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Habiby M, Ezati P, Soltanian D, Rahehagh R, Hosseini F. Comparison of three methods of intermittent fasting in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25708. [PMID: 38390147 PMCID: PMC10881537 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Intermittent fasting (IF), describes a variety of diets that the individual is exposed to intermittent periods of fasting and refeeding. The present study was designed to compare the three most popular intermittent fasting methods in high-fat-diet-induced obese mice. Methods 50 male C57BL/6 mice were divided into Normal Control (CN), High-Fat Control (CH), IF1 (Alternate Day Fasting), IF2 (Time-Restricted Feeding), IF3 (5:2 Diet) diets. In the first phase of the study, the mice were fed ad libitum either with a 54% Calorie high-fat (CH, IF1, IF2, IF3) or standard CHOW (CN) for 8 weeks. Then, in the intervention phase, the IF groups were fasted for four weeks based on their fasting protocol. At the end of the study, the mice fasting blood, liver and fat tissue samples were biochemically and pathologically assessed. Results The weight loss during the fasting period in IF1 and IF2 groups was significantly greater than CH. The epididymal fat pad weight was significantly lower in IF2 and IF3 compared to CH. The serum Triglyceride was significantly greater in CH than in the CN group. The tissue injury scores of the high-fat-diet groups were significantly greater than CN. Also, the tissue injury score was greater in IF1 group compared to the high-fat control group. Conclusion All of the fasting protocols can prompt acceptable energy restriction and the ADF and TRF protocols can significantly cause weight loss. Also, the TRF and 5:2 Diets can lower the visceral adiposity. However further human studies focusing on dietary adherence seem necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Habiby
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Pourya Ezati
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Danial Soltanian
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Ramesh Rahehagh
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Foruzan Hosseini
- Department of Medical Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
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2
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Procaccini C, de Candia P, Russo C, De Rosa G, Lepore MT, Colamatteo A, Matarese G. Caloric restriction for the immunometabolic control of human health. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 119:2787-2800. [PMID: 36848376 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrition affects all physiological processes occurring in our body, including those related to the function of the immune system; indeed, metabolism has been closely associated with the differentiation and activity of both innate and adaptive immune cells. While excessive energy intake and adiposity have been demonstrated to cause systemic inflammation, several clinical and experimental evidence show that calorie restriction (CR), not leading to malnutrition, is able to delay aging and exert potent anti-inflammatory effects in different pathological conditions. This review provides an overview of the ability of different CR-related nutritional strategies to control autoimmune, cardiovascular, and infectious diseases, as tested by preclinical studies and human clinical trials, with a specific focus on the immunological aspects of these interventions. In particular, we recapitulate the state of the art on the cellular and molecular mechanisms pertaining to immune cell metabolic rewiring, regulatory T cell expansion, and gut microbiota composition, which possibly underline the beneficial effects of CR. Although studies are still needed to fully evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of the nutritional intervention in clinical practice, the experimental observations discussed here suggest a relevant role of CR in lowering the inflammatory state in a plethora of different pathologies, thus representing a promising therapeutic strategy for the control of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Procaccini
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Paola de Candia
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Russo
- Unità di Neuroimmunologia, IRCCS-Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 64, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Giusy De Rosa
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Lepore
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra Colamatteo
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Laboratorio di Immunologia, Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IEOS-CNR), Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Treg Cell Lab, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli 'Federico II', Via Sergio Pansini, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Paoli A, Tinsley GM, Mattson MP, De Vivo I, Dhawan R, Moro T. Common and divergent molecular mechanisms of fasting and ketogenic diets. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:125-141. [PMID: 38577754 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Intermittent short-term fasting (ISTF) and ketogenic diets (KDs) exert overlapping but not identical effects on cell metabolism, function, and resilience. Whereas health benefits of KD are largely mediated by the ketone bodies (KBs), ISTF engages additional adaptive physiological responses. KDs act mainly through inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs), reduction of oxidative stress, improvement of mitochondria efficiency, and control of inflammation. Mechanisms of action of ISTF include stimulation of autophagy, increased insulin and leptin sensitivity, activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, bolstering mitochondrial resilience, and suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation. Frequent switching between ketogenic and nonketogenic states may optimize health by increasing stress resistance, while also enhancing cell plasticity and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35127 Padua, Italy.
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Immaculata De Vivo
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ravi Dhawan
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tatiana Moro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, 35127 Padua, Italy
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Arumugam TV, Alli-Shaik A, Liehn EA, Selvaraji S, Poh L, Rajeev V, Cho Y, Cho Y, Kim J, Kim J, Swa HLF, Hao DTZ, Rattanasopa C, Fann DYW, Mayan DC, Ng GYQ, Baik SH, Mallilankaraman K, Gelderblom M, Drummond GR, Sobey CG, Kennedy BK, Singaraja RR, Mattson MP, Jo DG, Gunaratne J. Multiomics analyses reveal dynamic bioenergetic pathways and functional remodeling of the heart during intermittent fasting. eLife 2023; 12:RP89214. [PMID: 37769126 PMCID: PMC10538958 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) has been shown to reduce cardiovascular risk factors in both animals and humans, and can protect the heart against ischemic injury in models of myocardial infarction. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms behind these effects remain unclear. To shed light on the molecular and cellular adaptations of the heart to IF, we conducted comprehensive system-wide analyses of the proteome, phosphoproteome, and transcriptome, followed by functional analysis. Using advanced mass spectrometry, we profiled the proteome and phosphoproteome of heart tissues obtained from mice that were maintained on daily 12- or 16 hr fasting, every-other-day fasting, or ad libitum control feeding regimens for 6 months. We also performed RNA sequencing to evaluate whether the observed molecular responses to IF occur at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional levels. Our analyses revealed that IF significantly affected pathways that regulate cyclic GMP signaling, lipid and amino acid metabolism, cell adhesion, cell death, and inflammation. Furthermore, we found that the impact of IF on different metabolic processes varied depending on the length of the fasting regimen. Short IF regimens showed a higher correlation of pathway alteration, while longer IF regimens had an inverse correlation of metabolic processes such as fatty acid oxidation and immune processes. Additionally, functional echocardiographic analyses demonstrated that IF enhances stress-induced cardiac performance. Our systematic multi-omics study provides a molecular framework for understanding how IF impacts the heart's function and its vulnerability to injury and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiruma V Arumugam
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe UniversityMelbourneAustralia
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Asfa Alli-Shaik
- Translational Biomedical Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingaporeSingapore
| | - Elisa A Liehn
- National Heart Research Institute, National Heart Centre SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University of Southern DenmarkOdenseDenmark
- National Institute of Pathology "Victor Babes"BucharestRomania
| | - Sharmelee Selvaraji
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Luting Poh
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Vismitha Rajeev
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Yoonsuk Cho
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Yongeun Cho
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Jongho Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Joonki Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Natural Products Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and TechnologyGangneungRepublic of Korea
| | - Hannah LF Swa
- Translational Biomedical Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingaporeSingapore
| | - David Tan Zhi Hao
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Chutima Rattanasopa
- Translational Laboratories in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingaporeSingapore
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - David Yang-Wei Fann
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - David Castano Mayan
- Translational Laboratories in Genetic Medicine, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingaporeSingapore
| | - Gavin Yong-Quan Ng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Sang-Ha Baik
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Karthik Mallilankaraman
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Mathias Gelderblom
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Grant R Drummond
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Christopher G Sobey
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology and Disease Research, Department of Microbiology, Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe UniversityMelbourneAustralia
| | - Brian K Kennedy
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Roshni R Singaraja
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Dong-Gyu Jo
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan UniversitySuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Jayantha Gunaratne
- Translational Biomedical Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and ResearchSingaporeSingapore
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of SingaporeSingaporeSingapore
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5
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Nutritional strategies for intervention of diabetes and improvement of β-cell function. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:232518. [PMID: 36714968 PMCID: PMC9939408 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20222151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, especially Type 2 diabetes (T2D), is caused by multiple factors including genetics, diets, and lifestyles. Diabetes is a chronic condition and is among the top 10 causes of death globally. Nutritional intervention is one of the most important and effective strategies for T2D management. It is well known that most of intervention strategies can lower blood glucose level and improve insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues. However, the regulation of pancreatic β cells by dietary intervention is not well characterized. In this review, we summarized some of the commonly used nutritional methods for diabetes intervention. We then discussed the effects and the underlying mechanisms of nutritional intervention in improving the cell mass and function of pancreatic islet β cells. With emerging intervention strategies and in-depth investigation, we are expecting to have a better understanding about the effectiveness of dietary interventions in ameliorating T2D in the future.
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Rapps K, Kisliouk T, Marco A, Weller A, Meiri N. Dieting reverses histone methylation and hypothalamic AgRP regulation in obese rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1121829. [PMID: 36817590 PMCID: PMC9930686 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1121829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although dieting is a key factor in improving physiological functions associated with obesity, the role by which histone methylation modulates satiety/hunger regulation of the hypothalamus through weight loss remains largely elusive. Canonically, H3K9me2 is a transcriptional repressive post-translational epigenetic modification that is involved in obesity, however, its role in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) has not been thoroughly explored. Here we explore the role that KDM4D, a specific demethylase of residue H3K9, plays in energy balance by directly modulating the expression of AgRP, a key neuropeptide that regulates hunger response. METHODS We used a rodent model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) to assess whether histone methylation malprogramming impairs energy balance control and how caloric restriction may reverse this phenotype. Using ChIP-qPCR, we assessed the repressive modification of H3K9me2 at the site of AgRP. To elucidate the functional role of KDM4D in reversing obesity via dieting, a pharmacological agent, JIB-04 was used to inhibit the action of KDM4D in vivo. RESULTS In DIO, downregulation of Kdm4d mRNA results in both enrichment of H3K9me2 on the AgRP promoter and transcriptional repression of AgRP. Because epigenetic modifications are dynamic, it is possible for some of these modifications to be reversed when external cues are altered. The reversal phenomenon was observed in calorically restricted rats, in which upregulation of Kdm4d mRNA resulted in demethylation of H3K9 on the AgRP promoter and transcriptional increase of AgRP. In order to verify that KDM4D is necessary to reverse obesity by dieting, we demonstrated that in vivo inhibition of KDM4D activity by pharmacological agent JIB-04 in naïve rats resulted in transcriptional repression of AgRP, decreasing orexigenic signaling, thus inhibiting hunger. DISCUSSION We propose that the action of KDM4D through the demethylation of H3K9 is critical in maintaining a stable epigenetic landscape of the AgRP promoter, and may offer a target to develop new treatments for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Rapps
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZiyyon, Israel
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Tatiana Kisliouk
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZiyyon, Israel
| | - Asaf Marco
- Neuro-Epigenetics Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aron Weller
- Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Noam Meiri
- Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZiyyon, Israel
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Gao J, Xu C, Zhang M, Liu J, Wu X, Cui C, Wei H, Peng J, Zheng R. Functional fiber enhances the effect of every-other-day fasting on insulin sensitivity by regulating the gut microecosystem. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 110:109122. [PMID: 35977666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Every-other-day fasting (EODF), which involves alternating days of fasting and feeding, has been reported to lower obesity, and dietary fibers can improve metabolism by altering gut microbiota. This study investigated whether the combination of functional fiber (FF) and EODF (FF-EODF) can further improve insulin sensitivity by regulating the composition of microbiota and curbing weight gain. Twenty-eight diet-induced obese (DIO) mice were randomly divided into four experimental groups (n=7): (1) ad-libitum (AL), (2) EODF, (3) 4% FF-EODF and (4) 6% FF-EODF. After exposure to a high-fat basal diet (HFD) for 12 weeks (1-12 weeks, period 1) and then to a normal chow diet (NCD) for 4 weeks (13-16 weeks, period 2). Compared with EODF alone, 6% FF-EODF treatment could significantly improve the insulin sensitivity of DIO mice without affecting their body weight during period 1(HFD), while significantly increasing satiety, energy consumption, weight, and adipose loss, and insulin sensitivity during period 2 (NCD). Meanwhile, FF-EODF showed a higher increase in short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and restored the proportion of induced intraepithelial lymphocytes in the intestinal epithelium compared to EODF alone. Although EODF could increase the relative abundances of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteriumin, FF supplementation further increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and S24-7 in the intestine. This increase was positively correlated with the decrease in adiposity and insulin resistance, indicating that FF plays a key role in insulin improvement. Our study demonstrated the potential of FF-EODF in promoting insulin sensitivity and reducing body weight via beneficial regulation of gut microecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Gao
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuanhui Xu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chenbin Cui
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongkui Wei
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Peng
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Rong Zheng
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; The Cooperative Innovation Centre for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China.
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Yang M, Chen W, He L, Liu D, Zhao L, Wang X. Intermittent Fasting—A Healthy Dietary Pattern for Diabetic Nephropathy. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14193995. [PMID: 36235648 PMCID: PMC9571963 DOI: 10.3390/nu14193995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a metabolic disease, is characterized by severe systemic metabolic disorders. A unique dietary pattern, such as intermittent fasting (IF) has shown promising protective effects on various metabolic diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular and nervous system diseases. However, its role in regulating kidney disease, especially in DN, is still being investigated. Here, we summarize the current research progress, highlighting the relationship between IF and the risk factors for the progression of DN, and discuss the potential mechanisms by which IF improves renal injury in DN. Finally, we propose IF as a potential strategy to prevent and delay DN progression. Abbreviation: DN: Diabetic nephropathy; IF: Intermittent fasting; CPT1A: Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A; L-FABP: Liver-type fatty acid-binding protein; STZ: Streptozotocin; LDL: Low-density lipoproteins; HIIT: High-intensity interval training; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; ACEI: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blockers; MDA: Malondialdehyde; mtDNA: Mitochondrial DNA; UCP3: Uncoupling protein-3; MAM: Mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membrane; PBMCs: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells; ERK1/2: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; DRP1: Dynamin-related protein 1; β-HB: β-Hydroxybutyrate; AcAc: Acetoacetate; GEO: Gene Expression Omnibus; NCBI: National Center for Biotechnology Information; mTORC1: Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1; HMGCS2: 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 2; GSK3β: Glycogen synthase kinase 3β; AKI: Acute kidney injury; CMA: Chaperone-mediated autophagy; FGF21: Fibroblast growth factor 21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Nutrition, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Liyu He
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Di Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Reproduction and Genetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Correspondence:
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El Agaty SM, Nassef NA, Abou-Bakr DA, Hanafy AA. Chronic activation of cardiac Atg-5 and pancreatic Atg-7 by intermittent fasting alleviates acute myocardial infarction in old rats. Egypt Heart J 2022; 74:31. [PMID: 35416562 PMCID: PMC9008107 DOI: 10.1186/s43044-022-00268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is associated with cardiovascular and metabolic changes, increasing the susceptibility to acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Intermittent fasting (IF) has a beneficial effect on the age-associated cardiovascular diseases. The present study was planned to investigate the possible protective effect of IF against acute AMI induced by isoproterenol (ISO) in old rats and its possible underlying mechanisms mediated by heart and pancreatic autophagy. Thirty Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: adult; old; Old-ISO (rats subjected to AMI by ISO) and Old-F-ISO groups (rats were subjected to IF for 4 weeks and AMI by ISO). RESULTS IF significantly increased the mRNA expression of cardiac Atg-5 and pancreatic Atg-7 in Old-F-ISO versus old and adult groups. This was associated with a significant decrease in serum troponin-I, serum creatine kinase (CK-MB), cardiac malondialdehyde and cardiac TNF-α, fasting plasma glucose, and HOMA-IR in Old-F-ISO compared to Old-ISO group. Also, IF significantly decreased the age-related overall and visceral obesity in Old-F-ISO versus old and Old-ISO groups. Histological studies revealed attenuation of the local inflammatory response in Old-F-ISO versus Old-ISO group. Pancreatic Atg-7 and heart Atg-5 were significantly increased in Old-ISO versus old rats. CONCLUSIONS IF protects against acute AMI in old rats, possibly, via chronic activation of heart Atg-5 and pancreatic Atg-7, and alleviation of age-related overall and visceral obesity. Thus, IF could be a dietary lifestyle modification for attenuation of the susceptibility to acute AMI in aged population. On the other hand, acute activation of heart and pancreatic autophagy by ISO might augment cardiac injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Mohamed El Agaty
- Department of Physiology, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 24 Mohamed El Makaref Street, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Noha A Nassef
- Department of Physiology, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 24 Mohamed El Makaref Street, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa A Abou-Bakr
- Department of Physiology, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 24 Mohamed El Makaref Street, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aya A Hanafy
- Department of Physiology, Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, 24 Mohamed El Makaref Street, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
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10
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Santos HO, Genario R, Tinsley GM, Ribeiro P, Carteri RB, Coelho-Ravagnani CDF, Mota JF. A scoping review of intermittent fasting, chronobiology, and metabolism. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 115:991-1004. [PMID: 34978321 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronobiology plays a crucial role in modulating many physiologic systems in which there is nutritional synergism with meal timing. Given that intermittent fasting (IF) has grown as a flexible dietary method consisting of delayed or early eating windows, this scoping review addresses the effects of IF protocols on metabolism as they relate to clinical nutrition and the circadian system. Although nocturnal habits are associated with circadian misalignments and impaired cardiometabolic profile-and nutritional physiology is better orchestrated during the day-most findings are based on animal experiments or human studies with observational designs or acute meal tests. Well-controlled randomized clinical trials employing IF protocols of delayed or early eating windows have sometimes demonstrated clinical benefits, such as improved glycemic and lipid profiles, as well as weight loss. However, IF does not appear to be more effective than traditional diets at the group level, and its effects largely depend on energy restriction. Thus, efforts must be made to identify patient biological rhythms, preferences, routines, and medical conditions before individual dietary prescription in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heitor O Santos
- School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael Genario
- School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Poliana Ribeiro
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Randhall B Carteri
- Methodist University Center-Porto Alegre Institute, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - João F Mota
- Clinical and Sports Nutrition Research Laboratory, Faculty of Nutrition, Goiás Federal University, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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11
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Perry CA, Gadde KM. The Role of Calorie Restriction in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2022; 24:235-242. [PMID: 35107761 DOI: 10.1007/s11883-022-00999-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Calorie restriction (CR) has emerged as a non-pharmacological treatment to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD). This article reviews recent progress regarding the role of CR in CVD prevention via reduction of cardiometabolic risk factors and promoting atherosclerotic stability. RECENT FINDINGS Calorie restriction may be an approach to reduce the development of atherosclerosis. CR promotes eNOS activity and SIRT1 expression which in turn improves vasodilation resulting in greater regulation of blood pressure and blood flow. Modest CR in nonobese young and middle-aged adults results in improved cardiometabolic risk profile. The evidence for CR in CVD prevention has accumulated in the recent years. Most evidence, however, is from rodent or small human trials. Our understanding of the magnitude of calorie reduction that leads to the long-term therapeutic effects on cardiovascular health is limited. More well-designed controlled trials conducted in diverse populations with larger sample sizes and longer follow-ups are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cydne A Perry
- Department of Applied Health Science, Indiana University School of Public Health, 1025 E. 7th St. , Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA.
| | - Kishore M Gadde
- Pennington Biomedical Center, 6400 Perkins Rd, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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12
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Zhang Y, Higgins CB, Van Tine BA, Bomalaski JS, DeBosch BJ. Pegylated arginine deiminase drives arginine turnover and systemic autophagy to dictate energy metabolism. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100498. [PMID: 35106510 PMCID: PMC8784773 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a multi-systemic disorder of energy balance. Despite intense investigation, the determinants of energy homeostasis remain incompletely understood, and efficacious treatments against obesity and its complications are lacking. Here, we demonstrate that conferred arginine iminohydrolysis by the bacterial virulence factor and arginine deiminase, arcA, promotes mammalian energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity and reverses dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis, and inflammation in obese mice. Extending this, pharmacological arginine catabolism via pegylated arginine deiminase (ADI-PEG 20) recapitulates these metabolic effects in dietary and genetically obese models. These effects require hepatic and whole-body expression of the autophagy complex protein BECN1 and hepatocyte-specific FGF21 secretion. Single-cell ATAC sequencing further reveals BECN1-dependent hepatocyte chromatin accessibility changes in response to ADI-PEG 20. The data thus reveal an unexpected therapeutic utility for arginine catabolism in modulating energy metabolism by activating systemic autophagy, which is now exploitable through readily available pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Cassandra B. Higgins
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brian A. Van Tine
- Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
- Siteman Cancer Center, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | | | - Brian J. DeBosch
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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13
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Clifton KK, Ma CX, Fontana L, Peterson LL. Intermittent fasting in the prevention and treatment of cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 2021; 71:527-546. [PMID: 34383300 DOI: 10.3322/caac.21694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic caloric restriction (CR) has powerful anticarcinogenic actions in both preclinical and clinical studies but may be difficult to sustain. As an alternative to CR, there has been growing interest in intermittent fasting (IF) in both the scientific and lay community as a result of promising study results, mainly in experimental animal models. According to a survey by the International Food Information Council Foundation, IF has become the most popular diet in the last year, and patients with cancer are seeking advice from oncologists about its beneficial effects for cancer prevention and treatment. However, as discussed in this review, results from IF studies in rodents are controversial and suggest potential detrimental effects in certain oncologic conditions. The effects of IF on human cancer incidence and prognosis remain unknown because of a lack of high-quality randomized clinical trials. Preliminary studies suggest that prolonged fasting in some patients who have cancer is safe and potentially capable of decreasing chemotherapy-related toxicity and tumor growth. However, because additional trials are needed to elucidate the risks and benefits of fasting for patients with cancer, the authors would not currently recommend patients undergoing active cancer treatment partake in IF outside the context of a clinical trial. IF may be considered in adults seeking cancer-prevention benefits through means of weight management, but whether IF itself affects cancer-related metabolic and molecular pathways remains unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine K Clifton
- School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Cynthia X Ma
- School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Luigi Fontana
- Charles Perkins Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Brescia University, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lindsay L Peterson
- School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri
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14
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Salvadori G, Mirisola MG, Longo VD. Intermittent and Periodic Fasting, Hormones, and Cancer Prevention. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184587. [PMID: 34572814 PMCID: PMC8472354 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The restriction of proteins, amino acids or sugars can have profound effects on the levels of hormones and factors including growth hormone, IGF-1 and insulin. In turn, these can regulate intracellular signaling pathways as well as cellular damage and aging, but also multisystem regeneration. Both intermittent (IF) and periodic fasting (PF) have been shown to have both acute and long-term effects on these hormones. Here, we review the effects of nutrients and fasting on hormones and genes established to affect aging and cancer. We describe the link between dietary interventions and genetic pathways affecting the levels of these hormones and focus on the mechanisms responsible for the cancer preventive effects. We propose that IF and PF can reduce tumor incidence both by delaying aging and preventing DNA damage and immunosenescence and also by killing damaged, pre-cancerous and cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Salvadori
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Giuseppe Mirisola
- Department of Surgical, Oncological, and Oral Sciences, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Valter D. Longo
- IFOM, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Longevity Institute, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
- Correspondence:
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15
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Hofer SJ, Davinelli S, Bergmann M, Scapagnini G, Madeo F. Caloric Restriction Mimetics in Nutrition and Clinical Trials. Front Nutr 2021; 8:717343. [PMID: 34552954 PMCID: PMC8450594 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.717343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The human diet and dietary patterns are closely linked to the health status. High-calorie Western-style diets have increasingly come under scrutiny as their caloric load and composition contribute to the development of non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, obesity, and cardiovascular disorders. On the other hand, calorie-reduced and health-promoting diets have shown promising results in maintaining health and reducing disease burden throughout aging. More recently, pharmacological Caloric Restriction Mimetics (CRMs) have gained interest of the public and scientific community as promising candidates that mimic some of the myriad of effects induced by caloric restriction. Importantly, many of the CRM candidates activate autophagy, prolong life- and healthspan in model organisms and ameliorate diverse disease symptoms without the need to cut calories. Among others, glycolytic inhibitors (e.g., D-allulose, D-glucosamine), hydroxycitric acid, NAD+ precursors, polyamines (e.g., spermidine), polyphenols (e.g., resveratrol, dimethoxychalcones, curcumin, EGCG, quercetin) and salicylic acid qualify as CRM candidates, which are naturally available via foods and beverages. However, it is yet unclear how these bioactive substances contribute to the benefits of healthy diets. In this review, we thus discuss dietary sources, availability and intake levels of dietary CRMs. Finally, since translational research on CRMs has entered the clinical stage, we provide a summary of their effects in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J. Hofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Martina Bergmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Giovanni Scapagnini
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, NAWI Graz, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
- Field of Excellence BioHealth, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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16
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Ingram DK, Pistell PJ, Wang ZQ, Yu Y, Massimino S, Davenport GM, Hayek M, Roth GS. Characterization and Mechanisms of Action of Avocado Extract Enriched in Mannoheptulose as a Candidate Calorie Restriction Mimetic. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7367-7376. [PMID: 34170139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increased consumer interest in the avocado (Persea americana or Persea gratissima) has been attributed to established health benefits of this fruit associated with a wide range of ingredients. In search of effective calorie restriction mimetics (CRM), we present herein a consideration of possible health benefits of the rare sugar, mannoheptulose (MH), which acts as an intracellular glycolytic inhibitor and presents the highest concentration of this inhibitor in unripe avocados. A method for producing an extract of unripe avocado (AvX) to enrich concentrations of MH is described. Experiments using myocyte cultures demonstrated a pattern of CRM-like responses when treated with AvX. In vivo experiments confirmed that orally consumed AvX is bioavailable in both mice and dogs, as observed in urine and blood samples. Additional experiments in both these species demonstrated CRM-like improvements in glucose and insulin responses. In sum, the MH-enriched AvX exhibits promise as a CRM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald K Ingram
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, 5600 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, United States
| | - Paul J Pistell
- Department of Psychology, Towson University, 8000 York Road, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Zhong Q Wang
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, 5600 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, United States
| | - Yongmei Yu
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, 5600 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70808, United States
| | - Stefan Massimino
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, 3800 N Interstate Ave, Portland, Oregon 97227, United States
| | - Gary M Davenport
- Archer Daniels Midland Company, 115 W National Road, P.O. Box 310, Englewood, Ohio 46322, United States
| | - Michael Hayek
- Companion Animal Technical Services, Land O'Lakes, 4001 Lexington Ave N, Arden Hills, Minnesota 55126, United States
| | - George S Roth
- GeroScience, Inc, 1124 Ridge Road, Pylesville, Maryland 21132, United States
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17
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Kading J, Finck BN, DeBosch BJ. Targeting hepatocyte carbohydrate transport to mimic fasting and calorie restriction. FEBS J 2021; 288:3784-3798. [PMID: 32654397 PMCID: PMC8662989 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The pervasion of three daily meals and snacks is a relatively new introduction to our shared experience and is coincident with an epidemic rise in obesity and cardiometabolic disorders of overnutrition. The past two decades have yielded convincing evidence regarding the adaptive, protective effects of calorie restriction (CR) and intermittent fasting (IF) against cardiometabolic, neurodegenerative, proteostatic, and inflammatory diseases. Yet, durable adherence to intensive lifestyle changes is rarely attainable. New evidence now demonstrates that restricting carbohydrate entry into the hepatocyte by itself mimics several key signaling responses and physiological outcomes of IF and CR. This discovery raises the intriguing proposition that targeting hepatocyte carbohydrate transport to mimic fasting and caloric restriction can abate cardiometabolic and perhaps other fasting-treatable diseases. Here, we review the metabolic and signaling fates of a hepatocyte carbohydrate, identify evidence to target the key mediators within these pathways, and provide rationale and data to highlight carbohydrate transport as a broad, proximal intervention to block the deleterious sequelae of hepatic glucose and fructose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Kading
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian N. Finck
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian J DeBosch
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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18
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Ingram DK, Roth GS. Glycolytic inhibition: an effective strategy for developing calorie restriction mimetics. GeroScience 2021; 43:1159-1169. [PMID: 33184758 PMCID: PMC8190254 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction mimetics encompass a growing research field directed toward developing treatments that mimic the anti-aging effects of long-term calorie restriction without requiring a change in eating habits. A wide range of approaches have been identified that include (1) intestinal inhibitors of fat and carbohydrate metabolism; (2) inhibitors of intracellular glycolysis; (3) stimulators of the AMPK pathway; (4) sirtuin activators; (5) inhibitors of the mTOR pathway, and (6) polyamines. Several biotech companies have been formed to pursue several of these strategies. The objective of this review is to describe the approaches directed toward glycolytic inhibition. This upstream strategy is considered an effective means to invoke a wide range of anti-aging mechanisms induced by CR. Anti-cancer and anti-obesity effects are important considerations in early development efforts. Although many dozens of candidates could be discussed, the compounds selected to be reviewed are the following: 2-deoxyglucose, 3-bromopyruvate, chrysin, genistein, astragalin, resveratrol, glucosamine, mannoheptulose, and D-allulose. Some candidates have been investigated extensively with both positive and negative results, while others are only beginning to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald K. Ingram
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70809 USA
| | - George S. Roth
- GeroScience, Inc., 1124 Ridge Road, Pylesville, MD 21132 USA
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19
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Dwaib HS, AlZaim I, Eid AH, Obeid O, El-Yazbi AF. Modulatory Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Adipose Tissue Inflammation: Amelioration of Cardiovascular Dysfunction in Early Metabolic Impairment. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:626313. [PMID: 33897419 PMCID: PMC8062864 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.626313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiometabolic syndrome (CMS) is a cluster of maladaptive cardiovascular, renal, thrombotic, inflammatory, and metabolic disorders. It confers a high risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. CMS is triggered by major shifts in lifestyle and dietary habits with increased consumption of refined, calorie-dense diets. Evidence indicates that diet-induced CMS is linked to Adipose tissue (AT) inflammation. This led to the proposal that adipose inflammation may be involved in metabolic derangements, such as insulin resistance and poor glycemic control, as well as the contribution to the inflammatory process predisposing patients to increased cardiovascular risk. Therefore, in the absence of direct pharmacological interventions for the subclinical phase of CMS, time restricted feeding regimens were anticipated to alleviate early metabolic damage and subsequent comorbidities. These regimens, referred to as intermittent fasting (IF), showed a strong positive impact on the metabolic state of obese and non-obese human subjects and animal models, positive AT remodeling in face of overnutrition and high fat diet (HFD) consumption, and improved CV outcomes. Here, we summarize the available evidence on the role of adipose inflammation in triggering cardiovascular impairment in the context of diet induced CMS with an emphasis on the involvement of perivascular adipose tissue. As well, we propose some possible molecular pathways linking intermittent fasting to the ameliorative effect on adipose inflammation and cardiovascular dysfunction under such circumstances. We highlight a number of targets, whose function changes in perivascular adipose tissue inflammation and could be modified by intermittent fasting acting as a novel approach to ameliorate the inflammatory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen S. Dwaib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ibrahim AlZaim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali H. Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Omar Obeid
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmed F. El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Alamein International University, Alamein, Egypt
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20
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21
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Kord-Varkaneh H, Nazary-Vannani A, Mokhtari Z, Salehi-sahlabadi A, Rahmani J, Clark CCT, Fatahi S, Zanghelini F, Hekmatdoost A, Okunade K, Mirmiran P. The Influence of Fasting and Energy Restricting Diets on Blood Pressure in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2020; 27:271-280. [DOI: 10.1007/s40292-020-00391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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22
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Margină D, Ungurianu A, Purdel C, Tsoukalas D, Sarandi E, Thanasoula M, Tekos F, Mesnage R, Kouretas D, Tsatsakis A. Chronic Inflammation in the Context of Everyday Life: Dietary Changes as Mitigating Factors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4135. [PMID: 32531935 PMCID: PMC7312944 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17114135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The lifestyle adopted by most people in Western societies has an important impact on the propensity to metabolic disorders (e.g., diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases). This is often accompanied by chronic low-grade inflammation, driven by the activation of various molecular pathways such as STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3), IKK (IκB kinase), MMP9 (matrix metallopeptidase 9), MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases), COX2 (cyclooxigenase 2), and NF-Kβ (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells). Multiple intervention studies have demonstrated that lifestyle changes can lead to reduced inflammation and improved health. This can be linked to the concept of real-life risk simulation, since humans are continuously exposed to dietary factors in small doses and complex combinations (e.g., polyphenols, fibers, polyunsaturated fatty acids, etc.). Inflammation biomarkers improve in patients who consume a certain amount of fiber per day; some even losing weight. Fasting in combination with calorie restriction modulates molecular mechanisms such as m-TOR, FOXO, NRF2, AMPK, and sirtuins, ultimately leads to significantly reduced inflammatory marker levels, as well as improved metabolic markers. Moving toward healthier dietary habits at the individual level and in publicly-funded institutions, such as schools or hospitals, could help improving public health, reducing healthcare costs and improving community resilience to epidemics (such as COVID-19), which predominantly affects individuals with metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denisa Margină
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Ungurianu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Carmen Purdel
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dimitris Tsoukalas
- European Institute of Nutritional Medicine EINuM, 00198 Rome , Italy
- Metabolomic Medicine Clinic, Health Clinics for Autoimmune and Chronic Diseases, 10674 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Sarandi
- Metabolomic Medicine Clinic, Health Clinics for Autoimmune and Chronic Diseases, 10674 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Forensic Sciences, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Thanasoula
- Metabolomic Medicine Clinic, Health Clinics for Autoimmune and Chronic Diseases, 10674 Athens, Greece
| | - Fotios Tekos
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, 41500 Larisa, Greece
| | - Robin Mesnage
- Gene Expression and Therapy Group, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, 8th Floor, Tower Wing, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Demetrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry-Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, 41500 Larisa, Greece
| | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Department Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, University of Crete, Faculty of Medicine, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
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23
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Badreh F, Joukar S, Badavi M, Rashno M, Dehesh T. The Effects of Age and Fasting Models on Blood Pressure, Insulin/Glucose Profile, and Expression of Longevity Proteins in Male Rats. Rejuvenation Res 2020; 23:224-236. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2019.2205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Firuzeh Badreh
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | - Siyavash Joukar
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Afzalipour Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Badavi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rashno
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Tania Dehesh
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Munhoz AC, Vilas-Boas EA, Panveloski-Costa AC, Leite JSM, Lucena CF, Riva P, Emilio H, Carpinelli AR. Intermittent Fasting for Twelve Weeks Leads to Increases in Fat Mass and Hyperinsulinemia in Young Female Wistar Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1029. [PMID: 32283715 PMCID: PMC7230500 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fasting is known to cause physiological changes in the endocrine pancreas, including decreased insulin secretion and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. However, there is no consensus about the long-term effects of intermittent fasting (IF), which can involve up to 24 hours of fasting interspersed with normal feeding days. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of alternate-day IF for 12 weeks in a developing and healthy organism. Female 30-day-old Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups: control, with free access to standard rodent chow; and IF, subjected to 24-hour fasts intercalated with 24-hours of free access to the same chow. Alternate-day IF decreased weight gain and food intake. Surprisingly, IF also elevated plasma insulin concentrations, both at baseline and after glucose administration collected during oGTT. After 12 weeks of dietary intervention, pancreatic islets displayed increased ROS production and apoptosis. Despite their lower body weight, IF animals had increased fat reserves and decreased muscle mass. Taken together, these findings suggest that alternate-day IF promote β -cell dysfunction, especially in developing animals. More long-term research is necessary to define the best IF protocol to reduce side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Munhoz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Professor Lineu Prestes avenue, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (E.A.V.-B.); (A.C.P.-C.); (J.S.M.L.); (C.F.L.); (P.R.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Eloisa Aparecida Vilas-Boas
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Professor Lineu Prestes avenue, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (E.A.V.-B.); (A.C.P.-C.); (J.S.M.L.); (C.F.L.); (P.R.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Ana Carolina Panveloski-Costa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Professor Lineu Prestes avenue, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (E.A.V.-B.); (A.C.P.-C.); (J.S.M.L.); (C.F.L.); (P.R.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Jaqueline Santos Moreira Leite
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Professor Lineu Prestes avenue, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (E.A.V.-B.); (A.C.P.-C.); (J.S.M.L.); (C.F.L.); (P.R.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Camila Ferraz Lucena
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Professor Lineu Prestes avenue, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (E.A.V.-B.); (A.C.P.-C.); (J.S.M.L.); (C.F.L.); (P.R.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Patrícia Riva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Professor Lineu Prestes avenue, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (E.A.V.-B.); (A.C.P.-C.); (J.S.M.L.); (C.F.L.); (P.R.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Henriette Emilio
- Department of General Biology, Ponta Grossa State University, 4748 General Carlos Cavalcanti avenue, Uvaranas, Parana, PR 84030-900, Brazil;
| | - Angelo R. Carpinelli
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, 1524 Professor Lineu Prestes avenue, Butanta, São Paulo 05508-900, Brazil; (E.A.V.-B.); (A.C.P.-C.); (J.S.M.L.); (C.F.L.); (P.R.); (A.R.C.)
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25
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Gunebakan E, Yalcin E, Cikler Dulger E, Yigitbasi A, Ates N, Caglayan A, Beker MC, Sahin K, Korkaya H, Kilic E. Short-Term Diet Restriction but Not Alternate Day Fasting Prevents Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Mice. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8020023. [PMID: 32028692 PMCID: PMC7168297 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8020023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (CP) is one of the most preferred platinum-containing antineoplastic drugs. However, even in nontoxic plasma concentrations, it may cause kidney injury. To be able to increase its effective pharmacological dose, its side effects need to be regarded. Diet restriction (DR) has been demonstrated to improve cellular survival in a number of disorders. In this context, we investigated the role of DR in CP-induced nephrotoxicity (CPN). Besides alternate DR, animals were exposed to DR for 3 days prior or after CP treatment. Here, we observed that both 3 days of DR reverses the nephrotoxic effect of CP, which was associated with improved physiological outcomes, such as serum creatine, blood-urea nitrogen and urea. These treatments significantly increased phosphorylation of survival kinases PI3K/Akt and ERK-1/2 and decreased the level of stress kinase JNK were noted. In addition, the activation level of signal transduction mediator p38 MAPK phosphorylation was higher particularly in both three-day DR groups. Next, animals were fed with carbohydrate-, protein- or fat-enriched diets in the presence of CP. Results indicated that not only fasting but also dietary content itself may play a determinant role in the severity of CPN. Our data suggest that DR is a promising approach to reduce CPN by regulating metabolism and cell signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evrin Gunebakan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul 34810, Turkey; (E.G.); (E.Y.); (A.C.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Esra Yalcin
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul 34810, Turkey; (E.G.); (E.Y.); (A.C.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Esra Cikler Dulger
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hamidiye Medical School, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul 34668, Turkey;
| | - Ahmet Yigitbasi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Trakya University, Edirne 22030, Turkey;
| | - Nilay Ates
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul 34810, Turkey;
| | - Aysun Caglayan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul 34810, Turkey; (E.G.); (E.Y.); (A.C.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Mustafa C. Beker
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul 34810, Turkey; (E.G.); (E.Y.); (A.C.); (M.C.B.)
| | - Kazim Sahin
- Animal Nutrition Department, School of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig 23119, Turkey;
| | - Hasan Korkaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA;
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul 34810, Turkey; (E.G.); (E.Y.); (A.C.); (M.C.B.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +90-216-681-5344; Fax: +90-212-531-7555
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Liu B, Page AJ, Hutchison AT, Wittert GA, Heilbronn LK. Intermittent fasting increases energy expenditure and promotes adipose tissue browning in mice. Nutrition 2019; 66:38-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Stocker R, Reber E, Aeberhard C, Bally L, Schütz P, Stanga Z. [Fasting - Effects on the Human Body and Psyche]. PRAXIS 2019; 108:593-597. [PMID: 31288655 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Fasting - Effects on the Human Body and Psyche Abstract. Fasting has become a trend: to lose weight, to increase well-being, or to heal acute and chronic diseases. The positive and negative effects of fasting are controversially discussed. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the possible effects of fasting on body and well-being/psychic features. A group of twelve healthy volunteers (ten women and two men) was fasting for one week. Several clinical (body weight, blood pressure) and mental (feeling hungry, feeling cold, mood, power, and sleep quality) parameters were measured during this period. Side effects were recorded as well. This pilot study showed a wide range of effects and remarkable interindividual variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Stocker
- 1 Universitätsklinik für Diabetologie, Endokrinologie, Ernährungsmedizin und Metabolismus, Universitätsspital Bern und Universität Bern
| | - Emilie Reber
- 1 Universitätsklinik für Diabetologie, Endokrinologie, Ernährungsmedizin und Metabolismus, Universitätsspital Bern und Universität Bern
| | - Carla Aeberhard
- 1 Universitätsklinik für Diabetologie, Endokrinologie, Ernährungsmedizin und Metabolismus, Universitätsspital Bern und Universität Bern
| | - Lia Bally
- 1 Universitätsklinik für Diabetologie, Endokrinologie, Ernährungsmedizin und Metabolismus, Universitätsspital Bern und Universität Bern
| | - Philipp Schütz
- 2 Departement für Innere Medizin und Notfallmedizin, Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Kantonsspital Aarau
- 3 Medizinische Fakultät, Universität Basel
| | - Zeno Stanga
- 1 Universitätsklinik für Diabetologie, Endokrinologie, Ernährungsmedizin und Metabolismus, Universitätsspital Bern und Universität Bern
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Okoshi K, Cezar MDM, Polin MAM, Paladino JR, Martinez PF, Oliveira SA, Lima ARR, Damatto RL, Paiva SAR, Zornoff LAM, Okoshi MP. Influence of intermittent fasting on myocardial infarction-induced cardiac remodeling. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2019; 19:126. [PMID: 31138145 PMCID: PMC6540428 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-019-1113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Information on the role of intermittent fasting (IF) on pathologic cardiac remodeling is scarce. We compared the effects of IF before and after myocardial infarction (MI) on rat cardiac remodeling and survival. Methods Wistar rats were intermittently fasted (food available every other day) or fed ad libitum for 12 weeks and then divided into three groups: AL – fed ad libitum; AL/IF - fed AL before MI and IF after MI; and IF – fed IF before and after MI. Echocardiogram was performed before MI and 2 and 12 weeks after surgery. Isolated hearts were evaluated in Langendorff preparations. Results Before surgery, body weight (BW) was lower in IF than AL. Final BW was lower in AL/IF and IF than AL. Perioperative mortality did not change between AL (31.3%) and IF (27.3%). Total mortality was lower in IF than AL. Before surgery, echocardiographic parameters did not differ between groups. Two weeks after surgery, MI size did not differ between groups. Twelve weeks after MI, left ventricular (LV) diastolic posterior wall thickness was lower in AL/IF and IF than AL. The percentage of variation of echocardiographic parameters between twelve and two weeks showed that MI size decreased in all groups and the reduction was higher in IF than AL/IF. In Langendorff preparations, LV volume at zero end-diastolic pressure (V0; AL: 0.41 ± 0.05; AL/IF: 0.34 ± 0.06; IF: 0.28 ± 0.05 mL) and at 25 mmHg end-diastolic pressure (V25; AL: 0.61 ± 0.05; AL/IF: 0.54 ± 0.07; IF: 0.44 ± 0.06 mL) was lower in AL/IF and IF than AL and V25 was lower in IF than AL/IF. V0/BW ratio was lower in IF than AL and LV weight/V0 ratio was higher in IF than AL. Myocyte diameter was lower in AL/IF and IF than AL (AL: 17.3 ± 1.70; AL/IF: 15.1 ± 2.21; IF: 13.4 ± 1.49 μm). Myocardial hydroxyproline concentration and gene expression of ANP, Serca 2a, and α- and β-myosin heavy chain did not differ between groups. Conclusion Intermittent fasting initiated before or after MI reduces myocyte hypertrophy and LV dilation. Myocardial fibrosis and fetal gene expression are not modulated by feeding regimens. Benefit is more evident when intermittent fasting is initiated before rather than after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Okoshi
- Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Departamento de Clinica Medica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, Rubiao Junior, S/N. CEP 18618-687, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - M D M Cezar
- Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Departamento de Clinica Medica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, Rubiao Junior, S/N. CEP 18618-687, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Itapeva Social and Agrarian Sciences College, FAIT, Itapeva, SP, Brazil
| | - M A M Polin
- Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Departamento de Clinica Medica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, Rubiao Junior, S/N. CEP 18618-687, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - J R Paladino
- Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Departamento de Clinica Medica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, Rubiao Junior, S/N. CEP 18618-687, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - P F Martinez
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Av. Costa e Silva - Pioneiros, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - S A Oliveira
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Av. Costa e Silva - Pioneiros, Campo Grande, MS, 79070-900, Brazil
| | - A R R Lima
- Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Departamento de Clinica Medica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, Rubiao Junior, S/N. CEP 18618-687, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - R L Damatto
- Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Departamento de Clinica Medica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, Rubiao Junior, S/N. CEP 18618-687, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Itapeva Social and Agrarian Sciences College, FAIT, Itapeva, SP, Brazil
| | - S A R Paiva
- Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Departamento de Clinica Medica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, Rubiao Junior, S/N. CEP 18618-687, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - L A M Zornoff
- Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.,Departamento de Clinica Medica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, Rubiao Junior, S/N. CEP 18618-687, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - M P Okoshi
- Internal Medicine Department, Botucatu Medical School, Sao Paulo State University, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil. .,Departamento de Clinica Medica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, UNESP, Rubiao Junior, S/N. CEP 18618-687, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Wahl D, Solon-Biet SM, Cogger VC, Fontana L, Simpson SJ, Le Couteur DG, Ribeiro RV. Aging, lifestyle and dementia. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 130:104481. [PMID: 31136814 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the greatest risk factor for most diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative disease. There is emerging evidence that interventions that improve metabolic health with aging may also be effective for brain health. The most robust interventions are non-pharmacological and include limiting calorie or protein intake, increasing aerobic exercise, or environmental enrichment. In humans, dietary patterns including the Mediterranean, Finnish Geriatric Intervention Study to Prevent Cognitive Impairment and Disability (FINGER) and Okinawan diets are associated with improved age-related health and may reduce neurodegenerative disease including dementia. Rapamycin, metformin and resveratrol act on nutrient sensing pathways that improve cardiometabolic health and decrease the risk for age-associated disease. There is some evidence that they may reduce the risk for dementia in rodents. There is a growing recognition that improving metabolic function may be an effective way to optimize brain health during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Wahl
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Clinical School/Sydney Medical School, Concord 2139, Australia.
| | - Samantha M Solon-Biet
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Clinical School/Sydney Medical School, Concord 2139, Australia
| | - Victoria C Cogger
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Clinical School/Sydney Medical School, Concord 2139, Australia
| | - Luigi Fontana
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - David G Le Couteur
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Clinical School/Sydney Medical School, Concord 2139, Australia
| | - Rosilene V Ribeiro
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
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30
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Zenz G, Jačan A, Reichmann F, Farzi A, Holzer P. Intermittent Fasting Exacerbates the Acute Immune and Behavioral Sickness Response to the Viral Mimic Poly(I:C) in Mice. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:359. [PMID: 31057355 PMCID: PMC6478699 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermitted fasting and other forms of calorie restriction are increasingly demonstrated to exert potential health benefits. Interestingly, restricted feeding is also able to mitigate sickness in response to bacterial factors stimulating Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). However, little is known about how fasting modifies the activity of virus-associated molecular patterns. We therefore analyzed the impact of an intermittent fasting (IF) regimen on the immune and behavioral response to the TLR3 agonist and viral mimic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [Poly(I:C)] in mice. The effects of intraperitoneally injected Poly(I:C) (12 mg/kg) on plasma and cerebral cytokine expression and behavior (locomotion, exploration, and ingestion) were examined in male C57BL/6N mice under control conditions and following a 9 days period of intermittent (alternate day) fasting (IF). Poly(I:C) increased the circulating levels of cytokines (TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-α, IFN-γ), an effect amplified by IF. In addition, IF aggravated sickness behavior in response to Poly(I:C), while cerebral cytokine expression was enhanced by application of Poly(I:C) in the absence of a significant effect of IF. Furthermore, IF augmented the expression of neuropeptide Y (NPY) mRNA in the hypothalamus and increased the plasma levels of corticosterone, while Poly(I:C) had little effect on these readouts. Our data show that IF does not abate, but exaggerates the immune and sickness response to the viral mimic Poly(I:C). This adverse effect of IF occurs despite increased hypothalamic NPY expression and enhanced plasma corticosterone. We therefore propose that the effects of IF on the immune and behavioral responses to viral and bacterial factors are subject to different neuronal and neuroendocrine control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine Zenz
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Angela Jačan
- CBmed GmbH-Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Reichmann
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Aitak Farzi
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Holzer
- Research Unit of Translational Neurogastroenterology, Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria
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A Comparison of Dietary and Caloric Restriction Models on Body Composition, Physical Performance, and Metabolic Health in Young Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11020350. [PMID: 30736418 PMCID: PMC6412800 DOI: 10.3390/nu11020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Time-restricted feeding (TRF), alternate day fasting (ADF), and the dietary restriction model known as the Daniel Fast (DF; a vegan/non-processed food diet plan) have garnered attention recently as nutritional interventions to combat obesity. We compared the effects of various dietary models on body composition, physical performance, and metabolic health in C57BL/6 mice. Sixty young C57BL/6 male mice were assigned a diet of TRF, ADF, DF, caloric restriction (CR), a high-fat Western diet (HF) fed ad libitum, or standard rodent chow for eight weeks. Their body composition, run time to exhaustion, fasting glucose, insulin, and glucose tolerance test area under the glucose curve (AUC) were determined. Compared to the HF group, all groups displayed significantly less weight and fat mass gain, as well as non-significant changes in fat-free mass. Additionally, although not statistically significant, all groups displayed greater run time to exhaustion relative to the HF group. Compared to the HF group, all groups demonstrated significantly lower fasting glucose, insulin, and Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), as well as improved glucose tolerance, and the ADF group displayed the best fasting glucose and glucose tolerance results, with DF having the best HOMA-IR. All investigated fasting protocols may improve body composition, measures of insulin sensitivity, and physical performance compared to a high-fat Western diet. The DF and ADF protocols are most favorable with regards to insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance. Since our selected dietary protocols have also been investigated in humans with success, it is plausible to consider that these dietary models could prove beneficial to men and women seeking improved body composition and metabolic health.
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Shintani H, Shintani T, Ashida H, Sato M. Calorie Restriction Mimetics: Upstream-Type Compounds for Modulating Glucose Metabolism. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1821. [PMID: 30469486 PMCID: PMC6316630 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) can prolong the human lifespan, but enforcing long-term CR is difficult. Therefore, a compound that reproduces the effect of CR without CR is needed. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on compounds with CR mimetic (CRM) effects. More than 10 compounds have been listed as CRMs, some of which are conventionally categorized as upstream-type CRMs showing glycolytic inhibition, while the others are categorized as downstream-type CRMs that regulate or genetically modulate intracellular signaling proteins. Among these, we focus on upstream-type CRMs and propose their classification as compounds with energy metabolism inhibition effects, particularly glucose metabolism modulation effects. The upstream-type CRMs reviewed include chitosan, acarbose, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, and hexose analogs such as 2-deoxy-d-glucose, d-glucosamine, and d-allulose, which show antiaging and longevity effects. Finally, we discuss the molecular definition of upstream-type CRMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideya Shintani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Izuo Hospital, Osaka 551-0032, Japan.
| | - Tomoya Shintani
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Hisashi Ashida
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama 649-6493, Japan.
| | - Masashi Sato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0701, Japan.
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Higgins CB, Zhang Y, Mayer AL, Fujiwara H, Stothard AI, Graham MJ, Swarts BM, DeBosch BJ. Hepatocyte ALOXE3 is induced during adaptive fasting and enhances insulin sensitivity by activating hepatic PPARγ. JCI Insight 2018; 3:120794. [PMID: 30135298 PMCID: PMC6141168 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.120794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatic glucose fasting response is gaining traction as a therapeutic pathway to enhance hepatic and whole-host metabolism. However, the mechanisms underlying these metabolic effects remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate the epidermal-type lipoxygenase, eLOX3 (encoded by its gene, Aloxe3), is a potentially novel effector of the therapeutic fasting response. We show that Aloxe3 is activated during fasting, glucose withdrawal, or trehalose/trehalose analogue treatment. Hepatocyte-specific Aloxe3 expression reduced weight gain and hepatic steatosis in diet-induced and genetically obese (db/db) mouse models. Aloxe3 expression, moreover, enhanced basal thermogenesis and abrogated insulin resistance in db/db diabetic mice. Targeted metabolomics demonstrated accumulation of the PPARγ ligand 12-KETE in hepatocytes overexpressing Aloxe3. Strikingly, PPARγ inhibition reversed hepatic Aloxe3–mediated insulin sensitization, suppression of hepatocellular ATP production and oxygen consumption, and gene induction of PPARγ coactivator-1α (PGC1α) expression. Moreover, hepatocyte-specific PPARγ deletion reversed the therapeutic effect of hepatic Aloxe3 expression on diet-induced insulin intolerance. Aloxe3 is, therefore, a potentially novel effector of the hepatocellular fasting response that leverages both PPARγ-mediated and pleiotropic effects to augment hepatic and whole-host metabolism, and it is, thus, a promising target to ameliorate metabolic disease. The lipoxygenase ALOXE3 is an effector of the hepatic fasting response that improves insulin sensitivity by activating hepatic PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hideji Fujiwara
- Department of Medicine, Diabetic Cardiovascular Disease Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alicyn I Stothard
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Benjamin M Swarts
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan, USA
| | - Brian J DeBosch
- Department of Pediatrics and.,Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Tripolt NJ, Stekovic S, Aberer F, Url J, Pferschy PN, Schröder S, Verheyen N, Schmidt A, Kolesnik E, Narath SH, Riedl R, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Pieber TR, Madeo F, Sourij H. Intermittent Fasting (Alternate Day Fasting) in Healthy, Non-obese Adults: Protocol for a Cohort Trial with an Embedded Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial. Adv Ther 2018; 35:1265-1283. [PMID: 30046988 PMCID: PMC6096974 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-018-0746-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Alternate day fasting (ADF) is a subtype of intermittent fasting and is defined as a continuous sequence of a fast day (100% energy restriction, zero calories) and a feed day (ad libitum food consumption), resulting in roughly 36-h fasting periods. Previous studies demonstrated weight reductions and improvements of cardiovascular risk factors with ADF in obese subjects. However, rigorous data on potential endocrine, metabolic and cardiovascular effects, besides weight loss, are lacking. Therefore we aim to investigate the short- and mid- to long-term clinical and molecular effects of ADF in healthy non-obese subjects. METHODS We will perform a prospective cohort study with an embedded randomized controlled trial (RCT) including 90 healthy subjects. Thirty of them will have performed ADF for at least 6 months (mid-term group). Sixty healthy subjects without a particular diet before enrolment will serve as the control group. These subjects will be 1:1 randomized to either continuing their current diet or performing ADF for 4 weeks. All subjects will undergo study procedures that will be repeated in RCT participants after 4 weeks. These procedures will include assessment of outcome parameters, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, measurement of endothelial function, an oral glucose tolerance test, 24-h blood pressure measurement, retinal vessel analysis, echocardiography and physical activity measurement by an accelerometer. Blood, sputum, buccal mucosa and faeces will be collected for laboratory analyses. Participants in the RCT will wear a continuous glucose monitor to verify adherence to the study intervention. PLANNED OUTCOMES The aim of this project is to investigate the effects of ADF on human physiology and molecular cellular processes. This investigation should gain in-depth mechanistic insights into the concept of ADF and form the basis for larger subsequent cohort recruitment and consecutive intervention studies. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT02673515; registered 24 November 2015. Current protocol date/version: 7 February 2017/version 1.8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert J Tripolt
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Slaven Stekovic
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Felix Aberer
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Jasmin Url
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter N Pferschy
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Sabrina Schröder
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nicolas Verheyen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Albrecht Schmidt
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ewald Kolesnik
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sophie H Narath
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Regina Riedl
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Obermayer-Pietsch
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas R Pieber
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Harald Sourij
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
- Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine, CBMed, Graz, Austria.
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Hanjani NA, Vafa M. Protein Restriction, Epigenetic Diet, Intermittent Fasting as New Approaches for Preventing Age-associated Diseases. Int J Prev Med 2018; 9:58. [PMID: 30050669 PMCID: PMC6036773 DOI: 10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_397_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from epidemiological and experimental studies have shown that diet and eating patterns have a major role in the pathogenesis of many age-associated diseases. Since 1935, calorie restriction (CR) has been identified as one of the most effective nongenetic dietary interventions that can increase lifespan. It involves reducing calorie intake by about 20%–40% below ad libitum, without malnutrition. Restricting food intake has been observed to increase lifespan and prevent many age-associated diseases in rats, mice, and many other species. Understanding the metabolic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms involved in the anti-aging effects of CR can help us to find dietary interventions that can mimic its effects. Recently, different studies have shown that intermittent fasting, protein restriction, and an epigenetic diet can have similar effects to those of CR. These approaches were selected because it has been indicated that they act through a similar molecular pathway and also, are safe and effective in delaying or preventing diseases. In this review, we focus on the mechanistic pathway involved in CR. Then, we review the mimicking interventions through the mechanistic approach. For this purpose, we reviewed both animal and human articles, mainly available through the PubMed online database. We then selected the most relevant full texts which are summarized in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazanin Asghari Hanjani
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Vafa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Anton SD, Moehl K, Donahoo WT, Marosi K, Lee S, Mainous AG, Leeuwenburgh C, Mattson MP. Flipping the Metabolic Switch: Understanding and Applying the Health Benefits of Fasting. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:254-268. [PMID: 29086496 PMCID: PMC5783752 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intermittent fasting (IF) is a term used to describe a variety of eating patterns in which no or few calories are consumed for time periods that can range from 12 hours to several days, on a recurring basis. This review is focused on the physiological responses of major organ systems, including the musculoskeletal system, to the onset of the metabolic switch: the point of negative energy balance at which liver glycogen stores are depleted and fatty acids are mobilized (typically beyond 12 hours after cessation of food intake). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Emerging findings suggest that the metabolic switch from glucose to fatty acid-derived ketones represents an evolutionarily conserved trigger point that shifts metabolism from lipid/cholesterol synthesis and fat storage to mobilization of fat through fatty acid oxidation and fatty acid-derived ketones, which serve to preserve muscle mass and function. Thus, IF regimens that induce the metabolic switch have the potential to improve body composition in overweight individuals. Moreover, IF regimens also induce the coordinated activation of signaling pathways that optimize physiological function, enhance performance, and slow aging and disease processes. Future randomized controlled IF trials should use biomarkers of the metabolic switch (e.g., plasma ketone levels) as a measure of compliance and of the magnitude of negative energy balance during the fasting period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D. Anton
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Keelin Moehl
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - William T. Donahoo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Krisztina Marosi
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Stephanie Lee
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Arch G. Mainous
- Department of Health Services Research, Management and Policy; Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Christiaan Leeuwenburgh
- Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Mark P. Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
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Liu H, Javaheri A, Godar RJ, Murphy J, Ma X, Rohatgi N, Mahadevan J, Hyrc K, Saftig P, Marshall C, McDaniel ML, Remedi MS, Razani B, Urano F, Diwan A. Intermittent fasting preserves beta-cell mass in obesity-induced diabetes via the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Autophagy 2017; 13:1952-1968. [PMID: 28853981 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1368596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity-induced diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and progressive beta cell failure. In islets of mice with obesity-induced diabetes, we observe increased beta cell death and impaired autophagic flux. We hypothesized that intermittent fasting, a clinically sustainable therapeutic strategy, stimulates autophagic flux to ameliorate obesity-induced diabetes. Our data show that despite continued high-fat intake, intermittent fasting restores autophagic flux in islets and improves glucose tolerance by enhancing glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, beta cell survival, and nuclear expression of NEUROG3, a marker of pancreatic regeneration. In contrast, intermittent fasting does not rescue beta-cell death or induce NEUROG3 expression in obese mice with lysosomal dysfunction secondary to deficiency of the lysosomal membrane protein, LAMP2 or haplo-insufficiency of BECN1/Beclin 1, a protein critical for autophagosome formation. Moreover, intermittent fasting is sufficient to provoke beta cell death in nonobese lamp2 null mice, attesting to a critical role for lysosome function in beta cell homeostasis under fasting conditions. Beta cells in intermittently-fasted LAMP2- or BECN1-deficient mice exhibit markers of autophagic failure with accumulation of damaged mitochondria and upregulation of oxidative stress. Thus, intermittent fasting preserves organelle quality via the autophagy-lysosome pathway to enhance beta cell survival and stimulates markers of regeneration in obesity-induced diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Liu
- a Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.,b John Cochran VA Medical Center , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Ali Javaheri
- a Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Rebecca J Godar
- a Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - John Murphy
- a Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Xiucui Ma
- a Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.,b John Cochran VA Medical Center , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Nidhi Rohatgi
- c Department of Pathology and Immunology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Jana Mahadevan
- d Division of Endocrinology , Department of Internal Medicine , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Krzysztof Hyrc
- e Department of Neurology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Paul Saftig
- f Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel , Kiel , Germany
| | - Connie Marshall
- c Department of Pathology and Immunology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Michael L McDaniel
- c Department of Pathology and Immunology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Maria S Remedi
- d Division of Endocrinology , Department of Internal Medicine , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Babak Razani
- a Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Fumihiko Urano
- d Division of Endocrinology , Department of Internal Medicine , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
| | - Abhinav Diwan
- a Center for Cardiovascular Research and Division of Cardiology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA.,b John Cochran VA Medical Center , St. Louis , MO , USA.,g Department of Cell Biology and Physiology , Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis , MO , USA
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Calorie restriction in rodents: Caveats to consider. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 39:15-28. [PMID: 28610949 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The calorie restriction paradigm has provided one of the most widely used and most useful tools for investigating mechanisms of aging and longevity. By far, rodent models have been employed most often in these endeavors. Over decades of investigation, claims have been made that the paradigm produces the most robust demonstration that aging is malleable. In the current review of the rodent literature, we present arguments that question the robustness of the paradigm to increase lifespan and healthspan. Specifically, there are several questions to consider as follows: (1) At what age does CR no longer produce benefits? (2) Does CR attenuate cognitive decline? (3) Are there negative effects of CR, including effects on bone health, wound healing, and response to infection? (4) How important is schedule of feeding? (5) How long does CR need to be imposed to be effective? (6) How do genotype and gender influence CR? (7) What role does dietary composition play? Consideration of these questions produce many caveats that should guide future investigations to move the field forward.
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Rusli F, Lute C, Boekschoten MV, van Dijk M, van Norren K, Menke AL, Müller M, Steegenga WT. Intermittent calorie restriction largely counteracts the adverse health effects of a moderate-fat diet in aging C57BL/6J mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61:1600677. [PMID: 27995741 PMCID: PMC6120141 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201600677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Calorie restriction (CR) has been shown to extend life- and health-span in model species. For most humans, a life-long CR diet is too arduous to adhere to. The aim of this study was to explore whether weekly intermittent CR can (1) provide long-term beneficial effects and (2) counteract diet-induced obesity in male aging mice. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we have exposed C57Bl/6J mice for 24 months to an intermittent (INT) diet, alternating weekly between CR of a control diet and ad libitum moderate-fat (MF) feeding. This weekly intermittent CR significantly counteracted the adverse effects of the MF diet on mortality, body weight, and liver health markers in 24-month-old male mice. Hepatic gene expression profiles of INT-exposed animals appeared much more comparable to CR- than to MF-exposed mice. At 12 months of age, a subgroup of MF-exposed mice was transferred to the INT diet. Gene expression profiles in the liver of the 24-month-old diet switch mice were highly similar to the INT-exposed mice. However, a small subset of genes was consistently changed by the MF diet during the first phase of life. CONCLUSION Weekly intermittent CR largely, but not completely, reversed adverse effects caused by a MF diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenni Rusli
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human NutritionWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Carolien Lute
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human NutritionWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Mark V. Boekschoten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human NutritionWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Miriam van Dijk
- Nutrition and Pharmacology Group, Division of Human NutritionWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Klaske van Norren
- Nutrition and Pharmacology Group, Division of Human NutritionWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Nutricia ResearchUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Michael Müller
- Nutrigenomics and Systems Nutrition Group, Norwich Medical SchoolUniversity of East AngliaNorwich NR4 7UQUK
| | - Wilma T. Steegenga
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human NutritionWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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Persynaki A, Karras S, Pichard C. Unraveling the metabolic health benefits of fasting related to religious beliefs: A narrative review. Nutrition 2017; 35:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Grant RW, Boudreaux JI, Stephens JM. 2-deoxyglucose inhibits induction of chemokine expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and adipose tissue explants. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:76-84. [PMID: 27706923 PMCID: PMC5182088 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the influence of glycolytic inhibition on the adipocyte inflammatory response. METHODS To determine the effect of 2-deoxyglucose (2-DOG) on the inflammatory response, mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes were co-treated with 2-DOG and LPS or TNF. To determine the effect of endoplasmic reticulum stress on TNF-induced induction of chemokines, adipocytes were pretreated with thapsigargin or salubrinal. Chemokine mRNA levels were determined using quantitative real-time PCR, and secretion of CCL2 was determined by Western blot. RESULTS 2-DOG treatment reduced the ability of LPS and TNF to induce CCL2 mRNA levels and reduced secreted CCL2 protein levels in a dose-dependent manner. A similar pattern of mRNA regulation was observed for other chemokines. The attenuation of TNF-induced CCL2 mRNA levels occurred regardless of whether glucose or pyruvate was present in the media, suggesting that mechanisms other than glycolysis might mediate the observed effects. Treatment with the endoplasmic reticulum stressor thapsigargin and the endoplasmic reticulum signaling activator salubrinal reduced chemokine mRNA levels similarly to 2-DOG. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data indicate that 2-DOG suppresses inflammatory chemokine induction in adipocytes. The effects of 2-DOG do not seem to be linked to glycolysis but correlate with endoplasmic reticulum stress activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Grant
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indianapolis, USA
| | | | - Jacqueline M Stephens
- Adipocyte Biology Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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Wahl D, Cogger VC, Solon-Biet SM, Waern RVR, Gokarn R, Pulpitel T, Cabo RD, Mattson MP, Raubenheimer D, Simpson SJ, Le Couteur DG. Nutritional strategies to optimise cognitive function in the aging brain. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 31:80-92. [PMID: 27355990 PMCID: PMC5035589 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Old age is the greatest risk factor for most neurodegenerative diseases. During recent decades there have been major advances in understanding the biology of aging, and the development of nutritional interventions that delay aging including calorie restriction (CR) and intermittent fasting (IF), and chemicals that influence pathways linking nutrition and aging processes. CR influences brain aging in many animal models and recent findings suggest that dietary interventions can influence brain health and dementia in older humans. The role of individual macronutrients in brain aging also has been studied, with conflicting results about the effects of dietary protein and carbohydrates. A new approach known as the Geometric Framework (GF) has been used to unravel the complex interactions between macronutrients (protein, fat, and carbohydrate) and total energy on outcomes such as aging. These studies have shown that low-protein, high-carbohydrate (LPHC) diets are optimal for lifespan in ad libitum fed animals, while total calories have minimal effect once macronutrients are taken into account. One of the primary purposes of this review is to explore the notion that macronutrients may have a more translational potential than CR and IF in humans, and therefore there is a pressing need to use GF to study the impact of diet on brain aging. Furthermore, given the growing recognition of the role of aging biology in dementia, such studies might provide a new approach for dietary interventions for optimizing brain health and preventing dementia in older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin Wahl
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 Australia; Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Clinical School/Sydney Medical School, Concord, 2139 Australia
| | - Victoria C Cogger
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 Australia; Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Clinical School/Sydney Medical School, Concord, 2139 Australia
| | - Samantha M Solon-Biet
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 Australia; Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Clinical School/Sydney Medical School, Concord, 2139 Australia
| | - Rosilene V R Waern
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Rahul Gokarn
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 Australia; Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Clinical School/Sydney Medical School, Concord, 2139 Australia
| | - Tamara Pulpitel
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 Australia
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Mark P Mattson
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 Australia; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 Australia; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - David G Le Couteur
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006 Australia; Aging and Alzheimers Institute, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Clinical School/Sydney Medical School, Concord, 2139 Australia.
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Abstract
Most animals alternate periods of feeding with periods of fasting often coinciding with sleep. Upon >24 hr of fasting, humans, rodents, and other mammals enter alternative metabolic phases, which rely less on glucose and more on ketone body-like carbon sources. Both intermittent and periodic fasting result in benefits ranging from the prevention to the enhanced treatment of diseases. Similarly, time-restricted feeding (TRF), in which food consumption is restricted to certain hours of the day, allows the daily fasting period to last >12 hr, thus imparting pleiotropic benefits. Understanding the mechanistic link between nutrients and the fasting benefits is leading to the identification of fasting-mimicking diets (FMDs) that achieve changes similar to those caused by fasting. Given the pleiotropic and sustained benefits of TRF and FMDs, both basic science and translational research are warranted to develop fasting-associated interventions into feasible, effective, and inexpensive treatments with the potential to improve healthspan.
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Joslin PMN, Bell RK, Swoap SJ. Obese mice on a high-fat alternate-day fasting regimen lose weight and improve glucose tolerance. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:1036-1045. [PMID: 27273295 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alternate-day fasting (ADF) causes body weight (BW) loss in humans and rodents. However, it is not clear that ADF while maintaining a high-fat (HF) diet results in weight loss and the accompanying improvement in control of circulating glucose. We tested the hypotheses that a high-fat ADF protocol in obese mice would result in (i) BW loss, (ii) improved glucose control, (iii) fluctuating phenotypes on 'fasted' days when compared to 'fed' days and (iv) induction of torpor on 'fasted days'. We evaluated the physiological effects of ADF in diet-induced obese mice for BW, heart rate (HR), body temperature (Tb ), glucose tolerance, insulin responsiveness, blood parameters (leptin, insulin, free fatty acids) and hepatic gene expression. Diet-induced obese male C57BL/6J mice lost one-third of their pre-diet BW while on an ADF diet for 10 weeks consisting of HF food. The ADF protocol improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, although mice on a fast day were less glucose tolerant than the same mice on a fed day. ADF mice on a fast day had low circulating insulin, but had an enhanced response to an insulin-assisted glucose tolerance test, suggesting the impaired glucose tolerance may be a result of insufficient insulin production. On fed days, ADF mice were the warmest, had a high HR and displayed hepatic gene expression and circulating leptin that closely mimicked that of mice fed an ad lib HF diet. ADF mice never entered torpor as assessed by HR and Tb . However, on fast days, they were the coolest, had the slowest HR, and displayed hepatic gene expression and circulating leptin that closely mimicked that of Chow-Fed mice. Collectively, the ADF regimen with a HF diet in obese mice results in weight loss, improved blood glucose control, and daily fluctuations in selected physiological and biochemical parameters in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M N Joslin
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, USA
| | - R K Bell
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, USA
| | - S J Swoap
- Department of Biology, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, USA
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López-Lluch G, Navas P. Calorie restriction as an intervention in ageing. J Physiol 2016; 594:2043-60. [PMID: 26607973 PMCID: PMC4834802 DOI: 10.1113/jp270543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing causes loss of function in tissues and organs, is accompanied by a chronic inflammatory process and affects life- and healthspan. Calorie restriction (CR) is a non-genetic intervention that prevents age-associated diseases and extends longevity in most of the animal models studied so far. CR produces a pleiotropic effect and improves multiple metabolic pathways, generating benefits to the whole organism. Among the effects of CR, modulation of mitochondrial activity and a decrease in oxidative damage are two of the hallmarks. Oxidative damage is reduced by the induction of endogenous antioxidant systems and modulation of the peroxidability index in cell membranes. Mitochondrial activity changes are regulated by inhibition of IGF-1 and Target of Rapamycin (TOR)-dependent activities and activation of AMP-dependent kinase (AMPK) and the sirtuin family of proteins. The activity of PGC-1α and FoxO is regulated by these systems and is involved in mitochondria biogenesis, oxidative metabolism activity and mitochondrial turnover. The use of mimetics and the regulation of common factors have demonstrated that these molecular pathways are essential to explain the effect of CR in the organism. Finally, the anti-inflammatory effect of CR is an interesting emerging factor to be taken into consideration. In the present revision we focus on the general effect of CR and other mimetics in longevity, focusing especially on the cardiovascular system and skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo López-Lluch
- Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CABD-CSIC, CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Utrera km. 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Plácido Navas
- Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CABD-CSIC, CIBERER, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Utrera km. 1, 41013, Sevilla, Spain
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Campos-Rodríguez R, Godínez-Victoria M, Reyna-Garfias H, Arciniega-Martínez IM, Reséndiz-Albor AA, Abarca-Rojano E, Cruz-Hernández TR, Drago-Serrano ME. Intermittent fasting favored the resolution of Salmonella typhimurium infection in middle-aged BALB/c mice. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:13. [PMID: 26798034 PMCID: PMC5005893 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-016-9876-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) reportedly increases resistance and intestinal IgA response to Salmonella typhimurium infection in mature mice. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of aging on the aforementioned improved immune response found with IF. Middle-aged male BALB/c mice were submitted to IF or ad libitum (AL) feeding for 40 weeks and then orally infected with S. typhimurium. Thereafter, infected animals were all fed AL (to maximize their viability) until sacrifice on day 7 or 14 post-infection. We evaluated body weight, bacterial load (in feces, Peyer's patches, spleen and liver), total and specific intestinal IgA, lamina propria IgA+ plasma cells, plasma corticosterone, and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of α-chain, J-chain, and the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) in liver and intestinal mucosa. In comparison with the infected AL counterpart, the infected IF group (long-term IF followed by post-infection AL feeding) generally had lower intestinal and systemic bacterial loads as well as higher total IgA on both post-infection days. Both infected groups showed no differences in corticosterone levels, body weight, or food and caloric intake. The increase in intestinal IgA was associated with enhanced pIgR mRNA expression in the intestine (day 7) and liver. Thus, to maintain body weight and caloric intake, IF elicited metabolic signals that possibly induced the increased hepatic and intestinal pIgR mRNA expression found. The increase in IgA probably resulted from intestinal IgA transcytosis via pIgR. This IgA response along with phagocyte-induced killing of bacteria in systemic organs (not measured) may explain the resolution of the S. typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Campos-Rodríguez
- Research and Graduate Studies Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, CP 11340, México, D.F., México
| | - Marycarmen Godínez-Victoria
- Research and Graduate Studies Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, CP 11340, México, D.F., México
| | - Humberto Reyna-Garfias
- Research and Graduate Studies Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, CP 11340, México, D.F., México
| | - Ivonne Maciel Arciniega-Martínez
- Research and Graduate Studies Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, CP 11340, México, D.F., México
| | - Aldo Arturo Reséndiz-Albor
- Research and Graduate Studies Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, CP 11340, México, D.F., México
| | - Edgar Abarca-Rojano
- Research and Graduate Studies Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, CP 11340, México, D.F., México
| | - Teresita Rocío Cruz-Hernández
- Research and Graduate Studies Section, Superior School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón s/n, Col. Santo Tomas, CP 11340, México, D.F., México
| | - Maria Elisa Drago-Serrano
- Department of Biological Systems, Autonomous Metropolitan University Xochimilco Campus, Calzada del Hueso No 1100, Col. Villa Quietud, CP 04960, México, D.F., México.
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47
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What is the effect of fasting on the lifespan of neurons? Ageing Res Rev 2015; 24:160-5. [PMID: 26264849 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Medical advancements have increased life expectancy but have consequently increased the incidence of age-related disease. Fasting or dietary restriction (DR) can help prevent these via anti-ageing effects; however, these effects in neurons are less well characterized. Here, a series of animal and human studies of the effects of DR on the structural and functional integrity of neurons and the underlying mechanisms are analyzed. DR improves the integrity of animal neurons via a wide range of possible mechanisms including changes in metabolism, oxidative damage, stress responses, growth factors, and gene expression. These mechanisms are extensively interlinked and point to an optimum range of calorie intake, above calorie deprivation and below burdensome calorie excess. Human studies also suggest that DR improves neuron integrity; however, due to ethical and methodological limitations, the most conclusive data on DR hinge upon on-going life-long monkey experiments. Rather than developing pharmacological mimetics of DR, our focus should be on educating the public about DR in order to minimize age-related disease.
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Abstract
AbstractEnergy restriction (ER; also known as caloric restriction) is the only nutritional intervention that has repeatedly been shown to increase lifespan in model organisms and may delay ageing in humans. In the present review we discuss current scientific literature on ER and its molecular, metabolic and hormonal effects. Moreover, criteria for the classification of substances that might induce positive ER-like changes without having to reduce energy intake are summarised. Additionally, the putative ER mimetics (ERM) 2-deoxy-d-glucose, metformin, rapamycin, resveratrol, spermidine and lipoic acid and their suggested molecular targets are discussed. While there are reports on these ERM candidates that describe lifespan extension in model organisms, data on longevity-inducing effects in higher organisms such as mice remain controversial or are missing. Furthermore, some of these candidates produce detrimental side effects such as immunosuppression or lactic acidosis, or have not been tested for safety in long-term studies. Up to now, there are no known ERM that could be recommended without limitations for use in humans.
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Horne BD, Muhlestein JB, Anderson JL. Health effects of intermittent fasting: hormesis or harm? A systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:464-70. [PMID: 26135345 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.109553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent fasting, alternate-day fasting, and other forms of periodic caloric desistance are gaining popularity in the lay press and among animal research scientists. Whether clinical evidence exists for or is strong enough to support the use of such dietary regimens as health interventions is unclear. OBJECTIVE This review sought to identify rigorous, clinically relevant research studies that provide high-quality evidence that therapeutic fasting regimens are clinically beneficial to humans. DESIGN A systematic review of the published literature through January 2015 was performed by using sensitive search strategies to identify randomized controlled clinical trials that evaluated the effects of fasting on either clinically relevant surrogate outcomes (e.g., weight, cholesterol) or actual clinical event endpoints [e.g., diabetes, coronary artery disease (CAD)] and any other studies that evaluated the effects of fasting on clinical event outcomes. RESULTS Three randomized controlled clinical trials of fasting in humans were identified, and the results were published in 5 articles, all of which evaluated the effects of fasting on surrogate outcomes. Improvements in weight and other risk-related outcomes were found in the 3 trials. Two observational clinical outcomes studies in humans were found in which fasting was associated with a lower prevalence of CAD or diabetes diagnosis. No randomized controlled trials of fasting for clinical outcomes were identified. CONCLUSIONS Clinical research studies of fasting with robust designs and high levels of clinical evidence are sparse in the literature. Whereas the few randomized controlled trials and observational clinical outcomes studies support the existence of a health benefit from fasting, substantial further research in humans is needed before the use of fasting as a health intervention can be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Horne
- Intermountain Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT; and Genetic Epidemiology Division and
| | - Joseph B Muhlestein
- Intermountain Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT; and Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jeffrey L Anderson
- Intermountain Heart Institute, Intermountain Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT; and Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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50
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Ingram DK, Roth GS. Calorie restriction mimetics: can you have your cake and eat it, too? Ageing Res Rev 2015; 20:46-62. [PMID: 25530568 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Strong consensus exists regarding the most robust environmental intervention for attenuating aging processes and increasing healthspan and lifespan: calorie restriction (CR). Over several decades, this paradigm has been replicated in numerous nonhuman models, and has been expanded over the last decade to formal, controlled human studies of CR. Given that long-term CR can create heavy challenges to compliance in human diets, the concept of a calorie restriction mimetic (CRM) has emerged as an active research area within gerontology. In past presentations on this subject, we have proposed that a CRM is a compound that mimics metabolic, hormonal, and physiological effects of CR, activates stress response pathways observed in CR and enhances stress protection, produces CR-like effects on longevity, reduces age-related disease, and maintains more youthful function, all without significantly reducing food intake, at least initially. Over 16 years ago, we proposed that glycolytic inhibition could be an effective strategy for developing CRM. The main argument here is that inhibiting energy utilization as far upstream as possible provides the highest chance of generating a broad spectrum of CR-like effects when compared to targeting a singular molecular target downstream. As an initial candidate CRM, 2-deoxyglucose, a known anti-glycolytic, was shown to produce a remarkable phenotype of CR, but further investigation found that this compound produced cardiotoxicity in rats at the doses we had been using. There remains interest in 2DG as a CRM but at lower doses. Beyond the proposal of 2DG as a candidate CRM, the field has grown steadily with many investigators proposing other strategies, including novel anti-glycolytics. Within the realm of upstream targeting at the level of the digestive system, research has included bariatric surgery, inhibitors of fat digestion/absorption, and inhibitors of carbohydrate digestion. Research focused on downstream sites has included insulin receptors, IGF-1 receptors, sirtuin activators, inhibitors of mTOR, and polyamines. In the current review we discuss progress made involving these various strategies and comment on the status and future for each within this exciting research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald K Ingram
- Nutritional Neuroscience and Aging Laboratory, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70809, United States.
| | - George S Roth
- GeroScience, Inc., Pylesville, MD 21132, United States.
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