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Fortier CE, Musso AE, Evenden ML, Zaharia LI, Cooke JEK. Evidence that Ophiostomatoid Fungal Symbionts of Mountain Pine Beetle Do Not Play a Role in Overcoming Lodgepole Pine Defenses During Mass Attack. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:445-458. [PMID: 38240660 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-06-23-0077-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Mountain pine beetle (MPB; Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) is a devastating forest insect pest that has killed millions of hectares of pines in western North America over the past two decades. Like other bark beetles, MPB vectors ophiostomatoid fungal species, some of which are pathogenic to host pine species. The phytopathogenicity of these fungal symbionts has sparked considerable debate regarding their role in facilitating MPB attack success. We tested the hypothesis that MPB ophiostomatoid fungal associates like Grosmannia clavigera (Robinson-Jeffrey and Davidson) Zipfel, de Beer and Wingfield contribute to overwhelming host defenses during MPB mass attack. We compared responses of mature lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) trees growing in natural stands that were mass attacked by MPB with those inoculated with G. clavigera by examining host defense hormones, secondary metabolites, and gene expression profiles. The jasmonate and ethylene signatures of necrotrophic pathogen-triggered response were identified in G. clavigera-inoculated trees, but only the jasmonate signature of a herbivore-triggered response was measured in MPB-attacked trees. Several G. clavigera-induced changes in pine phenolic metabolite profiles and phenolic biosynthesis gene expression patterns were absent in MPB-attacked pines. These findings indicate that ophiostomatoid fungi like G. clavigera are not a major factor in overwhelming host defenses during MPB mass attack. Instead, fungal pathogenicity likely is more important in aiding MPB colonization and development within the host tree. Phenolics appear to play a larger role in the host response to G. clavigera than to MPB, although phenolics may also influence MPB feeding and behavior. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen E Fortier
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Antonia E Musso
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Maya L Evenden
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - L Irina Zaharia
- National Research Council of Canada, Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Janice E K Cooke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
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Maciag T, Kozieł E, Otulak-Kozieł K, Jafra S, Czajkowski R. Looking for Resistance to Soft Rot Disease of Potatoes Facing Environmental Hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3757. [PMID: 38612570 PMCID: PMC11011919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants are exposed to various stressors, including pathogens, requiring specific environmental conditions to provoke/induce plant disease. This phenomenon is called the "disease triangle" and is directly connected with a particular plant-pathogen interaction. Only a virulent pathogen interacting with a susceptible plant cultivar will lead to disease under specific environmental conditions. This may seem difficult to accomplish, but soft rot Pectobacteriaceae (SRPs) is a group virulent of pathogenic bacteria with a broad host range. Additionally, waterlogging (and, resulting from it, hypoxia), which is becoming a frequent problem in farming, is a favoring condition for this group of pathogens. Waterlogging by itself is an important source of abiotic stress for plants due to lowered gas exchange. Therefore, plants have evolved an ethylene-based system for hypoxia sensing. Plant response is coordinated by hormonal changes which induce metabolic and physiological adjustment to the environmental conditions. Wetland species such as rice (Oryza sativa L.), and bittersweet nightshade (Solanum dulcamara L.) have developed adaptations enabling them to withstand prolonged periods of decreased oxygen availability. On the other hand, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), although able to sense and response to hypoxia, is sensitive to this environmental stress. This situation is exploited by SRPs which in response to hypoxia induce the production of virulence factors with the use of cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP). Potato tubers in turn reduce their defenses to preserve energy to prevent the negative effects of reactive oxygen species and acidification, making them prone to soft rot disease. To reduce the losses caused by the soft rot disease we need sensitive and reliable methods for the detection of the pathogens, to isolate infected plant material. However, due to the high prevalence of SRPs in the environment, we also need to create new potato varieties more resistant to the disease. To reach that goal, we can look to wild potatoes and other Solanum species for mechanisms of resistance to waterlogging. Potato resistance can also be aided by beneficial microorganisms which can induce the plant's natural defenses to bacterial infections but also waterlogging. However, most of the known plant-beneficial microorganisms suffer from hypoxia and can be outcompeted by plant pathogens. Therefore, it is important to look for microorganisms that can withstand hypoxia or alleviate its effects on the plant, e.g., by improving soil structure. Therefore, this review aims to present crucial elements of potato response to hypoxia and SRP infection and future outlooks for the prevention of soft rot disease considering the influence of environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Maciag
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Edmund Kozieł
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Otulak-Kozieł
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Sylwia Jafra
- Laboratory of Plant Microbiology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdansk, Antoniego Abrahama Street 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland;
| | - Robert Czajkowski
- Laboratory of Biologically Active Compounds, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG and MUG, University of Gdansk, Antoniego Abrahama Street 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland;
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Zhang Y, Tian Z, Shi J, Yu R, Zhang S, Qiang S. Tissue-Specific Transcriptomes in the Secondary Cell Wall Provide an Understanding of Stem Growth Enhancement in Solidago canadensis during Invasion. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1347. [PMID: 37887057 PMCID: PMC10604605 DOI: 10.3390/biology12101347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Invasive plants generally present a significant enhancement in aboveground vegetative growth, which is mainly caused by variation in secondary cell wall (SCW) deposition and vascular tissue development. However, the coordination of the transcriptional regulators of SCW biosynthesis is complex, and a comprehensive regulation map has not yet been clarified at a transcriptional level to explain the invasive mechanism of S. canadensis. Here, RNA sequencing was performed in the phloem and xylem of two typical native (US01) and invasive (CN25) S. canadensis populations with different stem morphologies. A total of 296.14 million high-quality clean reads were generated; 438,605 transcripts and 156,968 unigenes were assembled; and 66,648 and 19,510 differential expression genes (DEGs) were identified in the phloem and xylem, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the SCW transcriptional network was dramatically altered during the successful invasion of S.canadensis. Based on a comprehensive analysis of SCW deposition gene expression profiles, we revealed that the invasive population is dedicated to synthesizing cellulose and reducing lignification, leading to an SCW with high cellulose content and low lignin content. A hypothesis thus has been proposed to explain the enhanced stem growth of S. canadensis through the modification of the SCW composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sheng Qiang
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Y.Z.); (Z.T.); (J.S.); (R.Y.); (S.Z.)
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Krokene P, Børja I, Carneros E, Eldhuset TD, Nagy NE, Volařík D, Gebauer R. Effects of combined drought and pathogen stress on growth, resistance and gene expression in young Norway spruce trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:1603-1618. [PMID: 37171580 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Drought-induced mortality is a major direct effect of climate change on tree health, but drought can also affect trees indirectly by altering their susceptibility to pathogens. Here, we report how a combination of mild or severe drought and pathogen infection affected the growth, pathogen resistance and gene expression in potted 5-year-old Norway spruce trees [Picea abies (L.) Karst.]. After 5 weeks of drought, trees were inoculated with the fungal pathogen Endoconidiophora polonica. Combined drought-pathogen stress over the next 8 weeks led to significant reductions in the growth of drought-treated trees relative to well-watered trees and more so in trees subjected to severe drought. Belowground, growth of the smallest fine roots was most affected. Aboveground, shoot diameter change was most sensitive to the combined stress, followed by shoot length growth and twig biomass. Both drought-related and some resistance-related genes were upregulated in bark samples collected after 5 weeks of drought (but before pathogen infection), and gene expression levels scaled with the intensity of drought stress. Trees subjected to severe drought were much more susceptible to pathogen infection than well-watered trees or trees subjected to mild drought. Overall, our results show that mild drought stress may increase the tree resistance to pathogen infection by upregulating resistance-related genes. Severe drought stress, on the other hand, decreased tree resistance. Because drought episodes are expected to become more frequent with climate change, combined effects of drought and pathogen stress should be studied in more detail to understand how these stressors interactively influence tree susceptibility to pests and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Krokene
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, Ås, 1431, Norway
| | - I Børja
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, Ås, 1431, Norway
| | - E Carneros
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, Ås, 1431, Norway
- Center for Biological Research Margarita Salas-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - T D Eldhuset
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, Ås, 1431, Norway
- Sagveien 17, 1414, Trollåsen, Norway
| | - N E Nagy
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, Ås, 1431, Norway
| | - D Volařík
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobicoenology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, Brno, 61300, Czech Republic
| | - R Gebauer
- Department of Forest Botany, Dendrology and Geobicoenology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 3, Brno, 61300, Czech Republic
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Whitehill JGA, Yuen MMS, Chiang A, Ritland CE, Bohlmann J. Transcriptome features of stone cell development in weevil-resistant and susceptible Sitka spruce. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:2138-2152. [PMID: 37403300 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Stone cells are a specialized, highly lignified cell type found in both angiosperms and gymnosperms. In conifers, abundance of stone cells in the cortex provides a robust constitutive physical defense against stem feeding insects. Stone cells are a major insect-resistance trait in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), occurring in dense clusters in apical shoots of trees resistant (R) to spruce weevil (Pissodes strobi) but being rare in susceptible (S) trees. To learn more about molecular mechanisms of stone cell formation in conifers, we used laser microdissection and RNA sequencing to develop cell-type-specific transcriptomes of developing stone cells from R and S trees. Using light, immunohistochemical, and fluorescence microscopy, we also visualized the deposition of cellulose, xylan, and lignin associated with stone cell development. A total of 1293 genes were differentially expressed at higher levels in developing stone cells relative to cortical parenchyma. Genes with potential roles in stone cell secondary cell wall formation (SCW) were identified and their expression evaluated over a time course of stone cell formation in R and S trees. The expression of several transcriptional regulators was associated with stone cell formation, including a NAC family transcription factor and several genes annotated as MYB transcription factors with known roles in SCW formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin G A Whitehill
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Forest Improvement and Research Management Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations and Rural Development, 7380 Puckle Road, Saanichton, BC, V8M 1W4, Canada
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Macaire M S Yuen
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Angela Chiang
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Carol E Ritland
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Han F, Wang P, Chen X, Zhao H, Zhu Q, Song Y, Nie Y, Li Y, Guo M, Niu S. An ethylene-induced NAC transcription factor acts as a multiple abiotic stress responsor in conifer. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad130. [PMID: 37560016 PMCID: PMC10407601 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The proper response to various abiotic stresses is essential for plants' survival to overcome their sessile nature, especially for perennial trees with very long-life cycles. However, in conifers, the molecular mechanisms that coordinate multiple abiotic stress responses remain elusive. Here, the transcriptome response to various abiotic stresses like salt, cold, drought, heat shock and osmotic were systematically detected in Pinus tabuliformis (P. tabuliformis) seedlings. We found that four transcription factors were commonly induced by all tested stress treatments, while PtNAC3 and PtZFP30 were highly up-regulated and co-expressed. Unexpectedly, the exogenous hormone treatment assays and the content of the endogenous hormone indicates that the upregulation of PtNAC3 and PtZFP30 are mediated by ethylene. Time-course assay showed that the treatment by ethylene immediate precursor, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), activated the expression of PtNAC3 and PtZFP30 within 8 hours. We further confirm that the PtNAC3 can directly bind to the PtZFP30 promoter region and form a cascade. Overexpression of PtNAC3 enhanced unified abiotic stress tolerance without growth penalty in transgenic Arabidopsis and promoted reproductive success under abiotic stress by shortening the lifespan, suggesting it has great potential as a biological tool applied to plant breeding for abiotic stress tolerance. This study provides novel insights into the hub nodes of the abiotic stresses response network as well as the environmental adaptation mechanism in conifers, and provides a potential biofortification tool to enhance plant unified abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxu Han
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peiyi Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xi Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Huanhuan Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qianya Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yitong Song
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yumeng Nie
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yue Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Meina Guo
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shihui Niu
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Shtein I, Gričar J, Lev-Yadun S, Oskolski A, Pace MR, Rosell JA, Crivellaro A. Priorities for Bark Anatomical Research: Study Venues and Open Questions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1985. [PMID: 37653902 PMCID: PMC10221070 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The bark fulfils several essential functions in vascular plants and yields a wealth of raw materials, but the understanding of bark structure and function strongly lags behind our knowledge with respect to other plant tissues. The recent technological advances in sampling and preparation of barks for anatomical studies, along with the establishment of an agreed bark terminology, paved the way for more bark anatomical research. Whilst datasets reveal bark's taxonomic and functional diversity in various ecosystems, a better understanding of the bark can advance the understanding of plants' physiological and environmental challenges and solutions. We propose a set of priorities for understanding and further developing bark anatomical studies, including periderm structure in woody plants, phloem phenology, methods in bark anatomy research, bark functional ecology, relationships between bark macroscopic appearance, and its microscopic structure and discuss how to achieve these ambitious goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilana Shtein
- Department of Molecular Biology, Milken Campus, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
- Eastern R&D Center, Milken Campus, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Jožica Gričar
- Department of Forest Physiology and Genetics, Slovenian Forestry Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simcha Lev-Yadun
- Department of Biology & Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa-Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel
| | - Alexei Oskolski
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
- Komarov Botanical Institute, Russian Academy of Science, Prof. Popov Str. 2, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marcelo R. Pace
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Julieta A. Rosell
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Alan Crivellaro
- Forest Biometrics Laboratory, Faculty of Forestry, “Stefan cel Mare” University of Suceava, Str. Universitatii 13, 720229 Suceava, Romania
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Tyagi A, Ali S, Park S, Bae H. Exploring the Potential of Multiomics and Other Integrative Approaches for Improving Waterlogging Tolerance in Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1544. [PMID: 37050170 PMCID: PMC10096958 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Soil flooding has emerged as a serious threat to modern agriculture due to the rapid global warming and climate change, resulting in catastrophic crop damage and yield losses. The most detrimental effects of waterlogging in plants are hypoxia, decreased nutrient uptake, photosynthesis inhibition, energy crisis, and microbiome alterations, all of which result in plant death. Although significant advancement has been made in mitigating waterlogging stress, it remains largely enigmatic how plants perceive flood signals and translate them for their adaptive responses at a molecular level. With the advent of multiomics, there has been significant progress in understanding and decoding the intricacy of how plants respond to different stressors which have paved the way towards the development of climate-resistant smart crops. In this review, we have provided the overview of the effect of waterlogging in plants, signaling (calcium, reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, hormones), and adaptive responses. Secondly, we discussed an insight into past, present, and future prospects of waterlogging tolerance focusing on conventional breeding, transgenic, multiomics, and gene-editing approaches. In addition, we have also highlighted the importance of panomics for developing waterlogging-tolerant cultivars. Furthermore, we have discussed the role of high-throughput phenotyping in the screening of complex waterlogging-tolerant traits. Finally, we addressed the current challenges and future perspectives of waterlogging signal perception and transduction in plants, which warrants future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hanhong Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea
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Sajeevan RS, Abdelmeguid I, Saripella GV, Lenman M, Alexandersson E. Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of different potato cultivars provides insight into early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:130. [PMID: 36882678 PMCID: PMC9993742 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04135-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early blight, caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Alternaria solani, is an economically important disease affecting the tuber yield worldwide. The disease is mainly controlled by chemical plant protection agents. However, over-using these chemicals can lead to the evolution of resistant A. solani strains and is environmentally hazardous. Identifying genetic disease resistance factors is crucial for the sustainable management of early blight but little effort has been diverted in this direction. Therefore, we carried out transcriptome sequencing of the A. solani interaction with different potato cultivars with varying levels of early blight resistance to identify key host genes and pathways in a cultivar-specific manner. RESULTS In this study, we have captured transcriptomes from three different potato cultivars with varying susceptibility to A. solani, namely Magnum Bonum, Désirée, and Kuras, at 18 and 36 h post-infection. We identified many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between these cultivars, and the number of DEGs increased with susceptibility and infection time. There were 649 transcripts commonly expressed between the potato cultivars and time points, of which 627 and 22 were up- and down-regulated, respectively. Interestingly, overall the up-regulated DEGs were twice in number as compared to down-regulated ones in all the potato cultivars and time points, except Kuras at 36 h post-inoculation. In general, transcription factor families WRKY, ERF, bHLH, MYB, and C2H2 were highly enriched DEGs, of which a significant number were up-regulated. The majority of the key transcripts involved in the jasmonic acid and ethylene biosynthesis pathways were highly up-regulated. Many transcripts involved in the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, isoprenyl-PP, and terpene biosynthesis were also up-regulated across the potato cultivars and time points. Compared to Magnum Bonum and Désirée, multiple components of the photosynthesis machinery, starch biosynthesis and degradation pathway were down-regulated in the most susceptible potato cultivar, Kuras. CONCLUSIONS Transcriptome sequencing identified many differentially expressed genes and pathways, thereby contributing to the improved understanding of the interaction between the potato host and A. solani. The transcription factors identified are attractive targets for genetic modification to improve potato resistance against early blight. The results provide important insights into the molecular events at the early stages of disease development, help to shorten the knowledge gap, and support potato breeding programs for improved early blight disease resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Sivarajan Sajeevan
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23422, Lomma, Sweden.
| | - Ingi Abdelmeguid
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23422, Lomma, Sweden
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, EG-11795, Egypt
| | - Ganapathi Varma Saripella
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23422, Lomma, Sweden
- CropTailor AB, Department of Chemistry, Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marit Lenman
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23422, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Erik Alexandersson
- Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23422, Lomma, Sweden.
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Jan R, Asaf S, Lubna, Asif S, Kim EG, Jang YH, Kim N, Al-Harrasi A, Lee GS, Kim KM. Enhancing the Expression of the OsF3H Gene in Oryza sativa Leads to the Regulation of Multiple Biosynthetic Pathways and Transcriptomic Changes That Influence Insect Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15308. [PMID: 36499636 PMCID: PMC9737463 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The white-backed planthopper (WBPH) is a major pest of rice crops and causes severe loss of yield. We previously developed the WBPH-resistant rice cultivar "OxF3H" by overexpressing the OsF3H gene. Although there was a higher accumulation of the flavonoids kaempferol (Kr) and quercetin (Qu) as well as salicylic acid (SA) in OxF3H transgenic (OsF3H or Trans) plants compared to the wild type (WT), it is still unclear how OsF3H overexpression affects these WBPH resistant-related changes in gene expression in OxF3H plants. In this study, we analyze RNA-seq data from OxF3H and WT at several points (0 h, 3 h, 12 h, and 24 h) after WBPH infection to explain how overall changes in gene expression happen in these two cultivars. RT-qPCR further validated a number of the genes. Results revealed that the highest number of DEGs (4735) between the two genotypes was detected after 24 h of infection. Interestingly, it was found that several of the DEGs between the WT and OsF3H under control conditions were also differentially expressed in OsF3H in response to WBPH infestation. These results indicate that significant differences in gene expression between the "OxF3H" and "WT" exist as the infection time increases. Many of these DEGs were related to oxidoreductase activity, response to stress, salicylic acid biosynthesis, metabolic process, defense response to pathogen, cellular response to toxic substance, and regulation of hormone levels. Moreover, genes involved in salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene (Et) biosynthesis were upregulated in OxF3H plants, while jasmonic acid (JA), brassinosteroid (Br), and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathways were found downregulated in OxF3H plants during WBPH infestation. Interestingly, many DEGs related to pathogenesis, such as OsPR1, OsPR1b, OsNPR1, OsNPR3, and OsNPR5, were found to be significantly upregulated in OxF3H plants. Additionally, genes related to the MAPKs pathway and about 30 WRKY genes involved in different pathways were upregulated in OxF3H plants after WBPH infestation. This suggests that overexpression of the OxF3H gene leads to multiple transcriptomic changes and impacts plant hormones and pathogenic-related and secondary-metabolites-related genes, enhancing the plant's resistance to WBPH infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmatullah Jan
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Coastal Agriculture Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sajjad Asaf
- Natural and Medical Science Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 611, Oman
| | - Lubna
- Department of Botany, Garden Campus, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Saleem Asif
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Gyeong Kim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Hee Jang
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Nari Kim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Science Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 611, Oman
| | - Gang-Seob Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Kim
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Coastal Agriculture Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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11
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Yu N, Dong M, Yang J, Li R. Age-dependent modulation of oleoresin production in the stem of Sindora glabra. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:2050-2067. [PMID: 35532079 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce specialized metabolites in various organs which serve important functions in defense and development. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms of oleoresin production in stems from broadleaved tree species are not fully understood. To determine whether endogenous developmental cues play a role in the regulation of oleoresin biosynthesis in tree stems, anatomy, multi-omics and molecular experiments were utilized to investigate the change of secretory structures, chemical profiles and gene expression in different ontogenetic stages of Sindora glabra tree, which accumulates copious amount of sesquiterpene-rich oleoresin in stems. The size of secretory canals and the concentration of five sesquiterpenes in Sindora stems exhibited obvious increase with plant age, from 0.5- to 20-year-old plants. Moreover, α-copaene and β-copaene were found to be stem-specific sesquiterpenes. Metabolomic analysis revealed that salicylic acid highly accumulated in mature stems, but the content of triterpenes was greatly decreased. The expression of three repressors AUX/IAA, DELLA and JAZ involved in hormone signaling transduction pathways was significantly downregulated in stems of 10- and 20-year-old plants. Two key genes SgTPS3 and SgTPS5 were identified, whose expression was highly correlated with the accumulation patterns of specific sesquiterpenes and their enzymatic products were consistent with the chemical profiles in the stem. The promoters of three SgTPSs exhibiting high activity were isolated. Furthermore, we demonstrated that SgSPL15 directly interacts with SgTPS3 and SgTPS5 promoters and activates SgTPS5 expression but SgSPL15 inhibits SgTPS3 expression. In addition, SgSPL15 enhanced sesquiterpene levels by upregulating AtTPSs expression in Arabidopsis. These results suggested that sesquiterpene biosynthesis in S. glabra stem was dependent on the regulation of endogenous hormones as well as plant age, and SgSPL15 might act as a buffering factor to regulate sesquiterpene biosynthesis by targeting SgTPS genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 682, Guangshan Yi Road, Longdong, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Mingliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 682, Guangshan Yi Road, Longdong, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Jinchang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 682, Guangshan Yi Road, Longdong, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Rongsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, No. 682, Guangshan Yi Road, Longdong, Guangzhou 510520, China
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12
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Wilkinson SW, Dalen LS, Skrautvol TO, Ton J, Krokene P, Mageroy MH. Transcriptomic changes during the establishment of long-term methyl jasmonate-induced resistance in Norway spruce. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:1891-1913. [PMID: 35348221 PMCID: PMC9321552 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Norway spruce (Picea abies) is an economically and ecologically important tree species that grows across northern and central Europe. Treating Norway spruce with jasmonate has long-lasting beneficial effects on tree resistance to damaging pests, such as the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus and its fungal associates. The (epi)genetic mechanisms involved in such long-lasting jasmonate induced resistance (IR) have gained much recent interest but remain largely unknown. In this study, we treated 2-year-old spruce seedlings with methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and challenged them with the I. typographus vectored necrotrophic fungus Grosmannia penicillata. MeJA treatment reduced the extent of necrotic lesions in the bark 8 weeks after infection and thus elicited long-term IR against the fungus. The transcriptional response of spruce bark to MeJA treatment was analysed over a 4-week time course using mRNA-seq. This analysis provided evidence that MeJA treatment induced a transient upregulation of jasmonic acid, salicylic acid and ethylene biosynthesis genes and downstream signalling genes. Our data also suggests that defence-related genes are induced while genes related to growth are repressed by methyl jasmonate treatment. These results provide new clues about the potential underpinning mechanisms and costs associated with long-term MeJA-IR in Norway spruce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel W. Wilkinson
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable FoodUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
- Division for Biotechnology and Plant HealthNorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅsNorway
| | - Lars S. Dalen
- Department of CommunicationsNorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅsNorway
| | - Thomas O. Skrautvol
- Division for Biotechnology and Plant HealthNorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅsNorway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource ManagementNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Jurriaan Ton
- Plants, Photosynthesis and Soil, School of Biosciences, Institute for Sustainable FoodUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldUK
| | - Paal Krokene
- Division for Biotechnology and Plant HealthNorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅsNorway
| | - Melissa H. Mageroy
- Division for Biotechnology and Plant HealthNorwegian Institute of Bioeconomy ResearchÅsNorway
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13
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Della Rocca G, Papini A, Posarelli I, Barberini S, Tani C, Danti R, Moricca S. Ultrastructure of Terpene and Polyphenol Synthesis in the Bark of Cupressus sempervirens After Seiridium cardinale Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:886331. [PMID: 35711783 PMCID: PMC9197166 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.886331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cypress Canker Disease (CCD) pandemic caused by Seiridium cardinale is the major constraint of many Cupressaceae worldwide. One of the main symptoms of the disease is the flow of resin from the cankered barks. While inducible phloem axial resin duct-like structures (PARDs) have recently been characterized from an anatomical point of view, their actual resin production is still being debated and has never been demonstrated. Although the involvement of polyphenolic parenchyma cells (PP cells) in the bark of Cupressus sempervirens after S. cardinale infection was revealed in one of our previous studies using light microscopy, their evolution from the phloem parenchyma cells is yet to be clarified. This study investigated functional and ultrastructural aspects of both PARD-like structures and PP cells by means of more in-depth light (LM) and fluorescence microscopy (FM) combined with histochemical staining (using Sudan red, Fluorol Yellow, NADI Aniline blue black, and Toluidine blue staining), in addition to Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Two-year-old stem sections of a C. sempervirens canker-resistant clone (var. “Bolgheri”), artificially inoculated with S. cardinale, were sampled 5, 7, 14, 21, and 45 days after inoculation, for time-course observations. FM observation using Fluorol yellow dye clearly showed the presence of lipid material in PARD-like structures lining cells of the cavity and during their secretion into the duct space/cavity. The same tissues were also positive for NADI staining, revealing the presence of terpenoids. The cytoplasm of the ducts' lining cells was also positive for Sudan red. TEM observation highlighted the involvement of plastids and endoplasmic reticulum in the production of terpenoids and the consequent secretion of terpenoids directly through the plasma membrane, without exhibiting vesicle formation. The presence of a high number of mitochondria around the area of terpenoid production suggests that this process is active and consumes ATP. The LM observations showed that PP cells originated from the phloem parenchyma cells (and possibly albuminous cells) through the accumulation of phenolic substances in the vacuole. Here, plastids were again involved in their production. Thus, the findings of this work suggest that the PARD-like structures can actually be considered PARDs or even bark traumatic resin ducts (BTRD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Della Rocca
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IPSP-CNR), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Alessio Papini
- Dipartimento di Biologia (BIO), Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | | | - Sara Barberini
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IPSP-CNR), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Corrado Tani
- Dipartimento di Biologia (BIO), Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Roberto Danti
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IPSP-CNR), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- *Correspondence: Roberto Danti
| | - Salvatore Moricca
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali (DAGRI), Università di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
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14
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Pouzoulet J, Yelle DJ, Theodory B, Nothnagel EA, Bol S, Rolshausen PE. Biochemical and Histological Insights into the Interaction Between the Canker Pathogen Neofusicoccum parvum and Prunus dulcis. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2022; 112:345-354. [PMID: 34270907 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-03-21-0107-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The number of reports associated with wood dieback caused by fungi in the Botryosphaeriaceae in numerous perennial crops worldwide has significantly increased in the past years. In this study, we investigated the interactions between the canker pathogen Neofusicoccum parvum and the almond tree host (Prunus dulcis), with an emphasis on varietal resistance and host response at the cell wall biochemical and histological levels. Plant bioassays in a shaded house showed that among the four commonly planted commercial almond cultivars ('Butte', 'Carmel', 'Monterey', and 'Nonpareil'), there was no significant varietal difference with respect to resistance to the pathogen. Gummosis was triggered only by fungal infection, not by wounding. A two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography determination of cell wall polymers showed that infected almond trees differed significantly in their glycosyl and lignin composition compared with healthy, noninfected trees. Response to fungal infection involved a significant increase in lignin, a decrease in glucans, and an overall enrichment in other carbohydrates with a profile similar to those observed in gums. Histological observations revealed the presence of guaiacyl-rich cell wall reinforcements. Confocal microscopy suggested that N. parvum colonized mainly the lumina of xylem vessels and parenchyma cells, and to a lesser extent the gum ducts. We discuss the relevance of these findings in the context of the compartmentalization of decay in trees model in almond and its potential involvement in the vulnerability of the host toward fungal wood canker diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Pouzoulet
- University of California, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Daniel J Yelle
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726
| | - Bassam Theodory
- University of California, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Eugene A Nothnagel
- University of California, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Sebastiaan Bol
- University of California, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Philippe E Rolshausen
- University of California, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Riverside, CA 92521
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15
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Nantongo JS, Potts BM, Frickey T, Telfer E, Dungey H, Fitzgerald H, O'Reilly-Wapstra JM. Analysis of the transcriptome of the needles and bark of Pinus radiata induced by bark stripping and methyl jasmonate. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:52. [PMID: 35026979 PMCID: PMC8759178 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08231-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants are attacked by diverse insect and mammalian herbivores and respond with different physical and chemical defences. Transcriptional changes underlie these phenotypic changes. Simulated herbivory has been used to study the transcriptional and other early regulation events of these plant responses. In this study, constitutive and induced transcriptional responses to artificial bark stripping are compared in the needles and the bark of Pinus radiata to the responses from application of the plant stressor, methyl jasmonate. The time progression of the responses was assessed over a 4-week period. RESULTS Of the 6312 unique transcripts studied, 86.6% were differentially expressed between the needles and the bark prior to treatment. The most abundant constitutive transcripts were related to defence and photosynthesis and their expression did not differ between the needles and the bark. While no differential expression of transcripts were detected in the needles following bark stripping, in the bark this treatment caused an up-regulation and down-regulation of genes associated with primary and secondary metabolism. Methyl jasmonate treatment caused differential expression of transcripts in both the bark and the needles, with individual genes related to primary metabolism more responsive than those associated with secondary metabolism. The up-regulation of genes related to sugar break-down and the repression of genes related with photosynthesis, following both treatments was consistent with the strong down-regulation of sugars that has been observed in the same population. Relative to the control, the treatments caused a differential expression of genes involved in signalling, photosynthesis, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism as well as defence and water stress. However, non-overlapping transcripts were detected between the needles and the bark, between treatments and at different times of assessment. Methyl jasmonate induced more transcriptional responses in the bark than bark stripping, although the peak of expression following both treatments was detected 7 days post treatment application. The effects of bark stripping were localised, and no systemic changes were detected in the needles. CONCLUSION There are constitutive and induced differences in the needle and bark transcriptome of Pinus radiata. Some expression responses to bark stripping may differ from other biotic and abiotic stresses, which contributes to the understanding of plant molecular responses to diverse stresses. Whether the gene expression changes are heritable and how they differ between resistant and susceptible families identified in earlier studies needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Nantongo
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 5, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
- National Forestry Resources Research Institute, Mukono, Uganda.
| | - B M Potts
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 5, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | | | | | | | - H Fitzgerald
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 5, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - J M O'Reilly-Wapstra
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 5, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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16
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Della Rocca G, Posarelli I, Morandi F, Tani C, Barberini S, Danti R, Moricca S, Papini A. Different Polyphenolic Parenchyma Cell and Phloem Axial Resin Duct-Like Structure Formation Rates in Cupressus sempervirens Clones Infected with Seiridium cardinale. PLANT DISEASE 2021; 105:2801-2808. [PMID: 33904337 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-21-0098-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was the characterization of constitutive and induced defense mechanisms in the bark tissues of Cupressus sempervirens before and after infection with the bark fungus Seiridium cardinale, which is responsible for cypress canker disease. The time-course development of polyphenolic parenchyma (PP) cells and phloem axial resin duct (PARD)-like structures in the phloem was investigated in two C. sempervirens clones, one resistant and one susceptible to the disease, through anatomical and histological observations carried out by light microscope during a 19-day trial. PP cells were constitutively more abundant in the canker-resistant clone (R clone) compared with the susceptible clone (S clone), whereas PARD-like structures were not present in the bark of untreated plants of both clones. PP cells increased in both clones as a response to infection, but in the R clone, they were more abundant 5 and 12 days after inoculation. After inoculation, PARD-like structures appeared in the phloem after 5 days in the R clone and only after 12 days in the S clone. Even the number of cells surrounding the PARD-like structures was higher in the R clone 5 and 12 days after inoculation compared with the S clone. These observations demonstrate a faster phloem response of the R clone in the early phase of the infection. This may slow down initial growth of the fungus, contributing to the resistance mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Della Rocca
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - I Posarelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università di Firenze, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - F Morandi
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - C Tani
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - S Barberini
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - R Danti
- Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - S Moricca
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università di Firenze, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - A Papini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Firenze, 50121 Firenze, Italy
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17
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Abstract
Advancing climate change is affecting the health and vitality of forests in many parts of the world. Europe is currently facing spruce bark beetle outbreaks, which are most often caused by wind disturbances, hot summers, or lack of rainfall and are having a massive economic impact on the forestry sector. The aim of this research article was to summarize current scientific knowledge about the structure and physical and mechanical properties of wood from bark beetle-attacked trees. Spruce stands are attacked by a number of beetles, of which Ips typographus is the most common and widespread in Central Europe. When attacking a tree, bark beetles introduce ophiostomatoid fungi into the tree, which then have a greater effect on the properties of the wood than the beetles themselves. Fungal hyphae grow through the lumina of wood cells and spread between individual cells through pits. Both white rot and brown rot fungi are associated with enzymatic degradation of lignin or holocellulose, which is subsequently reflected in the change of the physical and mechanical properties of wood. Wood-decay fungi that colonize wood after infestation of a tree with bark beetles can cause significant changes in the structure and properties of the wood, and these changes are predominantly negative, in the form of reducing modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, discolouration, or, over time, weight loss. In certain specific examples, a reduction in energy consumption for the production of wood particles from beetle-attacked trees, or an increase in surface free energy due to wood infestation by staining fungi in order to achieve better adhesion of paints or glues, can be evaluated positively.
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18
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An Overview of the Practices and Management Methods for Enhancing Seed Production in Conifer Plantations for Commercial Use. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7080252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Flowering, the beginning of the reproductive growth, is a significant stage in the growth and development of plants. Conifers are economically and ecologically important, characterized by straight trunks and a good wood quality and, thus, conifer plantations are widely distributed around the world. In addition, conifer species have a good tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress, and a stronger survival ability. Seeds of some conifer species, such as Pinus koraiensis, are rich in vitamins, amino acids, mineral elements and other nutrients, which are used for food and medicine. Although conifers are the largest (giant sequoia) and oldest living plants (bristlecone pine), their growth cycle is relatively long, and the seed yield is unstable. In the present work, we reviewed selected literature and provide a comprehensive overview on the most influential factors and on the methods and techniques that can be adopted in order to improve flowering and seed production in conifers species. The review revealed that flowering and seed yields in conifers are affected by a variety of factors, such as pollen, temperature, light, water availability, nutrients, etc., and a number of management techniques, including topping off, pruning, fertilization, hormone treatment, supplementary pollination, etc. has been developed for improving cone yields. Furthermore, several flowering-related genes (FT, Flowering locus T and MADS-box, MCMI, AGAMOUS, DEFICIENCES and SRF) that play a crucial role in flowering in coniferous trees were identified. The results of this study can be useful for forest managers and for enhancing seed yields in conifer plantations for commercial use.
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19
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Hu B, Mithöfer A, Reichelt M, Eggert K, Peters FS, Ma M, Schumacher J, Kreuzwieser J, von Wirén N, Rennenberg H. Systemic reprogramming of phytohormone profiles and metabolic traits by virulent Diplodia infection in its pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) host. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2744-2764. [PMID: 33822379 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The widespread ascomycetous fungus Diplodia pinea is a latent, necrotrophic pathogen in Pinus species causing severe damages and world-wide economic losses. However, the interactions between pine hosts and virulent D. pinea are largely not understood. In the present study, systemic defence responses were investigated in non-inoculated, asymptomatic needles and roots of D. pinea infected saplings of two P. sylvestris provenances under controlled greenhouse conditions. Here, we show that D. pinea infection induced a multitude of systemic responses of the phytohormone profiles and metabolic traits. Shared systemic responses of both pine provenances in needles and roots included increased abscisic acid and jasmonic acid levels. Exclusively in the roots of both provenances, enhanced salicylic acid and reduced indole-3-acetic acid levels, structural biomass, and elevated activities of anti-oxidative enzymes were observed. Despite these similarities, the two pine provenances investigated different significantly in the systemic responses of both, phytohormone profiles and metabolic traits in needles and roots. However, the different systemic responses did not prevent subsequent destruction of non-inoculated needles, but rather prevented damage to the roots. Our results provide a detailed view on systemic defence mechanisms of pine hosts that are of particular significance for the selection of provenances with improved defence capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University No. 2, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Tree Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Kai Eggert
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz-Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Franziska S Peters
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Tree Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Forest Protection, FVA Forest Research Institute of Baden-Württemberg (FVA-BW), Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ming Ma
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University No. 2, Chongqing, China
| | - Jörg Schumacher
- Department of Forest Protection, FVA Forest Research Institute of Baden-Württemberg (FVA-BW), Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Forest Health and Risk Management, University for Sustainable Development (HNE Eberswalde), Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kreuzwieser
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Tree Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicolaus von Wirén
- Molecular Plant Nutrition, Leibniz-Institute for Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Center of Molecular Ecophysiology (CMEP), College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University No. 2, Chongqing, China
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Tree Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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20
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Niinemets Ü, Gershenzon J. Vulnerability and responses to bark beetle and associated fungal symbiont attacks in conifers. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1103-1108. [PMID: 33949675 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ülo Niinemets
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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21
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Çetinbaş-Genç A, Vardar F. Effect of methyl jasmonate on in-vitro pollen germination and tube elongation of Pinus nigra. PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:1655-1665. [PMID: 32734410 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01539-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the main research was to investigate the effects of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) (0.05, 0.25, 0.5, and 2.5 mM) on the pollen germination and tube elongation of Pinus nigra. Total pollen germination rate increased after MeJA treatments while the most enhancement was observed at 0.05-mM MeJA. No germination was observed at 2.5-mM MeJA. Although the unipolar and bipolar germination were observed in all groups, no significant changes were observed in unipolar and bipolar pollen germination rates after MeJA treatments. Tube length increased only at 0.05-mM MeJA. Although branched tubes were observed in all groups, branched tube rate increased only at 0.05-mM MeJA. Although two branched, three branched, and consecutive branched tubes were observed in all groups, the most common branching type was two branched type in all groups. Although anisotropy of actin filaments in the shank and apex of unbranched tubes decreased after MeJA treatments, the most decrease was observed at 0.05-mM MeJA. Also, anisotropy of actin filaments in the shank and in pre-branching region of branched tubes decreased only at 0.25-mM MeJA. Anisotropy of both two apexes of a branched tube changed only at 0.25- and 0.5-mM MeJA. Callose accumulation in the apex of unbranched and branched tubes increased in parallel with the increase in MeJA concentration. However, more callose is accumulated in one apex than the other apex of a branched tube. In conclusion, MeJA affected the actin organization, changed the callose distribution, and altered the pollen tube growth of Pinus nigra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslıhan Çetinbaş-Genç
- Department of Biology, Marmara University, Göztepe Campus, Kadıköy, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Filiz Vardar
- Department of Biology, Marmara University, Göztepe Campus, Kadıköy, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey
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Vázquez-González C, Zas R, Erbilgin N, Ferrenberg S, Rozas V, Sampedro L. Resin ducts as resistance traits in conifers: linking dendrochronology and resin-based defences. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 40:1313-1326. [PMID: 32478382 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpaa064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Conifers have evolved different chemical and anatomical defences against a wide range of antagonists. Resin ducts produce, store and translocate oleoresin, a complex terpenoid mixture that acts as both a physical and a chemical defence. Although resin duct characteristics (e.g., number, density, area) have been positively related to biotic resistance in several conifer species, the literature reporting this association remains inconclusive. Axial resin ducts recorded in annual growth rings are an archive of annual defensive investment in trees. This whole-life record of defence investment can be analysed using standard dendrochronological procedures, which allows us to assess interannual variability and the effect of understudied drivers of phenotypic variation on resin-based defences. Understanding the sources of phenotypic variation in defences, such as genetic differentiation and environmental plasticity, is essential for assessing the adaptive potential of forest tree populations to resist pests under climate change. Here, we reviewed the evidence supporting the importance of resin ducts in conifer resistance, and summarized current knowledge about the sources of variation in resin duct production. We propose a standardized methodology to measure resin duct production by means of dendrochronological procedures. This approach will illuminate the roles of resin ducts in tree defence across species, while helping to fill pivotal knowledge gaps in plant defence theory, and leading to a robust understanding of the patterns of variation in resin-based defences throughout the tree's lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Vázquez-González
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, National Spanish Research Council (MBG-CSIC), Carballeira 8, Salcedo, Pontevedra 3614, Spain
| | - Rafael Zas
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, National Spanish Research Council (MBG-CSIC), Carballeira 8, Salcedo, Pontevedra 3614, Spain
| | - Nadir Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2H1 Alberta, Canada
| | - Scott Ferrenberg
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, 1305 Frenger St., Las Cruces, 88001, NM, USA
| | - Vicente Rozas
- iuFOR-EiFAB, Campus Duques de Soria, Universidad de Valladolid, Soria 42004, Spain
- Laboratorio de Dendrocronología y Cambio Global, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Luis Sampedro
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, National Spanish Research Council (MBG-CSIC), Carballeira 8, Salcedo, Pontevedra 3614, Spain
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Yamamoto F, Iwanaga F, Al-Busaidi A, Yamanaka N. Roles of ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid and their interactions in frankincense resin production in Boswellia sacra Flueck. trees. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16760. [PMID: 33028915 PMCID: PMC7541518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73993-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of ethylene, jasmonic acid, and salicylic acid and their interactions in frankincense resin production in Boswellia sacra trees growing in the drylands of Oman were studied. On March 18 (Experiment 1) and September 17 (Experiment 2), 2018, 32-year-old B. sacra trees with multiple trunks were selected at the Agricultural Experiment Station, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman. Various lanolin pastes containing Ethrel, an ethylene-releasing compound; methyl jasmonate; sodium salicylate; and combinations of these compounds were applied to debarked wounds 15 mm in diameter on the trunks. After a certain period, the frankincense resin secreted from each wound was harvested and weighed. The anatomical characteristics of the resin ducts were also studied in the bark tissue near the upper end of each wound. The combination of Ethrel and methyl jasmonate greatly enhanced frankincense resin production within 7 days in both seasons. The application of methyl jasmonate alone, sodium salicylate alone or a combination of both did not affect resin production. These findings suggest a high possibility of artificial enhancement of frankincense resin production by the combined application of Ethrel and methyl jasmonate to B. sacra trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fukuju Yamamoto
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Hamasaka, Tottori, 1390, Japan
| | - Fumiko Iwanaga
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Minami 4-101, Koyama, Tottori, Japan.
| | - Ahmed Al-Busaidi
- College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoudh, Muscat, 123, Oman
| | - Norikazu Yamanaka
- Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Hamasaka, Tottori, 1390, Japan
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Tasnim S, Gries R, Mattsson J. Identification of Three Monofunctional Diterpene Synthases with Specific Enzyme Activities Expressed during Heartwood Formation in Western Redcedar ( Thuja plicata) Trees. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1018. [PMID: 32806789 PMCID: PMC7464036 DOI: 10.3390/plants9081018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Upon harvest, Western redcedar (WRC; Thuja plicata) trees have a high incidence and extent of heartwood rot. While monoterpenoids and lignans have been linked to rot resistance in this species, other specialized metabolites, such as diterpenes, are likely to contribute to rot resistance. Here we report the cloning and functional assessment of three putative diterpene synthase (TpdiTPS) genes expressed during heartwood formation in WRC. The predicted proteins of the three genes lack either of the two catalytically independent active sites typical of most diTPS, indicating monofunctional rather than bifunctional activity. To identify potential catalytic activities of these proteins, we expressed them in genetically engineered Escherichia coli strains that produce four potential substrates, geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP), ent, syn, and normal stereoisomers of copalyl diphosphate (CDP). We found that TpdiTPS3 used GGDP to produce CDP. TpdiTPS2 used normal CDP to produce levopimaradiene. TpdiTPS1 showed stereoselectivity as it used normal CDP to produce sandaracopimaradiene and syn-CDP to produce syn-stemod-13(17)-ene. These genes and protein enzymatic activities have not been previously reported in WRC and provide an opportunity to assess their potential roles in heartwood rot resistance in this economically important species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jim Mattsson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; (S.T.); (R.G.)
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Mageroy MH, Wilkinson SW, Tengs T, Cross H, Almvik M, Pétriacq P, Vivian-Smith A, Zhao T, Fossdal CG, Krokene P. Molecular underpinnings of methyl jasmonate-induced resistance in Norway spruce. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1827-1843. [PMID: 32323322 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In response to various stimuli, plants acquire resistance against pests and/or pathogens. Such acquired or induced resistance allows plants to rapidly adapt to their environment. Spraying the bark of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) trees with the phytohormone methyl jasmonate (MeJA) enhances resistance to tree-killing bark beetles and their associated phytopathogenic fungi. Analysis of spruce chemical defenses and beetle colonization success suggests that MeJA treatment both directly induces immune responses and primes inducible defenses for a faster and stronger response to subsequent beetle attack. We used metabolite and transcriptome profiling to explore the mechanisms underlying MeJA-induced resistance in Norway spruce. We demonstrated that MeJA treatment caused substantial changes in the bark transcriptional response to a triggering stress (mechanical wounding). Profiling of mRNA expression showed a suite of spruce inducible defenses are primed following MeJA treatment. Although monoterpenes and diterpene resin acids increased more rapidly after wounding in MeJA-treated than control bark, expression of their biosynthesis genes did not. We suggest that priming of inducible defenses is part of a complex mixture of defense responses that underpins the increased resistance against bark beetle colonization observed in Norway spruce. This study provides the most detailed insights yet into the mechanisms underlying induced resistance in a long-lived gymnosperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Mageroy
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Samuel W Wilkinson
- P3 Centre for Translational Plant and Soil Biology, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Torstein Tengs
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Hugh Cross
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Marit Almvik
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- P3 Centre for Translational Plant and Soil Biology, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
- UMR 1332 BFP, INRA, University of Bordeaux, MetaboHUB-Bordeaux, MetaboHUB, PHENOME-EMPHASIS, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Adam Vivian-Smith
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Tao Zhao
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Carl Gunnar Fossdal
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Paal Krokene
- Molecular plant biology and Forest Genetics and biodiversity, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
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26
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Morris H, Hietala AM, Jansen S, Ribera J, Rosner S, Salmeia KA, Schwarze FWMR. Using the CODIT model to explain secondary metabolites of xylem in defence systems of temperate trees against decay fungi. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 125:701-720. [PMID: 31420666 PMCID: PMC7182590 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In trees, secondary metabolites (SMs) are essential for determining the effectiveness of defence systems against fungi and why defences are sometimes breached. Using the CODIT model (Compartmentalization of Damage/Dysfunction in Trees), we explain defence processes at the cellular level. CODIT is a highly compartmented defence system that relies on the signalling, synthesis and transport of defence compounds through a three-dimensional lattice of parenchyma against the spread of decay fungi in xylem. SCOPE The model conceptualizes 'walls' that are pre-formed, formed during and formed after wounding events. For sapwood, SMs range in molecular size, which directly affects performance and the response times in which they can be produced. When triggered, high-molecular weight SMs such as suberin and lignin are synthesized slowly (phytoalexins), but can also be in place at the time of wounding (phytoanticipins). In contrast, low-molecular weight phenolic compounds such as flavonoids can be manufactured de novo (phytoalexins) rapidly in response to fungal colonization. De novo production of SMs can be regulated in response to fungal pathogenicity levels. The protective nature of heartwood is partly based on the level of accumulated antimicrobial SMs (phytoanticipins) during the transitionary stage into a normally dead substance. Effectiveness against fungal colonization in heartwood is largely determined by the genetics of the host. CONCLUSION Here we review recent advances in our understanding of the role of SMs in trees in the context of CODIT, with emphasis on the relationship between defence, carbohydrate availability and the hydraulic system.We also raise the limitations of the CODIT model and suggest its modification, encompassing other defence theory concepts. We envisage the development of a new defence system that is modular based and incorporates all components (and organs) of the tree from micro- to macro-scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Morris
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Ari M Hietala
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Ås, Norway
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Javier Ribera
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | | | - Khalifah A Salmeia
- Laboratory of Advanced Fibers, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Francis W M R Schwarze
- Laboratory for Cellulose & Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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27
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Pan J, Sharif R, Xu X, Chen X. Mechanisms of Waterlogging Tolerance in Plants: Research Progress and Prospects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:627331. [PMID: 33643336 PMCID: PMC7902513 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.627331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Waterlogging is one of the main abiotic stresses suffered by plants. Inhibition of aerobic respiration during waterlogging limits energy metabolism and restricts growth and a wide range of developmental processes, from seed germination to vegetative growth and further reproductive growth. Plants respond to waterlogging stress by regulating their morphological structure, energy metabolism, endogenous hormone biosynthesis, and signaling processes. In this updated review, we systematically summarize the changes in morphological structure, photosynthesis, respiration, reactive oxygen species damage, plant hormone synthesis, and signaling cascades after plants were subjected to waterlogging stress. Finally, we propose future challenges and research directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Pan
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Rahat Sharif
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuewen Xu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuehao Chen
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xuehao Chen,
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28
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Celedon JM, Bohlmann J. Oleoresin defenses in conifers: chemical diversity, terpene synthases and limitations of oleoresin defense under climate change. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 224:1444-1463. [PMID: 31179548 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Conifers have evolved complex oleoresin terpene defenses against herbivores and pathogens. In co-evolved bark beetles, conifer terpenes also serve chemo-ecological functions as pheromone precursors, chemical barcodes for host identification, or nutrients for insect-associated microbiomes. We highlight the genomic, molecular and biochemical underpinnings of the large chemical space of conifer oleoresin terpenes and volatiles. Conifer terpenes are predominantly the products of the conifer terpene synthase (TPS) gene family. Terpene diversity is increased by cytochromes P450 of the CYP720B class. Many conifer TPS are multiproduct enzymes. Multisubstrate CYP720B enzymes catalyse multistep oxidations. We summarise known terpenoid gene functions in various different conifer species with reference to the annotated terpenoid gene space in a spruce genome. Overall, biosynthesis of terpene diversity in conifers is achieved through a system of biochemical radiation and metabolic grids. Expression of TPS and CYP720B genes can be specific to individual cell types of constitutive or traumatic resin duct systems. Induced terpenoid transcriptomes in resin duct cells lead to dynamic changes of terpene composition and quantity to fend off herbivores and pathogens. While terpenoid defenses have contributed much to the evolutionary success of conifers, under new conditions of climate change, these defences may become inconsequential against range-expanding forest pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Celedon
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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29
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Whitehill JG, Bohlmann J. A molecular and genomic reference system for conifer defence against insects. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2844-2859. [PMID: 31042808 PMCID: PMC6852437 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Insect pests are part of natural forest ecosystems contributing to forest rejuvenation but can also cause ecological disturbance and economic losses that are expected to increase with climate change. The white pine or spruce weevil (Pissodes strobi) is a pest of conifer forests in North America. Weevil-host interactions with various spruce (Picea) species have been explored as a genomic and molecular reference system for conifer defence against insects. Interactions occur in two major phases of the insect life cycle. In the exophase, adult weevils are free-moving and display behaviour of host selection for oviposition that is affected by host traits. In the endophase, insects live within the host where mobility and development from eggs to young adults are affected by a complex system of host defences. Genetic resistance exists in several spruce species and involves synergism of constitutive and induced chemical and physical defences that comprise the conifer defence syndrome. Here, we review conifer defences that disrupt the weevil life cycle and mechanisms by which trees resist weevil attack. We highlight molecular and genomic aspects and a possible role for the weevil microbiome. Knowledge of this conifer defence system is supporting forest health strategies and tree breeding for insect resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith LaboratoriesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
- Department of BotanyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBCV6T 1Z4Canada
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30
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Jasmonates: Mechanisms and functions in abiotic stress tolerance of plants. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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31
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Turner GW, Parrish AN, Zager JJ, Fischedick JT, Lange BM. Assessment of flux through oleoresin biosynthesis in epithelial cells of loblolly pine resin ducts. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:217-230. [PMID: 30312429 PMCID: PMC6305192 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The shoot system of pines contains abundant resin ducts, which harbor oleoresins that play important roles in constitutive and inducible defenses. In a pilot study, we assessed the chemical diversity of oleoresins obtained from mature tissues of loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.). Building on these data sets, we designed experiments to assess oleoresin biosynthesis in needles of 2-year-old saplings. Comparative transcriptome analyses of single cell types indicated that genes involved in the biosynthesis of oleoresins are significantly enriched in isolated epithelial cells of resin ducts, compared with those expressed in mesophyll cells. Simulations using newly developed genome-scale models of epithelial and mesophyll cells, which incorporate our data on oleoresin yield and composition as well as gene expression patterns, predicted that heterotrophic metabolism in epithelial cells involves enhanced levels of oxidative phosphorylation and fermentation (providing redox and energy equivalents). Furthermore, flux was predicted to be more evenly distributed across the metabolic network of mesophyll cells, which, in contrast to epithelial cells, do not synthesize high levels of specialized metabolites. Our findings provide novel insights into the remarkable specialization of metabolism in epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn W Turner
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Amber N Parrish
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Jordan J Zager
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Justin T Fischedick
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- Pure Analytics, Santa Rosa, CA, USA
| | - B Markus Lange
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and M.J. Murdock Metabolomics Laboratory, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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32
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Vázquez-González C, López-Goldar X, Zas R, Sampedro L. Neutral and Climate-Driven Adaptive Processes Contribute to Explain Population Variation in Resin Duct Traits in a Mediterranean Pine Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1613. [PMID: 31921257 PMCID: PMC6923275 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Resin ducts are important anatomical defensive traits related to biotic resistance in conifers. Previous studies have reported intraspecific genetic variation in resin duct characteristics. However, little is currently known about the micro-evolutionary patterns and adaptive value of these defensive structures. Here, we quantified inter-population genetic variation in resin duct features and their inducibility in Pinus pinaster and assessed whether such variation was associated with climate gradients. To that end, we characterized the resin duct system of 2-year-old saplings from 10 populations across the species' distribution range. We measured axial resin duct features (density, mean size, and percentage conductive area of resin ducts) and their inducibility in response to methyl jasmonate. Genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms allowed to account for the population genetic structure in our models in order to avoid spurious correlations between resin duct characteristics and climate. We found large inter-population variation in resin duct density and conductive area, but not in their inducibility. Our results suggest that population variation in the percentage conductive area of resin ducts likely arise from adaptation to local climate conditions. This study highlights the adaptive relevance of resin ducts and helps to shed light on the micro-evolutionary patterns of resin-based defenses in conifers.
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33
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Peter GF. Breeding and Engineering Trees to Accumulate High Levels of Terpene Metabolites for Plant Defense and Renewable Chemicals. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1672. [PMID: 30515179 PMCID: PMC6256060 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plants evolved the capacity to synthesize highly diverse sets of secondary metabolites which are important for plant adaptation and health. In forest trees, many classes of compounds, particularly ones related to defense against insects, fungi, and bacteria accumulate to levels that enable their recovery and commercial use. One of the oldest examples is conifer terpenes, but terpenes are important secondary products from other tree species including eucalypts. Because terpenes, latex, and natural gums are synthesized and stored in specialized secretory glands, ducts, and laticifers in mostly pure forms they can be collected from live trees in addition to being extracted during industrial processing of wood. This minireview describes the potential of breeding and genetic engineering approaches to increase the quantities of terpene secondary metabolites to increase the amount of secondary products and thereby increasing the value of planted and managed forest trees. I advance the view that breeding and genetic engineering of metabolic pathways and specialized cell secretory structures can dramatically increase tissue terpene content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary F. Peter
- School of Forest Resources and Conservation, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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34
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de Vries S, de Vries J, von Dahlen JK, Gould SB, Archibald JM, Rose LE, Slamovits CH. On plant defense signaling networks and early land plant evolution. Commun Integr Biol 2018; 11:1-14. [PMID: 30214675 PMCID: PMC6132428 DOI: 10.1080/19420889.2018.1486168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
All land plants must cope with phytopathogens. Algae face pathogens, too, and it is reasonable to assume that some of the strategies for dealing with pathogens evolved prior to the origin of embryophytes – plant terrestrialization simply changed the nature of the plant-pathogen interactions. Here we highlight that many potential components of the angiosperm defense toolkit are i) found in streptophyte algae and non-flowering embryophytes and ii) might be used in non-flowering plant defense as inferred from published experimental data. Nonetheless, the common signaling networks governing these defense responses appear to have become more intricate during embryophyte evolution. This includes the evolution of the antagonistic signaling pathways of jasmonic and salicylic acid, multiple independent expansions of resistance genes, and the evolution of resistance gene-regulating microRNAs. Future comparative studies will illuminate which modules of the streptophyte defense signaling network constitute the core and which constitute lineage- and/or environment-specific (peripheral) signaling circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie de Vries
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Jan de Vries
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Janina K von Dahlen
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.,iGRAD-Plant Graduate School, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sven B Gould
- Institute of Molecular Evolution, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - John M Archibald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| | - Laura E Rose
- Institute of Population Genetics, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.,iGRAD-Plant Graduate School, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.,Ceplas, Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Claudio H Slamovits
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
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Hu B, Sakakibara H, Kojima M, Takebayashi Y, Bußkamp J, Langer GJ, Peters FS, Schumacher J, Eiblmeier M, Kreuzwieser J, Rennenberg H. Consequences of Sphaeropsis tip blight disease for the phytohormone profile and antioxidative metabolism of its pine host. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:737-754. [PMID: 29240991 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi infections induce plant defence responses that mediate changes in metabolic and signalling processes with severe consequences for plant growth and development. Sphaeropsis tip blight, induced by the endophytic fungus Sphaeropsis sapinea that spreads from stem tissues to the needles, is the most widespread disease of conifer forests causing dramatic economic losses. However, metabolic consequences of this disease on bark and wood tissues of its host are largely unexplored. Here, we show that diseased host pines experience tissue dehydration in both bark and wood. Increased cytokinin and declined indole-3-acetic acid levels were observed in both tissues and increased jasmonic acid and abscisic acid levels exclusively in the wood. Increased lignin contents at the expense of holo-cellulose with declined structural biomass of the wood reflect cell wall fortification by S. sapinea infection. These changes are consistent with H2 O2 accumulation in the wood, required for lignin polymerization. Accumulation of H2 O2 was associated with more oxidized redox states of glutathione and ascorbate pools. These findings indicate that S. sapinea affects both phytohormone signalling and the antioxidative defence system in stem tissues of its pine host during the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, CN-712100, China
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Tree Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, D-79110, Germany
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yumiko Takebayashi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Johanna Bußkamp
- Department of Forest Protection, Northwest German Forest Research Institute (NW-FVA), Göttingen, D-37079, Germany
| | - Gitta J Langer
- Department of Forest Protection, Northwest German Forest Research Institute (NW-FVA), Göttingen, D-37079, Germany
| | - Franziska S Peters
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Tree Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, D-79110, Germany
- Department of Forest Protection, FVA Forest Research Institute of Baden-Württemberg (FVA-BW), Freiburg, D-79100, Germany
| | - Jörg Schumacher
- Department of Forest Protection, FVA Forest Research Institute of Baden-Württemberg (FVA-BW), Freiburg, D-79100, Germany
- Department of Forest Health and Risk Management, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development (HNE Eberswalde), Eberswalde, D-16225, Germany
| | - Monika Eiblmeier
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Tree Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, D-79110, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kreuzwieser
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Tree Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, D-79110, Germany
| | - Heinz Rennenberg
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Tree Physiology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, D-79110, Germany
- College of Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Klutsch JG, Shamoun SF, Erbilgin N. Drought stress leads to systemic induced susceptibility to a nectrotrophic fungus associated with mountain pine beetle in Pinus banksiana seedlings. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189203. [PMID: 29216258 PMCID: PMC5720781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Conifers have complex defense responses to initial attacks by insects and pathogens that can have cascading effects on success of subsequent colonizers. However, drought can affect a plant's ability to respond to biotic agents by potentially altering the resources needed for the energetically costly production of induced defense chemicals. We investigated the impact of reduced water on induced chemical defenses of jack pine (Pinus banksiana) seedlings from initial attack by biotic agents and resistance to subsequent challenge inoculation with a pathogenic fungal associate of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae), Grosmannia clavigera. Applications of phytohormones (methyl salicylate and methyl jasmonate) and G. clavigera were used for initial induction of defenses. Monoterpene concentrations varied with initial induction from fungal and phytohormone application while watering treatment had no effect. Seedlings treated with G. clavigera and methyl jasmonate had the greatest monoterpene concentrations compared to the control and methyl salicylate-treated seedlings. However, the monoterpene response to the challenge inoculation varied with watering treatments, not with prior induction treatments, with lower monoterpene concentrations in fungal lesions on seedlings in the low to moderate watering treatments compared to normal watering treatment. Furthermore, prior induction from phytohormones resulted in systemic cross-induction of resistance to G. clavigera under normal watering treatment but susceptibility under low watering treatment. Seedlings stressed by low water conditions, which also had lower stomatal conductance than seedlings in the normal watering treatment, likely allocated resources to initial defense response but were left unable to acquire further resources for subsequent responses. Our results demonstrate that drought can affect interactions among tree-infesting organisms through systemic cross-induction of susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer G. Klutsch
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Simon Francis Shamoun
- Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Nadir Erbilgin
- Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Liu JJ, Williams H, Li XR, Schoettle AW, Sniezko RA, Murray M, Zamany A, Roke G, Chen H. Profiling methyl jasmonate-responsive transcriptome for understanding induced systemic resistance in whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 95:359-374. [PMID: 28861810 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0655-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RNA-seq analysis on whitebark pine needles demonstrated that methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-triggered transcriptome re-programming substantially overlapped with defense responses against insects and fungal pathogens in Pinus species, increasing current knowledge regarding induced systemic resistance (ISR) to pathogens and pests in whitebark pine. Many whitebark pine populations are in steep decline due to high susceptibility to mountain pine beetle and the non-native white pine blister rust (WPBR). Resistance, including induced systemic resistance (ISR), is not well characterized in whitebark pine, narrowing the current options for increasing the success of restoration and breeding programs. Exogenous jasmonates are known to trigger ISR by activating the plant's immune system through regulation of gene expression to produce chemical defense compounds. This study reports profiles of whitebark pine needle transcriptomes, following methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment using RNA-seq. A MeJA-responsive transcriptome was de novo assembled and transcriptome profiling identified a set of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), revealing 1422 up- and 999 down-regulated transcripts with at least twofold change (FDR corrected p < 0.05) in needle tissues in response to MeJA application. GO analysis revealed that these DEGs have putative functions in plant defense signalling, transcription regulation, biosyntheses of secondary metabolites, and other biological processes. Lineage-specific expression of defense-related genes was characterized through comparison with MeJA signalling in model plants. In particular, MeJA-triggered transcriptome re-programming substantially overlapped with defense responses against WPBR and insects in related Pinus species, suggesting that MeJA may be used to improve whitebark pine resistance to pathogens/pests. Our study provides new insights into molecular mechanisms and metabolic pathways involved in whitebark pine ISR. DEGs identified in this study can be used as candidates to facilitate identification of genomic variation contributing to host resistance and aid in breeding selection of elite genotypes with better adaptive fitness to environmental stressors in this endangered tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jun Liu
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC, V8Z 1M5, Canada.
| | - Holly Williams
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC, V8Z 1M5, Canada
| | - Xiao Rui Li
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC, V8Z 1M5, Canada
| | - Anna W Schoettle
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 240 West Prospect Road, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - Richard A Sniezko
- USDA Forest Service, Dorena Genetic Resource Center, 34963 Shoreview Road, Cottage Grove, OR, 97424, USA
| | - Michael Murray
- Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, 333 Victoria St., Nelson, BC, V1L 4K3, Canada
| | - Arezoo Zamany
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC, V8Z 1M5, Canada
| | - Gary Roke
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC, V8Z 1M5, Canada
| | - Hao Chen
- Canadian Forest Service, Natural Resources Canada, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC, V8Z 1M5, Canada
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The Douglas-Fir Genome Sequence Reveals Specialization of the Photosynthetic Apparatus in Pinaceae. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2017; 7:3157-3167. [PMID: 28751502 PMCID: PMC5592940 DOI: 10.1534/g3.117.300078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A reference genome sequence for Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Coastal Douglas-fir) is reported, thus providing a reference sequence for a third genus of the family Pinaceae. The contiguity and quality of the genome assembly far exceeds that of other conifer reference genome sequences (contig N50 = 44,136 bp and scaffold N50 = 340,704 bp). Incremental improvements in sequencing and assembly technologies are in part responsible for the higher quality reference genome, but it may also be due to a slightly lower exact repeat content in Douglas-fir vs. pine and spruce. Comparative genome annotation with angiosperm species reveals gene-family expansion and contraction in Douglas-fir and other conifers which may account for some of the major morphological and physiological differences between the two major plant groups. Notable differences in the size of the NDH-complex gene family and genes underlying the functional basis of shade tolerance/intolerance were observed. This reference genome sequence not only provides an important resource for Douglas-fir breeders and geneticists but also sheds additional light on the evolutionary processes that have led to the divergence of modern angiosperms from the more ancient gymnosperms.
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He Z, Wang S, Yang Y, Hu J, Wang C, Li H, Ma B, Yuan Q. β-Carotene production promoted by ethylene in Blakeslea trispora and the mechanism involved in metabolic responses. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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40
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AbuQamar S, Moustafa K, Tran LS. Mechanisms and strategies of plant defense against Botrytis cinerea. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2017; 37:262-274. [PMID: 28056558 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2016.1271767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Biotic factors affect plant immune responses and plant resistance to pathogen infections. Despite the considerable progress made over the past two decades in manipulating genes, proteins and their levels from diverse sources, no complete genetic tolerance to environmental stresses has been developed so far in any crops. Plant defense response to pathogens, including Botrytis cinerea, is a complex biological process involving various changes at the biochemical, molecular (i.e. transcriptional) and physiological levels. Once a pathogen is detected, effective plant resistance activates signaling networks through the generation of small signaling molecules and the balance of hormonal signaling pathways to initiate defense mechanisms to the particular pathogen. Recently, studies using Arabidopsis thaliana and crop plants have shown that many genes are involved in plant responses to B. cinerea infection. In this article, we will review our current understanding of mechanisms regulating plant responses to B. cinerea with a particular interest on hormonal regulatory networks involving phytohormones salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET) and abscisic acid (ABA). We will also highlight some potential gene targets that are promising for improving crop resistance to B. cinerea through genetic engineering and breeding programs. Finally, the role of biological control as a complementary and alternative disease management will be overviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Synan AbuQamar
- a Department of Biology , United Arab Emirates University , Al-Ain , UAE
| | - Khaled Moustafa
- b Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers , Paris , France
| | - Lam Son Tran
- c Plant Abiotic Stress Research Group & Faculty of Applied Sciences , Ton Duc Thang University , Ho Chi Minh City , Vietnam.,d Signaling Pathway Research Unit , RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science , Yokohama , Kanagawa , Japan
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41
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Morris H, Brodersen C, Schwarze FWMR, Jansen S. The Parenchyma of Secondary Xylem and Its Critical Role in Tree Defense against Fungal Decay in Relation to the CODIT Model. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1665. [PMID: 27881986 PMCID: PMC5101214 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This review examines the roles that ray and axial parenchyma (RAP) plays against fungal pathogens in the secondary xylem of wood within the context of the CODIT model (Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees), a defense concept first conceived in the early 1970s by Alex Shigo. This model, simplistic in its design, shows how a large woody perennial is highly compartmented. Anatomical divisions in place at the time of infection or damage, (physical defense) alongside the 'active' response by the RAP during and after wounding work together in forming boundaries that function to restrict air or decay spread. The living parenchyma cells play a critical role in all of the four walls (differing anatomical constructs) that the model comprises. To understand how living cells in each of the walls of CODIT cooperate, we must have a clear vision of their complex interconnectivity from a three-dimensional perspective, along with knowledge of the huge variation in ray parenchyma (RP) and axial parenchyma (AP) abundance and patterns. Crucial patterns for defense encompass the symplastic continuum between both RP and AP and the dead tissues, with the latter including the vessel elements, libriform fibers, and imperforate tracheary elements (i.e., vasicentric and vascular tracheids). Also, the heartwood, a chemically altered antimicrobial non-living substance that forms the core of many trees, provides an integral part of the defense system. In the heartwood, dead RAP can play an important role in defense, depending on the genetic constitution of the species. Considering the array of functions that RAP are associated with, from capacitance, through to storage, and long-distance water transport, deciding how their role in defense fits into this suite of functions is a challenge for plant scientists, and likely depends on a range of factors. Here, we explore the important role of RAP in defense against fungal pathogens and the trade-offs involved from a viewpoint for structure-function relations, while also examining how fungi can breach the defense system using an array of enzymes in conjunction with the physically intrusive hyphae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Morris
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
| | - Craig Brodersen
- School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New HavenCT, USA
| | - Francis W. M. R. Schwarze
- Laboratory for Applied Wood Materials, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and ResearchSt. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Steven Jansen
- Institute of Systematic Botany and Ecology, Ulm UniversityUlm, Germany
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42
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Whitehill JGA, Henderson H, Schuetz M, Skyba O, Yuen MMS, King J, Samuels AL, Mansfield SD, Bohlmann J. Histology and cell wall biochemistry of stone cells in the physical defence of conifers against insects. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1646-1661. [PMID: 26474726 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Conifers possess an array of physical and chemical defences against stem-boring insects. Stone cells provide a physical defence associated with resistance against bark beetles and weevils. In Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis), abundance of stone cells in the cortex of apical shoots is positively correlated with resistance to white pine weevil (Pissodes strobi). We identified histological, biochemical and molecular differences in the stone cell phenotype of weevil resistant (R) or susceptible (S) Sitka spruce genotypes. R trees displayed significantly higher quantities of cortical stone cells near the apical shoot node, the primary site for weevil feeding. Lignin, cellulose, xylan and mannan were the most abundant components of stone cell secondary walls, respectively. Lignin composition of stone cells isolated from R trees contained a higher percentage of G-lignin compared with S trees. Transcript profiling revealed higher transcript abundance in the R genotype of coumarate 3-hydroxylase, a key monolignol biosynthetic gene. Developing stone cells in current year apical shoots incorporated fluorescent-tagged monolignol into the secondary cell wall, while mature stone cells of previous year apical shoots did not. Stone cell development is an ephemeral process, and fortification of shoot tips in R trees is an effective strategy against insect feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin G A Whitehill
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Hannah Henderson
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Mathias Schuetz
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Oleksandr Skyba
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Macaire Man Saint Yuen
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - John King
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Lands, and Natural Resource Operations, Victoria, BC, Canada, V8W 9C2
| | - A Lacey Samuels
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Shawn D Mansfield
- Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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43
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Pascual MB, El-Azaz J, de la Torre FN, Cañas RA, Avila C, Cánovas FM. Biosynthesis and Metabolic Fate of Phenylalanine in Conifers. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1030. [PMID: 27468292 PMCID: PMC4942462 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The amino acid phenylalanine (Phe) is a critical metabolic node that plays an essential role in the interconnection between primary and secondary metabolism in plants. Phe is used as a protein building block but it is also as a precursor for numerous plant compounds that are crucial for plant reproduction, growth, development, and defense against different types of stresses. The metabolism of Phe plays a central role in the channeling of carbon from photosynthesis to the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids. The study of this metabolic pathway is particularly relevant in trees, which divert large amounts of carbon into the biosynthesis of Phe-derived compounds, particularly lignin, an important constituent of wood. The trunks of trees are metabolic sinks that consume a considerable percentage of carbon and energy from photosynthesis, and carbon is finally immobilized in wood. This paper reviews recent advances in the biosynthesis and metabolic utilization of Phe in conifer trees. Two alternative routes have been identified: the ancient phenylpyruvate pathway that is present in microorganisms, and the arogenate pathway that possibly evolved later during plant evolution. Additionally, an efficient nitrogen recycling mechanism is required to maintain sustained growth during xylem formation. The relevance of phenylalanine metabolic pathways in wood formation, the biotic interactions, and ultraviolet protection is discussed. The genetic manipulation and transcriptional regulation of the pathways are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Francisco M. Cánovas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de MálagaMálaga, Spain
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44
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Füller TN, de Lima JC, de Costa F, Rodrigues-Corrêa KCS, Fett-Neto AG. Stimulant Paste Preparation and Bark Streak Tapping Technique for Pine Oleoresin Extraction. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2016; 1405:19-26. [PMID: 26843161 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3393-8_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tapping technique comprises the extraction of pine oleoresin, a non-wood forest product consisting of a complex mixture of mono, sesqui, and diterpenes biosynthesized and exuded as a defense response to wounding. Oleoresin is used to produce gum rosin, turpentine, and their multiple derivatives. Oleoresin yield and quality are objects of interest in pine tree biotechnology, both in terms of environmental and genetic control. Monitoring these parameters in individual trees grown in the field provides a means to examine the control of terpene production in resin canals, as well as the identification of genetic-based differences in resinosis. A typical method of tapping involves the removal of bark and application of a chemical stimulant on the wounded area. Here we describe the methods for preparing the resin-stimulant paste with different adjuvants, as well as the bark streaking process in adult pine trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanise Nogueira Füller
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), CP 15005, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil.,Department of Botany, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Júlio César de Lima
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Costa
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), CP 15005, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil.,Center for Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Arthur G Fett-Neto
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Center for Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), CP 15005, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil. .,Department of Botany, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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45
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Abstract
Induced defense is a common plant strategy in response to herbivory. Although abiotic damage, such as physical wounding, pruning, and heating, can induce plant defense, the effect of such damage by large-scale abiotic disturbances on induced defenses has not been explored and could have important consequences for plant survival facing future biotic disturbances. Historically, low-severity wildfire was a widespread, frequent abiotic disturbance in many temperate coniferous forests. Native Dendroctonus and Ips bark beetles are also a common biotic disturbance agent in these forest types and can influence tree mortality patterns after wildfire. Therefore, species living in these disturbance-prone environments with strategies to survive both frequent fire and bark beetle attack should be favored. One such example is Pinus ponderosa forests of western North America. These forests are susceptible to bark beetle attack and frequent, low-severity fire was common prior to European settlement. However, since the late 1800s, frequent, low-severity fires have greatly decreased in these forests. We hypothesized that non-lethal, low-severity, wildfire induces resin duct defense in P. ponderosa and that lack of low-severity fire relaxes resin duct defense in forests dependent on frequent, low-severity fire. We first compared axial resin duct traits between trees that either survived or died from bark beetle attacks. Next, we studied axial ducts using tree cores with crossdated chronologies in several natural P. ponderosa stands before and after an individual wildfire and, also, before and after an abrupt change in fire frequency in the 20th century. We show that trees killed by bark beetles invested less in resin ducts relative to trees that survived attack, suggesting that resin duct-related traits provide resistance against bark beetles. We then show low-severity fire induces resin duct production, and finally, that resin duct production declines when fire ceases. Our results demonstrate that low-severity fire can trigger a long-lasting induced defense that may increase tree survival from subsequent herbivory.
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46
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Perotti JC, da Silva Rodrigues-Corrêa KC, Fett-Neto AG. Control of resin production in Araucaria angustifolia, an ancient South American conifer. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2015; 17:852-9. [PMID: 25545585 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Araucaria angustifolia is an ancient slow-growing conifer that characterises parts of the Southern Atlantic Forest biome, currently listed as a critically endangered species. The species also produces bark resin, although the factors controlling its resinosis are largely unknown. To better understand this defence-related process, we examined the resin exudation response of A. angustifolia upon treatment with well-known chemical stimulators used in fast-growing conifers producing both bark and wood resin, such as Pinus elliottii. The initial hypothesis was that A. angustifolia would display significant differences in the regulation of resinosis. The effect of Ethrel(®) (ET - ethylene precursor), salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), sulphuric acid (SuA) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP - nitric oxide donor) on resin yield and composition in young plants of A. angustifolia was examined. In at least one of the concentrations tested, and frequently in more than one, an aqueous glycerol solution applied on fresh wound sites of the stem with one or more of the adjuvants examined promoted an increase in resin yield, as well as monoterpene concentration (α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene and limonene). Higher yields and longer exudation periods were observed with JA and ET, another feature shared with Pinus resinosis. The results suggest that resinosis control is similar in Araucaria and Pinus. In addition, A. angustifolia resin may be a relevant source of valuable terpene chemicals, whose production may be increased by using stimulating pastes containing the identified adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Perotti
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - K C da Silva Rodrigues-Corrêa
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Center for Biotechnology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - A G Fett-Neto
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Center for Biotechnology, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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47
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Tian WM, Yang SG, Shi MJ, Zhang SX, Wu JL. Mechanical wounding-induced laticifer differentiation in rubber tree: An indicative role of dehydration, hydrogen peroxide, and jasmonates. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 182:95-103. [PMID: 26070085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
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48
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Singh B, Sharma RA. Plant terpenes: defense responses, phylogenetic analysis, regulation and clinical applications. 3 Biotech 2015; 5:129-151. [PMID: 28324581 PMCID: PMC4362742 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-014-0220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The terpenoids constitute the largest class of natural products and many interesting products are extensively applied in the industrial sector as flavors, fragrances, spices and are also used in perfumery and cosmetics. Many terpenoids have biological activities and also used for medical purposes. In higher plants, the conventional acetate-mevalonic acid pathway operates mainly in the cytosol and mitochondria and synthesizes sterols, sesquiterpenes and ubiquinones mainly. In the plastid, the non-mevalonic acid pathway takes place and synthesizes hemi-, mono-, sesqui-, and diterpenes along with carotenoids and phytol tail of chlorophyll. In this review paper, recent developments in the biosynthesis of terpenoids, indepth description of terpene synthases and their phylogenetic analysis, regulation of terpene biosynthesis as well as updates of terpenes which have entered in the clinical studies are reviewed thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Singh
- AIB, Amity University Rajasthan, NH-11C, Kant Kalwar, Jaipur, 303 002, India.
| | - Ram A Sharma
- Department of Botany, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, 302 055, India
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Molina-Rueda JJ, Pascual MB, Pissarra J, Gallardo F. A putative role for γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in vascular development in pine seedlings. PLANTA 2015; 241:257-67. [PMID: 25183257 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A model for GABA synthesis in stems of pine seedlings is proposed. The localization of GABA in differentiating tracheids suggests a link between GABA production and vascular development. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-proteinogenic amino acid present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. GABA plays a fundamental role as a signal molecule in the central nervous system in animals. In plants, GABA has been correlated with cellular elongation, plant development, gene expression regulation, synthesis of ethylene and other hormones, and signaling. Considering the physiological importance of GABA in plants, the lack of works about GABA localization in this kingdom seems surprising. In this work, the immunolocalization of GABA in root and hypocotyl during seedling development and in bent stem showing compression xylem has been studied. In the seedling root, the GABA signal was very high and restricted to the stele supporting previous evidences indicating a potential role for this amino acid in root growth and nutrient transport. In hypocotyl, GABA was localized in vascular tissues, including differentiating xylem, ray parenchyma and epithelial resin duct cells, drawing also a role for GABA in vascular development, communication and defense. During the production of compression wood, a special lignified wood produced when the stem loss its vertical position, a clear GABA signal was found in the new differentiating xylem cells showing a gradient-like pattern with higher signal in less differentiated elements. The results are in accordance with a previous work indicating that glutamate decarboxylase and GABA production are associated to vascular differentiation in pine Molina-Rueda et al. (Planta 232: 1471-1483, 2010). A model for GABA synthesis in vascular differentiation, communication, and defense is proposed in the stem of pine seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jesús Molina-Rueda
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
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50
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Westbrook JW, Walker AR, Neves LG, Munoz P, Resende MFR, Neale DB, Wegrzyn JL, Huber DA, Kirst M, Davis JM, Peter GF. Discovering candidate genes that regulate resin canal number in Pinus taeda stems by integrating genetic analysis across environments, ages, and populations. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 205:627-641. [PMID: 25266813 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Genetically improving constitutive resin canal development in Pinus stems may enhance the capacity to synthesize terpenes for bark beetle resistance, chemical feedstocks, and biofuels. To discover genes that potentially regulate axial resin canal number (RCN), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 4027 genes were tested for association with RCN in two growth rings and three environments in a complex pedigree of 520 Pinus taeda individuals (CCLONES). The map locations of associated genes were compared with RCN quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in a (P. taeda × Pinus elliottii) × P. elliottii pseudo-backcross of 345 full-sibs (BC1). Resin canal number was heritable (h(2) ˜ 0.12-0.21) and positively genetically correlated with xylem growth (rg ˜ 0.32-0.72) and oleoresin flow (rg ˜ 0.15-0.51). Sixteen well-supported candidate regulators of RCN were discovered in CCLONES, including genes associated across sites and ages, unidirectionally associated with oleoresin flow and xylem growth, and mapped to RCN QTLs in BC1. Breeding is predicted to increase RCN 11% in one generation and could be accelerated with genomic selection at accuracies of 0.45-0.52 across environments. There is significant genetic variation for RCN in loblolly pine, which can be exploited in breeding for elevated terpene content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared W Westbrook
- Forest Genomics Laboratory, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, 1376 Mowry Rd, Rm 320, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA; Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology graduate program, University of Florida, Gainesville, PO Box 110410, FL 32611, USA
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