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Radhakrishnan R, Leung M, Lor A, More S, Lobo GP. Loss of the systemic vitamin A transporter RBPR2 affects the quantitative balance between chromophore and opsins in visual pigment synthesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.08.602543. [PMID: 39026765 PMCID: PMC11257425 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.08.602543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The distribution of dietary vitamin A/all- trans retinol (ROL) throughout the body is critical for maintaining retinoid function in peripheral tissues and for generating visual pigments for photoreceptor cell function. ROL circulates in the blood bound to the retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) as RBP4-ROL. Two membrane receptors, RBPR2 in the liver and STRA6 in the eye are proposed to bind circulatory RBP4 and this mechanism is critical for internalizing ROL into cells. Here, we present a longitudinal investigation towards the importance of RBPR2 and influence of the diet on systemic retinoid homeostasis for visual function. Age matched Rbpr2 -KO ( Rbpr2 -/- ) and wild-type (WT) mice were fed either a vitamin A sufficient (VAS) or a vitamin A deficient (VAD) diet. At 3- and 6-months, we performed retinoid quantification of ocular and non-ocular tissues using HPLC analysis and complemented the data with visual physiology, rhodopsin quantification by spectrophotometry, and biochemical analysis. At 3-months and compared to WT mice, Rbpr2 -/- mice fed either vitamin A diets displayed lower scotopic and photopic electroretinogram (ERG) responses, which correlated with HPLC analysis that revealed Rbpr2 -/- mice had significantly lower hepatic and ocular retinoid content. Interestingly, with the exception of the liver, long-term feeding of Rbpr2 -/- mice with a VAS diet promoted all- trans retinol accumulation in most peripheral tissues. However, even under VAS dietary conditions significant amounts of unliganded opsins in rods, together with decreased visual responses were evident in aged mice lacking RBPR2, when compared to WT mice. Together, our analyses characterize the molecular events underlying nutritional blindness in a novel mouse model and indicate that loss of the liver specific RBP4-ROL receptor, RBPR2, influences systemic retinoid homeostasis and rhodopsin synthesis, which causes profound visual function defects under severe vitamin A deficiency conditions.
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Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, de Henauw S, Hirsch‐Ernst K, Knutsen HK, Maciuk A, Mangelsdorf I, McArdle HJ, Pentieva K, Siani A, Thies F, Tsabouri S, Vinceti M, Lietz G, Passeri G, Craciun I, Fabiani L, Horvath Z, Valtueña Martínez S, Naska A. Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for preformed vitamin A and β-carotene. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8814. [PMID: 38846679 PMCID: PMC11154838 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Following two requests from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the revision of the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for preformed vitamin A and β-carotene. Systematic reviews of the literature were conducted for priority adverse health effects of excess vitamin A intake, namely teratogenicity, hepatotoxicity and endpoints related to bone health. Available data did not allow to address whether β-carotene could potentiate preformed vitamin A toxicity. Teratogenicity was selected as the critical effect on which to base the UL for preformed vitamin A. The Panel proposes to retain the UL for preformed vitamin A of 3000 μg RE/day for adults. This UL applies to men and women, including women of child-bearing age, pregnant and lactating women and post-menopausal women. This value was scaled down to other population groups using allometric scaling (body weight0.75), leading to ULs between 600 μg RE/day (infants 4-11 months) and 2600 μg RE/day (adolescents 15-17 years). Based on available intake data, European populations are unlikely to exceed the UL for preformed vitamin A if consumption of liver, offal and products thereof is limited to once per month or less. Women who are planning to become pregnant or who are pregnant are advised not to consume liver products. Lung cancer risk was selected as the critical effect of excess supplemental β-carotene. The available data were not sufficient and suitable to characterise a dose-response relationship and identify a reference point; therefore, no UL could be established. There is no indication that β-carotene intake from the background diet is associated with adverse health effects. Smokers should avoid consuming food supplements containing β-carotene. The use of supplemental β-carotene by the general population should be limited to the purpose of meeting vitamin A requirements.
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Lerner UH. Vitamin A - discovery, metabolism, receptor signaling and effects on bone mass and fracture susceptibility. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1298851. [PMID: 38711977 PMCID: PMC11070503 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1298851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The first evidence of the existence of vitamin A was the observation 1881 that a substance present in small amounts in milk was necessary for normal development and life. It was not until more than 100 years later that it was understood that vitamin A acts as a hormone through nuclear receptors. Unlike classical hormones, vitamin A cannot be synthesized by the body but needs to be supplied by the food as retinyl esters in animal products and ß-carotene in vegetables and fruits. Globally, vitamin A deficiency is a huge health problem, but in the industrialized world excess of vitamin A has been suggested to be a risk factor for secondary osteoporosis and enhanced susceptibility to fractures. Preclinical studies unequivocally have shown that increased amounts of vitamin A cause decreased cortical bone mass and weaker bones due to enhanced periosteal bone resorption. Initial clinical studies demonstrated a negative association between intake of vitamin A, as well as serum levels of vitamin A, and bone mass and fracture susceptibility. In some studies, these observations have been confirmed, but in other studies no such associations have been observed. One meta-analysis found that both low and high serum levels of vitamin A were associated with increased relative risk of hip fractures. Another meta-analysis also found that low levels of serum vitamin A increased the risk for hip fracture but could not find any association with high serum levels of vitamin A and hip fracture. It is apparent that more clinical studies, including large numbers of incident fractures, are needed to determine which levels of vitamin A that are harmful or beneficial for bone mass and fracture. It is the aim of the present review to describe how vitamin A was discovered and how vitamin A is absorbed, metabolized and is acting as a ligand for nuclear receptors. The effects by vitamin A in preclinical studies are summarized and the clinical investigations studying the effect by vitamin A on bone mass and fracture susceptibility are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf H. Lerner
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Osteoporosis Centre and Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Miao Q, Si X, Zhao Q, Zhang H, Qin Y, Tang C, Zhang J. Deposition and enrichment of carotenoids in livestock products: An overview. Food Chem X 2024; 21:101245. [PMID: 38426078 PMCID: PMC10901861 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
A wide range of research has illustrated that carotenoids play a key role in human health through their versatile beneficial biological functions. Traditionally, the majority dietary sources of carotenoids for humans are obtained from vegetables and fruits, however, the contribution of animal-derived foods has attracted more interest in recent years. Livestock products such as eggs, meat, and milk have been considered as the appropriate and unique carriers for the deposition of carotenoids. In addition, with the enrichment of carotenoids, the nutritional quality of these animal-origin foods would be improved as well as the economic value. Here, we offer an overview covering aspects including the physicochemical properties of carotenoids, the situation of carotenoids fortified in livestock products, and the pathways that lead to the deposition of carotenoids in livestock products. The summary of these important nutrients in livestock products will provide references for animal husbandry and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xueyang Si
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qingyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuchang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chaohua Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Li Y, Xiong Z, Jiang WL, Tian D, Zhou H, Hou Q, Xiao L, Zhang M, Huang L, Zhong L, Zhou L, Zeng GG. An innovative viewpoint on the existing and prospectiveness of SR-B1. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102226. [PMID: 38040207 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Scavenger Receptor Class B Type 1 (SR-B1), a receptor protein expressed on the cell membrane, plays a crucial role in the metabolism and transport of cholesterol and other lipids, contributing significantly to the homeostasis of lipid levels within the body. Bibliometric analysis involves the application of mathematical and statistical methods to quantitatively analyze different types of documents. It involves the analysis of structural and temporal trends in scholarly articles, coupled with the identification of subject emphasis and variations. Through a bibliometric analysis, this study examines the historical background, current research trends, and future directions in the exploration of SR-B1. By offering insights into the research status and development of SR-B1, this paper aims to assist researchers in identifying novel pathways and areas of investigation in this field of study. Following the screening process, it can be concluded that research on SR-B1 has consistently remained a topic of significant interest over the past 17 years. Interestingly, SR-B1 has recently garnered attention in areas beyond its traditional research focus, including the field of cancer. The primary objective of this review is to provide a concise and accessible overview of the development process of SR-B1 that can help readers who are not well-versed in SR-B1 research quickly grasp its key aspects. Furthermore, this review aims to offer insights and suggestions to researchers regarding potential future research directions and areas of emphasis relating to SR-B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonggui Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Digestive Internal Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhijie Xiong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Digestive Internal Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Wan-Li Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Dandan Tian
- School of Nursing, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Haiyou Zhou
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Digestive Internal Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; 2020 Grade Excellent Doctor Class of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Qin Hou
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Liang Xiao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Digestive Internal Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; 2020 Grade Excellent Doctor Class of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Liubin Huang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Lianping Zhong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Digestive Internal Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Southwest University Public Health Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Guang-Gui Zeng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Department of Digestive Internal Medicine, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; 2020 Grade Excellent Doctor Class of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China.
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Xiao YY, Zhang Q, Huang F, Rao L, Yao TX, Yang SY, Xie L, Zou XX, Cai LP, Yang JW, Yang B, Huang LS. Single-cell profiling of the pig cecum at various developmental stages. Zool Res 2024; 45:55-68. [PMID: 38114433 PMCID: PMC10839672 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is essential for food digestion, nutrient absorption, waste elimination, and microbial defense. Single-cell transcriptome profiling of the intestinal tract has greatly enriched our understanding of cellular diversity, functional heterogeneity, and their importance in intestinal tract development and disease. Although such profiling has been extensively conducted in humans and mice, the single-cell gene expression landscape of the pig cecum remains unexplored. Here, single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on 45 572 cells obtained from seven cecal samples in pigs at four different developmental stages (days (D) 30, 42, 150, and 730). Analysis revealed 12 major cell types and 38 subtypes, as well as their distinctive genes, transcription factors, and regulons, many of which were conserved in humans. An increase in the relative proportions of CD8 + T and Granzyme A (low expression) natural killer T cells (GZMA low NKT) cells and a decrease in the relative proportions of epithelial stem cells, Tregs, RHEX + T cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) were noted across the developmental stages. Moreover, the post-weaning period exhibited an up-regulation in mitochondrial genes, COX2 and ND2, as well as genes involved in immune activation in multiple cell types. Cell-cell crosstalk analysis indicated that IBP6 + fibroblasts were the main signal senders at D30, whereas IBP6 - fibroblasts assumed this role at the other stages. NKT cells established interactions with epithelial cells and IBP6 + fibroblasts in the D730 cecum through mediation of GZMA-F2RL1/F2RL2 pairs. This study provides valuable insights into cellular heterogeneity and function in the pig cecum at different development stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yuan Xiao
- National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Fei Huang
- National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Lin Rao
- National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Tian-Xiong Yao
- National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Si-Yu Yang
- National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Lei Xie
- National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Zou
- National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Li-Ping Cai
- National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jia-Wen Yang
- National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Bin Yang
- National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China. E-mail:
| | - Lu-Sheng Huang
- National Key Laboratory for Swine Genetic Improvement and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China. E-mail:
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Miao Q, Tang C, Yang Y, Zhao Q, Li F, Qin Y, Zhang J. Deposition and bioconversion law of β-carotene in laying hens after long-term supplementation under adequate vitamin A status in the diet. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103046. [PMID: 37708765 PMCID: PMC10502406 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Carotene, because it is the precursor of vitamin A and has versatile biological roles, has been applied as a feed additive in the poultry industry for a long time. In this study, we investigated the deposition and bioconversion of β-carotene in laying hens. A total of 600 Hy-line brown laying hens at 40 wk of age were randomly divided into 5 dietary treatments, each group's dietary supplemental levels of β-carotene were 0, 15, 30, 60, 120 mg/kg feed, and the vitamin A levels were all 8,000 IU/kg. After 14-wk trial, samples were collected, then carotenoids and different forms of vitamin A were detected using the novel method developed by our laboratory. We found that dietary β-carotene treatment had no significant effects on laying hens' production performance and egg quality (P > 0.05), except the yolk color. The deposition of β-carotene in the body gradually increased (P < 0.01) with the supplemental dose, whereas the contents of lutein and zeaxanthin decreased (P < 0.05). When the β-carotene supplemental level was above 30 mg/kg in the diet, the different forms of vitamin A in in serum, liver, ovary, and yolks were increased compared to the control group (P < 0.05). However, these indicators decreased when the additional dose was 120 mg/kg. Moreover, the mRNA levels of the genes involved in β-carotene absorption, bioconversion, and negative feedback regulation in duodenal mucosa and liver were upregulated after long-term feeding (P < 0.05). Histological staining of the ovaries indicated that the deposition of β-carotene led to a lower rate of follicle atresia (P < 0.05), and this positive effects may be related to the antioxidant function of β-carotene, which caused a reduction of oxidation products in the ovary (P < 0.05). Altogether, β-carotene could accumulate in laying hens intactly and exert its biological functions in tissue. Meanwhile, a part of β-carotene could also be converted into vitamin A but this bioconversion has an upper limit and negative feedback regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chaohua Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Youyou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qingyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fadi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yuchang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Moran NE, Wade J, Stroh R, Stoll B, Guthrie G, Hair AB, Burrin DG. Preterm Pigs Fed Donor Human Milk Have Greater Liver β-Carotene Concentrations than Pigs Fed Infant Formula. J Nutr 2023; 153:3185-3192. [PMID: 37666415 PMCID: PMC10687614 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Milk carotenoids may support preterm infant health and neurodevelopment. Infants fed human milk often have higher blood and tissue carotenoid concentrations than infants fed carotenoid-containing infant formula (IF). Donor human milk (DHM) is a supplement to mother's own milk, used to support preterm infant nutrition. OBJECTIVES We tested whether tissue and plasma β-carotene concentrations would be higher in preterm pigs fed pasteurized DHM versus premature IF. METHODS This is a secondary analysis of samples collected from a study of the effects of enteral diet composition on necrotizing enterocolitis incidence. Preterm pigs received partial enteral feeding of either DHM (n = 7) or premature IF (n = 7) from 2 to 7 d of age. The diets provided similar β-carotene (32 nM), but DHM had higher lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene, whereas IF had higher total vitamin A. Plasma, liver, and jejunum carotenoid and vitamin A concentrations were measured by HPLC-PDA. Jejunal expression of 12 genes associated with carotenoid and lipid metabolism were measured. RESULTS Liver β-carotene concentrations were higher in DHM- than IF-fed piglets (23 ± 4 compared with 16 ± 2 μg/g, respectively, P = 0.0024), whereas plasma and jejunal β-carotene concentrations were similar between diets. Liver vitamin A stores were higher in piglets fed IF than DHM (50.6 ± 10.1 compared with 30.9 ± 7.2 μg/g, respectively, P=0.0013); however, plasma vitamin A was similar between groups. Plasma, liver, and jejunum concentrations of lutein, zeaxanthin, and lycopene were higher with DHM than IF feeding. Relative to piglets fed DHM, jejunal low density lipoprotein receptor (Ldlr) expression was higher (61%, P = 0.018) and cluster determinant 36 (Cd36) expression (-27%, P = 0.034) was lower in IF-fed piglets. CONCLUSIONS Preterm pigs fed DHM accumulate more liver β-carotene than IF-fed pigs. Future studies should further investigate infant carotenoid bioactivity and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E Moran
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Joshua Wade
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Rachel Stroh
- School of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Barbara Stoll
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Gregory Guthrie
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Amy B Hair
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Douglas G Burrin
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Miller AP, Hornero-Méndez D, Bandara S, Parra-Rivero O, Limón MC, von Lintig J, Avalos J, Amengual J. Bioavailability and provitamin A activity of neurosporaxanthin in mice. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1068. [PMID: 37864015 PMCID: PMC10589281 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Various species of ascomycete fungi synthesize the carboxylic carotenoid neurosporaxanthin. The unique chemical structure of this xanthophyll reveals that: (1) Its carboxylic end and shorter length increase the polarity of neurosporaxanthin in comparison to other carotenoids, and (2) it contains an unsubstituted β-ionone ring, conferring the potential to form vitamin A. Previously, neurosporaxanthin production was optimized in Fusarium fujikuroi, which allowed us to characterize its antioxidant properties in in vitro assays. In this study, we assessed the bioavailability of neurosporaxanthin compared to other provitamin A carotenoids in mice and examined whether it can be cleaved by the two carotenoid-cleaving enzymes: β-carotene-oxygenase 1 (BCO1) and 2 (BCO2). Using Bco1-/-Bco2-/- mice, we report that neurosporaxanthin displays greater bioavailability than β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin, as evidenced by higher accumulation and decreased fecal elimination. Enzymatic assays with purified BCO1 and BCO2, together with feeding studies in wild-type, Bco1-/-, Bco2-/-, and Bco1-/-Bco2-/- mice, revealed that neurosporaxanthin is a substrate for either carotenoid-cleaving enzyme. Wild-type mice fed neurosporaxanthin displayed comparable amounts of vitamin A to those fed β-carotene. Together, our study unveils neurosporaxanthin as a highly bioavailable fungal carotenoid with provitamin A activity, highlighting its potential as a novel food additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Miller
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Sepalika Bandara
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Obdulia Parra-Rivero
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - M Carmen Limón
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Javier Avalos
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
| | - Jaume Amengual
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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10
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Macedo MH, Torras N, García-Díaz M, Barrias C, Sarmento B, Martínez E. The shape of our gut: Dissecting its impact on drug absorption in a 3D bioprinted intestinal model. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 153:213564. [PMID: 37482042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
The small intestine is a complex organ with a characteristic architecture and a major site for drug and nutrient absorption. The three-dimensional (3D) topography organized in finger-like protrusions called villi increases surface area remarkably, granting a more efficient absorption process. The intestinal mucosa, where this process occurs, is a multilayered and multicell-type tissue barrier. In vitro intestinal models are routinely used to study different physiological and pathological processes in the gut, including compound absorption. Still, standard models are typically two-dimensional (2D) and represent only the epithelial barrier, lacking the cues offered by the 3D architecture and the stromal components present in vivo, often leading to inaccurate results. In this work, we studied the impact of the 3D architecture of the gut on drug transport using a bioprinted 3D model of the intestinal mucosa containing both the epithelial and the stromal compartments. Human intestinal fibroblasts were embedded in a previously optimized hydrogel bioink, and enterocytes and goblet cells were seeded on top to mimic the intestinal mucosa. The embedded fibroblasts thrived inside the hydrogel, remodeling the surrounding extracellular matrix. The epithelial cells fully covered the hydrogel scaffolds and formed a uniform cell layer with barrier properties close to in vivo. In particular, the villus-like model revealed overall increased permeability compared to a flat counterpart composed by the same hydrogel and cells. In addition, the efflux activity of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) transporter was significantly reduced in the villus-like scaffold compared to a flat model, and the genetic expression of other drugs transporters was, in general, more relevant in the villus-like model. Globally, this study corroborates that the presence of the 3D architecture promotes a more physiological differentiation of the epithelial barrier, providing more accurate data on drug absorbance measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Helena Macedo
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Rua Alfredo, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Núria Torras
- IBEC - Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, BIST - The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María García-Díaz
- IBEC - Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, BIST - The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Barrias
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Rua Alfredo, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Rua Alfredo, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; CESPU - Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
| | - Elena Martínez
- IBEC - Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, BIST - The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER-BBN - Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Avenida Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Electronics and Biomedical Engineering Department, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí I Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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11
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Nishida Y, Berg PC, Shakersain B, Hecht K, Takikawa A, Tao R, Kakuta Y, Uragami C, Hashimoto H, Misawa N, Maoka T. Astaxanthin: Past, Present, and Future. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:514. [PMID: 37888449 PMCID: PMC10608541 DOI: 10.3390/md21100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AX), a lipid-soluble pigment belonging to the xanthophyll carotenoids family, has recently garnered significant attention due to its unique physical properties, biochemical attributes, and physiological effects. Originally recognized primarily for its role in imparting the characteristic red-pink color to various organisms, AX is currently experiencing a surge in interest and research. The growing body of literature in this field predominantly focuses on AXs distinctive bioactivities and properties. However, the potential of algae-derived AX as a solution to various global environmental and societal challenges that threaten life on our planet has not received extensive attention. Furthermore, the historical context and the role of AX in nature, as well as its significance in diverse cultures and traditional health practices, have not been comprehensively explored in previous works. This review article embarks on a comprehensive journey through the history leading up to the present, offering insights into the discovery of AX, its chemical and physical attributes, distribution in organisms, and biosynthesis. Additionally, it delves into the intricate realm of health benefits, biofunctional characteristics, and the current market status of AX. By encompassing these multifaceted aspects, this review aims to provide readers with a more profound understanding and a robust foundation for future scientific endeavors directed at addressing societal needs for sustainable nutritional and medicinal solutions. An updated summary of AXs health benefits, its present market status, and potential future applications are also included for a well-rounded perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nishida
- Fuji Chemical Industries, Co., Ltd., 55 Yokohoonji, Kamiich-machi, Nakaniikawa-gun, Toyama 930-0405, Japan
| | | | - Behnaz Shakersain
- AstaReal AB, Signum, Forumvägen 14, Level 16, 131 53 Nacka, Sweden; (P.C.B.); (B.S.)
| | - Karen Hecht
- AstaReal, Inc., 3 Terri Lane, Unit 12, Burlington, NJ 08016, USA;
| | - Akiko Takikawa
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan;
| | - Ruohan Tao
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Yumeka Kakuta
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Chiasa Uragami
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Hideki Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1 Gakuen-Uegahara, Sanda 669-1330, Japan; (R.T.); (Y.K.); (C.U.); (H.H.)
| | - Norihiko Misawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, Suematsu, Nonoichi-shi 921-8836, Japan;
| | - Takashi Maoka
- Research Institute for Production Development, 15 Shimogamo-morimoto-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-0805, Japan
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12
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Terao J. Revisiting carotenoids as dietary antioxidants for human health and disease prevention. Food Funct 2023; 14:7799-7824. [PMID: 37593767 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo02330c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Humans are unique indiscriminate carotenoid accumulators, so the human body accumulates a wide range of dietary carotenoids of different types and to varying concentrations. Carotenoids were once recognized as physiological antioxidants because of their ability to quench singlet molecular oxygen (1O2). In the 1990s, large-scale intervention studies failed to demonstrate that supplementary β-carotene intake reduces the incidence of lung cancer, although its antioxidant activity was supposed to contribute to the prevention of oxidative stress-induced carcinogenesis. Nevertheless, the antioxidant activity of carotenoids has attracted renewed attention as the pathophysiological role of 1O2 has emerged, and as the ability of dietary carotenoids to induce antioxidant enzymes has been revealed. This review focuses on six major carotenoids from fruit and vegetables and revisits their physiological functions as biological antioxidants from the standpoint of health promotion and disease prevention. β-Carotene 9',10'-oxygenase-derived oxidative metabolites trigger increases in the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Lutein and zeaxanthin selectively accumulate in human macular cells to protect against light-induced macular impairment by acting as antioxidants. Lycopene accumulates exclusively and to high concentrations in the testis, where its antioxidant activity may help to eliminate oxidative damage. Dietary carotenoids appear to exert their antioxidant activity in photo-irradiated skin after their persistent deposition in the skin. An acceptable level of dietary carotenoids for disease prevention should be established because they can have deleterious effects as prooxidants if they accumulate to excess levels. Finally, it is expected that the reason why humans are indiscriminate carotenoid accumulators will be understood soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Terao
- Faculty of Medicine, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
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13
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Bradley MJ, Black M, Arballo JR, Amengual J, Erdman JW. Lycopene Accumulation in Transgenic Mice Lacking One or Both Carotenoid Cleaving Enzymes. J Nutr 2023; 153:2216-2227. [PMID: 37269907 PMCID: PMC10447616 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-carotene oxygenase 1 (BCO1) and β-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2) are responsible for the cleavage of carotenoids in mammals. OBJECTIVE The goals of this study were to (1) establish the relative contribution of each enzyme on lycopene accumulation in mice and (2) examine the role of lycopene on gene expression in the gut of wild type (WT) mice. METHODS We utilized male and female WT, Bco1-/-, Bco2-/-, and Bco1-/-Bco2-/- double knockout (DKO) mice. We gavaged the mice with either 1 mg of lycopene resuspended in cottonseed oil or vehicle as a control group daily for 2 wk. In a second study, we evaluated the effect of dietary vitamin A on lycopene absorption and intestinal gene expression by RT-PCR. We also quantified lycopene concentration isomer distribution by high performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Of the 11 tissues measured, the liver accounted for 94 to 98% of the lycopene content across genotypes. We did not observe sex differences between genotypes, although hepatic lycopene levels in Bco1-/- mice were approximately half in comparison to the other genotypes; Bco1-/- verses Bco2-/- (P < 0.0001), DKO mice (P < 0.001), WT (ns). Analyses of mitochondrial lycopene content revealed a 3- to 5-fold enrichment compared with total hepatic content (P < 0.05) in all genotypes and sexes. In our second study, WT mice fed a vitamin A-deficient diet (VAD) accumulated greater amounts of lycopene in the liver than those fed a vitamin A-sufficient diet (VAS) (P < 0.01). These changes were accompanied by an upregulation of the vitamin A-responsive transcription factor intestine specific homeobox (ISX) in mice fed VAD + lycopene and VAS + lycopene diets compared with VAD control-fed mice (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that BCO2 is the primary lycopene cleavage enzyme in mice. Lycopene concentration was enriched in the mitochondria of hepatocytes independently of genotype, and lycopene stimulated vitamin A signaling in WT mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn J Bradley
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Molly Black
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Joseph R Arballo
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Jaume Amengual
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL; Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.
| | - John W Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL; Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801.
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14
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Thomas LD, Ramkumar S, Golczak M, von Lintig J. Genetic deletion of Bco2 and Isx establishes a golden mouse model for carotenoid research. Mol Metab 2023; 73:101742. [PMID: 37225015 PMCID: PMC10250156 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Low plasma levels of carotenoids are associated with mortality and chronic disease states. Genetic studies in animals revealed that the tissue accumulation of these dietary pigments is associated with the genes encoding β-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2) and the scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1). Here we examined in mice how BCO2 and SR-B1 affect the metabolism of the model carotenoid zeaxanthin that serves as a macular pigment in the human retina. METHODS We used mice with a lacZ reporter gene knock-in to determine Bco2 expression patterns in the small intestine. By genetic dissection, we studied the contribution of BCO2 and SR-B1 to zeaxanthin uptake homeostasis and tissue accumulation under different supply conditions (50 mg/kg and 250 mg/kg). We determined the metabolic profiles of zeaxanthin and its metabolites in different tissues by LC-MS using standard and chiral columns. An albino Isx-/-/Bco2-/- mouse homozygous for Tyrc-2J was generated to study the effect of light on ocular zeaxanthin metabolites. RESULTS We demonstrate that BCO2 is highly expressed in enterocytes of the small intestine. Genetic deletion of Bco2 led to enhanced accumulation of zeaxanthin, indicating that the enzyme serves as a gatekeeper of zeaxanthin bioavailability. Relaxing the regulation of SR-B1 expression in enterocytes by genetic deletion of the transcription factor ISX further enhanced zeaxanthin accumulation in tissues. We observed that the absorption of zeaxanthin was dose-dependent and identified the jejunum as the major zeaxanthin-absorbing intestinal region. We further showed that zeaxanthin underwent oxidation to ε,ε-3,3'-carotene-dione in mouse tissues. We detected all three enantiomers of the zeaxanthin oxidation product whereas the parent zeaxanthin only existed as (3R, 3'R)-enantiomer in the diet. The ratio of oxidized to parent zeaxanthin varied between tissues and was dependent on the supplementation dose. We further showed in an albino Isx-/-/Bco2-/- mouse that supra-physiological supplementation doses (250 mg/kg) with zeaxanthin rapidly induced hypercarotenemia with a golden skin phenotype and that light stress increased the concentration of oxidized zeaxanthin in the eyes. CONCLUSIONS We established the biochemical basis of zeaxanthin metabolism in mice and showed that tissue factors and abiotic stress affect the metabolism and homeostasis of this dietary lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda D Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Srinivasagan Ramkumar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Marcin Golczak
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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15
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Bui AQ, Gunathilake M, Lee J, Oh JH, Chang HJ, Sohn DK, Shin A, Kim J. Interaction between retinol intake and ISX rs5755368 polymorphism in colorectal cancer risk: a case-control study in a Korean population. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10187. [PMID: 37349365 PMCID: PMC10287678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36973-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine whether the ISX rs5755368 genotypes are associated with the effect of dietary retinol consumption on CRC risk. We recruited 923 CRC patients and 1846 controls to identify the association between dietary retinol and CRC risk. Dietary retinol intake was assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Genotype data were available for 1419 patients (600 cases and 819 controls) of the total study population. Genotyping was performed using an Illumina MEGA Expanded Array. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using unconditional logistic regression models. Retinol intake was inversely associated with CRC (OR = 0.49; 95% CI = 0.37-0.63). Participants with AA genotype showed lower CRC risk than subjects carrying the G allele (AG + GG) (OR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.58-0.99). A 68% reduced risk of CRC was related to subjects who had the highest retinol intake and carrying AA genotype compared to the risk of participants consumed the lowest retinol intake and carrying the G allele (OR = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.20-0.53; P interaction = 0.026). Retinol intake could be a protective factor for CRC risk while this association could be strengthened among individuals carrying the homozygous AA genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Quynh Bui
- Department of Cancer Control and Population Health, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Madhawa Gunathilake
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, 10408, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jeonghee Lee
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, 10408, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Oh
- Center for Colorectal Cancer, National Cancer Center Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Hee Jin Chang
- Center for Colorectal Cancer, National Cancer Center Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Dae Kyung Sohn
- Center for Colorectal Cancer, National Cancer Center Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Aesun Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Jongno-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeongseon Kim
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, 10408, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
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16
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Tan KML, Chee J, Lim KLM, Ng M, Gong M, Xu J, Tin F, Natarajan P, Lee BL, Ong CN, Tint MT, Kee MZL, Müller-Riemenschneider F, Gluckman PD, Meaney MJ, Kumar M, Karnani N, Eriksson JG, Nandanan B, Wyss A, Cameron-Smith D. Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of β-Cryptoxanthin Supplementation in Healthy Women: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102325. [PMID: 37242207 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-cryptoxanthin is a dietary carotenoid for which there have been few studies on the safety and pharmacokinetics following daily oral supplementation. METHODS 90 healthy Asian women between 21 and 35 years were randomized into three groups: 3 and 6 mg/day oral β-cryptoxanthin, and placebo. At 2, 4, and 8 weeks of supplementation, plasma carotenoid levels were measured. The effects of β-cryptoxanthin on blood retinoid-dependent gene expression, mood, physical activity and sleep, metabolic parameters, and fecal microbial composition were investigated. RESULTS β-cryptoxanthin supplementation for 8 weeks (3 and 6 mg/day) was found to be safe and well tolerated. Plasma β-cryptoxanthin concentration was significantly higher in the 6 mg/day group (9.0 ± 4.1 µmol/L) compared to 3 mg/day group (6.0 ± 2.6 µmol/L) (p < 0.03), and placebo (0.4 ± 0.1 µmol/L) (p < 0.001) after 8 weeks. Plasma all-trans retinol, α-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin levels were not significantly changed. No effects were found on blood retinol-dependent gene expression, mood, physical activity and sleep, metabolic parameters, and fecal microbial composition. CONCLUSIONS Oral β-cryptoxanthin supplementation over 8 weeks lead to high plasma concentrations of β-cryptoxanthin, with no impact on other carotenoids, and was well tolerated in healthy women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M L Tan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore 117609, Singapore
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Jolene Chee
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Kezlyn L M Lim
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Maisie Ng
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore 117609, Singapore
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Min Gong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Jia Xu
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Felicia Tin
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Padmapriya Natarajan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Bee Lan Lee
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Choon Nam Ong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
| | - Mya Thway Tint
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore 117609, Singapore
- Human Potential Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Michelle Z L Kee
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore 117609, Singapore
| | - Falk Müller-Riemenschneider
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117549, Singapore
- Digital Health Centre, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10179 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter D Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore 117609, Singapore
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore 117609, Singapore
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4H 1R3, Canada
| | - Mukkesh Kumar
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore 117609, Singapore
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore 138671, Singapore
| | - Neerja Karnani
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore 117609, Singapore
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore 138671, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore 117609, Singapore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Human Potential Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Adrian Wyss
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Cameron-Smith
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research Singapore, Singapore 117609, Singapore
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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17
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Bandara S, Moon J, Ramkumar S, von Lintig J. ASTER-B regulates mitochondrial carotenoid transport and homeostasis. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100369. [PMID: 37030626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The scavenger receptor class B type 1 facilitates uptake of cholesterol and carotenoids into the plasma membrane of mammalian cells. Downstream of SR-B1, ASTER-B protein mediates the non-vesicular transport of cholesterol to mitochondria for steroidogenesis. Mitochondria also are the place for the processing of carotenoids into diapocarotenoids by β-carotene oxygenase-2. However, the role of these lipid transport proteins in carotenoid metabolism has not yet been established. Herein, we showed that the recombinant StART-like lipid-binding domain of ASTER-A and B preferentially binds oxygenated carotenoids such as zeaxanthin. We established a novel carotenoid uptake assay and demonstrated that ASTER-B expressing A549 cells transport zeaxanthin to mitochondria. In contrast, the pure hydrocarbon β-carotene is not transported to the organelles, consistent with its metabolic processing to vitamin A in the cytosol by β-carotene oxygenase-1. Depletion of the plasma membrane from cholesterol by methyl-β-cyclodextrin treatment enhanced zeaxanthin but not β-carotene transport to mitochondria. Loss-of function assays by siRNA in A549 cells and the absence of zeaxanthin accumulation in mitochondria of ARPE19 cells, confirmed the pivotal role of ASTER-B in this process. Together, our study in human cell lines established ASTER-B protein as key player non-vesicular transport of zeaxanthin to mitochondria and elucidated the molecular basis of compartmentalization of the metabolism of non-provitamin A and provitamin A carotenoids in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepalika Bandara
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jean Moon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Srinivasagan Ramkumar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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18
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Li B, George EW, Vachali P, Chang FY, Gorusupudi A, Arunkumar R, Giauque NA, Wan Z, Frederick JM, Bernstein PS. Mechanism for the selective uptake of macular carotenoids mediated by the HDL cholesterol receptor SR-BI. Exp Eye Res 2023; 229:109429. [PMID: 36863431 PMCID: PMC10076185 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The macular carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin are taken up from the bloodstream into the human retina through a selective process, for which the HDL cholesterol receptor scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI) in the cells of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is thought to be a key mediator. However, the mechanism of SR-BI-mediated selective uptake of macular carotenoids is still not fully understood. Here, we investigate possible mechanisms using biological assays and cultured HEK293 cells, a cell line without endogenous SR-BI expression. Binding affinities between SR-BI and various carotenoids were measured by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy, which shows that SR-BI cannot bind lutein or zeaxanthin specifically. Overexpression of SR-BI in HEK293 cells results in more lutein and zeaxanthin taken up than β-carotene, and this effect can be eliminated by an SR-BI mutant (C384Y) whose cholesterol uptake tunnel is blocked. Next, we determined the effects of HDL and hepatic lipase (LIPC), SR-BI's partners in HDL cholesterol transport, on SR-BI-mediated carotenoid uptake. HDL addition dramatically reduced lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene in HEK293 cells expressing SR-BI, but the cellular lutein and zeaxanthin are higher than β-carotene. LIPC addition increases the uptake of all three carotenoids in HDL-treated cells, and promotes the transport of lutein and zeaxanthin better than β-carotene. Our results suggest that SR-BI and its HDL cholesterol partner HDL and LIPC may be involved in the selective uptake of macular carotenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binxing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
| | - Evan W George
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Preejith Vachali
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Fu-Yen Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Aruna Gorusupudi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Ranganathan Arunkumar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Nathan A Giauque
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Zihe Wan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Jeanne M Frederick
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA
| | - Paul S Bernstein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, 65 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT, 84132, USA.
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19
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Borel P, Troadec R, Damiani M, Halimi C, Nowicki M, Guichard P, Couturier C, Margier M, Mounien L, Grino M, Reboul E, Landrier JF, Desmarchelier C. Vitamin A deficiency during the perinatal period induces changes in vitamin A metabolism in the offspring. The regulation of intestinal vitamin A metabolism via ISX occurs only in male rats severely vitamin A-deficient. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:633-646. [PMID: 36178520 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 1) To test the hypothesis of the existence of a perinatal vitamin A (VA) programming of VA metabolism and to better understand the intestinal regulation of VA metabolism. METHODS Offspring from rats reared on a control (C) or a VA-deficient (D) diet from 6 weeks before mating until offspring weaning, i.e., 7 weeks after mating, were themselves reared on a C or D diet for 19 weeks, resulting in the following groups: C-C (parents fed C-offspring fed C), D-C, C-D and D-D. VA concentrations were measured in plasma and liver. β-Carotene bioavailability and its intestinal conversion rate to VA, as well as vitamin D and E bioavailability, were assessed after gavages with these vitamins. Expression of genes involved in VA metabolism and transport was measured in intestine and liver. RESULTS C-D and D-D had no detectable retinyl esters in their liver. Retinolemia, hepatic retinol concentrations and postprandial plasma retinol response to β-carotene gavage were higher in D-C than in C-C. Intestinal expression of Isx was abolished in C-D and D-D and this was concomitant with a higher expression of Bco1, Scarb1, Cd36 and Lrat in males receiving a D diet as compared to those receiving a C diet. β-Carotene, vitamin D and E bio-availabilities were lower in offspring receiving a D diet as compared to those receiving a C diet. CONCLUSION A VA-deficient diet during the perinatal period modifies the metabolism of this vitamin in the offspring. Isx-mediated regulation of Bco1 and Scarb1 expression exists only in males severely deficient in this vitamin. Severe VA deficiency impairs β-carotene and vitamin D and E bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Borel
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Faculté de Médecine, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.
| | - Romane Troadec
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Faculté de Médecine, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Morgane Damiani
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Faculté de Médecine, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Charlotte Halimi
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Faculté de Médecine, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Marion Nowicki
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Faculté de Médecine, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Guichard
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Faculté de Médecine, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Charlene Couturier
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Faculté de Médecine, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Marielle Margier
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Faculté de Médecine, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Lourdes Mounien
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Faculté de Médecine, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Grino
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Faculté de Médecine, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuelle Reboul
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Faculté de Médecine, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-François Landrier
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Faculté de Médecine, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Charles Desmarchelier
- Center for CardioVascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), Faculté de Médecine, INRAE, INSERM, Aix Marseille Univ, 27, boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Marseille, France
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20
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Moon J, Ramkumar S, von Lintig J. Genetic tuning of β-carotene oxygenase-1 activity rescues cone photoreceptor function in STRA6-deficient mice. Hum Mol Genet 2023; 32:798-809. [PMID: 36150025 PMCID: PMC9941828 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rod and cone photoreceptors in the retina mediate dim light and daylight vision, respectively. Despite their distinctive functions, rod and cone visual pigments utilize the same vitamin A-derived chromophore. To sustain vision, vitamin A precursors must be acquired in the gut, metabolized, and distributed to the eyes. Deficiencies in this pathway in inherited ocular disease states deplete cone photoreceptors from chromophore and eventually lead to cell death, whereas the more abundant rod photoreceptors are less affected. However, pathways that support cone function and survival under such conditions are largely unknown. Using biochemical, histological, and physiological approaches, we herein show that intervention with β-carotene in STRA6-deficient mice improved chromophore supply to cone photoreceptors. Relieving the inherent negative feedback regulation of β-carotene oxygenase-1 activity in the intestine by genetic means further bolstered cone photoreceptor functioning in the STRA6-deficient eyes. A vitamin A-rich diet, however, did not improve cone photoreceptor function in STRA6-deficiency. We provide evidence that the beneficial effect of β-carotene on cones results from favorable serum kinetics of retinyl esters in lipoproteins. The respective alterations in lipoprotein metabolism maintained a steady supply of retinoids to the STRA6-deficient eyes, which ameliorated the competition for chromophore between rod and cone photoreceptors. Together, our study elucidates a cone photoreceptor-survival pathway and unravels an unexpected metabolic connection between the gut and the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Moon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Srinivasagan Ramkumar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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21
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Radhakrishnan R, Leung M, Solanki AK, Lobo GP. Mapping of the extracellular RBP4 ligand binding domain on the RBPR2 receptor for Vitamin A transport. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1105657. [PMID: 36910150 PMCID: PMC9992173 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1105657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The distribution of dietary vitamin A/all-trans retinol/ROL throughout the body is critical for maintaining retinoid function in peripheral tissues and for retinoid delivery to the eye in the support of visual function. In the circulation, all-trans-retinol bound to the RBP4 protein is transported and sequestered into target tissues for long-term storage. Two membrane receptors that facilitate all-trans retinol uptake from RBP4 have been proposed. While it is well established that the membrane receptor, STRA6, binds to circulatory RBP4 for ROL transport into the eye, the second vitamin A receptor, RBPR2, which is expressed in non-ocular tissues, is less characterized. Based on the structural homology between these two RBP4 receptors, published literature, and from our recent work in Rbpr2 -/- deficient mice, we hypothesized that RBPR2 might also have high-binding affinity for RBP4 and this mechanism facilitates ROL transport. Herein, we aimed to elucidate the membrane topology and putative RBP4 binding residues on RBPR2 to understand its physiological function for retinoid homeostasis. Using in silico analysis and site-directed mutagenesis, we identified a potential RBP4 binding domain on RBPR2. We employed an in vitro cell-based system and confirmed that mutations of these residues on RBPR2 affected its binding to exogenous RBP4 and subsequently vitamin A uptake. Using Surface Plasmon Resonance assays, we analyzed both the binding affinities and kinetic parameters of wild-type RBPR2 and individual mutants affecting the RBPR2-RBP4 binding domain with its physiological ligand RBP4. These studies not only revealed a putative RBP4 binding domain on RBPR2 but also provided new structural, biochemical, and critical information on its proposed role in RBP4 binding for ROL transport and retinoid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Radhakrishnan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Matthias Leung
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Ashish K Solanki
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Glenn P Lobo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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22
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Zumaraga MP, Borel P, Bott R, Nowicki M, Lairon D, Desmarchelier C. The Interindividual Variability of Phytofluene Bioavailability is Associated with a Combination of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200580. [PMID: 36349532 PMCID: PMC10078114 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Phytofluene is a colorless carotenoid with potential health benefits that displays a higher bioavailability compared to carotenoids such as lutein, β-carotene or lycopene. Several studies suggest its bioavailability displays an elevated interindividual variability. The aim of this work is to investigate whether a combination of SNPs is associated with this variability. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty-seven healthy adult males consume a test meal that provides phytofluene from a tomato puree. Phytofluene concentrations are measured at fast and in chylomicrons at regular time intervals after meal intake. Identification of the combination of SNPs that best explained the interindividual variability of the phytofluene response is assessed by partial least squares regression. There is a large interindividual variability in the phytofluene response, with CV = 88%. Phytofluene bioavailability is positively correlated with fasting plasma phytofluene concentration (r = 0.57; p = 2 × 10-4 ). A robust partial least squares regression model comprising 14 SNPs near or within 11 genes (ABCA1-rs2487059, rs2515629, and rs4149316, APOC1-rs445925, CD36-rs3211881, ELOVL5-rs6941533, FABP1-rs10185660, FADS3-rs1000778, ISX-rs130461, and rs17748559, LIPC-rs17240713, LPL-rs7005359, LYPLAL1-rs1351472, SETD7-rs11936429) explains 51% (adjusted R2 ) of the interindividual variability in phytofluene bioavailability. CONCLUSIONS This study reports a combination of SNPs that is associated with a significant part of the interindividual variability of phytofluene bioavailability in a healthy male adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Pretzel Zumaraga
- C2VN, Aix Marseille Univ, INRAE, INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13005, France.,Department of Science and Technology, Food and Nutrition Research Institute, Bicutan, Taguig City, NCR 1631, Philippines
| | - Patrick Borel
- C2VN, Aix Marseille Univ, INRAE, INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - Romain Bott
- C2VN, Aix Marseille Univ, INRAE, INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - Marion Nowicki
- C2VN, Aix Marseille Univ, INRAE, INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - Denis Lairon
- C2VN, Aix Marseille Univ, INRAE, INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - Charles Desmarchelier
- C2VN, Aix Marseille Univ, INRAE, INSERM, Faculté de Médecine, 27 boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13005, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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23
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Molteni C, La Motta C, Valoppi F. Improving the Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Carotenoids by Means of Nanostructured Delivery Systems: A Comprehensive Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11101931. [PMID: 36290651 PMCID: PMC9598319 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11101931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids are bioactive compounds provided by the diet playing a key role in maintaining human health. Therefore, they should be ingested daily in an adequate amount. However, even a varied and well-balanced diet does not guarantee an adequate intake, as both the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of the compounds significantly affect their absorption. This review summarizes the main results achieved in improving the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of carotenoids by means of nanostructured delivery systems, discussing in detail the available lipid-based and biopolymeric nanocarriers at present, with a focus on their formulation and functional efficiency. Although the toxicity profile of these innovative delivery systems is not fully understood, especially for long-term intake, these systems are an effective and valuable approach to increase the availability of compounds of nutritional interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Molteni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Concettina La Motta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-2219593
| | - Fabio Valoppi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, PL 66, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, PL 64, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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24
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Wan S, Li Q, Yu H, Liu S, Kong L. A nuclear receptor heterodimer, CgPPAR2-CgRXR, acts as a regulator of carotenoid metabolism in Crassostrea gigas. Gene 2022; 827:146473. [PMID: 35390448 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are mostly ligand-activated transcription factors in animals and play essential roles in metabolism and homeostasis. The NR heterodimer composed of PPAR/RXR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor/retinoid X receptor) is considered a key regulator of lipid metabolism in vertebrate. However, in molluscs, how this heterodimer is involved in carotenoid metabolism remains unclear. To elucidate how this heterodimer regulates carotenoid metabolism, we identified a PPAR gene in C. gigas, designated as CgPPAR2 (LOC105323212), and functionally characterized it using two-hybrid and reporter systems. CgPPAR2 is a direct orthologue of vertebrate PPARs and the second PPAR gene identified in C. gigas genome in addition to CgPPAR1 (LOC105317849). The results demonstrated that CgPPAR2 protein can form heterodimer with C. gigas RXR (CgRXR), and then regulate carotenoid metabolism by controlling carotenoid cleavage oxygenases with different carotenoid cleavage efficiencies. This regulation can be affected by retinoid ligands, i.e., carotenoid derivatives, validating a negative feedback regulation mechanism of carotenoid cleavage for retinoid production. Besides, organotins may disrupt this regulatory process through the mediation of CgPPAR2/CgRXR heterodimer. This is the first report of PPAR/RXR heterodimer regulating carotenoid metabolism in mollusks, contributing to a better understanding of the evolution and conservation of this nuclear receptor heterodimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Wan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Hong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shikai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lingfeng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
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25
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Mice Lacking the Systemic Vitamin A Receptor RBPR2 Show Decreased Ocular Retinoids and Loss of Visual Function. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122371. [PMID: 35745101 PMCID: PMC9231411 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This work represents an initial evaluation of the second RBP4-vitamin A receptor RBPR2 in a mammalian model. We provide evidence that the membrane localized RBPR2 protein, under variable conditions of dietary vitamin A intake, plays an important role for dietary vitamin A transport to the eye for ocular retinoid homeostasis and visual function. These findings are of general interest, as disturbances in blood and ocular vitamin A homeostasis are linked to retinal degenerative diseases, which are blinding diseases. The animal model described here could also serve as an in vivo tool to study mechanisms related to retinal cell degeneration that are associated with vitamin A deficiency. Abstract The systemic transport of dietary vitamin A/all-trans retinol bound to RBP4 into peripheral tissues for storage is an essential physiological process that continuously provides visual chromophore precursors to the retina under fasting conditions. This mechanism is critical for phototransduction, photoreceptor cell maintenance and survival, and in the support of visual function. While the membrane receptor STRA6 facilitates the blood transport of lipophilic vitamin A into the eye, it is not expressed in most peripheral organs, which are proposed to express a second membrane receptor for the uptake of vitamin A from circulating RBP4. The discovery of a novel vitamin A receptor, RBPR2, which is expressed in the liver and intestine, but not in the eye, alluded to this long-sort non-ocular membrane receptor for systemic RBP4-ROL uptake and transport. We have previously shown in zebrafish that the retinol-binding protein receptor 2 (Rbpr2) plays an important role in the transport of yolk vitamin A to the eye. Mutant rbpr2 zebrafish lines manifested in decreased ocular retinoid concentrations and retinal phenotypes. To investigate a physiological role for the second vitamin A receptor, RBPR2, in mammals and to analyze the metabolic basis of systemic vitamin A transport for retinoid homeostasis, we established a whole-body Rbpr2 knockout mouse (Rbpr2−/−) model. These mice were viable on both vitamin A-sufficient and -deficient diets. Rbpr2−/− mice that were fed a vitamin A-sufficient diet displayed lower ocular retinoid levels, decreased opsins, and manifested in decrease visual function, as measured by electroretinography. Interestingly, when Rbpr2−/− mice were fed a vitamin A-deficient diet, they additionally showed shorter photoreceptor outer segment phenotypes, altogether manifesting in a significant loss of visual function. Thus, under conditions replicating vitamin A sufficiency and deficiency, our analyses revealed that RBPR2-mediated systemic vitamin A transport is a regulated process that is important for vitamin A delivery to the eye when RBP4-bound ROL is the only transport pathway in the fasting condition or under vitamin A deficiency conditions.
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26
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Gürbüz M, Aktaç Ş. Understanding the role of vitamin A and its precursors in the immune system. NUTR CLIN METAB 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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27
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Suzuki M, Tomita M. Genetic Variations of Vitamin A-Absorption and Storage-Related Genes, and Their Potential Contribution to Vitamin A Deficiency Risks Among Different Ethnic Groups. Front Nutr 2022; 9:861619. [PMID: 35571879 PMCID: PMC9096837 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.861619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A, an essential fat-soluble micronutrient, plays a critical role in the body, by regulating vision, immune responses, and normal development, for instance. Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is a major cause of xerophthalmia and increases the risk of death from infectious diseases. It is also emerging that prenatal exposure to VAD is associated with disease risks later in life. The overall prevalence of VAD has significantly declined over recent decades; however, the rate of VAD is still high in many low- and mid-income countries and even in high-income countries among specific ethnic/race groups. While VAD occurs when dietary intake is insufficient to meet demands, establishing a strong association between food insecurity and VAD, and vitamin A supplementation is the primary solution to treat VAD, genetic contributions have also been reported to effect serum vitamin A levels. In this review, we discuss genetic variations associated with vitamin A status and vitamin A bioactivity-associated genes, specifically those linked to uptake of the vitamin in the small intestine and its storage in the liver, as well as their potential contribution to vitamin A deficiency risks among different ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Suzuki
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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28
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Moon J, Ramkumar S, von Lintig J. Genetic dissection in mice reveals a dynamic crosstalk between the delivery pathways of vitamin A. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100215. [PMID: 35452666 PMCID: PMC9142562 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is distributed within the body to support chromophore synthesis in the eyes and retinoid signaling in most other tissues. Two pathways exist for the delivery of vitamin A: the extrinsic pathway transports dietary vitamin A in lipoproteins from intestinal enterocytes to tissues, while the intrinsic pathway distributes vitamin A from hepatic stores bound to serum retinol-binding protein. Previously, the transcription factor ISX and the retinol binding protein receptor STRA6 were identified as gatekeepers of these pathways; however, it is not clear how mutations in the corresponding genes affect retinoid homeostasis. Here, we used a genetic dissection approach in mice to examine the contributions of these proteins in select tissues. We observed that ISX-deficiency increased utilization of both preformed and pro-vitamin A. We found that increased storage of retinoids in peripheral tissues of ISX-deficient mice was dependent on STRA6 and induced by retinoid signaling. In addition, double mutant mice exhibited a partial rescue of the Stra6 mutant ocular phenotype. This rescue came at the expense of a massive accumulation of vitamin A in other tissues, demonstrating that vitamin A is randomly distributed when present in excessive amounts. Remarkably, pro-vitamin A supplementation of mutant mice induced the expression of the retinol-binding protein receptor 2 in the liver and was accompanied by increased hepatic retinyl ester stores. Taken together, these findings indicate dynamic crosstalk between the delivery pathways for this essential nutrient and suggest that hepatic reuptake of vitamin A takes place when excessive amounts circulate in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Moon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Srinivasagan Ramkumar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH.
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Wan S, Li Q, Yu H, Liu S, Kong L. Transcriptome analysis based on dietary beta-carotene supplement reveals genes potentially involved in carotenoid metabolism in Crassostrea gigas. Gene 2022; 818:146226. [PMID: 35063572 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential micronutrients for animals, and they can only be obtained from the diet for mollusk as well as other animals. In the body, carotenoids undergo processes including absorption, transport, deposition, and metabolic conversion; however, knowledge of the involved genes is still limited. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms of carotenoid processing and identify the related genes in Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas), we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis using digestive gland tissues of oysters on a beta-carotene supplemented diet or a normal diet. A total of 718 differentially expressed genes were obtained, including 505 upregulated and 213 downregulated genes in the beta-carotene supplemented group. Function Annotation and enrichment analyses revealed enrichment in genes possibly involved in carotenoid transport and storage (e.g., LOC105342035), carotenoid cleavage (e.g., LOC105341121), retinoid homeostasis (e.g., LOC105339597) and PPAR signaling pathway (e.g., LOC105323212). Notably, down-regulation of mRNA expressions of two apolipoprotein genes (LOC105342035 and LOC105342186) by RNA interference significantly decreased the carotenoid level in the digestive gland, supporting their role in carotenoid transport and storage. Based on these differentially expressed genes, we propose that there may be a negative feedback mechanism regulated by nuclear receptor transcription factors controlling carotenoid oxygenases. Our findings provide useful hints for elucidating the molecular basis of carotenoid metabolism and functions of carotenoid-related genes in the oyster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Wan
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Hong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Shikai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Lingfeng Kong
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China
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O’Connor C, Varshosaz P, Moise AR. Mechanisms of Feedback Regulation of Vitamin A Metabolism. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061312. [PMID: 35334970 PMCID: PMC8950952 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is an essential nutrient required throughout life. Through its various metabolites, vitamin A sustains fetal development, immunity, vision, and the maintenance, regulation, and repair of adult tissues. Abnormal tissue levels of the vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid, can result in detrimental effects which can include congenital defects, immune deficiencies, proliferative defects, and toxicity. For this reason, intricate feedback mechanisms have evolved to allow tissues to generate appropriate levels of active retinoid metabolites despite variations in the level and format, or in the absorption and conversion efficiency of dietary vitamin A precursors. Here, we review basic mechanisms that govern vitamin A signaling and metabolism, and we focus on retinoic acid-controlled feedback mechanisms that contribute to vitamin A homeostasis. Several approaches to investigate mechanistic details of the vitamin A homeostatic regulation using genomic, gene editing, and chromatin capture technologies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine O’Connor
- MD Program, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, 317-MSE Bldg., 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada;
| | - Parisa Varshosaz
- Biology and Biomolecular Sciences Ph.D. Program, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada;
| | - Alexander R. Moise
- Medical Sciences Division, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, 317-MSE Bldg., 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Biology and Biomolecular Sciences Program, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-705-662-7253
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Miller AP, Black M, Amengual J. Fenretinide inhibits vitamin A formation from β-carotene and regulates carotenoid levels in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159070. [PMID: 34742949 PMCID: PMC8688340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
N-[4-hydroxyphenyl]retinamide, commonly known as fenretinide, a synthetic retinoid with pleiotropic benefits for human health, is currently utilized in clinical trials for cancer, cystic fibrosis, and COVID-19. However, fenretinide reduces plasma vitamin A levels by interacting with retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), which often results in reversible night blindness in patients. Cell culture and in vitro studies show that fenretinide binds and inhibits the activity of β-carotene oxygenase 1 (BCO1), the enzyme responsible for endogenous vitamin A formation. Whether fenretinide inhibits vitamin A synthesis in mammals, however, remains unknown. The goal of this study was to determine if the inhibition of BCO1 by fenretinide affects vitamin A formation in mice fed β-carotene. Our results show that wild-type mice treated with fenretinide for ten days had a reduction in tissue vitamin A stores accompanied by a two-fold increase in β-carotene in plasma (P < 0.01) and several tissues. These effects persisted in RBP4-deficient mice and were independent of changes in intestinal β-carotene absorption, suggesting that fenretinide inhibits vitamin A synthesis in mice. Using Bco1-/- and Bco2-/- mice we also show that fenretinide regulates intestinal carotenoid and vitamin E uptake by activating vitamin A signaling during short-term vitamin A deficiency. This study provides a deeper understanding of the impact of fenretinide on vitamin A, carotenoid, and vitamin E homeostasis, which is crucial for the pharmacological utilization of this retinoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Miller
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America.
| | - Molly Black
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America.
| | - Jaume Amengual
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States of America.
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Assessment of dietary carotenoid intake and biologic measurement of exposure in humans. Methods Enzymol 2022; 674:255-295. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Li Y, Wei CH, Hodges JK, Green MH, Ross AC. Priming with Retinoic Acid, an Active Metabolite of Vitamin A, Increases Vitamin A Uptake in the Small Intestine of Neonatal Rats. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124275. [PMID: 34959827 PMCID: PMC8703606 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that combined vitamin A (VA) and retinoic acid (RA) supplementation stimulated the intestinal uptake of plasma retinyl esters in neonatal rats, we administrated an RA dose as a pretreatment before VA supplementation to investigate the distinct effect of RA on intestinal VA kinetics. On postnatal days (P) 2 and 3, half of the pups received an oral dose of RA (RA group), while the remaining received canola oil as the control (CN). On P4, after receiving an oral dose of 3H-labeled VA, pups were euthanized at selected times (n = 4–6/treatment/time) and intestine was collected. In both CN and RA groups, intestinal VA mass increased dramatically after VA supplementation; however, RA-pretreated pups had relatively higher VA levels from 10 h and accumulated 30% more VA over the 30-h study. Labeled VA rapidly peaked in the intestine of CN pups and then declined from 13 h, while a continuous increase was observed in the RA group, with a second peak at 10 h and nearly twice the accumulation of 3H-labeled VA compared to CN. Our findings indicate that RA pretreatment may stimulate the influx of supplemental VA into the intestine, and the increased VA accumulation suggests a potential VA storage capacity in neonatal intestine.
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Martin Ask N, Leung M, Radhakrishnan R, Lobo GP. Vitamin A Transporters in Visual Function: A Mini Review on Membrane Receptors for Dietary Vitamin A Uptake, Storage, and Transport to the Eye. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113987. [PMID: 34836244 PMCID: PMC8620617 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamins are essential compounds obtained through diet that are necessary for normal development and function in an organism. One of the most important vitamins for human physiology is vitamin A, a group of retinoid compounds and carotenoids, which generally function as a mediator for cell growth, differentiation, immunity, and embryonic development, as well as serving as a key component in the phototransduction cycle in the vertebrate retina. For humans, vitamin A is obtained through the diet, where provitamin A carotenoids such as β-carotene from plants or preformed vitamin A such as retinyl esters from animal sources are absorbed into the body via the small intestine and converted into all-trans retinol within the intestinal enterocytes. Specifically, once absorbed, carotenoids are cleaved by carotenoid cleavage oxygenases (CCOs), such as Beta-carotene 15,15’-monooxygenase (BCO1), to produce all-trans retinal that subsequently gets converted into all-trans retinol. CRBP2 bound retinol is then converted into retinyl esters (REs) by the enzyme lecithin retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) in the endoplasmic reticulum, which is then packaged into chylomicrons and sent into the bloodstream for storage in hepatic stellate cells in the liver or for functional use in peripheral tissues such as the retina. All-trans retinol also travels through the bloodstream bound to retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4), where it enters cells with the assistance of the transmembrane transporters, stimulated by retinoic acid 6 (STRA6) in peripheral tissues or retinol binding protein 4 receptor 2 (RBPR2) in systemic tissues (e.g., in the retina and the liver, respectively). Much is known about the intake, metabolism, storage, and function of vitamin A compounds, especially with regard to its impact on eye development and visual function in the retinoid cycle. However, there is much to learn about the role of vitamin A as a transcription factor in development and cell growth, as well as how peripheral cells signal hepatocytes to secrete all-trans retinol into the blood for peripheral cell use. This article aims to review literature regarding the major known pathways of vitamin A intake from dietary sources into hepatocytes, vitamin A excretion by hepatocytes, as well as vitamin A usage within the retinoid cycle in the RPE and retina to provide insight on future directions of novel membrane transporters for vitamin A in retinal cell physiology and visual function.
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Shilpa S, Shwetha HJ, Perumal MK, Ambedkar R, Hanumanthappa M, Baskaran V, Lakshminarayana R. Turmeric, red pepper, and black pepper affect carotenoids solubilized micelles properties and bioaccessibility: Capsaicin/piperine improves and curcumin inhibits carotenoids uptake and transport in Caco-2 cells. J Food Sci 2021; 86:4877-4891. [PMID: 34658029 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the role of spices/spice active principles on physical, biochemical, and molecular targets of bioaccessibility/bioavailability. Carotenoids-rich micellar fraction obtained through simulated digestion of green leafy vegetables (GLV) with individual or two/three combinations were correlated to their influence on bioaccessibility, cellular uptake, and basolateral secretion of carotenoids in Caco-2 cells. Results suggest that carotenoids' bioaccessibility depends on micelles physicochemical properties, which is affected due to the presence of co-treated dietary spices and their composition. Increased bioaccessibility of β-carotene (BC) and lutein (LUT) is found in GLV (spinach) digested with turmeric (TM) than red pepper (RP) and black pepper (BP). In contrast, enhanced cellular uptake and secretion of BC and LUT-rich triglyceride-rich lipoprotein is observed in the presence of RP and BP compared to the control group. In contrast, TM inhibited absorption, while retinol levels significantly reduced in the presence of TM and RP than BP. Control cells have indicated higher cleavage of β-carotene to retinol than the spice-treated group. Besides, spice active principles modulate facilitated transport of carotenoids by scavenger receptor class B type 1 (SR-B1) protein. The effect of spices on carotenoids' bioavailability is validated with active spice principles. Overall, carotenoids' bioavailability (cellular uptake and basolateral secretion) was found in the following order of treatments; piperine > capsaicin > piperine + capsaicin > curcumin + capsaicin + piperine > control > turmeric. These findings suggested that the interaction of specific dietary factors, including spice ingredients at the enterocyte level, could provide greater insight into carotenoid absorption. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Spices/spice active principles play a role in the digestion process by stimulating digestive enzymes and bile acids secretion. Since carotenoids are lipid soluble and have low bioavailability, spice ingredients' influence on intestinal absorption of carotenoids is considered crucial. Hence, understanding the interaction of co-consumed spices on the absorption process of carotenoids may help to develop functional foods/formulation of nutraceuticals to improve their health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivaprasad Shilpa
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bangalore University, Bengaluru, India
| | - Hulikere Jagdish Shwetha
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bangalore University, Bengaluru, India
| | - Madan Kumar Perumal
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India
| | - Rudrappa Ambedkar
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bangalore University, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Vallikannan Baskaran
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru, India
| | - Rangaswamy Lakshminarayana
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bangalore University, Bengaluru, India
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Borel P, Troadec R, Damiani M, Halimi C, Nowicki M, Guichard P, Margier M, Astier J, Grino M, Reboul E, Landrier JF. β-Carotene Bioavailability and Conversion Efficiency Are Significantly Affected by Sex in Rats: First Observation Suggesting a Possible Hormetic Regulation of Vitamin A Metabolism in Female Rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100650. [PMID: 34633772 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE To study the effect of variation in dietary vitamin A (VA) content on its hepatic and intestinal metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS Adult female and male rats are fed with diets containing 400, 2300, or 9858 IU kg-1 VA for 31-33 weeks. VA concentrations are measured in plasma and liver. Bioavailability and intestinal conversion efficiency of β-carotene to VA are assessed by measuring postprandial plasma β-carotene and retinyl palmitate concentrations after force-feeding rats with β-carotene. Expression of genes involved in VA metabolism, together with concentrations of RBP4, BCO1, and SR-BI proteins, are measured in the intestine and liver of female rats. Plasma retinol concentrations are lower and hepatic free retinol concentrations are higher in females than in males. There is no effect of dietary VA content on β-carotene bioavailability and its conversion efficiency, but bioavailability is higher and conversion efficiency is lower in females than in males. The expression of most genes exhibited a U-shaped dose response curve depending on VA intake. CONCLUSIONS β-Carotene bioavailability and conversion efficiency to VA are affected by the sex of rats. Results of gene expression suggest a hormetic regulation of VA metabolism in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Borel
- C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Romane Troadec
- C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Marion Nowicki
- C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Julien Astier
- C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Grino
- C2VN, INRAE, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Univ, Marseille, France
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Antoine T, Borel P, Govers R, Meiller L, Guichard P, Halimi C, Gonzalez T, Nowicki M, Sauvinet V, Grino M, Reboul E. Vitamin A Deficiency during the Perinatal Period and First Weeks of Life Modifies Vitamin A and Lipid Postprandial Metabolism in Both Female and Male Young Rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100451. [PMID: 34510719 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The effect of vitamin A deficiency on vitamin A and lipid postprandial metabolism in young rats is addressed, considering the effect of sex. METHODS AND RESULTS Sprague-Dawley rats are fed either 400 UI.kg-1 vitamin A diet (vitamin A-deficient (VAD) diet) or 2300 UI.kg-1 vitamin A (control diet), before being mated. Mothers receive the same VAD or control diet during gestation and lactation. Offspring receive the same diet than mothers until 8 weeks of age. VAD diet-fed female and male offspring display a severe vitamin A deficiency with no body weight or glucose tolerance defects. Fasting plasma triglyceride concentrations are decreased in VAD diet-fed animals compared to controls (p < 0.05). Retinyl ester postprandial responses after vitamin A gavage, expressed as area under the curves, are not different in VAD diet-fed and control animals, although retinyl ester postprandial peak is significantly delayed (p < 0.05) in VAD diet-fed rats. Lipids also accumulate in the distal part of the intestine after gavage and [1-13 C]-oleate postprandial response is decreased in VAD diet-fed males. CONCLUSION Vitamin A deficiency modulates both vitamin A absorption rate and lipid postprandial metabolism, which can partly explain the altered fasting lipid status observed in VAD diet-fed offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Antoine
- Aix-Marseille Université, INRAE, INSERM, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Borel
- Aix-Marseille Université, INRAE, INSERM, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Roland Govers
- Aix-Marseille Université, INRAE, INSERM, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Laure Meiller
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, INSERM, INRAE, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Univ-Lyon, Pierre Bénite, F-69310, France
| | | | - Charlotte Halimi
- Aix-Marseille Université, INRAE, INSERM, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Teresa Gonzalez
- Aix-Marseille Université, INRAE, INSERM, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Marion Nowicki
- Aix-Marseille Université, INRAE, INSERM, C2VN, Marseille, France
| | - Valérie Sauvinet
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Rhône-Alpes, INSERM, INRAE, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Univ-Lyon, Pierre Bénite, F-69310, France
| | - Michel Grino
- Aix-Marseille Université, INRAE, INSERM, C2VN, Marseille, France
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Effects of Heat-Killed Levilactobacillus brevis KB290 in Combination with β-Carotene on Influenza Virus Infection in Healthy Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093039. [PMID: 34578917 PMCID: PMC8467669 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza, a seasonal acute respiratory disease caused primarily by the influenza virus A or B, manifests with severe symptoms leading to considerable morbidity and mortality and is a major concern worldwide. Therefore, effective preventive measures against it are required. The aim of this trial was to evaluate the preventive effects of heat-killed Levilactobacillus brevis KB290 (KB290) in combination with β-carotene (βC) on influenza virus infections in healthy Japanese subjects aged between 20 and 59 y throughout the winter season. We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial from 16 December 2019 to 8 March 2020, comparing KB290 + βC beverage with placebo beverage. The primary endpoint was the incidence of influenza based on a doctor’s certificate. The incidence of influenza was not significantly different between the two groups. However, the subgroup analysis showed a significant difference between the two groups (influenza incidence: the KB290 + βC group 1.9%, and the placebo group 3.9%) in the subgroup of subjects aged ˂40 y, but not in the subgroup of subjects aged ≥40 y. The results of this trial suggest that the combination of KB290 and βC might be a possible candidate supplement for protection against the seasonal influenza virus infection in humans aged <40 y, although further clinical studies are needed to confirm the concrete preventive effect of this combination on influenza.
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Alharbi AM, Kilani MA, Berendschot TT. Overflow phenomenon in serum lutein after supplementation: a systematic review supported with SNPs analyses. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:1114-1119. [PMID: 34282399 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.07.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lutein, a type of carotenoids, is found to delay the onset and progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Several lutein supplementation studies showed that after an initial increase, lutein serum levels demonstrated a subsequent decrease despite continuous supplementation. In this systematic literature review, this obscure phenomenon was tried to be explained. The subsequent drop in lutein levels was postulated due to down-regulation of lutein receptors scavenger receptor class B type I (SR-BI) in the gastrointestinal tract, upregulation of lutein degrading enzyme β-carotene dioxygenase (BCDO2), or perhaps a combination of both. Some single nucleotides polymorphisms (SNPs) that could have influence on the occurrence of this phenomenon. To date, an exact scientific explanation for this phenomenon has not been established. Further research is needed to investigate this phenomenon in depth to reach an irrefutable explanation, giving that lutein is proven to be effective in delaying the onset and progression of AMD and its metabolism in the human body becomes of equal importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman M Alharbi
- Clinical Biochemistry Unit, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Tos Tjm Berendschot
- University Eye Clinic, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht 6229HX, The Netherlands
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RNAseq studies reveal distinct transcriptional response to vitamin A deficiency in small intestine versus colon, uncovering novel vitamin A-regulated genes. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 98:108814. [PMID: 34242724 PMCID: PMC8908335 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A (VA) deficiency remains prevalent in resource limited areas. Using Citrobacter rodentium infection in mice as a model for diarrheal diseases, previous reports showed reduced pathogen clearance and survival due to vitamin A deficient (VAD) status. To characterize the impact of preexisting VA deficiency on gene expression patterns in the intestines, and to discover novel target genes in VA-related biological pathways, VA deficiency in mice were induced by diet. Total mRNAs were extracted from small intestine (SI) and colon, and sequenced. Differentially Expressed Gene (DEG), Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment, and co-expression network analyses were performed. DEGs compared between VAS and VAD groups detected 49 SI and 94 colon genes. By GO information, SI DEGs were significantly enriched in categories relevant to retinoid metabolic process, molecule binding, and immune function. Three co-expression modules showed significant correlation with VA status in SI; these modules contained four known retinoic acid targets. In addition, other SI genes of interest (e.g., Mbl2, Cxcl14, and Nr0b2) in these modules were suggested as new candidate genes regulated by VA. Furthermore, our analysis showed that markers of two cell types in SI, mast cells and Tuft cells, were significantly altered by VA status. In colon, “cell division” was the only enriched category and was negatively associated with VA. Thus, these data suggested that SI and colon have distinct networks under the regulation of dietary VA, and that preexisting VA deficiency could have a significant impact on the host response to a variety of disease conditions.
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Song J, Wang C. Transcriptomic and metabonomic analyses reveal roles of VPS 29 in carotenoid accumulation in adductor muscles of QN Orange scallops. Genomics 2021; 113:2839-2846. [PMID: 34119599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In our previous studies, we demonstrated that the accumulation of carotenoids in QN Orange scallops might be regulated by the vacuolar protein sorting 29 (VPS29) gene. VPS genes are involved in pigments accumulation (including carotenoids) in some species and VPS29 is known as the core component of the membrane transport complex Retromer. However, the possible mechanism of carotenoids accumulation underlying the VPS29 remains unexplored. This study aimed to further elucidate the roles of VPS29 in the carotenoid deposition. RESULTS Transcriptomic analyses revealed four differentially expressed genes related to carotenoid accumulation, including three down-regulated genes, low-density lipoprotein receptor domain class, scavenger receptor, Niemann Pick C1-like 1, and one up-regulated gene, ATP binding cassette transporter in RNAi group. Results from metabonomic analyses indicated increased profiles of retinol and decreased fatty acids between the RNAi and the control group. CONCLUSIONS It thus speculated that VPS may be related to the accumulation of carotenoids as RNAi of VPS 29 seemed to result in a reduction in pectenolone through the blockage in the absorption of carotenoids and an accelerated cleavage of carotenoids into retinol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Song
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chunde Wang
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China.
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42
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Carazo A, Macáková K, Matoušová K, Krčmová LK, Protti M, Mladěnka P. Vitamin A Update: Forms, Sources, Kinetics, Detection, Function, Deficiency, Therapeutic Use and Toxicity. Nutrients 2021; 13:1703. [PMID: 34069881 PMCID: PMC8157347 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is a group of vital micronutrients widely present in the human diet. Animal-based products are a rich source of the retinyl ester form of the vitamin, while vegetables and fruits contain carotenoids, most of which are provitamin A. Vitamin A plays a key role in the correct functioning of multiple physiological functions. The human organism can metabolize natural forms of vitamin A and provitamin A into biologically active forms (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid), which interact with multiple molecular targets, including nuclear receptors, opsin in the retina and, according to the latest research, also some enzymes. In this review, we aim to provide a complex view on the present knowledge about vitamin A ranging from its sources through its physiological functions to consequences of its deficiency and metabolic fate up to possible pharmacological administration and potential toxicity. Current analytical methods used for its detection in real samples are included as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Carazo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Kateřina Macáková
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
| | - Kateřina Matoušová
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (L.K.K.)
| | - Lenka Kujovská Krčmová
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital Hradec Králové, Sokolská 581, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; (K.M.); (L.K.K.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michele Protti
- The Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic;
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Dewett D, Lam-Kamath K, Poupault C, Khurana H, Rister J. Mechanisms of vitamin A metabolism and deficiency in the mammalian and fly visual system. Dev Biol 2021; 476:68-78. [PMID: 33774009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin A deficiency can cause human pathologies that range from blindness to embryonic malformations. This diversity is due to the lack of two major vitamin A metabolites with very different functions: the chromophore 11-cis-retinal (vitamin A aldehyde) is a critical component of the visual pigment that mediates phototransduction, while the signaling molecule all-trans-retinoic acid regulates the development of various tissues and is required for the function of the immune system. Since animals cannot synthesize vitamin A de novo, they must obtain it either as preformed vitamin A from animal products or as carotenoid precursors from plant sources. Due to its essential role in the visual system, acute vitamin A deprivation impairs photoreceptor function and causes night blindness (poor vision under dim light conditions), while chronic deprivation results in retinal dystrophies and photoreceptor cell death. Chronic vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of preventable childhood blindness according to the World Health Organization. Due to the requirement of vitamin A for retinoic acid signaling in development and in the immune system, vitamin A deficiency also causes increased mortality in children and pregnant women in developing countries. Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model to study the effects of vitamin A deprivation on the eye because vitamin A is not essential for Drosophila development and chronic deficiency does not cause lethality. Moreover, genetic screens in Drosophila have identified evolutionarily conserved factors that mediate the production of vitamin A and its cellular uptake. Here, we review our current knowledge about the role of vitamin A in the visual system of mammals and Drosophila melanogaster. We compare the molecular mechanisms that mediate the uptake of dietary vitamin A precursors and the metabolism of vitamin A, as well as the consequences of vitamin A deficiency for the structure and function of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepshe Dewett
- Department of Biology, Integrated Sciences Complex, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, USA
| | - Khanh Lam-Kamath
- Department of Biology, Integrated Sciences Complex, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, USA
| | - Clara Poupault
- Department of Biology, Integrated Sciences Complex, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, USA
| | - Heena Khurana
- Department of Biology, Integrated Sciences Complex, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, USA
| | - Jens Rister
- Department of Biology, Integrated Sciences Complex, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, USA.
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44
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Arballo J, Amengual J, Erdman JW. Lycopene: A Critical Review of Digestion, Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030342. [PMID: 33668703 PMCID: PMC7996133 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lycopene is a non-provitamin A carotenoid that exhibits several health benefits. Epidemiological data support a correlation between lycopene intake and the attenuation of several chronic diseases, including certain types of cancers and cardiovascular diseases. It is currently unknown whether the beneficial effects are from the native structure of lycopene or its metabolic derivatives: lycopenals, lycopenols, and lycopenoic acids. This literature review focuses on the current research on lycopene digestion, absorption, metabolism, and excretion. This review primarily focuses on in vivo studies because of the labile nature and difficulty of studying carotenoids within in vitro experimental models. The studies presented address tissue accumulation of lycopene, the modification of bioavailability due to genetic and dietary factors, and lycopene cleavage by the enzymes ß-carotene oxygenase 1 (BCO1) and ß-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2). The current literature suggests that the majority of lycopene is cleaved eccentrically by BCO2, yet further research is needed to probe the enzymatic cleavage activity at the tissue level. Additionally, results indicate that single nucleotide polymorphisms and dietary fat influence lycopene absorption and thus modify its health effects. Further research exploring the metabolism of lycopene, the mechanisms related to its health benefits, and optimal diet composition to increase the bioavailability is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Arballo
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (J.A.); (J.A.)
| | - Jaume Amengual
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (J.A.); (J.A.)
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - John W. Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (J.A.); (J.A.)
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence:
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Ramkumar S, Moon J, Golczak M, von Lintig J. LRAT coordinates the negative-feedback regulation of intestinal retinoid biosynthesis from β-carotene. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100055. [PMID: 33631212 PMCID: PMC8010212 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing recognition that dietary lipids can affect the expression of genes encoding their metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and binding proteins. This mechanism plays a pivotal role in controlling tissue homeostasis of these compounds and avoiding diseases. The regulation of retinoid biosynthesis from β-carotene (BC) is a classic example for such an interaction. The intestine-specific homeodomain transcription factor (ISX) controls the activity of the vitamin A-forming enzyme β-carotene oxygenase-1 in intestinal enterocytes in response to increasing concentration of the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid. However, it is unclear how cells control the concentration of the signaling molecule in this negative-feedback loop. We demonstrate in mice that the sequestration of retinyl esters by the enzyme lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT) is central for this process. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches in mice, we observed that in LRAT deficiency, the transcription factor ISX became hypersensitive to dietary vitamin A and suppressed retinoid biosynthesis. The dysregulation of the pathway resulted in BC accumulation and vitamin A deficiency of extrahepatic tissues. Pharmacological inhibition of retinoid signaling and genetic depletion of the Isx gene restored retinoid biosynthesis in enterocytes. We provide evidence that the catalytic activity of LRAT coordinates the negative-feedback regulation of intestinal retinoid biosynthesis and maintains optimal retinoid levels in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasagan Ramkumar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jean Moon
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marcin Golczak
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA; Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Johannes von Lintig
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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46
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Canas JA. Mixed carotenoid supplementation and dysmetabolic obesity: gaps in knowledge. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2020; 72:653-659. [PMID: 33345665 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2020.1852193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Dysmetabolic obesity during childhood and adolescence currently represents one of the greatest therapeutic challenge for healthcare systems worldwide. The global rates of obesity have more than doubled in the last 30 years. Recent meta-analysis from national surveys and food composition studies suggest an inverse association between lower carotenoid levels and the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in the general population, independent of serum retinol (vitamin A) levels. In children, two double-blind randomised placebo-controlled studies describing the effects of diet vs. mixed carotenoid supplementation on insulin resistance, adipokines and the rate of accrual of subcutaneous abdominal fat, implicate supplementation of these compounds to achieve targetable levels may be useful in the management of obesity accrual in this population. We will discuss the role of carotenoids and their conversion products (retinoids) in adipogenesis, lipolysis, insulin resistance and the pathophysiology of the metabolic syndrome and review the animal studies, which help support these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Atilio Canas
- Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
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47
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Quadro L, Giordano E, Costabile BK, Nargis T, Iqbal J, Kim Y, Wassef L, Hussain MM. Interplay between β-carotene and lipoprotein metabolism at the maternal-fetal barrier. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158591. [PMID: 31863969 PMCID: PMC7302977 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin A is an essential nutrient, critical for proper embryonic development in mammals. Both embryonic vitamin A-deficiency or -excess lead to congenital malformations or lethality in mammals, including humans. This is due to the defective transcriptional action of retinoic acid, the active form of vitamin A, that regulates in a spatial- and temporal-dependent manner the expression of genes essential for organogenesis. Thus, an adequate supply of vitamin A from the maternal circulation is vital for normal mammalian fetal development. Provitamin A carotenoids circulate in the maternal bloodstream and are available to the embryo. Of all the dietary carotenoids, β-carotene is the main vitamin A precursor, contributing at least 30% of the vitamin A intake in the industrialized countries and often constituting the sole source of retinoids (vitamin A and its derivatives) in the developing world. In humans, up to 40% of the absorbed dietary β-carotene is incorporated in its intact form in chylomicrons for distribution to other organs within the body, including the developing tissues. Here, it can serve as a source of vitamin A upon conversion into apocarotenoids by its cleavage enzymes. Given that β-carotene is carried in the bloodstream by lipoproteins, and that the placenta acquires, assembles and secretes lipoproteins, it is becoming evident that the maternal-fetal transfer of β-carotene relies on lipoprotein metabolism. Here, we will explore the current knowledge about this important biological process, the cross-talk between carotenoid and lipid metabolism in the context of the maternal-fetal transfer of this provitamin A precursor, and the mechanisms whereby β-carotene is metabolized by the developing tissues. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids recent advances in cell and molecular biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Quadro
- Food Science Department, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA;,Corresponding author: Loredana Quadro, PhD; Department of Food Science, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Tel: +1 848 9325491; Fax: +1 732 9326776;
| | - Elena Giordano
- Food Science Department, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Brianna K. Costabile
- Food Science Department, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA;,Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Titli Nargis
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, and Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York, USA
| | - Jahangir Iqbal
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA;,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Eastern Region, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Younkyung Kim
- Food Science Department, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Lesley Wassef
- Food Science Department, Rutgers Center for Lipid Research and Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - M. Mahmood Hussain
- Department of Foundations of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, and Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, NYU Winthrop Hospital, Mineola, New York, USA;,Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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48
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Harrison EH, Kopec RE. Enzymology of vertebrate carotenoid oxygenases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2020; 1865:158653. [PMID: 32035229 PMCID: PMC10655466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Mammals and higher vertebrates including humans have only three members of the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase family of enzymes. This review focuses on the two that function as carotenoid oxygenases. β-Carotene 15,15'-dioxygenase (BCO1) catalyzes the oxidative cleavage of the central 15,15' carbon-carbon double of β-carotene bond by addition of molecular oxygen. The product of the reaction is retinaldehyde (retinal or β-apo-15-carotenal). Thus, BCO1 is the enzyme responsible for the conversion of provitamin A carotenoids to vitamin A. It also cleaves the 15,15' bond of β-apocarotenals to yield retinal and of lycopene to yield apo-15-lycopenal. β-Carotene 9',10'-dioxygenase (BCO2) catalyzes the cleavage of the 9,10 and 9',10' double bonds of a wider variety of carotenoids, including both provitamin A and non-provitamin A carotenoids, as well as the xanthophylls, lutein and zeaxanthin. Indeed, the enzyme shows a marked preference for utilization of these xanthophylls and other substrates with hydroxylated terminal rings. Studies of the phenotypes of BCO1 null, BCO2 null, and BCO1/2 double knockout mice and of humans with polymorphisms in the enzymes, has clarified the role of these enzymes in whole body carotenoid and vitamin A homeostasis. These studies also demonstrate the relationship between enzyme expression and whole body lipid and energy metabolism and oxidative stress. In addition, relationships between BCO1 and BCO2 and the development or risk of metabolic diseases, eye diseases and cancer have been observed. While the precise roles of the enzymes in the pathophysiology of most of these diseases is not presently clear, these gaps in knowledge provide fertile ground for rigorous future investigations. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Carotenoids: Recent Advances in Cell and Molecular Biology edited by Johannes von Lintig and Loredana Quadro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Earl H Harrison
- Program in Human Nutrition, Department of Human Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Ohio State Biochemistry Program, USA.
| | - Rachel E Kopec
- Program in Human Nutrition, Department of Human Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Foods for Health Discovery Theme, Ohio State University, USA
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Riddle MR, Aspiras A, Damen F, Hutchinson JN, Chinnapen D, Tabin J, Tabin CJ. Genetic architecture underlying changes in carotenoid accumulation during the evolution of the blind Mexican cavefish, Astyanax mexicanus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2020; 334:405-422. [PMID: 32488995 PMCID: PMC7708440 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are lipid-soluble yellow to orange pigments produced by plants, bacteria, and fungi. They are consumed by animals and metabolized to produce molecules essential for gene regulation, vision, and pigmentation. Cave animals represent an interesting opportunity to understand how carotenoid utilization evolves. Caves are devoid of light, eliminating primary production of energy through photosynthesis and, therefore, limiting carotenoid availability. Moreover, the selective pressures that favor carotenoid-based traits, like pigmentation and vision, are relaxed. Astyanax mexicanus is a species of fish with multiple river-adapted (surface) and cave-adapted populations (i.e., Tinaja, Pachón, Molino). Cavefish exhibit regressive features, such as loss of eyes and melanin pigment, and constructive traits, like increased sensory neuromasts and starvation resistance. Here, we show that, unlike surface fish, Tinaja and Pachón cavefish accumulate carotenoids in the visceral adipose tissue. Carotenoid accumulation is not observed in Molino cavefish, indicating that it is not an obligatory consequence of eye loss. We used quantitative trait loci mapping and RNA sequencing to investigate genetic changes associated with carotenoid accumulation. Our findings suggest that multiple stages of carotenoid processing may be altered in cavefish, including absorption and transport of lipids, cleavage of carotenoids into unpigmented molecules, and differential development of intestinal cell types involved in carotenoid assimilation. Our study establishes A. mexicanus as a model to study the genetic basis of natural variation in carotenoid accumulation and how it impacts physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misty R. Riddle
- Genetics Department, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Ariel Aspiras
- Genetics Department, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- Current affiliation: Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Fleur Damen
- Genetics Department, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - John N. Hutchinson
- Department of Biostatistics, The Harvard Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Daniel Chinnapen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Julius Tabin
- Genetics Department, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Clifford J. Tabin
- Genetics Department, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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50
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Ross AC, Moran NE. Our Current Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A-Now 20 Years Old. Curr Dev Nutr 2020; 4:nzaa096. [PMID: 32999953 PMCID: PMC7513583 DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzaa096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The DRI values for vitamin A were last reviewed and defined in 2001. At the time, there was very sparse data that could be used to set the DRI values for pregnancy, lactation, and infancy. In the subsequent 20 y since the last formal review, a number of findings relevant to the adequacy indicator of visual dark adaptation in pregnancy, the usual vitamin A content of breast milk across lactation stages, and vitamin A metabolism in women and children have been published. Furthermore, identification of genetic variables affecting the bioconversion of provitamin A carotenoids to vitamin A have provided an improved explanation for interindividual variability in responses to provitamin A carotenoids. The purpose of this collection of articles, introduced herein, is to review and apply recent findings about vitamin A status, address current gaps in knowledge, and suggest avenues for future research needed to refine the DRI values for pregnancy, lactation, and early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Catharine Ross
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Nancy E Moran
- USDA/Agricultural Research ServiceChildren's Nutrition Research Center/Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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