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Zheng W, Guo X, Zhou P, Tang L, Lai J, Dai Y, Yan W, Wu J. Vegetation restoration enhancing soil carbon sequestration in karst rocky desertification ecosystems: A meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 370:122530. [PMID: 39293112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
Vegetation restoration measures have been increasingly employed to alleviate rocky desertification in karst ecosystems. However, the comprehensive effects of these interventions on soil properties and soil organic carbon (SOC) remain poorly understood. Herein, we gathered 644 paired observations from 68 studies and conducted a meta-analysis to quantify the performance of different vegetation restoration measures including moss (MS), grassland (GL), cash crop (CP), shrub (SH), and secondary forest (SF) through soil properties and SOC. Our results demonstrated significant effects of MS, GL, CP, SH, and SF on soil biotic and abiotic factors, each with distinct response characteristics. Particularly, MS significantly enhanced all soil properties (excluding a slight decrease in soil pH by 10.8%). Moreover, MS, GL, CP, SH, and SF could elevate SOC by 32.1%, 17.6%, 24.9%, 59.2%, and 48.7% respectively. Utilizing random forest and linear regression models, we identified primary drivers for SOC in MS, GL, CP, SH, and SF as soil moisture content, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, soil microbial phosphorus, total nitrogen, and β-1,4-glucosidase, respectively. This meta-analysis underlined the varied effects of vegetation restoration measures on soil properties and advocates for restoration measures that prioritize plant productivity and reduce soil temperature during the karst rocky desertification restoration process. Additionally, this study underscores the pivotal role of vegetation rehabilitation in environmental conservation and carbon sequestration of ecologically vulnerable regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaobin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
| | - Ping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Li Tang
- College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Jiaxin Lai
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuting Dai
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China
| | - Wende Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry & Technology, Changsha, 410004, China
| | - Jinshui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, China.
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Jia A, Bai Z, Gong L, Li H, Bai Z, Wang M. Effects of Organic Fertilizer Addition to Vegetation and Soil Bacterial Communities in Saline-Alkali-Degraded Grassland with Photovoltaic Panels. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1491. [PMID: 38891300 PMCID: PMC11174366 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The Songnen grassland is an important resource for livestock production in China. Due to the intensification of anthropogenic activities in recent years, vegetation degradation has worsened, and the salinization of grassland has become increasingly serious, which severely affects the sustainable development of grassland animal husbandry. In this study, organic fertilizer addition was carried out at saline-and-alkaline-degraded Songnen grassland sites with photovoltaic panels, and we investigated the effects of organic fertilizer treatments on the vegetation and soil bacteria in these areas. The results showed that both organic fertilizer treatments increased the community composition and diversity indices of plants (p < 0.05); they also had significant effects on soil electrical conductivity and rapidly available potassium (p < 0.05). In the dominant phylum of bacteria, the relative abundance of Firmicutes increased without adding organic fertilizer under the photovoltaic panel; the addition of organic fertilizer had a significant effect on the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Desulfobacterota (p < 0.05), reducing their relative abundance, respectively. There were differences in the number of bacteria at the genus level under different treatments compared to the control, with the highest enrichment of bacteria occurring at the OFE position, and a significant difference (p < 0.05) being found between the control and the other four groups at the genus level of g_norank_f_norank_o_Actinomarinales. Organic fertilizer had a significant effect on the bacterial Simpson diversity index, with the most significant increasing trend found in OFE (the front eaves of the photovoltaic panel in fertilization area). The results of a correlation analysis showed that pH, electrical conductivity, and total nitrogen were the main factors affecting the soil bacterial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aomei Jia
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (A.J.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zhenyin Bai
- The Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Education, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China;
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liping Gong
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (A.J.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (Z.B.)
| | - Haixian Li
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (A.J.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zhenjian Bai
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (A.J.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (Z.B.)
| | - Mingjun Wang
- Department of Grassland Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (A.J.); (L.G.); (H.L.); (Z.B.)
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Strauss AT, Hobbie SE, Reich PB, Seabloom EW, Borer ET. The effect of diversity on disease reverses from dilution to amplification in a 22-year biodiversity × N × CO 2 experiment. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10938. [PMID: 38740878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60725-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant disease often increases with N, decreases with CO2, and increases as biodiversity is lost (i.e., the dilution effect). Additionally, all these factors can indirectly alter disease by changing host biomass and hence density-dependent disease transmission. Yet over long periods of time as communities undergo compositional changes, these biomass-mediated pathways might fade, intensify, or even reverse in direction. Using a field experiment that has manipulated N, CO2, and species richness for over 20 years, we compared severity of a specialist rust fungus (Puccinia andropogonis) on its grass host (Andropogon gerardii) shortly after the experiment began (1999) and twenty years later (2019). Between these two sampling periods, two decades apart, we found that disease severity consistently increased with N and decreased with CO2. However, the relationship between diversity and disease reversed from a dilution effect in 1999 (more severe disease in monocultures) to an amplification effect in 2019 (more severe disease in mixtures). The best explanation for this reversal centered on host density (i.e., aboveground biomass), which was initially highest in monoculture, but became highest in mixtures two decades later. Thus, the diversity-disease pattern reversed, but disease consistently increased with host biomass. These results highlight the consistency of N and CO2 as drivers of plant disease in the Anthropocene and emphasize the critical role of host biomass-despite potentially variable effects of diversity-for relationships between biodiversity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Strauss
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Institute for Global Change Biology and School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Gou X, Reich PB, Qiu L, Shao M, Wei G, Wang J, Wei X. Leguminous plants significantly increase soil nitrogen cycling across global climates and ecosystem types. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:4028-4043. [PMID: 37186000 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Leguminous plants are an important component of terrestrial ecosystems and significantly increase soil nitrogen (N) cycling and availability, which affects productivity in most ecosystems. Clarifying whether the effects of legumes on N cycling vary with contrasting ecosystem types and climatic regions is crucial for understanding and predicting ecosystem processes, but these effects are currently unknown. By conducting a global meta-analysis, we revealed that legumes increased the soil net N mineralization rate (Rmin ) by 67%, which was greater than the recently reported increase associated with N deposition (25%). This effect was similar for tropical (53%) and temperate regions (81%) but was significantly greater in grasslands (151%) and forests (74%) than in croplands (-3%) and was greater in in situ incubation (101%) or short-term experiments (112%) than in laboratory incubation (55%) or long-term experiments (37%). Legumes significantly influenced the dependence of Rmin on N fertilization and experimental factors. The Rmin was significantly increased by N fertilization in the nonlegume soils, but not in the legume soils. In addition, the effects of mean annual temperature, soil nutrients and experimental duration on Rmin were smaller in the legume soils than in the nonlegume soils. Collectively, our results highlighted the significant positive effects of legumes on soil N cycling, and indicated that the effects of legumes should be elucidated when addressing the response of soils to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Institute for Global Change Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Liping Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling, China
| | - Mingan Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gehong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaorong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Kong Y, Zhang H, Tian L, Yuan J, Chen Y, Li Y, Chen J, Chang SX, Fang Y, Tavakkoli E, Cai Y. Relationships between denitrification rates and functional gene abundance in a wetland: The roles of single- and multiple-species plant communities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160913. [PMID: 36529393 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Wetland soil denitrification removes excess inorganic nitrogen (N) and prevents eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems. Wetland plants have been considered the key factors determining the capacity of wetland soil denitrification to remove N pollutants in aquatic ecosystems. However, the influences of various plant communities on wetland soil denitrification remain unknown. In the present study, we measured variations in soil denitrification under different herbaceous plant communities including single Phragmites karka (PK), single Paspalum thunbergia (PT), single Zizania latifolia (ZL), a mixture of Paspalum thunbergia plus Phragmites karka (PTPK), a mixture of Paspalum thunbergia plus Zizania latifolia (PTZL), and bare soil (CK) in the Estuary of Nantiaoxi River, the largest tributary of Qingshan Lake in Hangzhou, China. The soil denitrification rate was significantly higher in the surface (0-10 cm) than the subsurface (10-20 cm) layer. Wetland plant growth increased the soil denitrification rate by significantly increasing the soil water content, nitrate concentration, and ln(nirS) + ln(nirK). A structural equation model (SEM) showed that wetland plants indirectly regulated soil denitrification by altering the aboveground and belowground plant biomass, nitrate concentration, abundances of denitrifying functional genes, and denitrification potential. There was no significant difference in soil denitrification rates among PT, PK and ZL. The soil denitrification rate was significantly lower in PTZL than PTPK. Two-plant communities did not necessarily enhance the denitrification rate compared to single planting, the former had a greater competitiveness on N uptake and consequently reduced the amount of nitrate available for denitrification. As PTPK had the highest denitrification rate, co-planting P. thunbergia and P. karka could effectively improve N removal efficiency and help mitigate eutrophication in adjacent aquatic ecosystems. The results of this investigation provide useful information guiding the selection of appropriate wetland herbaceous plant species for wetland construction and the removal of N pollutants in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushuang Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Haikuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Linlin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Junji Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Youchao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Scott X Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E3, Canada
| | - Yunying Fang
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle 2568, Australia
| | - Ehsan Tavakkoli
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Wagga Wagga Agricultural Institute, Wagga Wagga 2650, Australia
| | - Yanjiang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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Lihong S, Haiming T, Li W, Geng S, Kaikai C, Mei S, Weiyan L, Yong G. Effects of long-term fertilizer practices on rhizosphere soil nitrogen mineralization in the double-cropping rice field. J Basic Microbiol 2023. [PMID: 36782076 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202200655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) was an important indictor in change of soil fertility, which was closely related with N mineralization process. However, there is still need to further study on how rhizosphere soil N mineralization in paddy field response to different fertilizer management. Therefore, the influence of long-term (37-years) fertilizer regime on rhizosphere soil N mineralization, ammonification and nitrification rates, and its relationship under the double-cropping paddy field in southern of China were investigated in this study. The field experiment included following fertilizer regimes: inorganic fertilizer alone (MF), rice straw and inorganic fertilizer (RF), 30% organic manure and 70% inorganic fertilizer (OM), and no application of any fertilizer as a control (CK). The result indicated that rhizosphere soil organic carbon (SOC), total N, NO3 -N, and NH4 -N contents in paddy field with OM and RF treatments were increased. The result showed that rhizosphere soil NO2 - -N and mineral N contents with OM and RF treatments were increased, and the order of soil NO2 - -N and mineral N contents with all fertilizer treatments was showed as OM > RF > MF > CK. This result proved that soil aerobic and anaerobic N mineralization rates in paddy field with OM and RF treatments were higher than that of CK and MF treatments. Compared with MF treatment, soil ammonification rate with RF and OM treatments increased by 45.16% and 67.74%, soil nitrification rate with RF and OM treatments increased by 45.71% and 77.14%, respectively. There had significantly positively correlation between soil net mineralization, nitrification rate and SOC, total N contents. As a result, applied with rice straw and organic manure was a good measure to improve soil N mineralization in the double-cropping rice field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Lihong
- Hunan Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Tang Haiming
- Hunan Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Li
- Hunan Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Sun Geng
- Hunan Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Cheng Kaikai
- Hunan Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Sun Mei
- Hunan Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Li Weiyan
- Hunan Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Guo Yong
- Hunan Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Changsha, China
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Feng N, Liu D, Li Y, Liu P. Soil net N mineralization and hydraulic properties of carbonate-derived laterite under different vegetation types in Karst forests of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159116. [PMID: 36179828 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Soil net nitrogen (N) mineralization (Nmin) is a key process in the forest N cycle regulating the N availability of plant growth. However, it is unclear how N transformation responds to soil hydraulic properties changes. The soil inorganic N pools and N transformation in the early growing season in karst forestlands were investigated by using an intact soil core in situ incubation method. Three different typical vegetation types were selected. The results showed that the mean values of NH4+-N, NO3--N, and inorganic N were 1.05-1.36, 1.55-3.85, and 1.05-2.34 times greater for ferns than for shrubs. NO3--N and NH4+-N mainly occur at soil depths of 0-5 cm and 5-15 cm, respectively. The soil Nmin was 2.21-232.03 times higher at 0-5 cm than at the 10-15 cm. Net N immobilization was found for the juvenile ferns and shrubs at 5-15 cm. The Nmin of juvenile and mature ferns was 1.90-11.78 times and 1.17-16.20 times higher than shrubs, respectively, and shrubs had the highest Ks (69.91 mm h-1) but the lowest water-holding capacity. Both ferns and shrubs were able to hold more water and available water was richest in mature fern soil, which provided an extra water source for fern growth. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to test whether the measured variables affected Nmin, and the results showed that soil organic matter (SOM), pH, and saturated volumetric water content (θs) were the main soil factors affecting Nmin. In addition, the NH4+-N, NO3--N, and inorganic N stocks were reduced by 3.98 %-59.04 %, 48.07 %-63.30 % and 8.18 %-57.37 % after rainwater input, respectively. Our findings suggest that soil inorganic N and Nmin in the karst forest were regulated by soil hydraulic properties. Changes in the soil hydraulic properties might therefore influence the functioning of soil N transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Feng
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Dongdong Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; College of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Yao Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Pu Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Berlinches de Gea A, Hautier Y, Geisen S. Interactive effects of global change drivers as determinants of the link between soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:296-307. [PMID: 36281756 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biodiversity, both aboveground and belowground, is negatively affected by global changes such as drought or warming. This loss of biodiversity impacts Earth's ecosystems, as there is a positive relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF). Even though soils host a large fraction of biodiversity that underlies major ecosystem functions, studies exploring the relationship between soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (sBEF) as influenced by global change drivers (GCDs) remain scarce. Here we highlight the need to decipher sBEF relationships under the effect of interactive GCDs that are intimately connected in a changing world. We first state that sBEF relationships depend on the type of function (e.g., C cycling or decomposition) and biodiversity facet (e.g., abundance, species richness, or biomass) considered. Then, we shed light on the impact of single and interactive GCDs on soil biodiversity and sBEF and show that results from scarce studies studying interactive effects range from antagonistic to additive to synergistic when two individual GCDs cooccur. This indicates the need for studies quantitatively accounting for the impacts of interactive GCDs on sBEF relationships. Finally, we provide guidelines for optimized methodological and experimental approaches to study sBEF in a changing world that will provide more valuable information on the real impact of (interactive) GCDs on sBEF. Together, we highlight the need to decipher the sBEF relationship in soils to better understand soil functioning under ongoing global changes, as changes in sBEF are of immediate importance for ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yann Hautier
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Geisen
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Schuster MJ, Williams LJ, Stefanski A, Bermudez R, Belluau M, Messier C, Paquette A, Gravel D, Reich PB. Patterns of belowground overyielding and fine‐root biomass in native and exotic angiosperms and gymnosperms. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Artur Stefanski
- Dept of Forest Resources, Univ. of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
| | | | - Michaël Belluau
- Centre for Forest Research, Univ. du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) Montréal QC Canada
| | - Christian Messier
- Centre for Forest Research, Univ. du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) Montréal QC Canada
- Inst. des Sciences de la Forêt Feuillue Tempérée (ISFORT), Univ. du Québec en Outaouais (UQO) Ripon QC Canada
| | - Alain Paquette
- Centre for Forest Research, Univ. du Québec à Montréal (UQAM) Montréal QC Canada
| | | | - Peter B. Reich
- Dept of Forest Resources, Univ. of Minnesota St. Paul MN USA
- Hawkesbury Inst. for the Environment, Univ. of Western Sydney Penrith NSW Australia
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Pavlů L, Poetsch EM, Pavlů VV, Titěra J, Hejcman M, Gaisler J, Hopkins A. The Admont Grassland Experiment: 70 years of fertilizer application and its effects on soil and vegetation properties in an alluvial meadow managed under a three-cut regime. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:152081. [PMID: 34863738 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fertilizer application is a widely used management technique for increasing forage production from agricultural grassland. Fertilization is also a key driver of changes in soil nutrient status and plant species composition of grassland as shown in many short-term studies. Results from long-term experiments can further improve understanding of plant-soil relationships and help with management recommendations for agricultural and environmental outcomes. We collected data from a long-term experiment on alluvial meadow (Admont Grassland Experiment, Austria; established 1946) with 24 fertilization treatments managed under a three-cut regime. Soil sampling in autumn 2015 and vegetation sampling in spring 2016 were conducted in seven selected treatments. Combinations of N (nitrogen 80 kg ha-1), P (phosphorus 35 kg ha-1) and K (potassium 100 kg ha-1) were applied annually and compared with a non-fertilized control. Treatments were: Control, N, P, K, NP, NK, PK and NPK fertilization. Long-term different fertilization affected soil pH and nutrient concentrations in the soil and plant species composition, but no significant effects on species richness were found. Short species (<0.5 m height) prevailed in all treatments regardless of nutrient application, probably as a result of the three-cut defoliation. The dry matter biomass (DMB) yield in the Control was limited by N and P and synergisticly co-limited by N, P and K, and DMB yields of more than 5 t ha-1 per year were achieved under nutrient combinations containing P (NP, PK, NPK) without loss of species richness. Results from the Admont Grassland Experiment show that the tested nutrient combinations significantly increased DMB yield and changed the species composition, but without significant effects on species richness. Long-term biomass yields of more than 5 t ha-1 DMB per year can be achieved with any nutrient combination containing P without loss species richness in an alluvial meadow managed under a three-cut regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Pavlů
- Department of Weeds and Vegetation of Agroecosystems, Grassland Research Station Liberec, Crop Research Institute, Rolnická 6, CZ 460 01 Liberec, Czechia
| | - Erich M Poetsch
- Federal Research and Education Centre Raumberg-Gumpenstein, 8952 Irdning, Austria
| | - Vilém V Pavlů
- Department of Weeds and Vegetation of Agroecosystems, Grassland Research Station Liberec, Crop Research Institute, Rolnická 6, CZ 460 01 Liberec, Czechia; Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 1176, CZ 165 21 Prague 6-Suchdol, Czechia.
| | - Jan Titěra
- Department of Weeds and Vegetation of Agroecosystems, Grassland Research Station Liberec, Crop Research Institute, Rolnická 6, CZ 460 01 Liberec, Czechia; Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 1176, CZ 165 21 Prague 6-Suchdol, Czechia
| | - Michal Hejcman
- Department of Weeds and Vegetation of Agroecosystems, Grassland Research Station Liberec, Crop Research Institute, Rolnická 6, CZ 460 01 Liberec, Czechia; Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 1176, CZ 165 21 Prague 6-Suchdol, Czechia
| | - Jan Gaisler
- Department of Weeds and Vegetation of Agroecosystems, Grassland Research Station Liberec, Crop Research Institute, Rolnická 6, CZ 460 01 Liberec, Czechia
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11
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Easterday CA, Kendig AE, Lacroix C, Seabloom EW, Borer ET. Long-term nitrogen enrichment mediates the effects of nitrogen supply and co-inoculation on a viral pathogen. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8450. [PMID: 35136545 PMCID: PMC8809429 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host nutrient supply can mediate host-pathogen and pathogen-pathogen interactions. In terrestrial systems, plant nutrient supply is mediated by soil microbes, suggesting a potential role of soil microbes in plant diseases beyond soil-borne pathogens and induced plant defenses. Long-term nitrogen (N) enrichment can shift pathogenic and nonpathogenic soil microbial community composition and function, but it is unclear if these shifts affect plant-pathogen and pathogen-pathogen interactions. In a growth chamber experiment, we tested the effect of long-term N enrichment on infection by Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV-PAV) and Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus (CYDV-RPV), aphid-vectored RNA viruses, in a grass host. We inoculated sterilized growing medium with soil collected from a long-term N enrichment experiment (ambient, low, and high N soil treatments) to isolate effects mediated by the soil microbial community. We crossed soil treatments with a N supply treatment (low, high) and virus inoculation treatment (mock-, singly-, and co-inoculated) to evaluate the effects of long-term N enrichment on plant-pathogen and pathogen-pathogen interactions, as mediated by N availability. We measured the proportion of plants infected (i.e., incidence), plant biomass, and leaf chlorophyll content. BYDV-PAV incidence (0.96) declined with low N soil (to 0.46), high N supply (to 0.61), and co-inoculation (to 0.32). Low N soil mediated the effect of N supply on BYDV-PAV: instead of N supply reducing BYDV-PAV incidence, the incidence increased. Additionally, ambient and low N soil ameliorated the negative effect of co-inoculation on BYDV-PAV incidence. BYDV-PAV infection only reduced chlorophyll when plants were grown with low N supply and ambient N soil. There were no significant effects of long-term N soil on CYDV-RPV incidence. Soil inoculant with different levels of long-term N enrichment had different effects on host-pathogen and pathogen-pathogen interactions, suggesting that shifts in soil microbial communities with long-term N enrichment may mediate disease dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey A. Easterday
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
- Present address:
Carlson School of ManagementUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Amy E. Kendig
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Christelle Lacroix
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
- Present address:
Pathologie VégétaleINRAEMontfavetFrance
| | - Eric W. Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Elizabeth T. Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
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12
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Cavender‐Bares J, Schweiger AK, Gamon JA, Gholizadeh H, Helzer K, Lapadat C, Madritch MD, Townsend PA, Wang Z, Hobbie SE. Remotely detected aboveground plant function predicts belowground processes in two prairie diversity experiments. ECOL MONOGR 2021; 92:e01488. [PMID: 35864994 PMCID: PMC9285928 DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Cavender‐Bares
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Anna K. Schweiger
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
- Département de Sciences Biologiques Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale Université de Montréal Montréal Québec H1X 2B2 Canada
- Department of Geography Remote Sensing Laboratories University of Zurich Zurich 8057 Switzerland
| | - John A. Gamon
- School of Natural Resources University of Nebraska Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska 68583 USA
- Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E3 Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta AB T6G Canada
| | - Hamed Gholizadeh
- School of Natural Resources University of Nebraska Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska 68583 USA
- Department of Geography Center for Applications of Remote Sensing Oklahoma State University Stillwater Oklahoma 74078 USA
| | - Kimberly Helzer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Cathleen Lapadat
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
| | - Michael D. Madritch
- Department of Biology Appalachian State University Boone North Carolina 28608 USA
| | - Philip A. Townsend
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Sarah E. Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior University of Minnesota Saint Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
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13
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Lu P, Hao T, Li X, Wang H, Zhai X, Tian Q, Bai W, Stevens C, Zhang W. Ambient nitrogen deposition drives plant‐diversity decline by nitrogen accumulation in a closed grassland ecosystem. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Tianxiang Hao
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences Key Laboratory of Plant–Soil Interactions of the Ministry of Education China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- College of Resource and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Hong Wang
- Mountain Area Research Institute Agricultural University of Hebei Baoding China
| | - Xiufeng Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- College of Resource and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Qiuying Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Wenming Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Carly Stevens
- Lancaster Environment Centre Lancaster University Lancaster UK
| | - Wen‐Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- College of Resource and Environment University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
- Inner Mongolia Research Center for Prataculture Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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14
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Zhou J, Gao Y, Wang J, Liu C, Wang Z, Lv M, Zhang X, Zhou Y, Dong G, Wang Y, Huang J, Hui D, Yang Z, Yao Y. Elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration triggers redistribution of nitrogen to promote tillering in rice. PLANT-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2021; 2:125-136. [PMID: 37283862 PMCID: PMC10168068 DOI: 10.1002/pei3.10046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2) often reduces nitrogen (N) content in rice plants and stimulates tillering. However, there is a general consensus that reduced N would constrain rice tillering. To resolve this contradiction, we investigated N distribution and transcriptomic changes in different rice plant organs after subjecting them to eCO2 and different N application rates. Our results showed that eCO2 significantly promoted rice tillers (by 0.6, 1.1, 1.7, and 2.1 tillers/plant at 0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha-1 N application rates, respectively) and more tillers were produced under higher N application rates, confirming that N availability constrained tillering in the early stages of growth. Although N content declined in the leaves (-11.0 to -20.7 mg g-1) and sheaths (-9.8 to -28.8 mg g-1) of rice plants exposed to eCO2, the N content of newly emerged tillers on plants exposed to eCO2 equaled or exceeded the N content of tillers produced under ambient CO2 conditions. Apparently, the redistribution of N within the plant per se was a critical adaptation strategy to the eCO2 condition. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that eCO2 induced less extensive alteration of gene expression than did N application. Most importantly, the expression levels of multiple N-related transporters and receptors such as nitrate transporter NRT2.3a/b and NRT1.1a/b were differentially regulated in leaf and shoot apical meristem, suggesting that multiple genes were involved in sensing the N signal and transporting N metabolites to adapt to eCO2. The redistribution of N in different organs could be a universal adaptation strategy of terrestrial plants to eCO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Yingbo Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular BreedingCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Junpeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Chang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Zi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Minjia Lv
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Xiaoxiang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Lixiahe Agricultural Research Institute of Jiangsu ProvinceYangzhouChina
| | - Yong Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Guichun Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Yulong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Jianye Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Dafeng Hui
- Department of Biological SciencesTennessee State UniversityNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Zefeng Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular BreedingCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
| | - Youli Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology/Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain CropsCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education/Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular BreedingCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouChina
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15
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Lozano YM, Aguilar‐Trigueros CA, Onandia G, Maaß S, Zhao T, Rillig MC. Effects of microplastics and drought on soil ecosystem functions and multifunctionality. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yudi M. Lozano
- Freie Universität Berlin Institute of Biology, Plant Ecology Berlin Germany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
| | - Carlos A. Aguilar‐Trigueros
- Freie Universität Berlin Institute of Biology, Plant Ecology Berlin Germany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
| | - Gabriela Onandia
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF) Dimensionality Assessment and Reduction Müncheberg Germany
| | - Stefanie Maaß
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
- Universität Potsdam Institute of Biochemistry and Biology Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Potsdam Germany
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Freie Universität Berlin Institute of Biology, Plant Ecology Berlin Germany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
| | - Matthias C. Rillig
- Freie Universität Berlin Institute of Biology, Plant Ecology Berlin Germany
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB) Berlin Germany
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16
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Risch AC, Zimmermann S, Moser B, Schütz M, Hagedorn F, Firn J, Fay PA, Adler PB, Biederman LA, Blair JM, Borer ET, Broadbent AAD, Brown CS, Cadotte MW, Caldeira MC, Davies KF, di Virgilio A, Eisenhauer N, Eskelinen A, Knops JMH, MacDougall AS, McCulley RL, Melbourne BA, Moore JL, Power SA, Prober SM, Seabloom EW, Siebert J, Silveira ML, Speziale KL, Stevens CJ, Tognetti PM, Virtanen R, Yahdjian L, Ochoa-Hueso R. Global impacts of fertilization and herbivore removal on soil net nitrogen mineralization are modulated by local climate and soil properties. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:7173-7185. [PMID: 32786128 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soil nitrogen (N) availability is critical for grassland functioning. However, human activities have increased the supply of biologically limiting nutrients, and changed the density and identity of mammalian herbivores. These anthropogenic changes may alter net soil N mineralization (soil net Nmin ), that is, the net balance between N mineralization and immobilization, which could severely impact grassland structure and functioning. Yet, to date, little is known about how fertilization and herbivore removal individually, or jointly, affect soil net Nmin across a wide range of grasslands that vary in soil and climatic properties. Here we collected data from 22 grasslands on five continents, all part of a globally replicated experiment, to assess how fertilization and herbivore removal affected potential (laboratory-based) and realized (field-based) soil net Nmin . Herbivore removal in the absence of fertilization did not alter potential and realized soil net Nmin . However, fertilization alone and in combination with herbivore removal consistently increased potential soil net Nmin. Realized soil net Nmin , in contrast, significantly decreased in fertilized plots where herbivores were removed. Treatment effects on potential and realized soil net Nmin were contingent on site-specific soil and climatic properties. Fertilization effects on potential soil net Nmin were larger at sites with higher mean annual precipitation (MAP) and temperature of the wettest quarter (T.q.wet). Reciprocally, realized soil net Nmin declined most strongly with fertilization and herbivore removal at sites with lower MAP and higher T.q.wet. In summary, our findings show that anthropogenic nutrient enrichment, herbivore exclusion and alterations in future climatic conditions can negatively impact soil net Nmin across global grasslands under realistic field conditions. This is an important context-dependent knowledge for grassland management worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita C Risch
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Zimmermann
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Moser
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Martin Schütz
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Frank Hagedorn
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Firn
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Philip A Fay
- USDA-ARS Grassland, Soil, and Water Research Laboratory, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Peter B Adler
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Lori A Biederman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - John M Blair
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Arthur A D Broadbent
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Cynthia S Brown
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Marc W Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria C Caldeira
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Kendi F Davies
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Augustina di Virgilio
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCOMA), Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anu Eskelinen
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Johannes M H Knops
- Department of Health & Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | | | - Rebecca L McCulley
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Brett A Melbourne
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Joslin L Moore
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Vic., Australia
| | - Sally A Power
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Julia Siebert
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria L Silveira
- Range Cattle Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Ona, FL, USA
| | - Karina L Speziale
- Grupo de Investigaciones en Biología de la Conservación, INIBIOMA (CONICET-UNCOMA), Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Carly J Stevens
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Pedro M Tognetti
- Facultad de Agronomía, IFEVA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Risto Virtanen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Laura Yahdjian
- Facultad de Agronomía, IFEVA, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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17
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Liu H, Chen Q, Chen Y, Xu Z, Dai Y, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Peng X, Li H, Wang J, Liu H. Effects of biotic/abiotic factors on the seedling regeneration of Dacrydium pectinatum formations in tropical montane forests on Hainan Island, China. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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18
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Zhu J, Zhang Y, Yang X, Chen N, Jiang L. Synergistic effects of nitrogen and CO 2 enrichment on alpine grassland biomass and community structure. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1283-1294. [PMID: 32574402 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Global environmental change is altering the Earth's ecosystems. However, much research has focused on ecosystem-level responses, and we know substantially less about community-level responses to global change stressors. Here we conducted a 6-yr field experiment in a high-altitude (4600 m asl) alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau to explore the effects of nitrogen (N) addition and rising atmospheric CO2 concentration on plant communities. Our results showed that N and CO2 enrichment had synergistic effects on alpine grassland communities. Adding nitrogen or CO2 alone did not alter total community biomass, species diversity or community composition, whereas adding both resources together increased community biomass, reduced species diversity and altered community composition. The observed decline in species diversity under simultaneous N and CO2 enrichment was associated with greater community biomass and lower soil water content, and driven by the loss of species characterised simultaneously by tall stature and small specific leaf area. Our findings point to the co-limitation of alpine plant community biomass and structure by nitrogen and CO2 , emphasising the need for future studies to consider multiple aspects of global environmental change together to gain a more complete understanding of their ecological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Zhu
- Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Yangjian Zhang
- Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xian Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ning Chen
- Lhasa Plateau Ecosystem Research Station, Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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19
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Kimmel K, Furey GN, Hobbie SE, Isbell F, Tilman D, Reich PB. Diversity-dependent soil acidification under nitrogen enrichment constrains biomass productivity. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:6594-6603. [PMID: 32871613 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In most plant communities, the net effect of nitrogen enrichment is an increase in plant productivity. However, nitrogen enrichment also has been shown to decrease species richness and to acidify soils, each of which may diminish the long-term impact of nutrient enrichment on productivity. Here we use a long-term (20 year) grassland plant diversity by nitrogen enrichment experiment in Minnesota, United States (a subexperiment within the BioCON experiment) to quantify the net impacts of nitrogen enrichment on productivity, including its potential indirect effects on productivity via changes in species richness and soil pH over an experimental diversity gradient. Overall, we found that nitrogen enrichment led to an immediate positive increment in productivity, but that this effect became nonsignificant over later years of the experiment, with the difference in productivity between fertilized and unfertilized plots decreasing in proportion to nitrogen addition-dependent declines in soil pH and losses of plant diversity. The net effect of nitrogen enrichment on productivity could have been 14.5% more on average over 20 years in monocultures if not for nitrogen-induced decreases in pH and about 28.5% more on average over 20 years in 16 species communities if not for nitrogen-induced species richness losses. Together, these results suggest that the positive effects of nutrient enrichment on biomass production can diminish in their magnitude over time, especially because of soil acidification in low diversity communities and especially because of plant diversity loss in initially high diversity communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Kimmel
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George N Furey
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - David Tilman
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Bren School of Environmental Management, UC Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith South, NSW, Australia
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20
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Eskelinen A, Gravuer K, Harpole WS, Harrison S, Virtanen R, Hautier Y. Resource-enhancing global changes drive a whole-ecosystem shift to faster cycling but decrease diversity. Ecology 2020; 101:e03178. [PMID: 32870523 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many global changes take the form of resource enhancements that have potential to transform multiple aspects of ecosystems from slower to faster cycling, including a suite of both above- and belowground variables. We developed a novel analytic approach to measure integrated ecosystem responses to resource-enhancing global changes, and how such whole ecosystem slow-to-fast transitions are linked to diversity and exotic invasions in real-world ecosystems. We asked how 5-yr experimental rainfall and nutrient enhancements in a natural grassland system affected 16 ecosystem functions, pools, and stoichiometry variables considered to indicate slow vs. fast cycling. We combined these metrics into a novel index we termed "slow-fast multifunctionality" and assessed its relationship to plant community diversity and exotic plant dominance. Nutrient and rainfall addition interacted to affect average slow-fast multifunctionality. Nutrient addition alone pushed the system toward faster cycling, but this effect weakened with the joint addition of rainfall and nutrients. Variables associated with soil nutrient pools and cycling most strongly contributed to this antagonistic interaction. Nutrient and water addition together, respectively, had additive or synergistic effects on plant trait composition and productivity, demonstrating divergence of above- and belowground ecosystem responses. Our novel metric of faster cycling was strongly associated with decreased plant species richness and increased exotic species dominance. These results demonstrate the breadth of interacting community and ecosystem changes that ensue when resource limitation is relaxed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Eskelinen
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kelly Gravuer
- Graduate Group in Ecology, Department of Plant Sciences, University of California - Davis, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - W Stanley Harpole
- Department of Physiological Diversity, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Susan Harrison
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Risto Virtanen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Yann Hautier
- Ecology and Biodiversity Group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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21
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Steinauer K, Heinen R, Hannula SE, De Long JR, Huberty M, Jongen R, Wang M, Bezemer TM. Above‐belowground linkages of functionally dissimilar plant communities and soil properties in a grassland experiment. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Steinauer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology Droevendaalsesteeg 10 Wageningen6700 ABThe Netherlands
| | - Robin Heinen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology Droevendaalsesteeg 10 Wageningen6700 ABThe Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Section Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry Leiden University P.O. Box 9505 Leiden2300 RAThe Netherlands
- Lehrstuhl für Terrestrische Ökologie Landnutzung und Umwelt Technische Universität München Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung, Hans‐Carl‐von‐Carlowitz‐Platz 2 FreisingD‐85354Germany
| | - S. Emilia Hannula
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology Droevendaalsesteeg 10 Wageningen6700 ABThe Netherlands
| | - Jonathan R. De Long
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology Droevendaalsesteeg 10 Wageningen6700 ABThe Netherlands
| | - Martine Huberty
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology Droevendaalsesteeg 10 Wageningen6700 ABThe Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Section Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry Leiden University P.O. Box 9505 Leiden2300 RAThe Netherlands
| | - Renske Jongen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology Droevendaalsesteeg 10 Wageningen6700 ABThe Netherlands
| | - Minggang Wang
- Department of Plant Protection Biology Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences P.O. Box 102 AlnarpSE‐23053Sweden
| | - T. Martijn Bezemer
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology Netherlands Institute of Ecology Droevendaalsesteeg 10 Wageningen6700 ABThe Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Section Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry Leiden University P.O. Box 9505 Leiden2300 RAThe Netherlands
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22
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Pastore MA, Lee TD, Hobbie SE, Reich PB. Interactive effects of elevated CO 2 , warming, reduced rainfall, and nitrogen on leaf gas exchange in five perennial grassland species. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:1862-1878. [PMID: 32400900 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Global changes can interact to affect photosynthesis and thus ecosystem carbon capture, yet few multi-factor field studies exist to examine such interactions. Here, we evaluate leaf gas exchange responses of five perennial grassland species from four functional groups to individual and interactive global changes in an open-air experiment in Minnesota, USA, including elevated CO2 (eCO2 ), warming, reduced rainfall and increased soil nitrogen supply. All four factors influenced leaf net photosynthesis and/or stomatal conductance, but almost all effects were context-dependent, i.e. they differed among species, varied with levels of other treatments and/or depended on environmental conditions. Firstly, the response of photosynthesis to eCO2 depended on species and nitrogen, became more positive as vapour pressure deficit increased and, for a C4 grass and a legume, was more positive under reduced rainfall. Secondly, reduced rainfall increased photosynthesis in three functionally distinct species, potentially via acclimation to low soil moisture. Thirdly, warming had positive, neutral or negative effects on photosynthesis depending on species and rainfall. Overall, our results show that interactions among global changes and environmental conditions may complicate predictions based on simple theoretical expectations of main effects, and that the factors and interactions influencing photosynthesis vary among herbaceous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Pastore
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tali D Lee
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire, Eau Claire, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
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23
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Lama S, Velescu A, Leimer S, Weigelt A, Chen H, Eisenhauer N, Scheu S, Oelmann Y, Wilcke W. Plant diversity influenced gross nitrogen mineralization, microbial ammonium consumption and gross inorganic N immobilization in a grassland experiment. Oecologia 2020; 193:731-748. [PMID: 32737568 PMCID: PMC7406533 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04717-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Gross rates of nitrogen (N) turnover inform about the total N release and consumption. We investigated how plant diversity affects gross N mineralization, microbial ammonium (NH4+) consumption and gross inorganic N immobilization in grasslands via isotopic pool dilution. The field experiment included 74 plots with 1–16 plant species and 1–4 plant functional groups (legumes, grasses, tall herbs, small herbs). We determined soil pH, shoot height, root, shoot and microbial biomass, and C and N concentrations in soil, microbial biomass, roots and shoots. Structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that increasing plant species richness significantly decreased gross N mineralization and microbial NH4+ consumption rates via increased root C:N ratios. Root C:N ratios increased because of the replacement of legumes (low C:N ratios) by small herbs (high C:N ratios) and an increasing shoot height, which was positively related with root C:N ratios, with increasing species richness. However, in our SEM remained an unexplained direct negative path from species richness to both N turnover rates. The presence of legumes increased gross N mineralization, microbial NH4+ consumption and gross inorganic N immobilization rates likely because of improved N supply by N2 fixation. The positive effect of small herbs on microbial NH4+ consumption and gross inorganic N immobilization could be attributed to their increased rhizodeposition, stimulating microbial growth. Our results demonstrate that increasing root C:N ratios with increasing species richness slow down the N cycle but also that there must be additional, still unidentified processes behind the species richness effect potentially including changed microbial community composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soni Lama
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andre Velescu
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sophia Leimer
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hongmei Chen
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 21, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- German Center for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Scheu
- JF Blumenbach Institute of Zoology and Anthropology, University of Göttingen, Berliner Strasse 28, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yvonne Oelmann
- Geoecology, University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 19-23, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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24
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Klaus VH, Friedritz L, Hamer U, Kleinebecker T. Drought boosts risk of nitrate leaching from grassland fertilisation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 726:137877. [PMID: 32481225 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Both climate change and agricultural intensification are drivers of global nutrient cycles and biodiversity loss. A potentially great environmental threat can arise when these two drivers interact, for example, when farmers try to compensate reduced soil nutrient availability due to drought by the application of liquid organic fertiliser. As dry soils don't hold back nutrients very well, this approach can lead to nitrate leaching and potentially also to the pollution of drinking water. However, little is known about leaching from dry but fertilised grassland soil, and how this is affected by land use intensity and plant diversity. In this mesocosm study, we transferred 60 grassland sods differing in past land use intensity to a greenhouse and treated them with severe drought, fertilisation and both together. Drought was induced by almost entirely stopping irrigation for seven weeks. Fertilisation was done by three applications of slurry summing up to 168 kg total nitrogen per hectare (111 kg NH4-N). We assessed nutrient leaching risk with ion-exchange resin (IER) bags installed in the soil of all mesocosms. IER bags were retrieved after drought and extracts were analysed for concentrations of nitrate, ammonium, phosphate and potassium. Fertilisation partially buffered drought-induced losses in yield. However, the interaction of fertilisation and drought resulted in a drastic increase in nitrate leaching risk when soils are rewetted (>300%), while neither drought nor fertilisation alone were significant. Ammonium concentrations followed the same trend as nitrate, but less pronounced. Phosphate and potassium concentrations were not affected by the treatments. Past land use was hardly related to soil nutrient concentrations, rather was plant diversity. However, results indicate that plant diversity was not driving nitrate and ammonium concentrations under drought and/or fertilisation. This study reveals grassland fertilisation during drought to be a severe environmental problem due to significantly increased nitrate leaching risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin H Klaus
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, ETH Zürich, Universitätstr, 2, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr, 2, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Lennart Friedritz
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr, 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ute Hamer
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr, 2, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Till Kleinebecker
- Institute of Landscape Ecology, University of Münster, Heisenbergstr, 2, 48149 Münster, Germany; Institute of Landscape Ecology and Resource Management, University of Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany
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25
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Wei X, Reich PB, Hobbie SE. Legumes regulate grassland soil N cycling and its response to variation in species diversity and N supply but not CO 2. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:2396-2409. [PMID: 30932274 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Legumes are an important component of plant diversity that modulate nitrogen (N) cycling in many terrestrial ecosystems. Limited knowledge of legume effects on soil N cycling and its response to global change factors and plant diversity hinders a general understanding of whether and how legumes broadly regulate the response of soil N availability to those factors. In a 17-year study of perennial grassland species grown under ambient and elevated (+180 ppm) CO2 and ambient and enriched (+4 g N m-2 year-1 ) N environments, we compared pure legume plots with plots dominated by or including other herbaceous functional groups (and containing one or four species) to assess the effect of legumes on N cycling (net N mineralization rate and inorganic N pools). We also examined the effects of numbers of legume species (from zero to four) in four-species mixed plots on soil N cycling. We hypothesized that legumes would increase N mineralization rates most in those treatments with the greatest diversity and the greatest relative limitation by and competition for N. Results partially supported these hypotheses. Plots with greater dominance by legumes had greater soil nitrate concentrations and mineralization rates. Higher species richness significantly increased the impact of legumes on soil N metrics, with 349% and 505% higher mineralization rates and nitrate concentrations in four-species plots containing legumes compared to legume-free four-species plots, in contrast to 185% and 129% greater values, respectively, in pure legume than nonlegume monoculture plots. N-fertilized plots had greater legume effects on soil nitrate, but lower legume effects on net N mineralization. In contrast, neither elevated CO2 nor its interaction with legumes affected net N mineralization. These results indicate that legumes markedly influence the response of soil N cycling to some, but not all, global change drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, China
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith South DC, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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26
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Guerrero‐Ramírez NR, Reich PB, Wagg C, Ciobanu M, Eisenhauer N. Diversity‐dependent plant–soil feedbacks underlie long‐term plant diversity effects on primary productivity. Ecosphere 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaly R. Guerrero‐Ramírez
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Institute of Biology Leipzig University Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Peter B. Reich
- Department of Forest Resources University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota 55108 USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Richmond New South Wales 2753 Australia
| | - Cameron Wagg
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zürich Winterthurerstrasse 190 Zurich CH‐8047 Switzerland
| | - Marcel Ciobanu
- Institute of Biological Research Branch of the National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences Cluj‐Napoca Romania
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Institute of Biology Leipzig University Deutscher Platz 5e Leipzig 04103 Germany
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27
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Fu W, Wang X, Wei X. No response of soil N mineralization to experimental warming in a northern middle-high latitude agro-ecosystem. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 659:240-248. [PMID: 30599343 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effect of warming on soil nitrogen (N) pools and turnover in agro-ecosystems has rarely been investigated, particularly in middle-high latitudes where the temperature is predicted to increase more than that in low latitudes. In this study, we determined the dynamics of soil inorganic N pools and the net N mineralization in an agro-ecosystem from 2013 to 2015 in a field warming experiment in Northeast China. The objectives were to examine the effects of warming on soil N turnover and determine how the effects differ in the growing versus the non-growing seasons. We hypothesized that experimental warming would increase N mineralization and the inorganic N pools, and the effects of warming would be greater in the non-growing season than those in the growing season. In contrast to these predictions, the soil N mineralization and inorganic N pools in the soil solution were not affected by experimental warming either within or across year and season. The nitrification rate was 0.14 mg kg-1 d-1 higher, but the ammonification rate was 0.17 mg kg-1 d-1 lower in the growing season than that in the non-growing season. When averaged across all sources of variation, the net mineralization rate of the soil N was 0.09 mg kg-1 d-1 in both the control and warming treatments, while the total inorganic N in the soil solution was 34 and 41 mg kg-1, respectively. Both the nitrification and ammonification processes were regulated by soil moisture and/or root biomass, which was not affected by warming. These results suggest that soil N turnover and availability will be less sensitive to future global warming in this middle-high latitude agro-ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Fu
- School of Land Resources and Urban & Rural Planning, Hebei GEO University, Shijiazhuang 050031, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaorong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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28
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Meta-analysis shows positive effects of plant diversity on microbial biomass and respiration. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1332. [PMID: 30902971 PMCID: PMC6430801 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09258-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil microorganisms are key to biological diversity and many ecosystem processes in terrestrial ecosystems. Despite the current alarming loss of plant diversity, it is unclear how plant species diversity affects soil microorganisms. By conducting a global meta-analysis with paired observations of plant mixtures and monocultures from 106 studies, we show that microbial biomass, bacterial biomass, fungal biomass, fungi:bacteria ratio, and microbial respiration increase, while Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacteria ratio decrease in response to plant mixtures. The increases in microbial biomass and respiration are more pronounced in older and more diverse mixtures. The effects of plant mixtures on all microbial attributes are consistent across ecosystem types including natural forests, planted forests, planted grasslands, croplands, and planted containers. Our study underlines strong relationships between plant diversity and soil microorganisms across global terrestrial ecosystems and suggests the importance of plant diversity in maintaining belowground ecosystem functioning. The effect of plant biodiversity on microbial function has been tested in limited studies and is likely to be context-dependent. In this meta-analysis of 106 prior studies comparing plant monocultures to mixtures, the authors find that plant diversity increases microbial biomass and respiration rates, an effect moderated by stand age.
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29
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Belowground Biomass Response to Nutrient Enrichment Depends on Light Limitation Across Globally Distributed Grasslands. Ecosystems 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-019-00350-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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30
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Bommarco R, Vico G, Hallin S. Exploiting ecosystem services in agriculture for increased food security. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY-AGRICULTURE POLICY ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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31
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Zuo X, Knops JMH. Effects of elevated
CO
2
, increased nitrogen deposition, and plant diversity on aboveground litter and root decomposition. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoan Zuo
- Northwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and Resources Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China
- School of Biological Sciences University of Nebraska‐Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska 62588 USA
| | - Johannes M. H. Knops
- School of Biological Sciences University of Nebraska‐Lincoln Lincoln Nebraska 62588 USA
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32
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Terrer C, Vicca S, Stocker BD, Hungate BA, Phillips RP, Reich PB, Finzi AC, Prentice IC. Ecosystem responses to elevated CO 2 governed by plant-soil interactions and the cost of nitrogen acquisition. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:507-522. [PMID: 29105765 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 507 I. Introduction 507 II. The return on investment approach 508 III. CO2 response spectrum 510 IV. Discussion 516 Acknowledgements 518 References 518 SUMMARY: Land ecosystems sequester on average about a quarter of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. It has been proposed that nitrogen (N) availability will exert an increasingly limiting effect on plants' ability to store additional carbon (C) under rising CO2 , but these mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we review findings from elevated CO2 experiments using a plant economics framework, highlighting how ecosystem responses to elevated CO2 may depend on the costs and benefits of plant interactions with mycorrhizal fungi and symbiotic N-fixing microbes. We found that N-acquisition efficiency is positively correlated with leaf-level photosynthetic capacity and plant growth, and negatively with soil C storage. Plants that associate with ectomycorrhizal fungi and N-fixers may acquire N at a lower cost than plants associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. However, the additional growth in ectomycorrhizal plants is partly offset by decreases in soil C pools via priming. Collectively, our results indicate that predictive models aimed at quantifying C cycle feedbacks to global change may be improved by treating N as a resource that can be acquired by plants in exchange for energy, with different costs depending on plant interactions with microbial symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Terrer
- AXA Chair Programme in Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Sara Vicca
- Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610, Belgium
| | - Benjamin D Stocker
- AXA Chair Programme in Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
| | - Bruce A Hungate
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | | | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN, 55108, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Adrien C Finzi
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - I Colin Prentice
- AXA Chair Programme in Biosphere and Climate Impacts, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, SL5 7PY, UK
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33
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Wei X, Reich PB, Hobbie SE, Kazanski CE. Disentangling species and functional group richness effects on soil N cycling in a grassland ecosystem. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2017; 23:4717-4727. [PMID: 28494115 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Species richness (SR) and functional group richness (FGR) are often confounded in both observational and experimental field studies of biodiversity and ecosystem function. This precludes discernment of their separate influences on ecosystem processes, including nitrogen (N) cycling, and how those influences might be moderated by global change factors. In a 17-year field study of grassland species, we used two full factorial experiments to independently vary SR (one or four species, with FGR = 1) and FGR (1-4 groups, with SR = 4) to assess SR and FGR effects on ecosystem N cycling and its response to elevated carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and N addition. We hypothesized that increased plant diversity (either SR or FGR) and elevated CO2 would enhance plant N pools because of greater plant N uptake, but decrease soil N cycling rates because of greater soil carbon inputs and microbial N immobilization. In partial support of these hypotheses, increasing SR or FGR (holding the other constant) enhanced total plant N pools and decreased soil nitrate pools, largely through higher root biomass, and increasing FGR strongly reduced mineralization rates, because of lower root N concentrations. In contrast, increasing SR (holding FGR constant and despite increasing total plant C and N pools) did not alter root N concentrations or net N mineralization rates. Elevated CO2 had minimal effects on plant and soil N metrics and their responses to plant diversity, whereas enriched N increased plant and soil N pools, but not soil N fluxes. These results show that functional diversity had additional effects on both plant N pools and rates of soil N cycling that were independent of those of species richness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith South DC, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarah E Hobbie
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Clare E Kazanski
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
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Fang L, Wang M, Cai L, Cang L. Deciphering biodegradable chelant-enhanced phytoremediation through microbes and nitrogen transformation in contaminated soils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:14627-14636. [PMID: 28452034 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9029-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable chelant-enhanced phytoremediation offers an alternative treatment technique for metal contaminated soils, but most studies to date have addressed on phytoextraction efficiency rather than comprehensive understanding of the interactions among plant, soil microbes, and biodegradable chelants. In the present study, we investigated the impacts of biodegradable chelants, including nitrilotriacetate, S,S-ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS), and citric acid on soil microbes, nitrogen transformation, and metal removal from contaminated soils. The EDDS addition to soil showed the strongest ability to promote the nitrogen cycling in soil, ryegrass tissue, and microbial metabolism in comparison with other chelants. Both bacterial community-level physiological profiles and soil mass specific heat rates demonstrated that soil microbial activity was inhibited after the EDDS application (between day 2 and 10), but this effect completely vanished on day 30, indicating the revitalization of microbial activity and community structure in the soil system. The results of quantitative real-time PCR revealed that the EDDS application stimulated denitrification in soil by increasing nitrite reductase genes, especially nirS. These new findings demonstrated that the nitrogen release capacity of biodegradable chelants plays an important role in accelerating nitrogen transformation, enhancing soil microbial structure and activity, and improving phytoextraction efficiency in contaminated soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linchuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Mengke Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Lin Cai
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Long Cang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China.
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van Goethem TMWJ, Schipper AM, Wamelink GWW, Huijbregts MAJ. Context-dependent environmental quality standards of soil nitrate for terrestrial plant communities. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 181:681-686. [PMID: 27566937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Environmental quality standards (EQS) specify the maximum permissible concentration or level of a specific environmental stressor. Here, a procedure is proposed to derive EQS that are specific to a representative species pool and conditional on confounding environmental factors. To illustrate the procedure, a dataset was used with plant species richness observations of grasslands and forests and accompanying soil nitrate-N and pH measurements collected from 981 sampling sites in the Netherlands. Species richness was related to soil nitrate-N and pH with quantile regression allowing for interaction effects. The resulting regression models were used to derive EQS for nitrate conditional on pH, quantified as the nitrate-N concentrations at a specific pH level corresponding with a species richness equal to 95% of the species pool, for both grasslands and forest communities. The EQS varied between 1.8 mg/kg nitrate-N at pH 9-65 mg/kg nitrate-N at pH 4. EQS for forests and grasslands were similar, but EQS based on Red List species richness were considerably lower (more stringent) than those based on overall species richness, particularly at high pH levels. The results indicate that both natural background pH conditions and Red List species are important factors to consider in the derivation of EQS for soil nitrate-N for terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M W J van Goethem
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Aafke M Schipper
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - G W Wieger Wamelink
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark A J Huijbregts
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Coskun D, Britto DT, Kronzucker HJ. Nutrient constraints on terrestrial carbon fixation: The role of nitrogen. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 203:95-109. [PMID: 27318532 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the earth's atmosphere are projected to rise from current levels near 400ppm to over 700ppm by the end of the 21st century. Projections over this time frame must take into account the increases in total net primary production (NPP) expected from terrestrial plants, which result from elevated CO2 (eCO2) and have the potential to mitigate the impact of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that limitations in soil nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N), the soil nutrient most limiting to plant growth, may greatly constrain future carbon fixation. Here, we review recent studies about the relationships between soil N supply, plant N nutrition, and carbon fixation in higher plants under eCO2, highlighting key discoveries made in the field, particularly from free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technology, and relate these findings to physiological and ecological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Coskun
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Canadian Centre for World Hunger Research (CCWHR), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Dev T Britto
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Canadian Centre for World Hunger Research (CCWHR), University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Herbert J Kronzucker
- Department of Biological Sciences and the Canadian Centre for World Hunger Research (CCWHR), University of Toronto, Canada.
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Terrer C, Vicca S, Hungate BA, Phillips RP, Prentice IC. Mycorrhizal association as a primary control of the CO2 fertilization effect. Science 2016; 353:72-4. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf4610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Plants buffer increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations through enhanced growth, but the question whether nitrogen availability constrains the magnitude of this ecosystem service remains unresolved. Synthesizing experiments from around the world, we show that CO2 fertilization is best explained by a simple interaction between nitrogen availability and mycorrhizal association. Plant species that associate with ectomycorrhizal fungi show a strong biomass increase (30 ± 3%, P < 0.001) in response to elevated CO2 regardless of nitrogen availability, whereas low nitrogen availability limits CO2 fertilization (0 ± 5%, P = 0.946) in plants that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The incorporation of mycorrhizae in global carbon cycle models is feasible, and crucial if we are to accurately project ecosystem responses and feedbacks to climate change.
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Mueller KE, Blumenthal DM, Pendall E, Carrillo Y, Dijkstra FA, Williams DG, Follett RF, Morgan JA. Impacts of warming and elevated CO2 on a semi-arid grassland are non-additive, shift with precipitation, and reverse over time. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:956-66. [PMID: 27339693 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear how elevated CO2 (eCO2 ) and the corresponding shifts in temperature and precipitation will interact to impact ecosystems over time. During a 7-year experiment in a semi-arid grassland, the response of plant biomass to eCO2 and warming was largely regulated by interannual precipitation, while the response of plant community composition was more sensitive to experiment duration. The combined effects of eCO2 and warming on aboveground plant biomass were less positive in 'wet' growing seasons, but total plant biomass was consistently stimulated by ~ 25% due to unique, supra-additive responses of roots. Independent of precipitation, the combined effects of eCO2 and warming on C3 graminoids became increasingly positive and supra-additive over time, reversing an initial shift toward C4 grasses. Soil resources also responded dynamically and non-additively to eCO2 and warming, shaping the plant responses. Our results suggest grasslands are poised for drastic changes in function and highlight the need for long-term, factorial experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Mueller
- Rangeland Resources Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - D M Blumenthal
- Rangeland Resources Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - E Pendall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Y Carrillo
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - F A Dijkstra
- Centre for Carbon, Water and Food, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - D G Williams
- Department of Botany, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - R F Follett
- Soil Plant and Nutrient Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - J A Morgan
- Rangeland Resources Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
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Thompson GL, Kao-Kniffin J. Diversity Enhances NPP, N Retention, and Soil Microbial Diversity in Experimental Urban Grassland Assemblages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155986. [PMID: 27243768 PMCID: PMC4887057 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban grasslands, landscapes dominated by turfgrasses for aesthetic or recreational groundcovers, are rapidly expanding in the United States and globally. These managed ecosystems are often less diverse than the natural or agricultural lands they replace, leading to potential losses in ecosystem functioning. Research in non-urban systems has provided evidence for increases in multiple ecosystem functions associated with greater plant diversity. To test if biodiversity-ecosystem function findings are applicable to urban grasslands, we examined the effect of plant species and genotypic diversity on three ecosystem functions, using grassland assemblages of increasing diversity that were grown within a controlled environment facility. We found positive effects of plant diversity on reduced nitrate leaching and plant productivity. Soil microbial diversity (Mean Shannon Diversity, H') of bacteria and fungi were also enhanced in multi-species plantings, suggesting that moderate increments in plant diversity influence the composition of soil biota. The results from this study indicate that plant diversity impacts multiple functions that are important in urban ecosystems; therefore, further tests of urban grassland biodiversity should be examined in situ to determine the feasibility of manipulating plant diversity as an explicit landscape design and function trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant L. Thompson
- Section of Horticulture, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Jenny Kao-Kniffin
- Section of Horticulture, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Schaller J, Roscher C, Hillebrand H, Weigelt A, Oelmann Y, Wilcke W, Ebeling A, Weisser WW. Plant diversity and functional groups affect Si and Ca pools in aboveground biomass of grassland systems. Oecologia 2016; 182:277-86. [PMID: 27164912 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3647-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant diversity is an important driver of nitrogen and phosphorus stocks in aboveground plant biomass of grassland ecosystems, but plant diversity effects on other elements also important for plant growth are less understood. We tested whether plant species richness, functional group richness or the presence/absence of particular plant functional groups influences the Si and Ca concentrations (mmol g(-1)) and stocks (mmol m(-2)) in aboveground plant biomass in a large grassland biodiversity experiment (Jena Experiment). In the experiment including 60 temperate grassland species, plant diversity was manipulated as sown species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16) and richness and identity of plant functional groups (1-4; grasses, small herbs, tall herbs, legumes). We found positive species richness effects on Si as well as Ca stocks that were attributable to increased biomass production. The presence of particular functional groups was the most important factor explaining variation in aboveground Si and Ca stocks (mmol m(-2)). Grass presence increased the Si stocks by 140 % and legume presence increased the Ca stock by 230 %. Both the presence of specific plant functional groups and species diversity altered Si and Ca stocks, whereas Si and Ca concentration were affected mostly by the presence of specific plant functional groups. However, we found a negative effect of species diversity on Si and Ca accumulation, by calculating the deviation between mixtures and mixture biomass proportions, but in monoculture concentrations. These changes may in turn affect ecosystem processes such as plant litter decomposition and nutrient cycling in grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Schaller
- Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection, Technische Universität Dresden, Pienner Straße 19, 01737, Tharandt, Germany. .,Environmental Geochemistry, Bayreuth Center for Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Christiane Roscher
- Department of Physiological Diversity, UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04138, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Helmut Hillebrand
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Carl-von Ossietzky University, 26111, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Weigelt
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,Department for Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 21-23, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yvonne Oelmann
- Geoecology, University of Tuebingen, Rümelinstraße 19-23, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wilcke
- Institute of Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Reinhard-Baumeister-Platz 1, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anne Ebeling
- Institute of Ecology, University of Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85350, Freising, Germany
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Hallin S, Hellman M, Choudhury MI, Ecke F. Relative importance of plant uptake and plant associated denitrification for removal of nitrogen from mine drainage in sub-arctic wetlands. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 85:377-83. [PMID: 26360231 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Reactive nitrogen (N) species released from undetonated ammonium-nitrate based explosives used in mining or other blasting operations are an emerging environmental problem. Wetlands are frequently used to treat N-contaminated water in temperate climate, but knowledge on plant-microbial interactions and treatment potential in sub-arctic wetlands is limited. Here, we compare the relative importance of plant uptake and denitrification among five plant species commonly occurring in sub-arctic wetlands for removal of N in nitrate-rich mine drainage in northern Sweden. Nitrogen uptake and plant associated potential denitrification activity and genetic potential for denitrification based on quantitative PCR of the denitrification genes nirS, nirK, nosZI and nosZII were determined in plants growing both in situ and cultivated in a growth chamber. The growth chamber and in situ studies generated similar results, suggesting high relevance and applicability of results from growth chamber experiments. We identified denitrification as the dominating pathway for N-removal and abundances of denitrification genes were strong indicators of plant associated denitrification activity. The magnitude and direction of the effect differed among the plant species, with the aquatic moss Drepanocladus fluitans showing exceptionally high ratios between denitrification and uptake rates, compared to the other species. However, to acquire realistic estimates of N-removal potential of specific wetlands and their associated plant species, the total plant biomass needs to be considered. The species-specific plant N-uptake and abundance of denitrification genes on the root or plant surfaces were affected by the presence of other plant species, which show that both multi- and inter-trophic interactions are occurring. Future studies on N-removal potential of wetland plant species should consider how to best exploit these interactions in sub-arctic wetlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hallin
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Box 7025, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Maria Hellman
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Microbiology, Box 7025, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maidul I Choudhury
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Sciences and Environmental Assessment, Uppsala, Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frauke Ecke
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Sciences and Environmental Assessment, Uppsala, Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Relative Roles of Soil Moisture, Nutrient Supply, Depth, and Mechanical Impedance in Determining Composition and Structure of Wisconsin Prairies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137963. [PMID: 26368936 PMCID: PMC4569388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecologists have long classified Midwestern prairies based on compositional variation assumed to reflect local gradients in moisture availability. The best known classification is based on Curtis’ continuum index (CI), calculated using the presence of indicator species thought centered on different portions of an underlying moisture gradient. Direct evidence of the extent to which CI reflects differences in moisture availability has been lacking, however. Many factors that increase moisture availability (e.g., soil depth, silt content) also increase nutrient supply and decrease soil mechanical impedance; the ecological effects of the last have rarely been considered in any ecosystem. Decreased soil mechanical impedance should increase the availability of soil moisture and nutrients by reducing the root costs of retrieving both. Here we assess the relative importance of soil moisture, nutrient supply, and mechanical impedance in determining prairie composition and structure. We used leaf δ13C of C3 plants as a measure of growing-season moisture availability, cation exchange capacity (CEC) x soil depth as a measure of mineral nutrient availability, and penetrometer data as a measure of soil mechanical impedance. Community composition and structure were assessed in 17 remnant prairies in Wisconsin which vary little in annual precipitation. Ordination and regression analyses showed that δ13C increased with CI toward “drier” sites, and decreased with soil depth and % silt content. Variation in δ13C among remnants was 2.0‰, comparable to that along continental gradients from ca. 500–1500 mm annual rainfall. As predicted, LAI and average leaf height increased significantly toward “wetter” sites. CI accounted for 54% of compositional variance but δ13C accounted for only 6.2%, despite the strong relationships of δ13C to CI and CI to composition. Compositional variation reflects soil fertility and mechanical impedance more than moisture availability. This study is the first to quantify the effects of soil mechanical impedance on community ecology.
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Suseela V, Tharayil N, Xing B, Dukes JS. Labile compounds in plant litter reduce the sensitivity of decomposition to warming and altered precipitation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:122-133. [PMID: 23822593 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Together, climate and litter quality strongly regulate decomposition rates. Although these two factors and their interaction have been studied across species in continent-scale experiments, few researchers have studied how labile and recalcitrant compounds interact to influence decomposition, or the climate sensitivity of decomposition, within a litter type. Over a period of 3 yr, we studied the effects of warming and altered precipitation on mass loss and compound-specific decomposition using two litter types that possessed similar heteropolymer chemistry, but different proportions of labile and recalcitrant compounds. Climate treatments immediately affected the mass loss of the more recalcitrant litter, but affected the more labile litter only after 2 yr. After 3 yr, although both litter types had lost similar amounts of mass, warming (c. 4°C) and supplemental precipitation (150% of ambient) together accelerated the degradation of alkyl-carbon and lignin only in the more recalcitrant litter, highlighting the role of initial litter quality in determining whether the chemistry of litter residues converges or diverges under different climates. Our finding that labile compounds in litter reduce the climate sensitivity of mass loss and the decomposition of recalcitrant matrix is novel. Our results highlight the potential for litter quality to regulate the effect of climatic changes on the sequestration of litter-derived carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Suseela
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Nishanth Tharayil
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Dukes
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, 02125, USA
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