierstead EC, Evans WD, Schillo BA. Associations of e-cigarette industry beliefs and e-cigarette use and susceptibility among youth and young adults in the United States. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 231:109126. [PMID: 35030507 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-industry sentiments are protective against smoking, but the relationship between industry beliefs and e-cigarette use remains unknown. METHODS A nationally representative survey of U.S. youth and young adults in Fall 2019 (n = 9554) assessed knowledge that e-cigarette and cigarette companies are the same, belief that e-cigarette companies lie about harm, and belief that tobacco companies want young people to vape. Weighted multivariate logistic regression models estimated odds of current use and susceptibility to use (among ever and never users) by industry knowledge and beliefs. Additional models assess association between industry knowledge and industry beliefs. All models controlled for harm perceptions, friend use, sensation seeking, combustible use, and demographic characteristics. RESULTS Disagreement that companies lie about harm (adjusted odds ratio (aOR)= 1.94, 95% CI: 1.43-2.63) and companies want young people to vape (aOR=1.72, 95% CI: 1.36-2.17) was associated with increased odds of current use. Belief that e-cigarette and cigarette companies were different entities was associated with increased odds of current use (aOR=1.45, 95% CI: 1.12-1.88). Disagreement or not knowing that companies are the same was associated with lower odds of believing companies lie about harm (disagreement aOR=0.37, 95% CI: 0.27-0.52; don't know aOR=0.47, 95% CI: 0.35-0.65) and belief that companies want young people to vape (disagreement aOR=0.36, 95% CI: 0.28-0.46; don't know aOR=0.54, 95% CI: 0.42-0.68). CONCLUSION Similar to cigarettes, e-cigarette industry beliefs were associated with current use among young people. Highlighting e-cigarettes' connection to Big Tobacco may be an important strategy to prevent youth and young adult e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison F Cuccia
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Prevention and Community Health, George Washington University Milken Institute of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Minal Patel
- Truth Initiative Schroeder Institute, Washington, DC, USA.
| | | | - W Douglas Evans
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, George Washington University Milken Institute of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA.
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26
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Vallone DM, Perks SN, Pitzer L, Liu M, Kreslake JM, Rath JM, Hair EC. Evidence of the impact of a national anti-tobacco prevention campaign across demographic subgroups. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2022; 36:412-421. [PMID: 34219169 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyab025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mass media campaigns are an effective population-level intervention for preventing tobacco use. However, little evidence exists for whether these campaigns similarly influence demographic subgroups. This study examined the effects of the truth® campaign to reduce tobacco use among demographic subgroups. We used data from a national, continuous, cross-sectional tracking survey of 15-24-year-olds (n = 32 331). We used a measure of weekly aggregated campaign exposure to assess whether cigarette smoking intentions and current cigarette use varied by race/ethnicity, financial situation and population density subgroups, controlling for factors known to be associated with tobacco use. Examining estimates across subgroup categories in light of the overall model estimates revealed that the effects of week-level campaign exposure on cigarette smoking intentions and current cigarette use were similar across subgroups. Wald tests of equality across estimates in each subgroup suggested that the estimates did not differ from one another in any given instance. The truth campaign does not differ significantly in its capacity to prompt declines in tobacco use across a broad spectrum of US youth and young adults. Mass media tobacco prevention campaigns can be an effective and critical component of a comprehensive tobacco control program, particularly with respect to reducing tobacco-related disparities among demographic subgroups.
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27
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Colston DC, Xie Y, Thrasher JF, Patrick ME, Titus AR, Emery S, McLeod MC, Elliott MR, Fleischer NL. Examining Truth and State-Sponsored Media Campaigns as a Means of Decreasing Youth Smoking and Related Disparities in the U.S. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 24:469-477. [PMID: 34718762 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To analyze the impact of Truth and state-sponsored anti-tobacco media campaigns on youth smoking in the U.S., and their potential to reduce tobacco-related health disparities. METHODS Our study included data from the 2000-2015 Monitoring the Future study, an annual nationally representative survey of youth in 8 th (n=201,913), 10 th (n=194,468), and 12 th grades (n=178,379). Our primary exposure was Gross Ratings Points (GRPS) of Truth or state-sponsored anti-tobacco advertisements, from Nielsen Media Research. Modified Poisson regression was used to assess the impact of a respondent's GRPs on smoking intentions, past 30-day smoking participation, and first and daily smoking initiation. Additive interactions with sex, parental education, college plans, and race/ethnicity were used to test for differential effects of campaign exposure on each outcome. RESULTS Greater campaign exposure (80 th vs. 20 th GRP percentile) was associated with lower probabilities of smoking intentions among 8 th graders, smoking participation among 8 th and 12 th graders, and initiation among 8 th graders. Greater exposure was associated with a greater reduction in the likelihood of smoking participation among 10 th and 12 th grade males than females; 10 th and 12 th graders with parents of lower education versus those with a college degree; and 12 th graders who did not definitely plan to go to college relative to those who did. CONCLUSIONS Media campaign exposure was associated with a lower likelihood of youth smoking behaviors. Associations were more pronounced for groups disproportionately affected by smoking, including youth of lower socioeconomic status. Media campaigns may be useful in reducing smoking disparities and improving health equity. IMPLICATIONS Few recent studies have investigated the impact of anti-tobacco media campaigns on youth smoking and their potential to reduce tobacco-related health disparities in the U.S. We found media campaigns - specifically state-sponsored media campaigns - reduced the likelihood of several smoking outcomes among youth, with some evidence that they mitigate disparities for disproportionately affected groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Colston
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yanmei Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Biostatistics Core of the Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James F Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,Department of Tobacco Research, Center for Population Health Research National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Megan E Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrea R Titus
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sherry Emery
- Social Data Collaboratory, NORC at the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - M Chandler McLeod
- Biostatistics Core of the Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael R Elliott
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nancy L Fleischer
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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28
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Burgess DJ, Vallone D, Bair MJ, Matthias MS, Taylor BC, Taylor SL. Shifting the National Consciousness about Pain Treatment: The Critical Need for a National Public Education Campaign. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2021; 22:1129-1133. [PMID: 33945848 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2021.03.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The failure of past practices and policies related to opioid prescribing for chronic pain has led federal agencies and professional organizations to recommend multimodal approaches that prioritize evidence-based nonpharmacological pain treatments (NPTs). These multimodal approaches, which include both traditional and complementary/integrative approaches, hold great promise for reducing the burden of chronic pain and reducing opioid use. Unfortunately, NPT approaches are underutilized due to a daunting array of interrelated barriers including the public's attitudes and beliefs about chronic pain and its treatment. Given the dual crises of chronic pain and opioid use, there is a critical need for a national public health campaign on chronic pain and its treatment to help educate the American public about NPT pain management options, while countering the misleading messages promulgated by the pharmaceutical industry, including but not limited to messages promoting the broad use of prescription opioids and minimizing its risks. Despite these dual crises of chronic pain and opioid use in the U.S., there has never been a concerted effort to broadly educate the American public about these issues and NPT pain management options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana J Burgess
- VA HSR&D Center for Care Delivery and Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis, Minnesota.
| | - Donna Vallone
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY
| | - Matthew J Bair
- Center for Health Information and Communication, Indianapolis VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN; Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, IN; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Marianne S Matthias
- Center for Health Information and Communication, Indianapolis VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN; Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, IN; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Brent C Taylor
- VA HSR&D Center for Care Delivery and Outcomes Research, Minneapolis VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota; University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Stephanie L Taylor
- Center for the Study of Healthcare Innovation, Implementation and Policy, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; Departments of Medicine and Health Policy and Management, UCLA, Los Angeles; California
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Rath JM, Romberg AR, Perks SN, Edwards D, Vallone DM, Hair EC. Identifying message themes to prevent e-cigarette use among youth and young adults. Prev Med 2021; 150:106683. [PMID: 34119596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In 2020, almost 20% of high school students reported current e-cigarette use. Mass media tobacco prevention campaigns are effective for preventing tobacco use among youth and young adults but selecting messages that will have maximum impact on the target audience is a significant challenge for campaign developers. This study describes the method for identification of potential messaging targets for a national anti-vape mass media campaign using criteria proposed by Hornik and Woolf in their health communication framework. A national sample of 15- to 24-year-olds (N = 1564) was recruited via an online panel in May 2020. Participants endorsed a series of vape-related attitudinal items. Items were considered potential message targets if they distinguished between the four vape use groups (current users, ever users, susceptible never-users, and non-susceptible never-users) and if less than 70% of respondents endorsed the anti-vape item response. The resulting items targeted five potential message themes, each forming a scale measured with three to four individual items. Message themes included social acceptability of vaping, anti-vape industry sentiment, independence from vaping, non-vaping identity, and perceived risk of harm. Findings were used to inform the development of truth® campaign messaging focused on reducing the prevalence of e-cigarette use among youth and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Rath
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, 900 G Street, NW, Fourth Floor, Washington, DC 20001, USA; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, 4200 Valley Drive, Suite 2242, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Alexa R Romberg
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, 900 G Street, NW, Fourth Floor, Washington, DC 20001, USA; School of Global Public Health, New York University, 665 Broadway, Eleventh Floor, New York, NY 10012, USA
| | - Siobhan N Perks
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, 900 G Street, NW, Fourth Floor, Washington, DC 20001, USA.
| | - Domonique Edwards
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, 900 G Street, NW, Fourth Floor, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | - Donna M Vallone
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, 900 G Street, NW, Fourth Floor, Washington, DC 20001, USA; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; School of Global Public Health, New York University, 665 Broadway, Eleventh Floor, New York, NY 10012, USA.
| | - Elizabeth C Hair
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, 900 G Street, NW, Fourth Floor, Washington, DC 20001, USA; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; School of Global Public Health, New York University, 665 Broadway, Eleventh Floor, New York, NY 10012, USA.
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30
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Colston DC, Xie Y, Thrasher JF, Emery S, Patrick ME, Titus AR, Elliott MR, Fleischer NL. Exploring How Exposure to Truth and State-Sponsored Anti-Tobacco Media Campaigns Affect Smoking Disparities among Young Adults Using a National Longitudinal Dataset, 2002-2017. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7803. [PMID: 34360096 PMCID: PMC8345400 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known regarding long-term impacts of anti-tobacco media campaigns on youth smoking and related disparities in the United States. METHODS We examined longitudinal cohort data from Monitoring the Future (MTF) between 2000 and 2017 in modified Poisson regression models to understand the long-term impacts of televised Truth and state-sponsored ad campaign exposure at baseline (age 18) on first cigarette and daily smoking initiation 1 to 2 years later (at modal ages 19/20). We also used additive interactions to test for potential effect modification between campaign exposure and smoking outcomes by sex, race/ethnicity, and parental educational attainment. RESULTS We found no evidence for baseline media campaign exposure to be associated with first cigarette or daily smoking initiation at modal age 19/20. Further, results showed no evidence for effect modification between campaign exposure and first cigarette or daily smoking initiation. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence that baseline Truth and state-sponsored ad exposure was associated with first cigarette or daily smoking initiation at follow up, nor did we find any evidence for effect modification by sex, race/ethnicity, or parental education. We hypothesize that anti-tobacco media campaigns might have had a short-term impact on smoking behaviors, though these effects were not sustained long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Colston
- Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (Y.X.); (N.L.F.)
| | - Yanmei Xie
- Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (Y.X.); (N.L.F.)
- Biostatistics Core, Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James F. Thrasher
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
- Center for Population Health Research, Department of Tobacco Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico
| | - Sherry Emery
- Social Data Collaboratory, NORC at the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA;
| | - Megan E. Patrick
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA;
| | - Andrea R. Titus
- Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Michael R. Elliott
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Nancy L. Fleischer
- Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; (Y.X.); (N.L.F.)
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Kreslake JM, Diaz MC, Shinaba M, Vallone DM, Hair EC. Youth and young adult risk perceptions and behaviours in response to an outbreak of e-cigarette/vaping-associated lung injury (EVALI) in the USA. Tob Control 2021; 31:88-97. [PMID: 33441461 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether awareness of emerging vaping-attributable health conditions influences vaping-related risk perceptions and behaviours among young people. DESIGN Respondents aged 15-24 years (n=3536) were drawn from a repeated cross-sectional online panel survey (222 participants/week) during an e-cigarette/vaping-associated lung injury (EVALI) outbreak in the USA (September 2019-January 2020). Logistic regression models tested for associations between EVALI awareness and perceived lung injury risk and product harm, stratified by e-cigarette/vape use and controlling for awareness of other e-cigarette/vaping news stories, demographic characteristics and outbreak week. Other models measured the association between perceived risk of lung injury and intentions to use (non-users) or intentions to quit (current users) e-cigarettes/vape products. Changes in national retail e-cigarette sales data were examined during national EVALI outbreak reporting. RESULTS EVALI awareness was associated with: perceived risk of lung injury (current users OR 1.59, p=0.004; non-users OR 2.11, p<0.001); belief that e-cigarettes/vapes contain dangerous chemicals (current users OR 1.47, p=0.017; non-users OR 1.88, p<0.001) and belief that e-cigarettes/vapes are harmful (current users OR 1.66, p=0.002; non-users OR 1.67, p<0.001). Perceived risk of lung injury from e-cigarette/vape use was associated with intentions to own e-cigarette/vape products (ever-users OR 0.25, p<0.001; never-users OR 0.61, p=0.004) and intentions to quit among current users (OR 2.02, p=0.002). Declines in e-cigarette sales were observed following news of the EVALI outbreak. CONCLUSIONS News of vaping-attributable health conditions may prevent e-cigarette/vape use and encourage cessation among young people. Tobacco control campaigns should address uncertain health effects of e-cigarettes or vape products and align with risk communication by public health agencies during outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Kreslake
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA .,Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Megan C Diaz
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Muftau Shinaba
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Donna M Vallone
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA.,Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Hair
- Schroeder Institute, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA.,Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York, USA
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32
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Galiatsatos P, Judge E, Koehl R, Hill M, Veira O, Hansel N, Eakin M, McCormack M. The Lung Health Ambassador Program: A Community-Engagement Initiative Focusing on Pulmonary-Related Health Issues and Disparities Regarding Tobacco Use. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 18:E5. [PMID: 33374951 PMCID: PMC7792622 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Educational campaigns have the potential to inform at risk populations about key issues relevant to lung health and to facilitate active engagement promoting healthy behaviors and risk prevention. We developed a community-based educational campaign called the Lung Health Ambassador Program (LHAP) with a goal of engaging youth and empowering them to be advocates for pulmonary health in their community. Objective: To evaluate the process outcomes and feasibility of the inaugural LHAP (2018-2019 academic year), with a specific aim to impact tobacco policy in the state of Maryland. Methods: Outcomes regarding feasibility included assessment of number of schools reached, number of students and healthcare professionals participating, and types of projects developed by participating students to impact modifiable risk factors for lung health. The courses for the LHAP were five 1 h sessions implemented at days and times identified by the community. The topics of the LHAP focused on lung anatomy, pulmonary diseases affecting school aged youth, tobacco use and prevalence, and air pollution (both indoor and outdoor). The fifth class discussed ways in which the students could impact lung health (e.g., policy and advocacy) and mitigate pulmonary disparities. Main Results: The LHAP was implemented at two elementary/middle schools, one high school, and two recreation centers within an urban metropolitan region. A total of 268 youths participated in the LHAP (age ranging from 11 to 18), whereby 72 (26.9%) were Hispanic/Latino and 110 (41.0%) were African American. Of the participating students, 240 wrote letters to local politicians to advocate for policies that would raise the legal age of acquiring tobacco products to 21. As for healthcare professionals, 18 academic faculty members participated in implementing the LHAP: 8 physicians and faculty staff and 10 nurses. Conclusions: The LHAP is a community-based program that provides education and training in advocacy with a goal of teaching about and, ultimately, reducing respiratory health disparities. The results from the first year demonstrate that the program is feasible, with success demonstrated in completing educational modules and engaging students. Next steps will include strategies to ensure sustainability and scalability to increase the reach of this program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagis Galiatsatos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (E.J.); (R.K.); (M.H.); (O.V.); (N.H.); (M.E.); (M.M.)
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Effects of Multiple Exposures and Ad-Skipping Behavior on Recall of Health Messages on YouTube TM. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17228427. [PMID: 33202545 PMCID: PMC7696643 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although measuring exposure to public health messages is key to understanding campaign effectiveness, little is known about how exposure to and avoidance of digital ad messages may influence self-reported ad recall. A sample of 15-24-year-olds (n = 297) received a varying number of forced-view and skippable test ads across multiple simulated YouTubeTM sessions. Each session was coded for whether the participant viewed the ad or skipped it. While a majority of participants recalled the test ad, the odds of ad recall did not vary by number of sessions (opportunities for exposure). Rather, ad recall was sensitive to the number of completed ad views such that odds of ad recall doubled for each additional time the ad was completely viewed. Findings suggest that public health digital message exposure and recall can be optimized with sufficient attention paid to the proportions of forced-view ads aired when aiming to reach younger audiences.
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Chan L, O'Hara B, Phongsavan P, Bauman A, Freeman B. Review of Evaluation Metrics Used in Digital and Traditional Tobacco Control Campaigns. J Med Internet Res 2020; 22:e17432. [PMID: 32348272 PMCID: PMC7448186 DOI: 10.2196/17432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mass media campaigns for public health are increasingly using digital media platforms, such as web-based advertising and social media; however, there is a lack of evidence on how to best use these digital platforms for public health campaigns. To generate this evidence, appropriate campaign evaluations are needed, but with the proliferation of digital media-related metrics, there is no clear consensus on which evaluation metrics should be used. Public health campaigns are diverse in nature, so to facilitate analysis, this review has selected tobacco control campaigns as the scope of the study. OBJECTIVE This literature review aimed to examine how tobacco control campaigns that use traditional and digital media platforms have been evaluated. METHODS Medicine and science databases (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online [MEDLINE], EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature [CINAHL], and Scopus), and a marketing case study database (World Advertising Research Center) were searched for articles published between 2013 and 2018. Two authors established the eligibility criteria and reviewed articles for inclusion. Individual campaigns were identified from the articles, and information on campaigns and their evaluations were supplemented with searches on Google, Google Scholar, and social media platforms. Data about campaign evaluations were tabulated and mapped to a conceptual framework. RESULTS In total, 17 campaigns were included in this review, with evaluations reported on by 51 articles, 17 marketing reports, and 4 grey literature reports. Most campaigns were from English-speaking countries, with behavioral change as the primary objective. In the process evaluations, a wide range of metrics were used to assess the reach of digital campaign activities, making comparison between campaigns difficult. Every campaign in the review, except one, reported some type of engagement impact measure, with website visits being the most commonly reported metric (11 of the 17 campaigns). Other commonly reported evaluation measures identified in this review include engagement on social media, changes in attitudes, and number of people contacting smoking cessation services. Of note, only 7 of the 17 campaigns attempted to measure media platform attribution, for example, by asking participants where they recalled seeing the campaign or using unique website tracking codes for ads on different media platforms. CONCLUSIONS One of the key findings of this review is the numerous and diverse range of measures and metrics used in tobacco control campaign evaluations. To address this issue, we propose principles to guide the selection of digital media-related metrics for campaign evaluations, and also outline a conceptual framework to provide a coherent organization to the diverse range of metrics. Future research is needed to specifically investigate whether engagement metrics are associated with desired campaign outcomes, to determine whether reporting of engagement metrics is meaningful in campaign evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Chan
- Sydney School of Public Health and Charles Perkins Centre, Prevention Research Collaboration, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Blythe O'Hara
- Sydney School of Public Health and Charles Perkins Centre, Prevention Research Collaboration, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Philayrath Phongsavan
- Sydney School of Public Health and Charles Perkins Centre, Prevention Research Collaboration, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Adrian Bauman
- Sydney School of Public Health and Charles Perkins Centre, Prevention Research Collaboration, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Becky Freeman
- Sydney School of Public Health and Charles Perkins Centre, Prevention Research Collaboration, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
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Brizuela V, Bonet M, Trigo Romero CL, Abalos E, Baguiya A, Fawole B, Knight M, Lumbiganon P, Minkauskienė M, Nabhan A, Bique Osman N, Qureshi ZP, Souza JP. Early evaluation of the 'STOP SEPSIS!' WHO Global Maternal Sepsis Awareness Campaign implemented for healthcare providers in 46 low, middle and high-income countries. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e036338. [PMID: 32444432 PMCID: PMC7247401 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate changes in awareness of maternal sepsis among healthcare providers resulting from the WHO Global Maternal Sepsis Study (GLOSS) awareness campaign. DESIGN Independent sample precampaign/postcampaign through online and paper-based surveys available for over 30 days before campaign roll-out (pre) and after study data collection (post). Descriptive statistics were used for campaign recognition and exposure, and odds ratio (OR) and percentage change were calculated for differences in awareness, adjusting for confounders using multivariate logistic regression. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Healthcare providers from 398 participating facilities in 46 low, middle and high-income countries. INTERVENTION An awareness campaign to accompany GLOSS launched 3 weeks prior to data collection and lasting the entire study period (28 November 2017 to 15 January 2018) and beyond. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Campaign recognition and exposure, and changes in awareness. RESULTS A total of 2188 surveys were analysed: 1155 at baseline and 1033 at postcampaign. Most survey respondents found the campaign materials helpful (94%), that they helped increase awareness (90%) and that they helped motivate to act differently (88%). There were significant changes with regard to: not having heard of maternal sepsis (-63.4% change, pre-OR/post-OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.18 to 0.68) and perception of confidence in making the right decisions with regard to maternal sepsis identification and management (7.3% change, pre-OR/post-OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.06). CONCLUSIONS Awareness raising campaigns can contribute to an increase in having heard of maternal sepsis and an increase in provider perception of confidence in making correct decisions. Offering the information to make accurate and timely decisions while promoting environments that enable self-confidence and support could improve maternal sepsis identification and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Brizuela
- UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mercedes Bonet
- UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Edgardo Abalos
- Centro Rosarino de Estudios Perinatales (CREP), Rosario, Argentina
| | - Adama Baguiya
- Research Institute of Health Sciences, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Bukola Fawole
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Ibadan College of Medicine, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria
| | - Marian Knight
- National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Pisake Lumbiganon
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Meilė Minkauskienė
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ashraf Nabhan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nafissa Bique Osman
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynaecology, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Zahida P Qureshi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - João Paulo Souza
- Department of Social Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Validating Self-Reported Ad Recall as a Measure of Exposure to Digital Advertising: An Exploratory Analysis Using Ad Tracking Methodology. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17072185. [PMID: 32218265 PMCID: PMC7177256 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17072185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Many mass media campaigns aimed at changing young people’s health behavior air on digital platforms rather than on broadcast media (e.g., television), given the intended audience’s preference for web-based communication. While research suggests self-reported ad recall correlates with exposure to television advertising, it remains unclear whether self-report measures are correlated with exposure to digital advertising. This study examined the association between an objective measure of digital ad exposure and self-reported recall of digital ads from the truth® tobacco prevention campaign. Digital ad tracking methodology was employed to identify members of an online panel (ages 18−34) who had been exposed to ads during their regular web browsing. Demographics of exposed participants were used to develop a matched control group of non-exposed panel members. Members of the Exposed group (n = 458) and matched Control participants (n = 506) were surveyed on recall of truth ads, media use, and demographics. Results indicated that Exposed participants had significantly higher odds of reporting ad recall compared to Control participants. With each additional ad exposure, the odds of self-reporting higher frequency of ad exposure increased by 8% (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.01−1.16). Findings suggest self-reported measures of ad recall are a valid measure of campaign exposure in a digital media environment.
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Hair EC, Niederdeppe J, Rath JM, Bennett M, Romberg A, Pitzer L, Xiao H, Vallone DM. Using Aggregate Temporal Variation in Ad Awareness to Assess the Effects of the truth® Campaign on Youth and Young Adult Smoking Behavior. JOURNAL OF HEALTH COMMUNICATION 2020; 25:223-231. [PMID: 32129727 DOI: 10.1080/10810730.2020.1733144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mass media campaigns are one of the most effective population-level interventions for the prevention of tobacco use. However, accurately evaluating the effectiveness of these campaigns presents several challenges, particularly as campaign delivery becomes increasingly fractured across media platforms. There are a number of weaknesses associated with traditional, individual-level measures of campaign exposure in an increasingly socially networked, digital media ecosystem. This study evaluated the national truth® campaign using a novel method to measure campaign exposure through an aggregate weekly exogenous measure of awareness. We generated this exogenous measure from a continuous, cross-sectional tracking survey to predict intentions to smoke and current tobacco use among youth in the United States. Results from multi-level models indicated that weeks with aggregate campaign awareness greater than 65% were associated with lower odds of current tobacco use. We conclude with a discussion of implications and practical considerations for using this method for media campaign evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Hair
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeff Niederdeppe
- Department of Communication, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jessica M Rath
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Morgane Bennett
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alexa Romberg
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lindsay Pitzer
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hijuan Xiao
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Donna M Vallone
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, NYU College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, USA
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Nikolaou CK, Robinson TN, Sim KA, Lean MEJ. Turning the tables on obesity: young people, IT and social movements. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:117-122. [PMID: 31784715 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-019-0288-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite the rising incidence of childhood obesity, international data from Eurostat show that the prevalence of obesity among those aged 15-19 years remains under 5%, which offers an important opportunity for preventing subsequent adult obesity. Young people engage poorly, even obstructively, with conventional health initiatives and are often considered 'hard to reach'. However, when approached in the language of youth, via IT, they express great concern, and unwanted weight gain in young people can be prevented by age-appropriate, independent, online guidance. Additionally, when shown online how 'added value' by industry can generate consumer harms as free market 'externalities', and how obesogenic 'Big Food' production and distribution incur environmental and ethical costs, young people make lasting behavioural changes that attenuate weight gain. This evidence offers a novel approach to obesity prevention, handing the initiative to young people themselves and supporting them with evidence-based methods to develop, propagate and 'own' social movements that can simultaneously address the geopolitical concerns of youth and obesity prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charoula K Nikolaou
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Public Health, St Luke's International University, Tokyo, Japan
- SSH/JURI - Institut pour la recherche interdisciplinaire en sciences juridiques (JUR-I), Catholic University of Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Thomas N Robinson
- Stanford Solutions Science Lab, Departments of Pediatrics and of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kyra A Sim
- The Boden Institute, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael E J Lean
- Human Nutrition Section, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK.
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Weiger CV, Alexander TN, Moran MB. Are national antitobacco campaigns reaching high-risk adolescents? A cross-sectional analysis from PATH Wave 2. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2020; 35:44-59. [PMID: 31965169 PMCID: PMC6991619 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyz036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Smoking education and prevention campaigns have had marked success in reducing rates of tobacco use among adolescents, however, disparities in use continue to exist. It is critical to assess if adolescents at risk for tobacco use are being exposed to antitobacco campaigns. We used data from Wave 2 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study to assess the relationship between exposure to three antitobacco campaigns and key characteristics related to higher risk of cigarette use using full-sample weights and Poisson regression models with robust variance. Adjusted models identified that exposure to antitobacco campaigns was more common among racial and sexual minority adolescents and adolescents who: reported exposure to tobacco marketing, spent more time using media and had household income greater than $25 000. While some high-risk youth are more likely to report exposure to campaigns, there are some priority groups that are not being reached by current efforts compared with non-priority groups, including youth living in households with income below the poverty line and adolescents who are susceptible to cigarette smoking. Future campaigns should consider targeting these groups specifically in order to reduce tobacco use disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Weiger
- Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - T N Alexander
- Public Health Research and Translational Science, Battelle Memorial Institute, Battelle Public Health Center for Substance Use Research, 6115 Falls Rd #200, Baltimore, MD 21209, USA
| | - M B Moran
- Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Johnson AC, Lipkus I, Tercyak KP, Luta G, Rehberg K, Phan L, Abroms LC, Mays D. Development and Pretesting of Risk-Based Mobile Multimedia Message Content for Young Adult Hookah Use. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2019; 46:97-105. [PMID: 31742460 PMCID: PMC6886357 DOI: 10.1177/1090198119874841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. Hookah is one of the most commonly used tobacco products among U.S. young adults due in part to widespread misperceptions that it is not harmful or addictive. There is growing evidence that hookah tobacco is associated with health harms and can lead to addiction. Research on interventions to address these misperceptions by communicating the harms and addictiveness of hookah use is needed. Aims. This study developed and pretested mobile multimedia message service (MMS) message content communicating the risks of hookah tobacco use to young adult hookah smokers. Method. Message content, delivery, and pretesting were tailored to participants' risk beliefs, hookah use frequency, and responses to simulated text message prompts. Participants viewed 4 of 12 core MMS messages randomized within-subjects and completed postexposure measures of message receptivity and emotional response (e.g., worry). Results. The sample included 156 young adult (age 18-30 years) hookah smokers; 31% smoked hookah monthly and 69% weekly/daily. Prior to viewing messages, a majority endorsed beliefs reflecting misperceptions about the risks of hookah tobacco. Postexposure measures showed participants were receptive to the messages and the messages evoked emotional response. As anticipated, messages produced similar receptivity and there were few differences in emotional response between the messages tested. Discussion. Young adult hookah tobacco smokers were receptive to tailored mobile MMS messages and messages evoked emotional response, two critical precursors to behavior change. Conclusion. Findings indicate that research testing the efficacy of tailored MMS messaging as a strategy for reducing hookah tobacco use in young adults is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Johnson
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Isaac Lipkus
- Duke University School of Nursing, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - George Luta
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Lilianna Phan
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Darren Mays
- Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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Evans WD, Thomas CN, Favatas D, Smyser J, Briggs J. Digital Segmentation of Priority Populations in Public Health. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2019; 46:81-89. [PMID: 31742454 DOI: 10.1177/1090198119871246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The rapid growth and diffusion of digital media technologies has changed the landscape of market segmentation in the last two decades, including its use in promoting prosocial and behavior change. New, population-specific and culturally appropriate prevention strategies can leverage the potential of digital media to influence health outcomes, especially for the greatest users of digital technology, including youth and young adults. Health behavior change campaigns are increasingly shifting resources to social media, creating opportunities for innovative interventions and new research methods. This article examines three case studies of digital segmentation: (1) tobacco control from the Truth Initiative, (2) community-based public health programs from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and (3) substance use (including opioids) and other risk behavior prevention from Public Good Projects. These case studies of recent digital segmentation efforts in the not-for-profit, government, and academic sectors show that it increases reach and frequency of messages delivered to priority populations. The practice of digital segmentation is rapidly growing, shows early signs of effectiveness, and may enhance future public health campaigns. Additional research could optimize its use and effectiveness in promoting prosocial and behavior change campaign outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher N Thomas
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Cost-Effectiveness of Using Mass Media to Prevent Tobacco Use among Youth and Young Adults: The FinishIt Campaign. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16224312. [PMID: 31698724 PMCID: PMC6888078 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16224312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mass media campaigns have been hailed as some of the most effective tobacco prevention interventions. This study examined the cost-effectiveness of the national tobacco prevention campaign, truth® FinishIt, to determine the cost per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) saved and the return on investment (ROI). The cost–utility analysis used four main parameters: program costs, number of smoking careers averted, treatment costs, and number of QALYs saved whenever a smoking career is averted. Parameters were varied to characterize cost-effectiveness under different assumptions (base case, conservative, optimistic, and most optimistic). The ROI estimate compared campaign expenditures to the cost saved due to the campaign implementation. Analyses were conducted in 2019. The base case analysis indicated the campaign results in a societal cost savings of $3.072 billion. Under the most conservative assumptions, estimates indicated the campaign was highly cost-effective at $1076 per QALY saved. The overall ROI estimate was $174 ($144 in costs to smokers, $24 in costs to the smoker’s family, and $7 in costs to society) in cost savings for every $1 spent on the campaign. In all analyses, the FinishIt campaign was found to reach or exceed the threshold levels of cost savings or cost-effectiveness, with a positive ROI. These findings point to the value of this important investment in the health of the younger generation.
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Nguyen N, Lisha NE, Neilands TB, Jordan JW, Ling PM. Differential Associations Between Anti-Tobacco Industry Attitudes and Intention to Quit Smoking Across Young Adult Peer Crowds. Am J Health Promot 2019; 33:876-885. [PMID: 30754982 PMCID: PMC6625858 DOI: 10.1177/0890117119829676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the relationship between anti-tobacco industry attitudes and intention and attempts to quit smoking across 6 young adult peer crowds. DESIGN A cross-sectional bar survey in 2015. SETTING Seven US cities (Albuquerque, Los Angeles, Nashville, Oklahoma City, San Diego, San Francisco, and Tucson). PARTICIPANTS Two thousand eight hundred seventeen young adult bar patrons who were currently smoking. MEASURES Intention to quit in the next 6 months and having made a quit attempt in the last 12 months were binary outcomes. Anti-industry attitudes were measured by 3 items indicating support for action against the tobacco industry. Peer crowd affiliation was measured using the I-Base Survey. ANALYSIS Adjusted multivariable logistic regression models examined the association between anti-industry attitudes and the outcomes for the total sample and for each peer crowd. RESULTS Overall, anti-industry attitudes were positively associated with both intention to quit (odds ratio [OR] = 1.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24-1.52) and attempt to quit (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.03-1.27). Intriguingly, the relationship between anti-industry attitudes and intention to quit differed by peer crowd affiliation, with significant associations for Homebody, Partier, Hipster, and Hip Hop, but not for Young Professional and Country. CONCLUSIONS Developing health communication messages that resonate with unique peer crowd values can enhance the relevance of public health campaigns. Tobacco control practitioners should tailor anti-industry messages to promote intention to quit smoking among the highest risk young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung Nguyen
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nadra E. Lisha
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Torsten B. Neilands
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | - Pamela M. Ling
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
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Brizuela V, Bonet M, Souza JP, Tunçalp Ö, Viswanath K, Langer A. Factors influencing awareness of healthcare providers on maternal sepsis: a mixed-methods approach. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:683. [PMID: 31159751 PMCID: PMC6547516 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6920-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An awareness campaign set to accompany the Global Maternal Sepsis Study (GLOSS) was launched in 2017. In order to better develop and evaluate the campaign, we sought to understand the factors that influence awareness of maternal sepsis by exploring healthcare providers' knowledge, perception of enabling environments, and perception of severity of maternal sepsis. METHODS We used a mixed-methods approach that included 13 semi-structured interviews to GLOSS regional and country coordinators and 1555 surveys of providers working in GLOSS participating facilities. Directed content analysis and grounded theory were used for qualitative analysis, based on a framework including four overarching themes around maternal health conditions, determinants of maternal health, barriers and facilitators to sepsis identification and management, plus 24 additional sub-topics that emerged during the interviews. Descriptive statistics for frequencies and percentages were used for the quantitative analysis; significance was tested using Pearson χ2. Logistic regressions were performed to adjust for selected variables. RESULTS Analysis of interviews described limited availability of resources, poor quality of care, insufficient training and lack of protocols as some of the barriers to maternal sepsis identification and management. Analysis from the quantitative survey showed that while 92% of respondents had heard of maternal sepsis only 15% were able to correctly define it and 43% to correctly identify initial management. Provider confidence, perceived availability of resources and of a supportive environment were low (33%, 38%, and 48% respectively). Overall, the predictor that most explained awareness was training. Respondents from the survey and interviewees identified sepsis among the main conditions affecting women at their facilities. CONCLUSIONS Awareness on maternal sepsis, while acknowledged as important, remains low. Healthcare providers need resources and support to feel confident about the correct identification and management of sepsis, as a prerequisite for the improvement of awareness of maternal sepsis. Similarly, providers need to know about maternal sepsis and its severity to understand the importance of reducing sepsis-related mortality and morbidity. Awareness raising campaigns can help bring neglected maternal health conditions, such as sepsis, to the forefront of global and local agendas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Brizuela
- UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Mercedes Bonet
- UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - João Paulo Souza
- Department of Social Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Özge Tunçalp
- UNDP/UNFPA/UNICEF/WHO/World Bank Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health Organization, Avenue Appia 20, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Kasisomayajula Viswanath
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.,Center for Community-Based Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana Langer
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
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Jenssen BP, Boykan R. Electronic Cigarettes and Youth in the United States: A Call to Action (at the Local, National and Global Levels). CHILDREN-BASEL 2019; 6:children6020030. [PMID: 30791645 PMCID: PMC6406299 DOI: 10.3390/children6020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
E-cigarettes have emerged and soared in popularity in the past ten years, making them the most common tobacco product used among youth in the United States (US). In this review, we discuss what the Surgeon General has called a public health “epidemic”—the precipitous increase in youth use of e-cigarettes and the health consequences of this behavior. Further, we review tobacco control policy efforts (e.g., Tobacco 21, banning flavors, advertising restrictions, and clean indoor air laws)—efforts proven to be critical in reducing cigarette smoking and smoking-related disease and death among US children and adults—including their potential and challenges regarding managing and mitigating the emergence of e-cigarettes. Finally, we close with a discussion of the efforts of transnational tobacco companies to rebrand themselves using e-cigarettes and other new products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Jenssen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine and PolicyLab and the Center for Pediatric Clinical Effectiveness, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Rachel Boykan
- Department of Pediatrics, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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Hornik RC, Volinsky AC, Mannis S, Gibson L, Brennan E, Lee SJ, Tan ASL. Validating the Hornik & Woolf approach to choosing media campaign themes: Do promising beliefs predict behavior change in a longitudinal study? COMMUNICATION METHODS AND MEASURES 2019; 13:60-68. [PMID: 31354897 PMCID: PMC6660171 DOI: 10.1080/19312458.2018.1515902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Hornik and Woolf (1999) proposed using cross-sectional survey data to prioritize beliefs to address with communication campaign messages. The empirical component of the approach combines evidence of (1) association of beliefs with intentions and (2) current level of beliefs to calculate a 'percentage to gain' as the potential promise of a belief. However, the method relies on cross-sectional data; its conclusions are open to challenge. Here, a panel study assesses whether the calculated promise of a belief actually predicts future behavior change. A nationally representative sample of 3,204 U.S. youth and young adults were interviewed twice, six months apart. Sixteen beliefs about the benefits and costs of smoking cigarettes are compared with regard to their percentage to gain (calculated from cross-sectional data) and their ability to account for subsequent cigarette use. A belief's cross-sectional percentage to gain is substantially associated with its ability to predict subsequent behavior change (r=.53, p<.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Hornik
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, , , 3620 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Allyson C Volinsky
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Laura Gibson
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Emily Brennan
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stella J Lee
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Andy S L Tan
- Population Sciences Division, Center for Community Based Research, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Majmundar A, Chou CP, Cruz TB, Unger JB. Relationship between social media engagement and e-cigarette policy support. Addict Behav Rep 2018; 9:100155. [PMID: 31193757 PMCID: PMC6542731 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2018.100155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Given increasing efforts to regulate e-cigarettes, it is important to understand factors associated with support for tobacco regulatory policies. We investigate such factors found in social media and hypothesize that greater online engagement with tobacco content would be associated with less support for e-cigarette regulatory policies. Methods We constructed social networks of Twitter users who tweet about tobacco and categorized them using a combination of social network and Twitter metrics. Twitter users were identified as representing leaders, followers or general users in online discussions of tobacco products, and invited to complete an online survey. Participants responded to questions about their engagement with tobacco-related content online, degree of support for e-cigarette regulations, exposure to tobacco marketing, e-cigarette use and other demographic information. We examined links between their reported engagement with tobacco-related content and support for e-cigarette regulatory policies using structural equation modelling. Results The analytic sample consisted of 470 participants. The conceptualized structural equation model had a good fit (χ2 (32) = 24.85, p = 0.09, CFI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.03). Findings support our hypothesis: engagement with online tobacco content was negatively associated with support for e-cigarette policies, while controlling for e-cigarette use, tobacco marketing exposure, social media use frequency and demographic factors. Conclusions Findings suggest that our hypothesis was supported. Twitter users engaging with tobacco-related content and harboring negative attitudes toward e-cigarette regulatory policies could be an important audience segment to reach with tailored e-cigarette policy education messages. Online engagement associated with lower support for e-cigarette regulations. E-cigarette use, sex and income associated with support for e-cigarette regulations. Tobacco marketing exposure not associated with e-cigarette regulation support. Findings inform tobacco policy education campaign efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Majmundar
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 North Soto Street, 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States
| | - Chih-Ping Chou
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 North Soto Street, 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States
| | - Tess B Cruz
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 North Soto Street, 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States
| | - Jennifer B Unger
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 North Soto Street, 3rd Floor, Los Angeles, CA 90032, United States
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Hair EC, Cantrell J, Pitzer L, Bennett MA, Romberg AR, Xiao H, Rath JM, Halenar MJ, Vallone D. Estimating the Pathways of an Antitobacco Campaign. J Adolesc Health 2018; 63:401-406. [PMID: 30055845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined mechanisms through which the truth campaign, a national mass media antismoking campaign, influences smoking-related attitudes, and progression of tobacco use over time in youth and young adults. METHODS Structural equation modeling tested causal pathways derived from formative research and behavioral theory with a nationally representative longitudinal sample of 15-21-year-olds (n = 8747) over 24 months. Data were collected from 2014 to 2016, and analyses were conducted in 2017. RESULTS Greater ad awareness predicted strengthening of attitudes targeted by the campaign (i.e., feelings of independence from tobacco, antitobacco industry sentiment, decreasing acceptance of social smoking, and decreasing acceptance of smoking imagery), and attitude changes were significantly associated with greater support for an antitobacco social movement (e.g., agreement to the item "I would be part of a movement to end smoking"). Greater social movement support predicted a slower rate of progression on smoking intensity after two years of the campaign. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that engaging youth and young adults in a cause-based social movement for promoting health can be a powerful strategy to drive positive behavior change. Messages targeting attitudes that resonate with values important to this age group, including independence and connectedness, are particularly effective. Investments in national antitobacco public education campaigns are key policy interventions which continue to help prevent tobacco use among youth and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Hair
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Jennifer Cantrell
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Lindsay Pitzer
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Morgane A Bennett
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Alexa R Romberg
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Haijun Xiao
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Jessica M Rath
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael J Halenar
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Donna Vallone
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, District of Columbia; Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland; College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York
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Cantrell J, Bennett M, Mowery P, Xiao H, Rath J, Hair E, Vallone D. Patterns in first and daily cigarette initiation among youth and young adults from 2002 to 2015. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200827. [PMID: 30096141 PMCID: PMC6086419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study’s objective was to describe long-term trends and patterns in first cigarette use (cigarette initiation) and daily cigarette use (daily initiation) among youth and young adults in the U.S. We used cross-sectional survey data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2002–2015, to estimate annual incidence of first cigarette use (N = 270,556) and first daily cigarette use (N = 373,464) for each year by age groups, race/ethnicity and gender, examining trends over time and the average annual change in initiation for each group. Several clear patterns emerged: 1) cigarette initiation and daily initiation significantly decreased over time among those aged 12–14 and 15–17 and these trends were consistent among nearly all racial/ethnic and gender subgroups; 2) among 18–21 year olds, cigarette initiation sharply increased through 2009, surpassing rates among 15–17 year olds, and sharply declined through 2015 while remaining higher than rates among the younger group, and this trend was consistent for almost all racial/ethnic subgroups; 3) daily initiation for those aged 18–21 significantly declined, and this was significant among most subgroups 4) there was no change in cigarette initiation and daily initiation for 22–25 year olds overall and most subgroups; 5) there was a significant increase in cigarette initiation for 22–25 year old Hispanics males and daily initiation for 22–25 year old males. This study provides a comprehensive look at trends in cigarette and daily initiation among U.S. youth and young adults. Despite notable declines in smoking initiation among youth and young adult populations over the last two decades, targeted prevention and policy efforts are needed for subgroups at higher risk, including young adults and Hispanic males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Cantrell
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Morgane Bennett
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Paul Mowery
- Biostatistics, Inc., Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Haijun Xiao
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Jessica Rath
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Hair
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Donna Vallone
- College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Schroeder Institute at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, United States of America
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Scherman A, Tolosa JE, McEvoy C. Smoking cessation in pregnancy: a continuing challenge in the United States. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2018; 9:457-474. [PMID: 30364850 PMCID: PMC6199686 DOI: 10.1177/2042098618775366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant population level declines, smoking during pregnancy remains a major public health issue in the United States (US). Approximately 360,000-500,000 smoke-exposed infants are born yearly, and prenatal smoking remains a leading modifiable cause of poor birth outcomes (e.g. birth < 37 gestational weeks, low birth weight, perinatal mortality). Women who smoke during pregnancy are more likely to be younger and from disadvantaged socioeconomic and racial and ethnic groups, with some US geographic regions reporting increased prenatal smoking rates since 2000. Such disparities in maternal prenatal smoking suggests some pregnant women face unique barriers to cessation. This paper reviews the current state and future direction of smoking cessation in pregnancy in the US. We briefly discuss the etiology of smoking addiction among women, the pathophysiology and effects of tobacco smoke exposure on pregnant women and their offspring, and the emerging issue of electronic nicotine delivery systems. Current population-based and individual smoking cessation interventions are reviewed in the context of pregnancy and barriers to cessation among US women. Finally, we consider interventions that are on the horizon and areas in need of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Scherman
- Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW
Sam Jackson Park Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - Cindy McEvoy
- Oregon Health & Science University,
Portland, OR, USA
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