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González-Cabanelas D, Perreca E, Rohwer JM, Schmidt A, Engl T, Raguschke B, Gershenzon J, Wright LP. Deoxyxylulose 5-Phosphate Synthase Does Not Play a Major Role in Regulating the Methylerythritol 4-Phosphate Pathway in Poplar. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4181. [PMID: 38673766 PMCID: PMC11049974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The plastidic 2-C-methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway supplies the precursors of a large variety of essential plant isoprenoids, but its regulation is still not well understood. Using metabolic control analysis (MCA), we examined the first enzyme of this pathway, 1-deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), in multiple grey poplar (Populus × canescens) lines modified in their DXS activity. Single leaves were dynamically labeled with 13CO2 in an illuminated, climate-controlled gas exchange cuvette coupled to a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer, and the carbon flux through the MEP pathway was calculated. Carbon was rapidly assimilated into MEP pathway intermediates and labeled both the isoprene released and the IDP+DMADP pool by up to 90%. DXS activity was increased by 25% in lines overexpressing the DXS gene and reduced by 50% in RNA interference lines, while the carbon flux in the MEP pathway was 25-35% greater in overexpressing lines and unchanged in RNA interference lines. Isoprene emission was also not altered in these different genetic backgrounds. By correlating absolute flux to DXS activity under different conditions of light and temperature, the flux control coefficient was found to be low. Among isoprenoid end products, isoprene itself was unchanged in DXS transgenic lines, but the levels of the chlorophylls and most carotenoids measured were 20-30% less in RNA interference lines than in overexpression lines. Our data thus demonstrate that DXS in the isoprene-emitting grey poplar plays only a minor part in controlling flux through the MEP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego González-Cabanelas
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (D.G.-C.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (J.G.); (L.P.W.)
| | - Erica Perreca
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (D.G.-C.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (J.G.); (L.P.W.)
| | - Johann M. Rohwer
- Laboratory for Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa;
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (D.G.-C.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (J.G.); (L.P.W.)
| | - Tobias Engl
- Department of Insect Symbiosis, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Bettina Raguschke
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (D.G.-C.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (J.G.); (L.P.W.)
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (D.G.-C.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (J.G.); (L.P.W.)
| | - Louwrance P. Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Plank Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, 07745 Jena, Germany; (D.G.-C.); (A.S.); (B.R.); (J.G.); (L.P.W.)
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Weraduwage SM, Whitten D, Kulke M, Sahu A, Vermaas JV, Sharkey TD. The isoprene-responsive phosphoproteome provides new insights into the putative signalling pathways and novel roles of isoprene. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:1099-1117. [PMID: 38038355 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Many plants, especially trees, emit isoprene in a highly light- and temperature-dependent manner. The advantages for plants that emit, if any, have been difficult to determine. Direct effects on membranes have been disproven. New insights have been obtained by RNA sequencing, proteomic and metabolomic studies. We determined the responses of the phosphoproteome to exposure of Arabidopsis leaves to isoprene in the gas phase for either 1 or 5 h. Isoprene effects that were not apparent from RNA sequencing and other methods but were apparent in the phosphoproteome include effects on chloroplast movement proteins and membrane remodelling proteins. Several receptor kinases were found to have altered phosphorylation levels. To test whether potential isoprene receptors could be identified, we used molecular dynamics simulations to test for proteins that might have strong binding to isoprene and, therefore might act as receptors. Although many Arabidopsis proteins were found to have slightly higher binding affinities than a reference set of Homo sapiens proteins, no specific receptor kinase was found to have a very high binding affinity. The changes in chloroplast movement, photosynthesis capacity and so forth, found in this work, are consistent with isoprene responses being especially useful in the upper canopy of trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarathi M Weraduwage
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Douglas Whitten
- Research Technology Support Facility-Proteomics Core, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Martin Kulke
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Abira Sahu
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Josh V Vermaas
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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3
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Moy A, Czajka K, Michael P, Nkongolo K. Gene expression profiling of Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) under copper stress: Identification of genes associated with copper resistance. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296027. [PMID: 38452110 PMCID: PMC10919686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genetic response of plants to copper stress is a necessary step to improving the utility of plants for environmental remediation and restoration. The objectives of this study were to: 1) characterize the transcriptome of Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) under copper stress, 2) analyze the gene expression profile shifts of genotypes exposed to copper ion toxicity, and 3) identify genes associated with copper resistance. Pinus banksiana seedlings were treated with 10 mmoles of copper and screened in a growth chamber. There were 6,213 upregulated and 29,038 downregulated genes expressed in the copper resistant genotypes compared to the susceptible genotypes at a high stringency based on the false discovery rate (FDR). Overall, 25,552 transcripts were assigned gene ontology. Among the top upregulated genes, the response to stress, the biosynthetic process, and the response to chemical stimuli terms represented the highest proportion of gene expression for the biological processes. For the molecular function category, the majority of expressed genes were associated with nucleotide binding followed by transporter activity, and kinase activity. The majority of upregulated genes were located in the plasma membrane while half of the total downregulated genes were associated with the extracellular region. Two candidate genes associated with copper resistance were identified including genes encoding for heavy metal-associated isoprenylated plant proteins (AtHIP20 and AtHIP26) and a gene encoding the pleiotropic drug resistance protein 1 (NtPDR1). This study represents the first report of transcriptomic responses of a conifer species to copper ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistar Moy
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karolina Czajka
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Michael
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kabwe Nkongolo
- Biomolecular Sciences Program, School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
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Mleziva AD, Ngumbi EN. Comparative analysis of defensive secondary metabolites in wild teosinte and cultivated maize under flooding and herbivory stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14216. [PMID: 38366721 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is driving an alarming increase in the frequency and intensity of abiotic and biotic stress factors, negatively impacting plant development and agricultural productivity. To survive, plants respond by inducing changes in below and aboveground metabolism with concomitant alterations in defensive secondary metabolites. While plant responses to the isolated stresses of flooding and insect herbivory have been extensively studied, much less is known about their response in combination. Wild relatives of cultivated plants with robust stress tolerance traits provide an excellent system for comparing how diverse plant species respond to combinatorial stress, and provide insight into potential germplasms for stress-tolerant hybrids. In this study, we compared the below and aboveground changes in the secondary metabolites of maize (Zea mays) and a flood-tolerant wild relative Nicaraguan teosinte (Zea nicaraguensis) in response to flooding, insect herbivory, and their combination. Root tissue was analyzed for changes in belowground metabolism. Leaf total phenolic content and headspace volatile organic compound emission were analyzed for changes in aboveground secondary metabolism. Results revealed significant differences in the root metabolome profiles of teosinte and maize. Notably, the accumulation of the flavonoids apigenin, naringenin, and luteolin during flooding and herbivory differentiated teosinte from maize. Aboveground, terpenes, including trans-α-bergamotene and (E)-4,8-dimethylnona-1,3,7-triene, shaped compositional differences in their volatile profiles between flooding, herbivory, and their combination. Taken together, these results suggest teosinte may be more tolerant than maize due to dynamic metabolic changes during flooding and herbivory that help relieve stress and influence plant-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Mleziva
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Esther N Ngumbi
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Nybakken L, Lee Y, Brede DA, Mageroy MH, Lind OC, Salbu B, Kashparov V, Olsen JE. Long term effects of ionising radiation in the Chernobyl Exclusion zone on DNA integrity and chemical defence systems of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166844. [PMID: 37689207 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (ChNPP) accident in 1986 resulted in extremely high levels of acute ionising radiation, that killed or damaged Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) trees in the surrounding areas. Dead trees were cleared and buried, and new plantations established a few years later. Today, more than three decades later, gamma and beta-radiation near the ChNPP is still elevated compared with ambient levels but have decreased by a factor of 300 and 100, respectively. In the present work, Scots pine-trees growing at High (220 μGy h-1), Medium (11 μGy h-1), and Low (0.2 μGy h-1) total (internal + external) dose rates of chronically elevated ionising radiation in the Chernobyl Exclusion zone were investigated with respect to possible damage to DNA, cells and organelles, as well as potentially increased levels of phenolic and terpenoid antioxidants. Scots pine from the High and Medium radiation sites had elevated levels of DNA damage in shoot tips and needles as shown by the COMET assay, as well as increased numbers of resin ducts and subcellular abnormalities in needles. Needles from the High radiation site showed elevated levels of monoterpenes and condensed tannins compared with those from the other sites. In conclusion, more than three decades after the ChNPP accident substantial DNA damage and (sub)cellular effects, but also mobilisation of stress-protective substances possessing antioxidant activity were observed in Scots pine trees growing at elevated levels of ionising radiation. This demonstrates that the radiation levels in the Red Forest still significantly impact the plant community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Nybakken
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - YeonKyeong Lee
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; Korea University Graduate School, Department of Plant Biotechnology, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-ku, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dag A Brede
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Melissa H Mageroy
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, P.O. Box 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Ole Christian Lind
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Brit Salbu
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway; Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Valery Kashparov
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology (UIAR) of National University of Life and Environment Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Jorunn E Olsen
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432 Ås, Norway; Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
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Bertić M, Zimmer I, Andrés-Montaner D, Rosenkranz M, Kangasjärvi J, Schnitzler JP, Ghirardo A. Automatization of metabolite extraction for high-throughput metabolomics: case study on transgenic isoprene-emitting birch. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:1855-1869. [PMID: 37418159 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpad087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolomics studies are becoming increasingly common for understanding how plant metabolism responds to changes in environmental conditions, genetic manipulations and treatments. Despite the recent advances in metabolomics workflow, the sample preparation process still limits the high-throughput analysis in large-scale studies. Here, we present a highly flexible robotic system that integrates liquid handling, sonication, centrifugation, solvent evaporation and sample transfer processed in 96-well plates to automatize the metabolite extraction from leaf samples. We transferred an established manual extraction protocol performed to a robotic system, and with this, we show the optimization steps required to improve reproducibility and obtain comparable results in terms of extraction efficiency and accuracy. We then tested the robotic system to analyze the metabolomes of wild-type and four transgenic silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) lines under unstressed conditions. Birch trees were engineered to overexpress the poplar (Populus × canescens) isoprene synthase and to emit various amounts of isoprene. By fitting the different isoprene emission capacities of the transgenic trees with their leaf metabolomes, we observed an isoprene-dependent upregulation of some flavonoids and other secondary metabolites as well as carbohydrates, amino acid and lipid metabolites. By contrast, the disaccharide sucrose was found to be strongly negatively correlated to isoprene emission. The presented study illustrates the power of integrating robotics to increase the sample throughput, reduce human errors and labor time, and to ensure a fully controlled, monitored and standardized sample preparation procedure. Due to its modular and flexible structure, the robotic system can be easily adapted to other extraction protocols for the analysis of various tissues or plant species to achieve high-throughput metabolomics in plant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Bertić
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Environmental Health Center (EHC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Ina Zimmer
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Environmental Health Center (EHC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - David Andrés-Montaner
- Atmospheric Environmental Research, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kreuzeckbahnstr. 19, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany
- Corteva Agriscience Spain S.L.U, Carreño, Spain
| | - Maaria Rosenkranz
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Environmental Health Center (EHC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Ecology and Conservation Biology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg 93053, Germany
| | - Jaakko Kangasjärvi
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O Box 65, FI-00014, Finland
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Environmental Health Center (EHC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Environmental Health Center (EHC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
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Cai Y, Xu C, Zheng T, Zuo Z. Thermal protection function of camphor on Cinnamomum camphora cell membrane by acting as a signaling molecule. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 198:107672. [PMID: 37004435 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Isoprenoids serve important functions in protecting plant membranes against high temperature. Cinnamomum camphora is an excellent economic tree species, and releases plenty of monoterpenes. To uncover the protective mechanism of monoterpenes on the membrane system for promoting their development and utilization as anti-high temperature agents, the membrane permeability, cell ultrastructure, membrane lipid variations and related gene expression were investigated in C. camphora fumigated with camphor, one of the main monoterpenes in the plant, after fosmidomycin (Fos) blocking the monoterpene biosynthesis under high temperature (Fos+38 °C + C). High temperature at 38 °C caused the rupture of plasma as well as chloroplast and mitochondrion membranes, deformation of chloroplasts and mitochondria, and electrolyte leakage in C. camphora. High temperature with Fos treatment (Fos+38 °C) aggravated the damage, while camphor fumigation (Fos+38 °C + C) showed alleviating effects. High temperature at 38 °C disturbed the membrane lipid equilibrium by reducing the levels of 14 phosphatidylcholine, 8 phosphatidylglycerol and 6 phosphatidylethanolamine molecules, and increasing the levels of 8 phosphatidic acid, 4 diacylglycerol, 5 phosphatidylinositol, 16 sphingomyelin and 5 ceramide phosphoethanolamine molecules. Fos+38 °C treatment primarily exhibited intensifying effects on the disturbance, while these membrane lipid levels in Fos+38 °C + C5 (5 μM camphor) treatment exhibited variation tendencies to the control at 28 °C. This should result from the expression alterations of the genes related with phospholipid biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and sphingolipid metabolism. It can be speculated that camphor can maintain membrane lipid stabilization in C. camphora under high temperature by acting as a signaling molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Chenyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Tiefeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Zhaojiang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
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Rodrigues JS, Kovács L, Lukeš M, Höper R, Steuer R, Červený J, Lindberg P, Zavřel T. Characterizing isoprene production in cyanobacteria - Insights into the effects of light, temperature, and isoprene on Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 380:129068. [PMID: 37084984 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Engineering cyanobacteria for the production of isoprene and other terpenoids has gained increasing attention in the field of biotechnology. Several studies have addressed optimization of isoprene synthesis in cyanobacteria via enzyme and pathway engineering. However, only little attention has been paid to the optimization of cultivation conditions. In this study, an isoprene-producing strain of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and two control strains were grown under a variety of cultivation conditions. Isoprene production, as quantified by modified membrane inlet mass spectrometer (MIMS) and interpreted using Flux Balance Analysis (FBA), increased under violet light and at elevated temperature. Increase of thermotolerance in the isoprene producer was attributed to the physical presence of isoprene, similar to plants. The results demonstrate a beneficial effect of isoprene on cell survival at higher temperatures. This increased thermotolerance opens new possibilities for sustainable bio-production of isoprene and other products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - László Kovács
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Martin Lukeš
- Institute of Microbiology, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Rune Höper
- Institute for Biology, Theoretical Biology (ITB), Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Steuer
- Institute for Biology, Theoretical Biology (ITB), Humboldt-University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Červený
- Department of Adaptive Biotechnologies, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pia Lindberg
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Tomáš Zavřel
- Department of Adaptive Biotechnologies, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Weraduwage SM, Sahu A, Kulke M, Vermaas JV, Sharkey TD. Characterization of promoter elements of isoprene-responsive genes and the ability of isoprene to bind START domain transcription factors. PLANT DIRECT 2023; 7:e483. [PMID: 36742092 PMCID: PMC9889695 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene has recently been proposed to be a signaling molecule that can enhance tolerance of both biotic and abiotic stress. Not all plants make isoprene, but all plants tested to date respond to isoprene. We hypothesized that isoprene interacts with existing signaling pathways rather than requiring novel mechanisms for its effect on plants. We analyzed the cis-regulatory elements (CREs) in promoters of isoprene-responsive genes and the corresponding transcription factors binding these promoter elements to obtain clues about the transcription factors and other proteins involved in isoprene signaling. Promoter regions of isoprene-responsive genes were characterized using the Arabidopsis cis-regulatory element database. CREs bind ARR1, Dof, DPBF, bHLH112, GATA factors, GT-1, MYB, and WRKY transcription factors, and light-responsive elements were overrepresented in promoters of isoprene-responsive genes; CBF-, HSF-, WUS-binding motifs were underrepresented. Transcription factors corresponding to CREs overrepresented in promoters of isoprene-responsive genes were mainly those important for stress responses: drought-, salt/osmotic-, oxidative-, herbivory/wounding and pathogen-stress. More than half of the isoprene-responsive genes contained at least one binding site for TFs of the class IV (homeodomain leucine zipper) HD-ZIP family, such as GL2, ATML1, PDF2, HDG11, ATHB17. While the HD-zipper-loop-zipper (ZLZ) domain binds to the L1 box of the promoter region, a special domain called the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer, or START domain, can bind ligands such as fatty acids (e.g., linolenic and linoleic acid). We tested whether isoprene might bind in such a START domain. Molecular simulations and modeling to test interactions between isoprene and a class IV HD-ZIP family START-domain-containing protein were carried out. Without membrane penetration by the HDG11 START domain, isoprene within the lipid bilayer was inaccessible to this domain, preventing protein interactions with membrane bound isoprene. The cross-talk between isoprene-mediated signaling and other growth regulator and stress signaling pathways, in terms of common CREs and transcription factors could enhance the stability of the isoprene emission trait when it evolves in a plant but so far it has not been possible to say what how isoprene is sensed to initiate signaling responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarathi M. Weraduwage
- MSU‐DOE Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Abira Sahu
- MSU‐DOE Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Martin Kulke
- MSU‐DOE Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Josh V. Vermaas
- MSU‐DOE Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Thomas D. Sharkey
- MSU‐DOE Plant Research LaboratoryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research CenterMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
- Plant Resilience InstituteMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
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10
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Pollastri S, Velikova V, Castaldini M, Fineschi S, Ghirardo A, Renaut J, Schnitzler JP, Sergeant K, Winkler JB, Zorzan S, Loreto F. Isoprene-Emitting Tobacco Plants Are Less Affected by Moderate Water Deficit under Future Climate Change Scenario and Show Adjustments of Stress-Related Proteins in Actual Climate. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:333. [PMID: 36679046 PMCID: PMC9862500 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene-emitting plants are better protected against thermal and oxidative stresses, which is a desirable trait in a climate-changing (drier and warmer) world. Here we compared the ecophysiological performances of transgenic isoprene-emitting and wild-type non-emitting tobacco plants during water stress and after re-watering in actual environmental conditions (400 ppm of CO2 and 28 °C of average daily temperature) and in a future climate scenario (600 ppm of CO2 and 32 °C of average daily temperature). Furthermore, we intended to complement the present knowledge on the mechanisms involved in isoprene-induced resistance to water deficit stress by examining the proteome of transgenic isoprene-emitting and wild-type non-emitting tobacco plants during water stress and after re-watering in actual climate. Isoprene emitters maintained higher photosynthesis and electron transport rates under moderate stress in future climate conditions. However, physiological resistance to water stress in the isoprene-emitting plants was not as marked as expected in actual climate conditions, perhaps because the stress developed rapidly. In actual climate, isoprene emission capacity affected the tobacco proteomic profile, in particular by upregulating proteins associated with stress protection. Our results strengthen the hypothesis that isoprene biosynthesis is related to metabolic changes at the gene and protein levels involved in the activation of general stress defensive mechanisms of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Pollastri
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Violeta Velikova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Maurizio Castaldini
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Center for Agriculture and Environment, Via di Lanciola 12/A, 50125 Cascine del Riccio, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Fineschi
- Institute of Heritage Science-CNR (ISPC), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Ghirardo
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jenny Renaut
- GreenTech Innovation Centre, Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Scienceand Technology (LIST), L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kjell Sergeant
- GreenTech Innovation Centre, Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Scienceand Technology (LIST), L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jana Barbro Winkler
- Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simone Zorzan
- GreenTech Innovation Centre, Environmental Research and Innovation (ERIN) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Scienceand Technology (LIST), L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Naples, Italy
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11
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Zhu F, Sun Y, Jadhav SS, Cheng Y, Alseekh S, Fernie AR. The Plant Metabolic Changes and the Physiological and Signaling Functions in the Responses to Abiotic Stress. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2642:129-150. [PMID: 36944876 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3044-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change has altered, and will further alter, rainfall patterns and temperatures likely causing more frequent drought and heat waves, which will consequently exacerbate abiotic stresses of plants and significantly decrease the yield and quality of crops. On the one hand, the global demand for food is ever-increasing owing to the rapid increase of the human population. On the other hand, metabolic responses are one of the most important mechanisms by which plants adapt to and survive to abiotic stresses. Here we therefore summarize recent progresses including the plant primary and secondary metabolic responses to abiotic stresses and their function in plant resistance acting as antioxidants, osmoregulatory, and signaling factors, which enrich our knowledge concerning commonalities of plant metabolic responses to abiotic stresses, including their involvement in signaling processes. Finally, we discuss potential methods of metabolic fortification of crops in order to improve their abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Yuming Sun
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Sagar Sudam Jadhav
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Yunjiang Cheng
- National R&D Center for Citrus Preservation, Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Saleh Alseekh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
- Center of Plant Systems Biology and Biotechnology, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
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12
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Yang W, Zhang B, Wu Y, Liu S, Kong F, Li L. Effects of soil drought and nitrogen deposition on BVOC emissions and their O 3 and SOA formation for Pinus thunbergii. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120693. [PMID: 36402418 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soil drought and nitrogen (N) deposition can influence the biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions and thereby their ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. This study addressed their single and combined effects on BVOC emissions of Pinus thunbergii by laboratory simulation experiments. The results showed that light drought (LD, 50% soil volumetric water content (VWC)) stimulated isoprene, monoterpene, sesquiterpene, and total BVOC emissions, while moderate drought (MD, 30% and 40% VWC) and severe drought (SD, 10% and 20% VWC) inhibited their emissions (except for sesquiterpene in 20% VWC). N deposition decreased other VOC emissions and increased isoprene and sesquiterpene emissions. Total BVOCs and monoterpene were stimulated in low N deposition (LN, 2 g N/(m2·yr)) and inhibited in moderate (MN, 5 g N/(m2·yr)) and high N deposition (HN, 10 g N/(m2·yr)). Under combined treatment of soil drought and N deposition, total BVOC, monoterpene, and other VOC emissions were inhibited, sesquiterpene had no significant change, and isoprene emission was inhibited in MD combined treatment but promoted in SD. The O3 formation potential (OFP) and SOA formation potential (SOAP) from the changed BVOC emissions were calculated, OFP and SOAP of BVOC emissions and their compositions varied significantly among the treatments. Our study provided theoretical basis for assessing the impact of climate change and atmospheric pollution on BVOC emissions and their contribution to the formation of secondary atmospheric pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Yang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Carbon Neutrality and Eco-Environmental Technology Innovation Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Baowen Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Carbon Neutrality and Eco-Environmental Technology Innovation Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Fanlong Kong
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Carbon Neutrality and Eco-Environmental Technology Innovation Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Lingyu Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Carbon Neutrality and Eco-Environmental Technology Innovation Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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13
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Xu C, Wang B, Luo Q, Ma Y, Zheng T, Wang Y, Cai Y, Zuo Z. The uppermost monoterpenes improving Cinnamomum camphora thermotolerance by serving signaling functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1072931. [PMID: 36589079 PMCID: PMC9800025 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1072931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes serve important functions in enhancing plant thermotolerance. Cinnamomum camphora mainly has eucalyptol (EuL), camphor (CmR), linalool (LnL) and borneol (BeL) chemotypes basing on the uppermost monoterpenes. To reveal the thermotolerance mechanisms of these uppermost monoterpenes (eucalyptol, camphor, linalool, and borneol) in C. camphora, we surveyed the ROS metabolism and photosynthesis in the 4 chemotypes fumigated with the corresponding uppermost monoterpene after fosmidomycin (Fos) inhibiting monoterpene synthesis under high temperature at 38°C (Fos+38°C+monoterpene), and investigated the related gene expression in EuL and CmR. Meanwhile, the thermotolerance differences among the 4 uppermost monoterpenes were analyzed. In contrast to normal temperature (28°C), ROS levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in the 4 chemotypes increased under 38°C, and further increased in the treatment with Fos inhibiting monoterpene synthesis at 38°C (Fos+38°C), which may be caused by the alterations in expression of the genes related with non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant formation according to the analyses in EuL and CmR. Compared with Fos+38°C treatment, Fos+38°C+monoterpene treatments lowered ROS levels and antioxidant enzyme activities for the increased non-enzymatic antioxidant gene expression and decreased enzymatic antioxidant gene expression, respectively. High temperature at 38°C reduced the chlorophyll and carotenoid content as well as photosynthetic abilities, which may result from the declined expression of the genes associated with photosynthetic pigment biosynthesis, light reaction, and carbon fixation. Fos+38°C treatment aggravated the reduction. In contrast to Fos+38°C treatment, Fos+38°C+monoterpene treatments increased photosynthetic pigment content and improved photosynthetic abilities by up-regulating related gene expression. Among the 4 uppermost monoterpenes, camphor showed strong abilities in lowering ROS and maintaining photosynthesis, while eucalyptol showed weak abilities. This was consistent with the recovery effects of the gene expression in the treatments with camphor and eucalyptol fumigation. Therefore, the uppermost monoterpenes can enhance C. camphora thermotolerance as signaling molecules, and may have differences in the signaling functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingyun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuandan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tiefeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaojiang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Midzi J, Jeffery DW, Baumann U, Rogiers S, Tyerman SD, Pagay V. Stress-Induced Volatile Emissions and Signalling in Inter-Plant Communication. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11192566. [PMID: 36235439 PMCID: PMC9573647 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The sessile plant has developed mechanisms to survive the “rough and tumble” of its natural surroundings, aided by its evolved innate immune system. Precise perception and rapid response to stress stimuli confer a fitness edge to the plant against its competitors, guaranteeing greater chances of survival and productivity. Plants can “eavesdrop” on volatile chemical cues from their stressed neighbours and have adapted to use these airborne signals to prepare for impending danger without having to experience the actual stress themselves. The role of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in plant–plant communication has gained significant attention over the past decade, particularly with regard to the potential of VOCs to prime non-stressed plants for more robust defence responses to future stress challenges. The ecological relevance of such interactions under various environmental stresses has been much debated, and there is a nascent understanding of the mechanisms involved. This review discusses the significance of VOC-mediated inter-plant interactions under both biotic and abiotic stresses and highlights the potential to manipulate outcomes in agricultural systems for sustainable crop protection via enhanced defence. The need to integrate physiological, biochemical, and molecular approaches in understanding the underlying mechanisms and signalling pathways involved in volatile signalling is emphasised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanah Midzi
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - David W. Jeffery
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Ute Baumann
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Suzy Rogiers
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Wollongbar, NSW 2477, Australia
| | - Stephen D. Tyerman
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
| | - Vinay Pagay
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
- Australian Research Council Training Centre for Innovative Wine Production, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
- Correspondence:
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15
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Dani KGS, Pollastri S, Pinosio S, Reichelt M, Sharkey TD, Schnitzler J, Loreto F. Isoprene enhances leaf cytokinin metabolism and induces early senescence. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:961-974. [PMID: 34716577 PMCID: PMC9300082 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene, a major biogenic volatile hydrocarbon of climate-relevance, indisputably mitigates abiotic stresses in emitting plants. However functional relevance of constitutive isoprene emission in unstressed plants remains contested. Isoprene and cytokinins (CKs) are synthesized from a common substrate and pathway in chloroplasts. It was postulated that isoprene emission may affect CK-metabolism. Using transgenic isoprene-emitting (IE) Arabidopsis and isoprene nonemitting (NE) RNA-interference grey poplars (paired with respective NE and IE genotypes), the life of individual IE and NE leaves from emergence to abscission was followed under stress-free conditions. We monitored plant growth rate, aboveground developmental phenotype, modelled leaf photosynthetic energy status, quantified the abundance of leaf CKs, analysed Arabidopsis and poplar leaf transcriptomes by RNA-sequencing in presence and absence of isoprene during leaf senescence. Isoprene emission by unstressed leaves enhanced the abundance of CKs (isopentenyl adenine and its precursor) by > 200%, significantly upregulated genes coding for CK-synthesis, CK-signalling and CK-degradation, hastened plant development, increased chloroplast metabolic rate, altered photosynthetic energy status, induced early leaf senescence in both Arabidopsis and poplar. IE leaves senesced sooner even in decapitated poplars where source-sink relationships and hormone homeostasis were perturbed. Constitutive isoprene emission significantly accelerates CK-led leaf and organismal development and induces early senescence independent of growth constraints. Isoprene emission provides an early-riser evolutionary advantage and shortens lifecycle duration to assist rapid diversification in unstressed emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidala Ganesha Srikanta Dani
- Institute for Sustainable Plant ProtectionNational Research Council of ItalyVia Madonna del Piano 1050019Sesto FiorentinoFlorenceItaly
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food SciencesNational Research Council of ItalyPiazzale Aldo Moro 700185RomeItaly
| | - Susanna Pollastri
- Institute for Sustainable Plant ProtectionNational Research Council of ItalyVia Madonna del Piano 1050019Sesto FiorentinoFlorenceItaly
| | - Sara Pinosio
- Institute of Biosciences and BioresourcesNational Research Council of ItalyVia Madonna del Piano 1050019Sesto FiorentinoFlorenceItaly
- Institute for Applied GenomicsVia Jacopo Linussio 5133100UdineItaly
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyHans‐Knöll Strasse 8D‐07745JenaGermany
| | - Thomas D. Sharkey
- MSU‐DOE Plant Research LaboratoryDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Jörg‐Peter Schnitzler
- Research Unit Environmental SimulationInstitute of Biochemical Plant PathologyHelmholtz Zentrum MünchenGerman Research Center for Environmental Health85764NeuherbergGermany
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food SciencesNational Research Council of ItalyPiazzale Aldo Moro 700185RomeItaly
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Naples Federico IIVia Cinthia80126NaplesItaly
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16
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Isoprene Emission Influences the Proteomic Profile of Arabidopsis Plants under Well-Watered and Drought-Stress Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073836. [PMID: 35409196 PMCID: PMC8998555 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoprene is a small lipophilic molecule synthesized in plastids and abundantly released into the atmosphere. Isoprene-emitting plants are better protected against abiotic stresses, but the mechanism of action of isoprene is still under debate. In this study, we compared the physiological responses and proteomic profiles of Arabidopsis which express the isoprene synthase (ISPS) gene and emit isoprene with those of non-emitting plants under both drought-stress (DS) and well-watered (WW) conditions. We aimed to investigate whether isoprene-emitting plants displayed a different proteomic profile that is consistent with the metabolic changes already reported. Only ISPS DS plants were able to maintain the same photosynthesis and fresh weight of WW plants. LC-MS/MS-based proteomic analysis revealed changes in protein abundance that were dependent on the capacity for emitting isoprene in addition to those caused by the DS. The majority of the proteins changed in response to the interaction between DS and isoprene emission. These include proteins that are associated with the activation of secondary metabolisms leading to ABA, trehalose, and proline accumulations. Overall, our proteomic data suggest that isoprene exerts its protective mechanism at different levels: under drought stress, isoprene affects the abundance of chloroplast proteins, confirming a strong direct or indirect antioxidant action and also modulates signaling and hormone pathways, especially those controlling ABA synthesis. Unexpectedly, isoprene also alters membrane trafficking.
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17
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Yang W, Cao J, Wu Y, Kong F, Li L. Review on plant terpenoid emissions worldwide and in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 787:147454. [PMID: 34000546 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), particularly terpenoids, can significantly drive the formation of ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the atmosphere, as well as directly or indirectly affect global climate change. Understanding their emission mechanisms and the current progress in emission measurements and estimations are essential for the accurate determination of emission characteristics, as well as for evaluating their roles in atmospheric chemistry and climate change. This review summarizes the mechanisms of terpenoid synthesis and release, biotic and abiotic factors affecting their emissions, development of emission observation techniques, and emission estimations from hundreds of published papers. We provide a review of the main observations and estimations in China, which contributes a significant proportion to the total global BVOC emissions. The review suggests the need for further research on the comprehensive effects of environmental factors on terpenoid emissions, especially soil moisture and nitrogen content, which should be quantified in emission models to improve the accuracy of estimation. In China, it is necessary to conduct more accurate measurements for local plants in different regions using the dynamic enclosure technique to establish an accurate local emission rate database for dominant tree species. This will help improve the accuracy of both national and global emission inventories. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of terpenoid emissions as well as prospects for detailed research to accurately describe terpenoid emission characteristics worldwide and in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Yang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Fanlong Kong
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Lingyu Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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18
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Antioxidant Defenses in Plants: A Dated Topic of Current Interest. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060855. [PMID: 34071788 PMCID: PMC8228735 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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19
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Isoprene: An Antioxidant Itself or a Molecule with Multiple Regulatory Functions in Plants? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050684. [PMID: 33925614 PMCID: PMC8146742 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoprene (C5H8) is a small lipophilic, volatile organic compound (VOC), synthesized in chloroplasts of plants through the photosynthesis-dependent 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. Isoprene-emitting plants are better protected against thermal and oxidative stresses but only about 20% of the terrestrial plants are able to synthesize isoprene. Many studies have been performed to understand the still elusive isoprene protective mechanism. Isoprene reacts with, and quenches, many harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS) like singlet oxygen (1O2). A role for isoprene as antioxidant, made possible by its reduced state and conjugated double bonds, has been often suggested, and sometimes demonstrated. However, as isoprene is present at very low concentrations compared to other molecules, its antioxidant role is still controversial. Here we review updated evidences on the function(s) of isoprene, and outline contrasting indications on whether isoprene is an antioxidant directly scavenging ROS, or a membrane strengthener, or a modulator of genomic, proteomic and metabolomic profiles (perhaps as a secondary effect of ROS removal) eventually leading to priming of antioxidant plant defenses, or a signal of stress for neighbor plants alike other VOCs, or a hormone-like molecule, controlling the metabolic flux of other hormones made by the MEP pathway, or acting itself as a growth and development hormone.
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20
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Li M, Xu J, Lyu F, Khomenko I, Biasioli F, Villani M, Baldan B, Varotto C. Evolution of isoprene emission in Arecaceae (palms). Evol Appl 2021; 14:902-914. [PMID: 33897811 PMCID: PMC8061277 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoprene synthase (IspS) is the sole enzyme in plants responsible for the yearly emission in the atmosphere of thousands of tonnes of the natural hydrocarbon isoprene worldwide. Species of the monocotyledonous family Arecaceae (palms) are among the highest plant emitters, but to date no IspS gene from this family has been identified. Here, we screened with PTR-ToF-MS 18 genera of the Arecaceae for isoprene emission and found that the majority of the sampled species emits isoprene. Putative IspS genes from six different genera were sequenced and three of them were functionally characterized by heterologous overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana, demonstrating that they encode functional IspS genes. Site-directed mutagenesis and expression in Arabidopsis demonstrated the functional relevance of a novel IspS diagnostic tetrad from Arecaceae, whose most variable amino acids could not preserve catalytic function when substituted by a putatively dicotyledonous-specific tetrad. In particular, mutation of threonine 479 likely impairs the open-closed transition of the enzyme by altering the network of hydrogen bonds between helices H1α, H, and I. These results shed new light on the evolution of IspS in monocots, suggesting that isoprene emission is an ancestral trait within the Arecaceae family. The identification of IspS from Arecaceae provides promising novel enzymes for the production of isoprene in heterologous systems and allows the screening and selection of commercially relevant palm varieties with lower environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingai Li
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation CentreFondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation CentreFondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
| | - Fuling Lyu
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation CentreFondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
- Experimental Center of Forestry in North ChinaChinese Academy of ForestryBeijingChina
| | - Iuliia Khomenko
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation CentreFondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
| | - Franco Biasioli
- Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation CentreFondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
| | | | - Barbara Baldan
- Botanical Garden of PadovaUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Claudio Varotto
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation CentreFondazione Edmund MachSan Michele all'AdigeItaly
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21
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Source of 12C in Calvin-Benson cycle intermediates and isoprene emitted from plant leaves fed with 13CO2. Biochem J 2021; 477:3237-3252. [PMID: 32815532 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Feeding 14CO2 was crucial to uncovering the path of carbon in photosynthesis. Feeding 13CO2 to photosynthesizing leaves emitting isoprene has been used to develop hypotheses about the sources of carbon for the methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway, which makes the precursors for terpene synthesis in chloroplasts and bacteria. Both photosynthesis and isoprene studies found that products label very quickly (<10 min) up to 80-90% but the last 10-20% of labeling requires hours indicating a source of 12C during photosynthesis and isoprene emission. Furthermore, studies with isoprene showed that the proportion of slow label could vary significantly. This was interpreted as a variable contribution of carbon from sources other than the Calvin-Benson cycle (CBC) feeding the methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway. Here, we measured the degree of label in isoprene and photosynthetic metabolites 20 min after beginning to feed 13CO2. Isoprene labeling was the same as labeling of photosynthesis intermediates. High temperature reduced the label in isoprene and photosynthesis intermediates by the same amount indicating no role for alternative carbon sources for isoprene. A model assuming glucose, fructose, and/or sucrose reenters the CBC as ribulose 5-phosphate through a cytosolic shunt involving glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase was consistent with the observations.
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22
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Leaf isoprene emission as a trait that mediates the growth-defense tradeoff in the face of climate stress. Oecologia 2021; 197:885-902. [PMID: 33420520 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Plant isoprene emissions are known to contribute to abiotic stress tolerance, especially during episodes of high temperature and drought, and during cellular oxidative stress. Recent studies have shown that genetic transformations to add or remove isoprene emissions cause a cascade of cellular modifications that include known signaling pathways, and interact to remodel adaptive growth-defense tradeoffs. The most compelling evidence for isoprene signaling is found in the shikimate and phenylpropanoid pathways, which produce salicylic acid, alkaloids, tannins, anthocyanins, flavonols and other flavonoids; all of which have roles in stress tolerance and plant defense. Isoprene also influences key gene expression patterns in the terpenoid biosynthetic pathways, and the jasmonic acid, gibberellic acid and cytokinin signaling networks that have important roles in controlling inducible defense responses and influencing plant growth and development, particularly following defoliation. In this synthesis paper, using past studies of transgenic poplar, tobacco and Arabidopsis, we present the evidence for isoprene acting as a metabolite that coordinates aspects of cellular signaling, resulting in enhanced chemical defense during periods of climate stress, while minimizing costs to growth. This perspective represents a major shift in our thinking away from direct effects of isoprene, for example, by changing membrane properties or quenching ROS, to indirect effects, through changes in gene expression and protein abundances. Recognition of isoprene's role in the growth-defense tradeoff provides new perspectives on evolution of the trait, its contribution to plant adaptation and resilience, and the ecological niches in which it is most effective.
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23
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Sun Z, Shen Y, Niinemets Ü. Responses of isoprene emission and photochemical efficiency to severe drought combined with prolonged hot weather in hybrid Populus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:7364-7381. [PMID: 32996573 PMCID: PMC7906789 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene emissions have been considered as a protective response of plants to heat stress, but there is limited information of how prolonged heat spells affect isoprene emission capacity, particularly under the drought conditions that often accompany hot weather. Under combined long-term stresses, presence of isoprene emission could contribute to the maintenance of the precursor pool for rapid synthesis of essential isoprenoids to repair damaged components of leaf photosynthetic apparatus. We studied changes in leaf isoprene emission rate, photosynthetic characteristics, and antioxidant enzyme activities in two hybrid Populus clones, Nanlin 1388 (relatively high drought tolerance) and Nanlin 895 (relatively high thermotolerance) that were subjected to long-term (30 d) soil water stress (25% versus 90% soil field capacity) combined with a natural heat spell (day-time temperatures of 35-40 °C) that affected both control and water-stressed plants. Unexpectedly, isoprene emissions from both the clones were similar and the overall effects of drought on the emission characteristics were initially minor; however, treatment effects and clonal differences increased with time. In particular, the isoprene emission rate only increased slightly in the Nanlin 895 control plants after 15 d of treatment, whereas it decreased by more than 5-fold in all treatment × clone combinations after 30 d. The reduction in isoprene emission rate was associated with a decrease in the pool size of the isoprene precursor dimethylallyl diphosphate in all cases at 30 d after the start of treatment. Net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, the openness of PSII centers, and the effective quantum yield all decreased, and non-photochemical quenching and catalase activity increased in both control and water-stressed plants. Contrary to the hypothesis of protection of leaf photosynthetic apparatus by isoprene, the data collectively indicated that prolonged stress affected isoprene emissions more strongly than leaf photosynthetic characteristics. This primarily reflected the depletion of isoprene precursor pools under long-term severe stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Sun
- School of Forestry and Bio-Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang A&F University State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Shen
- School of Forestry and Bio-Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- School of Forestry and Bio-Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu, Tallinn, Estonia
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24
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Perreca E, Rohwer J, González-Cabanelas D, Loreto F, Schmidt A, Gershenzon J, Wright LP. Effect of Drought on the Methylerythritol 4-Phosphate (MEP) Pathway in the Isoprene Emitting Conifer Picea glauca. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:546295. [PMID: 33163010 PMCID: PMC7581940 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.546295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis produces chlorophyll side chains and compounds that function in resistance to abiotic stresses, including carotenoids, and isoprene. Thus we investigated the effects of moderate and severe drought on MEP pathway function in the conifer Picea glauca, a boreal species at risk under global warming trends. Although moderate drought treatment reduced the photosynthetic rate by over 70%, metabolic flux through the MEP pathway was reduced by only 37%. The activity of the putative rate-limiting step, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS), was also reduced by about 50%, supporting the key role of this enzyme in regulating pathway metabolic flux. However, under severe drought, as flux declined below detectable levels, DXS activity showed no significant decrease, indicating a much-reduced role in controlling flux under these conditions. Both MEP pathway intermediates and the MEP pathway product isoprene incorporate administered 13CO2 to high levels (75-85%) under well-watered control conditions indicating a close connection to photosynthesis. However, this incorporation declined precipitously under drought, demonstrating exploitation of alternative carbon sources. Despite the reductions in MEP pathway flux and intermediate pools, there was no detectable decline in most major MEP pathway products under drought (except for violaxanthin under moderate and severe stress and isoprene under severe stress) suggesting that the pathway is somehow buffered against this stress. The resilience of the MEP pathway under drought may be a consequence of the importance of the metabolites formed under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Perreca
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Johann Rohwer
- Laboratory for Molecular Systems Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Francesco Loreto
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Dipartimento di Scienze Bio-Agroalimentari, Roma, Italy
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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25
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Bianchetti R, De Luca B, de Haro LA, Rosado D, Demarco D, Conte M, Bermudez L, Freschi L, Fernie AR, Michaelson LV, Haslam RP, Rossi M, Carrari F. Phytochrome-Dependent Temperature Perception Modulates Isoprenoid Metabolism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 183:869-882. [PMID: 32409479 PMCID: PMC7333726 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Changes in environmental temperature influence many aspects of plant metabolism; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. In addition to their role in light perception, phytochromes (PHYs) have been recently recognized as temperature sensors affecting plant growth. In particular, in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), high temperature reversibly inactivates PHYB, reducing photomorphogenesis-dependent responses. Here, we show the role of phytochrome-dependent temperature perception in modulating the accumulation of isoprenoid-derived compounds in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) leaves and fruits. The growth of tomato plants under contrasting temperature regimes revealed that high temperatures resulted in coordinated up-regulation of chlorophyll catabolic genes, impairment of chloroplast biogenesis, and reduction of carotenoid synthesis in leaves in a PHYB1B2-dependent manner. Furthermore, by assessing a triple phyAB1B2 mutant and fruit-specific PHYA- or PHYB2-silenced plants, we demonstrated that biosynthesis of the major tomato fruit carotenoid, lycopene, is sensitive to fruit-localized PHY-dependent temperature perception. The collected data provide compelling evidence concerning the impact of PHY-mediated temperature perception on plastid metabolism in both leaves and fruit, specifically on the accumulation of isoprenoid-derived compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Bianchetti
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Belen De Luca
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis A de Haro
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniele Rosado
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Diego Demarco
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Mariana Conte
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) INTA-CONICET (Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria). Hurlingham, 1686 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luisa Bermudez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular (IABIMO) INTA-CONICET (Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria). Hurlingham, 1686 Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Genética, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina
| | - Luciano Freschi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm D-14476, Germany
| | - Louise V Michaelson
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P Haslam
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Magdalena Rossi
- Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Fernando Carrari
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EHA Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Genética, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1417DSE, Argentina
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26
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Xu J, Trainotti L, Li M, Varotto C. Overexpression of Isoprene Synthase Affects ABA- and Drought-Related Gene Expression and Enhances Tolerance to Abiotic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4276. [PMID: 32560078 PMCID: PMC7352718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoprene is the most abundant single biogenic volatile compound emitted by plants. Despite the relevance of this molecule to plant abiotic resistance and its impact on global atmospheric chemistry, little is known about the details of its mechanism of action. Here, we characterized through both physiological and molecular methods the mechanisms of action of isoprene using model transgenic arabidopsis lines overexpressing a monocot isoprene synthase gene. Our results demonstrated the effect that isoprene had on ABA signaling at different tissue-specific, spatial, and temporal scales. In particular, we found that isoprene enhanced stomatal sensitivity to ABA through upregulation of RD29B signaling gene. By contrast, isoprene decreased sensitivity to ABA in germinating seeds and roots, suggesting tissue-specific mechanisms of action. In leaves, isoprene caused the downregulation of COR15A and P5CS genes, suggesting that the enhanced tolerance to water-deprivation stress observed in isoprene-emitting plants may be mediated chiefly by an enhanced membrane integrity and tolerance to osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige (TN), Italy;
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, viale Giuseppe Colombo, 3, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Livio Trainotti
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università degli Studi di Padova, viale Giuseppe Colombo, 3, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Mingai Li
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige (TN), Italy;
| | - Claudio Varotto
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Research and Innovation Centre, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige (TN), Italy;
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27
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Cocozza C, Brilli F, Pignattelli S, Pollastri S, Brunetti C, Gonnelli C, Tognetti R, Centritto M, Loreto F. The excess of phosphorus in soil reduces physiological performances over time but enhances prompt recovery of salt-stressed Arundo donax plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 151:556-565. [PMID: 32315911 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Arundo donax L. is an invasive grass species with high tolerance to a wide range of environmental stresses. The response of potted A. donax plants to soil stress characterized by prolonged exposure (43 days) to salinity (+Na), to high concentration of phosphorus (+P), and to the combination of high Na and P (+NaP) followed by 14 days of recovery under optimal nutrient solution, was investigated along the entire time-course of the experiment. After an exposure of 43 days, salinity induced a progressive decline in stomatal conductance that hampered A. donax growth through diffusional limitations to photosynthesis and, when combined with high P, reduced the electron transport rate. Isoprene emission from A. donax leaves was stimulated as Na+ concentration raised in leaves. Prolonged growth in P-enriched substrate did not significantly affect A. donax performance, but decreased isoprene emission from leaves. Prolonged exposure of A. donax to + NaP increased the leaf level of H2O2, stimulated the production of carbohydrates, phenylpropanoids, zeaxanthin and increased the de-epoxidation state of the xanthophylls. This might have resulted in a higher stress tolerance that allowed a fast and full recovery following stress relief. Moreover, the high amount of ABA-glucose ester accumulated in leaves of A. donax exposed to + NaP might have favored stomata re-opening further sustaining the observed prompt recovery of photosynthesis. Therefore, prolonged exposure to high P exacerbated the negative effects of salt stress in A. donax plants photosynthetic performances, but enhanced activation of physiological mechanisms that allowed a prompt and full recovery after stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cocozza
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Via San Bonaventura 13, Florence, Italy.
| | - Federico Brilli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP - CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
| | - Sara Pignattelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP - CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Susanna Pollastri
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP - CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP - CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Cristina Gonnelli
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Micheli 1, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Tognetti
- Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via Francesco De Sanctis 1, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Mauro Centritto
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy (IPSP - CNR), Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture, and Food Sciences, National Research Council of Italy (DISBA - CNR), Piazzale Aldo Moro 7, Roma, Italy
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28
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Velikova V, Arena C, Izzo LG, Tsonev T, Koleva D, Tattini M, Roeva O, De Maio A, Loreto F. Functional and Structural Leaf Plasticity Determine Photosynthetic Performances during Drought Stress and Recovery in Two Platanus orientalis Populations from Contrasting Habitats. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3912. [PMID: 32486179 PMCID: PMC7312932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of climatic change, more severe and long-lasting droughts will modify the fitness of plants, with potentially worse consequences on the relict trees. We have investigated the leaf phenotypic (anatomical, physiological and biochemical) plasticity in well-watered, drought-stressed and re-watered plants of two populations of Platanus orientalis, an endangered species in the west of the Mediterranean area. The two populations originated in contrasting climate (drier and warmer, Italy (IT) population; more humid and colder, Bulgaria (BG) population). The IT control plants had thicker leaves, enabling them to maintain higher leaf water content in the dry environment, and more spongy parenchyma, which could improve water conductivity of these plants and may result in easier CO2 diffusion than in BG plants. Control BG plants were also characterized by higher photorespiration and leaf antioxidants compared to IT plants. BG plants responded to drought with greater leaf thickness shrinkage. Drought also caused substantial reduction in photosynthetic parameters of both IT and BG plants. After re-watering, photosynthesis did not fully recover in either of the two populations. However, IT leaves became thicker, while photorespiration in BG plants further increased, perhaps indicating sustained activation of defensive mechanisms. Overall, our hypothesis, that plants with a fragmented habitat (i.e., the IT population) lose phenotypic plasticity but acquire traits allowing better resistance to the climate where they became adapted, remains confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Velikova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. bl. 21, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria
| | - Carmen Arena
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (C.A.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Luigi Gennaro Izzo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Tsonko Tsonev
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 21, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria; (T.T.); (O.R.)
| | | | - Massimiliano Tattini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy;
| | - Olympia Roeva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 21, Sofia 1113, Bulgaria; (T.T.); (O.R.)
| | - Anna De Maio
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy; (C.A.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00185 Rome, Italy
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Faralli M, Li M, Varotto C. Shoot Characterization of Isoprene and Ocimene-Emitting Transgenic Arabidopsis Plants under Contrasting Environmental Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E477. [PMID: 32283654 PMCID: PMC7238224 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoids are among the most abundant biogenic volatile compounds (VOCs) emitted by plants, and mediate both biotic and abiotic stress responses. Here, we provide for the first time a comparative analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis lines constitutively emitting isoprene and ocimene. Transgenic lines and Columbia-0 (Col-0) Arabidopsis were characterized under optimal, water stress, and heat stress conditions. Under optimal conditions, the projected leaf area (PLA), relative growth rate, and final dry weight were generally higher in transgenics than Col-0. These traits were associated to a larger photosynthetic capacity and CO2 assimilation rate at saturating light. Isoprene and ocimene emitters displayed a moderately higher stress tolerance than Col-0, showing higher PLA and gas-exchange traits throughout the experiments. Contrasting behaviors were recorded for the two overexpressors under water stress, with isoprene emitters showing earlier stomatal closure (conservative behavior) than ocimene emitters (non-conservative behavior), which might suggest different induced strategies for water conservation and stress adaptation. Our work indicates that (i) isoprene and ocimene emitters resulted in enhanced PLA and biomass under optimal and control conditions and that (ii) a moderate stress tolerance is induced when isoprene and ocimene are constitutively emitted in Arabidopsis, thus providing evidence of their role as a potential preferable trait for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudio Varotto
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige (TN), Italy; (M.F.); (M.L.)
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30
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Chatterjee P, Kanagendran A, Samaddar S, Pazouki L, Sa TM, Niinemets Ü. Influence of Brevibacterium linens RS16 on foliage photosynthetic and volatile emission characteristics upon heat stress in Eucalyptus grandis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 700:134453. [PMID: 31670196 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress induces secondary metabolic changes in plants, channeling photosynthetic carbon and energy, away from primary metabolic processes, including, growth. Use of ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate) deaminase containing plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) in conferring heat resistance in plants and the role of PGPB, in altering net carbon assimilation, constitutive and stress volatile emissions has not been studied yet. We exposed leaves of Eucalyptus grandis inoculated and non-inoculated with PGPB Brevibacterium linens RS16 to two levels of heat stress (37 °C and 41 °C for 5 min) and quantified temporal changes in foliage photosynthetic characteristics and volatile emission rates at 0.5 h, day 1 and day 5 after the stress application. Heat stress resulted in immediate reductions in dark-adapted photosystem II (PSII) quantum yield (Fv/Fm), net assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance to water vapor (gs), and enhancement of stress volatile emissions, including enhanced emissions of green leaf volatiles (GLV), mono- and sesquiterpenes, light weight oxygenated volatile organic compounds (LOC), geranyl-geranyl diphosphate pathway volatiles (GGDP), saturated aldehydes, and benzenoids, with partial recovery by day 5. Changes in stress-induced volatiles were always less in leaves inoculated with B. linens RS16. However, net assimilation rate was enhanced by bacterial inoculation only in the 37 °C treatment and overall reduction of isoprene emissions was observed in bacterially-treated leaves. Principal component analysis (PCA), correlation analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) indicated that different stress applications influenced specific volatile organic compounds. In addition, changes in the expression analysis of heat shock protein 70 gene (DnaK) gene in B. linens RS16 upon exposure to higher temperatures further indicated that B. linens RS16 has developed its own heat resistance mechanism to survive under higher temperature regimes. Taken together, this study demonstrates that foliar application of ACC deaminase containing PGPB can ameliorate heat stress effects in realistic biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Chatterjee
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Arooran Kanagendran
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia; FARCE Lab, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Sandipan Samaddar
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea; Department of Land, Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Leila Pazouki
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia; Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Tong-Min Sa
- Department of Environmental and Biological Chemistry, Chungbuk National University Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51006, Estonia; Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia.
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Werner C, Fasbender L, Romek KM, Yáñez-Serrano AM, Kreuzwieser J. Heat Waves Change Plant Carbon Allocation Among Primary and Secondary Metabolism Altering CO 2 Assimilation, Respiration, and VOC Emissions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1242. [PMID: 32922421 PMCID: PMC7456945 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Processes controlling plant carbon allocation among primary and secondary metabolism, i.e., carbon assimilation, respiration, and VOC synthesis are still poorly constrained, particularly regarding their response to stress. To investigate these processes, we simulated a 10-day 38°C heat wave, analysing real-time carbon allocation into primary and secondary metabolism in the Mediterranean shrub Halimium halimifolium L. We traced position-specific 13C-labeled pyruvate into daytime VOC and CO2 emissions and during light-dark transition. Net CO2 assimilation strongly declined under heat, due to three-fold higher respiration rates. Interestingly, day respiration also increased two-fold. Decarboxylation of the C1-atom of pyruvate was the main process driving daytime CO2 release, whereas the C2-moiety was not decarboxylated in the TCA cycle. Heat induced high emissions of methanol, methyl acetate, acetaldehyde as well as mono- and sesquiterpenes, particularly during the first two days. After 10-days of heat a substantial proportion of 13C-labeled pyruvate was allocated into de novo synthesis of VOCs. Thus, during extreme heat waves high respiratory losses and reduced assimilation can shift plants into a negative carbon balance. Still, plants enhanced their investment into de novo VOC synthesis despite associated metabolic CO2 losses. We conclude that heat stress re-directed the proportional flux of key metabolites into pathways of VOC biosynthesis most likely at the expense of reactions of plant primary metabolism, which might highlight their importance for stress protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Werner
- Ecosystem Physiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christiane Werner,
| | - Lukas Fasbender
- Ecosystem Physiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Ana Maria Yáñez-Serrano
- Ecosystem Physiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center of Ecological Research and Forest Applications (CREAF), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
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Saunier A, Blande JD. The effect of elevated ozone on floral chemistry of Brassicaceae species. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113257. [PMID: 31546077 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone is a major atmospheric pollutant; it is phytotoxic and has a strong effect on phytochemicals, which are constitutively present in plant tissues, but also produced de novo in response to stress. It has been shown that ozone exposure can modify volatile phytochemical emissions from leaves, which could disturb interactions between plants and other organisms. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the effects of ozone on floral chemistry. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of two elevated ozone exposure scenarios (80 and 120 ppb during daylight hours for 5 consecutive days) on the floral volatile emissions and floral chemical (molecular size range C6-C20) content of four Brassicaceae species: Sinapis alba, Sinapis arvensis, Brassica napus and Brassica nigra. The results showed that the emissions of individual compounds and their relative contributions to volatile blends are both affected by ozone exposure. In addition, for all four species studied, three diterpenes (neophytadiene, cis-phytol and trans-phytol) were present in significantly lower amounts and a fourth diterpene (hexahydrofarnesyl acetone) in significantly greater amounts in ozone-exposed plants. Consistent effects of ozone exposure on volatile emissions and terpene content were observed for each of the four species studied with no significant effect of exposure level. It appeared that B. napus is the most ozone-sensitive species, whereas B. nigra is the most ozone-tolerant. Since earlier studies have indicated that ratios of phytochemicals can have substantial effects on the efficacy of chemical use by pollinators, these changes may have ecological and biological relevance that should be the focus of further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Saunier
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - James D Blande
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Cocozza C, Brilli F, Miozzi L, Pignattelli S, Rotunno S, Brunetti C, Giordano C, Pollastri S, Centritto M, Accotto GP, Tognetti R, Loreto F. Impact of high or low levels of phosphorus and high sodium in soils on productivity and stress tolerance of Arundo donax plants. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 289:110260. [PMID: 31623790 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The potential of Arundo donax to grow in degraded soils, characterized by excess of salinity (Na+), and phosphorus deficiency (-P) or excess (+P) also coupled with salinity (+NaP), was investigated by combining in vivo plant phenotyping, quantification of metabolites and ultrastructural imaging of leaves with a transcriptome-wide screening. Photosynthesis and growth were impaired by + Na, -P and + NaP. While + Na caused stomatal closure, enhanced biosynthesis of carotenoids, sucrose and isoprene and impaired anatomy of cell walls, +P negatively affected starch production and isoprene emission, and damaged chloroplasts. Finally, +NaP largely inhibited photosynthesis due to stomatal limitations, increased sugar content, induced/repressed a number of genes 10 time higher with respect to + P and + Na, and caused appearance of numerous and large plastoglobules and starch granules in chloroplasts. Our results show that A. donax is sensitive to unbalances of soil ion content, despite activation of defensive mechanisms that enhance plant resilience, growth and biomass production of A. donax under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cocozza
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for the Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR - IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, Via San Bonaventura 13, 50145 Florence, Italy.
| | - Federico Brilli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for the Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR - IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Laura Miozzi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for the Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR - IPSP), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Sara Pignattelli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for the Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR - IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Silvia Rotunno
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for the Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR - IPSP), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, contrada Fonte Lappone, 86090 Pesche, Italy
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for BioEconomy (IBE), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Cristiana Giordano
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for BioEconomy (IBE), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Susanna Pollastri
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for the Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR - IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Mauro Centritto
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for the Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR - IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Accotto
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for the Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR - IPSP), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Tognetti
- Department of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences, University of Molise, Via Francesco De Sanctis, 86100 Campobasso, Italy; The EFI Project Centre on Mountain Forests (MOUNTFOR), Edmund Mach Foundation, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- National Research Council of Italy, Department of Biology, Agriculture, and Food Sciences, Piazzale Aldo Moro 7, Roma, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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Gionfriddo M, De Gara L, Loreto F. Directed Evolution of Plant Processes: Towards a Green (r)Evolution? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:999-1007. [PMID: 31604600 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Directed evolution (DE) is a powerful approach for generating proteins with new chemical and physical properties. It mimics the principles of Darwinian evolution by imposing selective pressure on a large population of molecules harboring random genetic variation in DNA, such that sequences with specific desirable properties are generated and selected. We propose that combining DE and genome-editing (DE-GE) technologies represents a powerful tool to discover and integrate new traits into plants for agronomic and biotechnological gain. DE-GE has the potential to deliver a new green (r)evolution research platform that can provide novel solutions to major trait delivery aspirations for sustainable agriculture, climate-resilient crops, and improved food security and nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Gionfriddo
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico, University of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, Agriculture, and Food Sciences, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-DISBA), Piazzale Aldo Moro 7, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura De Gara
- Unit of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Campus Bio-Medico, University of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy.
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture, and Food Sciences, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-DISBA), Piazzale Aldo Moro 7, 00185 Rome, Italy; Department of Biology, University Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy.
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Macroorganisation and flexibility of thylakoid membranes. Biochem J 2019; 476:2981-3018. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The light reactions of photosynthesis are hosted and regulated by the chloroplast thylakoid membrane (TM) — the central structural component of the photosynthetic apparatus of plants and algae. The two-dimensional and three-dimensional arrangement of the lipid–protein assemblies, aka macroorganisation, and its dynamic responses to the fluctuating physiological environment, aka flexibility, are the subject of this review. An emphasis is given on the information obtainable by spectroscopic approaches, especially circular dichroism (CD). We briefly summarise the current knowledge of the composition and three-dimensional architecture of the granal TMs in plants and the supramolecular organisation of Photosystem II and light-harvesting complex II therein. We next acquaint the non-specialist reader with the fundamentals of CD spectroscopy, recent advances such as anisotropic CD, and applications for studying the structure and macroorganisation of photosynthetic complexes and membranes. Special attention is given to the structural and functional flexibility of light-harvesting complex II in vitro as revealed by CD and fluorescence spectroscopy. We give an account of the dynamic changes in membrane macroorganisation associated with the light-adaptation of the photosynthetic apparatus and the regulation of the excitation energy flow by state transitions and non-photochemical quenching.
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Yáñez-Serrano AM, Mahlau L, Fasbender L, Byron J, Williams J, Kreuzwieser J, Werner C. Heat stress increases the use of cytosolic pyruvate for isoprene biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:5827-5838. [PMID: 31396620 PMCID: PMC6812709 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of heatwaves has intensified temperature stress on terrestrial vegetation. Here, we investigate how two contrasting isoprene-emitting tropical species, Ficus benjamina and Pachira aquatica, cope with heat stress and assess the role of internal plant carbon sources for isoprene biosynthesis in relation to thermotolerance. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report isoprene emissions from P. aquatica. We exposed plants to two levels of heat stress and determined the temperature response curves for isoprene and photosynthesis. To assess the use of internal C sources in isoprene biosynthesis, plants were fed with 13C position-labelled pyruvate. F. benjamina was more heat tolerant with higher constitutive isoprene emissions and stronger acclimation to higher temperatures than P. aquatica, which showed higher induced isoprene emissions at elevated temperatures. Under heat stress, both isoprene emissions and the proportion of cytosolic pyruvate allocated into isoprene synthesis increased. This represents a mechanism that P. aquatica, and to a lesser extent F. benjamina, has adopted as an immediate response to sudden increase in heat stress. However, in the long run under prolonged heat, the species with constitutive emissions (F. benjamina) was better adapted, indicating that plants that invest more carbon into protective emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds tend to suffer less from heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas Mahlau
- Institute of Ecosystem Physiology, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Fasbender
- Institute of Ecosystem Physiology, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joseph Byron
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max-Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kreuzwieser
- Institute of Ecosystem Physiology, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Werner
- Institute of Ecosystem Physiology, University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Lantz AT, Allman J, Weraduwage SM, Sharkey TD. Isoprene: New insights into the control of emission and mediation of stress tolerance by gene expression. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2808-2826. [PMID: 31350912 PMCID: PMC6788959 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene is a volatile compound produced in large amounts by some, but not all, plants by the enzyme isoprene synthase. Plants emit vast quantities of isoprene, with a net global output of 600 Tg per year, and typical emission rates from individual plants around 2% of net carbon assimilation. There is significant debate about whether global climate change resulting from increasing CO2 in the atmosphere will increase or decrease global isoprene emission in the future. We show evidence supporting predictions of increased isoprene emission in the future, but the effects could vary depending on the environment under consideration. For many years, isoprene was believed to have immediate, physical effects on plants such as changing membrane properties or quenching reactive oxygen species. Although observations sometimes supported these hypotheses, the effects were not always observed, and the reasons for the variability were not apparent. Although there may be some physical effects, recent studies show that isoprene has significant effects on gene expression, the proteome, and the metabolome of both emitting and nonemitting species. Consistent results are seen across species and specific treatment protocols. This review summarizes recent findings on the role and control of isoprene emission from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra T. Lantz
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Joshua Allman
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Sarathi M. Weraduwage
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Thomas D. Sharkey
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Madison, MI, United States
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Junker-Frohn LV, Kleiber A, Jansen K, Gessler A, Kreuzwieser J, Ensminger I. Differences in isoprenoid-mediated energy dissipation pathways between coastal and interior Douglas-fir seedlings in response to drought. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 39:1750-1766. [PMID: 31287896 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpz075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved energy dissipation pathways to reduce photooxidative damage under drought when photosynthesis is hampered. Non-volatile and volatile isoprenoids are involved in non-photochemical quenching of excess light energy and scavenging of reactive oxygen species. A better understanding of trees' ability to cope with and withstand drought stress will contribute to mitigate the negative effects of prolonged drought periods expected under future climate conditions. Therefore we investigated if Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.)) provenances from habitats with contrasting water availability reveal intraspecific variation in isoprenoid-mediated energy dissipation pathways. In a controlled drought experiment with 1-year-old seedlings of an interior and a coastal Douglas-fir provenance, we assessed the photosynthetic capacity, pool sizes of non-volatile isoprenoids associated with the photosynthetic apparatus, as well as pool sizes and emission of volatile isoprenoids. We observed variation in the amount and composition of non-volatile and volatile isoprenoids among provenances, which could be linked to variation in photosynthetic capacity under drought. The coastal provenance exhibited an enhanced biosynthesis and emission of volatile isoprenoids, which is likely sustained by generally higher assimilation rates under drought. In contrast, the interior provenance showed an enhanced photoprotection of the photosynthetic apparatus by generally higher amounts of non-volatile isoprenoids and increased amounts of xanthophyll cycle pigments under drought. Our results demonstrate that there is intraspecific variation in isoprenoid-mediated energy dissipation pathways among Douglas-fir provenances, which may be important traits when selecting provenances suitable to grow under future climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Verena Junker-Frohn
- Department of Biology, Graduate Programs in Cell & Systems Biology and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Wonnhaldestr. 4, 79100 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anita Kleiber
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kirstin Jansen
- Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Eberswalder Str. 84, 15374 Müncheberg, Germany
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstr. 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Kreuzwieser
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 53, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Ensminger
- Department of Biology, Graduate Programs in Cell & Systems Biology and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg, Wonnhaldestr. 4, 79100 Freiburg, Germany
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Pollastri S, Jorba I, Hawkins TJ, Llusià J, Michelozzi M, Navajas D, Peñuelas J, Hussey PJ, Knight MR, Loreto F. Leaves of isoprene-emitting tobacco plants maintain PSII stability at high temperatures. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1307-1318. [PMID: 30980545 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
At high temperatures, isoprene-emitting plants display a higher photosynthetic rate and a lower nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) compared with nonemitting plants. The mechanism of this phenomenon, which may be very important under current climate warming, is still elusive. NPQ was dissected into its components, and chlorophyll fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) was used to analyse the dynamics of excited chlorophyll relaxation in isoprene-emitting and nonemitting plants. Thylakoid membrane stiffness was also measured using atomic force microscope (AFM) to identify a possible mode of action of isoprene in improving photochemical efficiency and photosynthetic stability. We show that, when compared with nonemitters, isoprene-emitting tobacco plants exposed at high temperatures display a reduced increase of the NPQ energy-dependent component (qE) and stable (1) chlorophyll fluorescence lifetime; (2) amplitude of the fluorescence decay components; and (3) thylakoid membrane stiffness. Our study shows for the first time that isoprene maintains PSII stability at high temperatures by preventing the modifications of the surrounding environment, namely providing a more steady and homogeneous distribution of the light-absorbing centres and a stable thylakoid membrane stiffness. Isoprene photoprotects leaves with a mechanism alternative to NPQ, enabling plants to maintain a high photosynthetic rate at rising temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Pollastri
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Florence, Italy
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK
| | - Ignasi Jorba
- University of Barcelona and Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia - The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Timothy J Hawkins
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK
| | - Joan Llusià
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marco Michelozzi
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniel Navajas
- University of Barcelona and Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia - The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Patrick J Hussey
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK
| | - Marc R Knight
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, National Research Council of Italy, Piazzale Aldo Moro 7, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia, 80126, Naples, Italy
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In-Cold Exposure to Z-3-Hexenal Provides Protection Against Ongoing Cold Stress in Zea mays. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8060165. [PMID: 31212596 PMCID: PMC6630476 DOI: 10.3390/plants8060165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Green leaf volatiles (GLVs), which have mostly been described as providers of protection against insect herbivory and necrotrophic pathogen infections, were recently shown to provide significant fortification against cold stress damage. It was further demonstrated that cold-damaged maize seedlings released a significant amount of GLVs, in particular, Z-3-hexenal (Z-3-HAL). Here, we report that the in-cold treatment of maize seedlings with Z-3-HAL significantly improved cold stress resistance. The transcripts for cold-protective genes were also significantly increased in the Z-3-HAL treated maize seedlings over those found in only cold stressed plants. Consequently, the maize seedlings treated with HAL during cold showed a significantly increased structural integrity, significantly less damage, and increased growth after cold stress, relative to the non-HAL treated maize seedlings. Together, these results demonstrate the protective effect of in-cold treatment with HAL against cold damage, and suggest that the perception of these compounds during cold episodes significantly improves resistance against this abiotic stress.
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Guidolotti G, Pallozzi E, Gavrichkova O, Scartazza A, Mattioni M, Loreto F, Calfapietra C. Emission of constitutive isoprene, induced monoterpenes, and other volatiles under high temperatures in Eucalyptus camaldulensis: A 13 C labelling study. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1929-1938. [PMID: 30663094 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Eucalypts are major emitters of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), especially volatile isoprenoids. Emissions and incorporation of 13 C in BVOCs were measured in Eucalyptus camaldulensis branches exposed to rapid heat stress or progressive temperature increases, in order to detect both metabolic processes and their dynamics. Isoprene emission increased and photosynthesis decreased with temperatures rising from 30°C to 45°C, and an increasing percentage of unlabelled carbon was incorporated into isoprene in heat-stressed leaves. Intramolecular labelling was also incomplete in isoprene emitted by heat-stressed leaves, suggesting increasing contribution of respiratory (and possibly also photorespiratory) carbon. At temperature above 45°C, a drop of isoprene emission was mirrored by the appearance of unlabelled monoterpenes, green leaf volatiles, methanol, and ethanol, indicating that the emission of stored volatiles was mainly induced by cellular damage. Emission of partially labelled acetaldehyde was also observed at very high temperatures, suggesting a double source of carbon, with a large unlabelled component likely transported from roots and associated to the surge of transpiration at very high temperatures. Eucalypt plantations cover large areas worldwide, and our findings may dramatically change forecast and modelling of future BVOC emissions at planetary level, especially considering climate warming and frequent heat waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Guidolotti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, 01500, Italy
| | - Emanuele Pallozzi
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, 01500, Italy
| | - Olga Gavrichkova
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Porano, 05010, Italy
- Department of Landscape Design and Sustainable Ecosystems, Agrarian-technological Institute, RUDN University, Moscow, 117198, Russia
| | - Andrea Scartazza
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Michele Mattioni
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Porano, 05010, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences (DISBA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, 00185, Italy
| | - Carlo Calfapietra
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Porano, 05010, Italy
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Feng Z, Yuan X, Fares S, Loreto F, Li P, Hoshika Y, Paoletti E. Isoprene is more affected by climate drivers than monoterpenes: A meta-analytic review on plant isoprenoid emissions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:1939-1949. [PMID: 30767225 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene and monoterpenes (MTs) are among the most abundant and reactive volatile organic compounds produced by plants (biogenic volatile organic compounds). We conducted a meta-analysis to quantify the mean effect of environmental factors associated to climate change (warming, drought, elevated CO2 , and O3 ) on the emission of isoprene and MTs. Results indicated that all single factors except warming inhibited isoprene emission. When subsets of data collected in experiments run under similar change of a given environmental factor were compared, isoprene and photosynthesis responded negatively to elevated O3 (-8% and -10%, respectively) and drought (-15% and -42%), and in opposite ways to elevated CO2 (-23% and +55%) and warming (+53% and -23%, respectively). Effects on MTs emission were usually not significant, with the exceptions of a significant stimulation caused by warming (+39%) and by elevated O3 (limited to O3 -insensitive plants, and evergreen species with storage organs). Our results clearly highlight individual effects of environmental factors on isoprene and MT emissions, and an overall uncoupling between these secondary metabolites produced by the same methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway. Future results from manipulative experiments and long-term observations may help untangling the interactive effects of these factors and filling gaps featured in the current meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaozhong Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Silvano Fares
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Arezzo, 52100, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences (DISBA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, 00185, Italy
- Department of Biology, University Federico II, Naples, 80138, Italy
| | - Pin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), 50019, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), 50019, Italy
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Reassimilation of Leaf Internal CO2 Contributes to Isoprene Emission in the Neotropical Species Inga edulis Mart. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10060472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene (C5H8) is a hydrocarbon gas emitted by many tree species and has been shown to protect photosynthesis under abiotic stress. Under optimal conditions for photosynthesis, ~70%–90% of carbon used for isoprene biosynthesis is produced from recently assimilated atmospheric CO2. While the contribution of alternative carbon sources that increase with leaf temperature and other stresses have been demonstrated, uncertainties remain regarding the biochemical source(s) of isoprene carbon. In this study, we investigated leaf isoprene emissions (Is) from neotropical species Inga edulis Mart. as a function of light and temperature under ambient (450 µmol m−2 s−1) and CO2-free (0 µmol m−2 s−1) atmosphere. Is under CO2-free atmosphere showed light-dependent emission patterns similar to those observed under ambient CO2, but with lower light saturation point. Leaves treated with the photosynthesis inhibitor DCMU (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea) failed to produce detectable Is in normal light under a CO2-free atmosphere. While strong temperature-dependent Is were observed under CO2-free atmosphere in the light, dark conditions failed to produce detectable Is even at the highest temperatures studied (40 °C). Treatment of leaves with 13C-labeled sodium bicarbonate under CO2-free atmosphere resulted in Is with over 50% containing at least one 13C atom. Is under CO2-free atmosphere and standard conditions of light and leaf temperature represented 19% ± 7% of emissions under ambient CO2. The results show that the reassimilation of leaf internal CO2 contributes to Is in the neotropical species I. edulis. Through the consumption of excess photosynthetic energy, our results support a role of isoprene biosynthesis, together with photorespiration, as a key tolerance mechanism against high temperature and high light in the tropics.
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Aspinwall MJ, Pfautsch S, Tjoelker MG, Vårhammar A, Possell M, Drake JE, Reich PB, Tissue DT, Atkin OK, Rymer PD, Dennison S, Van Sluyter SC. Range size and growth temperature influence Eucalyptus species responses to an experimental heatwave. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:1665-1684. [PMID: 30746837 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Understanding forest tree responses to climate warming and heatwaves is important for predicting changes in tree species diversity, forest C uptake, and vegetation-climate interactions. Yet, tree species differences in heatwave tolerance and their plasticity to growth temperature remain poorly understood. In this study, populations of four Eucalyptus species, two with large range sizes and two with comparatively small range sizes, were grown under two temperature treatments (cool and warm) before being exposed to an equivalent experimental heatwave. We tested whether the species with large and small range sizes differed in heatwave tolerance, and whether trees grown under warmer temperatures were more tolerant of heatwave conditions than trees grown under cooler temperatures. Visible heatwave damage was more common and severe in the species with small rather than large range sizes. In general, species that showed less tissue damage maintained higher stomatal conductance, lower leaf temperatures, larger increases in isoprene emissions, and less photosynthetic inhibition than species that showed more damage. Species exhibiting more severe visible damage had larger increases in heat shock proteins (HSPs) and respiratory thermotolerance (Tmax ). Thus, across species, increases in HSPs and Tmax were positively correlated, but inversely related to increases in isoprene emissions. Integration of leaf gas-exchange, isoprene emissions, proteomics, and respiratory thermotolerance measurements provided new insight into mechanisms underlying variability in tree species heatwave tolerance. Importantly, warm-grown seedlings were, surprisingly, more susceptible to heatwave damage than cool-grown seedlings, which could be associated with reduced enzyme concentrations in leaves. We conclude that species with restricted range sizes, along with trees growing under climate warming, may be more vulnerable to heatwaves of the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Aspinwall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Sebastian Pfautsch
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark G Tjoelker
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Angelica Vårhammar
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Malcolm Possell
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John E Drake
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Forest and Natural Resources Management, SUNY-ESF, Syracuse, New York
| | - Peter B Reich
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, Minnesota
| | - David T Tissue
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Owen K Atkin
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Paul D Rymer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Siobhan Dennison
- Department of Biological Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven C Van Sluyter
- Department of Biological Science, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
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Zuo Z, Weraduwage SM, Lantz AT, Sanchez LM, Weise SE, Wang J, Childs KL, Sharkey TD. Isoprene Acts as a Signaling Molecule in Gene Networks Important for Stress Responses and Plant Growth. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:124-152. [PMID: 30760638 PMCID: PMC6501071 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene synthase converts dimethylallyl diphosphate to isoprene and appears to be necessary and sufficient to allow plants to emit isoprene at significant rates. Isoprene can protect plants from abiotic stress but is not produced naturally by all plants; for example, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) do not produce isoprene. It is typically present at very low concentrations, suggesting a role as a signaling molecule; however, its exact physiological role and mechanism of action are not fully understood. We transformed Arabidopsis with a Eucalyptus globulus isoprene synthase The regulatory mechanisms of photosynthesis and isoprene emission were similar to those of native emitters, indicating that regulation of isoprene emission is not specific to isoprene-emitting species. Leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were enhanced by isoprene, which also had a marked positive effect on hypocotyl, cotyledon, leaf, and inflorescence growth in Arabidopsis. By contrast, leaf and stem growth was reduced in tobacco engineered to emit isoprene. Expression of genes belonging to signaling networks or associated with specific growth regulators (e.g. gibberellic acid that promotes growth and jasmonic acid that promotes defense) and genes that lead to stress tolerance was altered by isoprene emission. Isoprene likely executes its effects on growth and stress tolerance through direct regulation of gene expression. Enhancement of jasmonic acid-mediated defense signaling by isoprene may trigger a growth-defense tradeoff leading to variations in the growth response. Our data support a role for isoprene as a signaling molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Zuo
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Lin'an 311300, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Sarathi M Weraduwage
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Alexandra T Lantz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Lydia M Sanchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Sean E Weise
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Kevin L Childs
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Thomas D Sharkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
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46
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Zuo Z. Why Algae Release Volatile Organic Compounds-The Emission and Roles. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:491. [PMID: 30915062 PMCID: PMC6423058 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide spectrum of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are released from algae in aquatic ecosystems. Environmental factors such as light, temperature, nutrition conditions and abiotic stresses affect their emission. These VOCs can enhance the resistance to abiotic stresses, transfer information between algae, play allelopathic roles, and protect against predators. For homogeneous algae, the VOCs released from algal cells under stress conditions transfer stress information to other cells, and induce the acceptors to make a preparation for the upcoming stresses. For heterogeneous algae and aquatic macrophytes, the VOCs show allelopathic effects on the heterogeneous neighbors, which benefit to the emitter growth and competing for nutrients. In cyanobacterial VOCs, some compounds such as limonene, eucalyptol, β-cyclocitral, α-ionone, β-ionone and geranylacetone have been detected as the allelopathic agents. In addition, VOCs can protect the emitters from predation by predators. It can be speculated that the emission of VOCs is critical for algae coping with the complicated and changeable aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojiang Zuo
- School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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47
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Brilli F, Loreto F, Baccelli I. Exploiting Plant Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Agriculture to Improve Sustainable Defense Strategies and Productivity of Crops. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:264. [PMID: 30941152 PMCID: PMC6434774 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for new sustainable solutions to support agriculture in facing current environmental challenges. In particular, intensification of productivity and food security needs require sustainable exploitation of natural resources and metabolites. Here, we bring the attention to the agronomic potential of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from leaves, as a natural and eco-friendly solution to defend plants from stresses and to enhance crop production. To date, application of VOCs is often limited to fight herbivores. Here we argue that potential applications of VOCs are much wider, as they can also protect from pathogens and environmental stresses. VOCs prime plant's defense mechanisms for an enhanced resistance/tolerance to the upcoming stress, quench reactive oxygen species (ROS), have potent antimicrobial as well as allelopathic effects, and might be important in regulating plant growth, development, and senescence through interactions with plant hormones. Current limits and drawbacks that may hamper the use of VOCs in open field are analyzed, and solutions for a better exploitation of VOCs in future sustainable agriculture are envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Brilli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Florence, Italy
- *Correspondence: Federico Brilli,
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivan Baccelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Florence, Italy
- Ivan Baccelli,
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Velikova V, Tsonev T, Tattini M, Arena C, Krumova S, Koleva D, Peeva V, Stojchev S, Todinova S, Izzo LG, Brunetti C, Stefanova M, Taneva S, Loreto F. Physiological and structural adjustments of two ecotypes of Platanus orientalis L. from different habitats in response to drought and re-watering. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 6:coy073. [PMID: 30591840 PMCID: PMC6301291 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coy073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Platanus orientalis covers a very fragmented area in Europe and, at the edge of its natural distribution, is considered a relic endangered species near extinction. In our study, it was hypothesized that individuals from the edge of the habitat, with stronger climate constrains (drier and warmer environment, Italy, IT ecotype), developed different mechanisms of adaptation than those growing under optimal conditions at the center of the habitat (more humid and colder environment, Bulgaria, BG ecotype). Indeed, the two P. orientalis ecotypes displayed physiological, structural and functional differences already under control (unstressed) conditions. Adaptation to a dry environment stimulated constitutive isoprene emission, determined active stomatal behavior, and modified chloroplast ultrastructure, ultimately allowing more effective use of absorbed light energy for photochemistry. When exposed to short-term acute drought stress, IT plants showed active stomatal control that enhanced instantaneous water use efficiency, and stimulation of isoprene emission that sustained photochemistry and reduced oxidative damages to membranes, as compared to BG plants. None of the P. orientalis ecotypes recovered completely from drought stress after re-watering, confirming the sensitivity of this mesophyte to drought. Nevertheless, the IT ecotype showed less damage and better stability at the level of chloroplast membrane parameters when compared to the BG ecotype, which we interpret as possible adaptation to hostile environments and improved capacity to cope with future, likely more recurrent, drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Velikova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. bl. 21, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tsonko Tsonev
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 21, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Carmen Arena
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, Naples, Italy
| | - Sashka Krumova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 21, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Violeta Peeva
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str. bl. 21, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Svetoslav Stojchev
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 21, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Svetla Todinova
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 21, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Luigi Gennaro Izzo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, Portici, Italy
| | - Cecilia Brunetti
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Trees and Timber Institute, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | | | - Stefka Taneva
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 21, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, The National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
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49
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de Souza VF, Niinemets Ü, Rasulov B, Vickers CE, Duvoisin Júnior S, Araújo WL, Gonçalves JFDC. Alternative Carbon Sources for Isoprene Emission. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:1081-1101. [PMID: 30472998 PMCID: PMC6354897 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Isoprene and other plastidial isoprenoids are produced primarily from recently assimilated photosynthates via the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. However, when environmental conditions limit photosynthesis, a fraction of carbon for MEP pathway can come from extrachloroplastic sources. The flow of extrachloroplastic carbon depends on the species and on leaf developmental and environmental conditions. The exchange of common phosphorylated intermediates between the MEP pathway and other metabolic pathways can occur via plastidic phosphate translocators. C1 and C2 carbon intermediates can contribute to chloroplastic metabolism, including photosynthesis and isoprenoid synthesis. Integration of these metabolic processes provide an example of metabolic flexibility, and results in the synthesis of primary metabolites for plant growth and secondary metabolites for plant defense, allowing effective use of environmental resources under multiple stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Fernandes de Souza
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, AM 69011-970, Brazil; University of Amazonas State, Manaus, AM 69050-010, Brazil
| | - Ülo Niinemets
- Department of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu 51006, Estonia; Estonian Academy of Sciences, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Bahtijor Rasulov
- Department of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu 51006, Estonia; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Claudia E Vickers
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, EcoSciences Precinct, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | | | - Wagner L Araújo
- Max-Planck Partner Group at the Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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50
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Brunetti C, Loreto F, Ferrini F, Gori A, Guidi L, Remorini D, Centritto M, Fini A, Tattini M. Metabolic plasticity in the hygrophyte Moringa oleifera exposed to water stress. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 38:1640-1654. [PMID: 30137639 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpy089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, introduction of many fast-growing hygrophilic, and economically valuable plants into xeric environments has occurred. However, production and even survival of these species may be threatened by harsh climatic conditions unless an effective physiological and metabolic plasticity is available. Moringa oleifera Lam., a multipurpose tree originating from humid sub-tropical regions of India, is widely cultivated in many arid countries because of its multiple uses. We tested whether M. oleifera can adjust primary and secondary metabolism to efficiently cope with increasing water stress. It is shown that M. oleifera possesses an effective isohydric behavior. Water stress induced a quick and strong stomatal closure, driven by abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation, and leading to photosynthesis inhibition with consequent negative effects on biomass production. However, photochemistry was not impaired and maximal fluorescence and saturating photosynthesis remained unaffected in stressed leaves. We report for the first time that M. oleifera produces isoprene, and show that isoprene emission increased three-fold during stress progression. It is proposed that higher isoprene biosynthesis helps leaves cope with water stress through its antioxidant or membrane stabilizing action, and also indicates a general MEP (methylerythritol 4-phosphate) pathway activation that further helps protect photosynthesis under water stress. Increased concentrations of antioxidant flavonoids were also observed in water stressed leaves, and probably cooperate in limiting irreversible effects of the stress in M. oleifera leaves. The observed metabolic and phenotypic plasticity may facilitate the establishment of M. oleifera in xeric environments, sustaining the economic and environmental value of this plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Brunetti
- National Research Council of Italy, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Trees and Timber Institute, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- National Research Council of Italy, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Piazzale Aldo Moro 7, Roma, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferrini
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Antonella Gori
- Department of Agri-Food Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Damiano Remorini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Mauro Centritto
- National Research Council of Italy, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Trees and Timber Institute, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Alessio Fini
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences-Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Tattini
- National Research Council of Italy, Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
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