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Abdel-Aziz N, Saif-Elnasr M. Citicoline modulates inflammatory signaling pathways in the spleen of rats exposed to gamma-radiation. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2024:1-8. [PMID: 39049671 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2024.2381759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The spleen has an essential role in immune responses regulation and is considered the biggest peripheral immune organ. Citicoline is used for various brain disorders management. This study aimed to examine the using possibility of citicoline to treat γ-radiation-induced splenic inflammation in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen male albino rats were classified into: Group 1 (control) animals were kept as control. Group 2 (γ-radiation) animals were total-body γ-irradiated with 6 Gy. Group 3 (γ-radiation + citicoline) rats were γ-irradiated with 6 Gy, then injected intraperitoneally with citicoline (300 mg/kg/d) 5 min after irradiation for one week. Levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, NF-κB, JAK2, and STAT3 were determined in spleen tissue, along with histopathological examination. RESULTS Rats exposure to gamma-radiation led to elevation in splenic TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB, iNOS, JAK2, and STAT3 levels significantly. Treatment with citicoline after gamma-radiation exposure improved this elevation, and modulated gamma-radiation-induced histopathological alterations. CONCLUSIONS This data showed that citicoline inhibited γ-radiation-induced splenic inflammation via suppressing NF-κB and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways in spleen tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed Abdel-Aziz
- Radiation Biology Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Saif-Elnasr
- Health Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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2
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Howell A, Arsic N, Griebel P. Resting and activated bovine neutrophils and eosinophils differ in their responses to adrenergic agonists. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 272:110758. [PMID: 38669937 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) provide a rapid response to infection and tissue damage and stress can modify these critical innate immune defences. The study of adrenergic receptor (AR) expression and function in bovine PMNs is limited but both neutrophils and eosinophils express numerous AR genes but differ significantly in their expression of individual AR genes. A flow cytometric technique was developed to differentiate between bovine neutrophils and eosinophils so both neutrophil and eosinophil responses to adrenergic agonists could be analysed. Neutrophils and eosinophils displayed significantly different changes in CD11b, L-selectin, and CD44 expression when activated by bovine serum opsonized zymosan and recombinant bovine interferon gamma. The responses of activated and resting neutrophils and eosinophils were then compared following stimulation with endogenous adrenergic agonists, epinephrine (E) norepinephrine (NE), and synthetic agonists targeting α1-, α2-, or β-ARs. Both resting and activated neutrophils and eosinophils displayed differences in iROS, CD44, and L-selectin expression following stimulation with E and NE. Resting neutrophils displayed pro-inflammatory responses to both E and NE, while resting eosinophils displayed a pro-inflammatory response to only NE. No single synthetic adrenergic agonist fully recapitulated responses observed with either E or NE and responses to adrenergic agonists were dose-dependent. In conclusion, bovine eosinophils and neutrophils responded to multiple adrenergic agonists by altering expression of proteins involved in immune surveillance and pro-inflammatory responses. Significant differences in neutrophil and eosinophil responses to adrenergic agonists are consistent with their differences in AR gene expression. This highlights the importance of analysing separately these two PMN subpopulations when investigating the effects of either endogenous or synthetic AR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Howell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120-Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; Global Institute for Food Security (GIFS), University of Saskatchewan, 421 Downey Rd, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4L8, Canada
| | - Natasa Arsic
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120-Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Philip Griebel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120-Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada; School of Public Health, 104 Clinic Place, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada.
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3
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Zhang H, Yang Y, Cao Y, Guan J. Effects of chronic stress on cancer development and the therapeutic prospects of adrenergic signaling regulation. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116609. [PMID: 38678960 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-term chronic stress is an important factor in the poor prognosis of cancer patients. Chronic stress reduces the tissue infiltration of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) by continuously activating the adrenergic signaling, inhibits antitumor immune response and tumor cell apoptosis while also inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tumor angiogenesis, promoting tumor invasion and metastasis. This review first summarizes how adrenergic signaling activates intracellular signaling by binding different adrenergic receptor (AR) heterodimers. Then, we focused on reviewing adrenergic signaling to regulate multiple functions of immune cells, including cell differentiation, migration, and cytokine secretion. In addition, the article discusses the mechanisms by which adrenergic signaling exerts pro-tumorigenic effects by acting directly on the tumor itself. It also highlights the use of adrenergic receptor modulators in cancer therapy, with particular emphasis on their potential role in immunotherapy. Finally, the article reviews the beneficial effects of stress intervention measures on cancer treatment. We think that enhancing the body's antitumor response by adjusting adrenergic signaling can enhance the efficacy of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The Eighth Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100091, China; Department of Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China.
| | - Yuwei Yang
- College of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of OTIR, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Yan Cao
- College of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of OTIR, Beijing, 100091, China.
| | - Jingzhi Guan
- Department of Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing 100071, China.
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Cieślik M, Strobel SD, Bryniarski P, Twardowska H, Chmielowski A, Rudek M, Felkle D, Zięba K, Kaleta K, Jarczyński M, Nowak B, Bryniarski K, Nazimek K. Hypotensive drugs mitigate the high-sodium diet-induced pro-inflammatory activation of mouse macrophages in vivo. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 175:116648. [PMID: 38677242 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, there is an increasing emphasis on the need to alleviate the chronic inflammatory response to effectively treat hypertension. However, there are still gaps in our understanding on how to achieve this. Therefore, research on interaction of antihypertensive drugs with the immune system is extremely interesting, since their therapeutic effect could partly result from amelioration of hypertension-related inflammation, in which macrophages seem to play a pivotal role. Thus, current comprehensive studies have investigated the impact of repeatedly administered hypotensive drugs (captopril, olmesartan, propranolol, carvedilol, amlodipine, verapamil) on macrophage functions in the innate and adaptive immunity, as well as if drug-induced effects are affected by a high-sodium diet (HSD), one of the key environmental risk factors of hypertension. Although the assayed medications increased the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates by macrophages from standard fed donors, they reversed HSD-induced enhancing effects on macrophage oxidative burst and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. On the other hand, some drugs increased macrophage phagocytic activity and the expression of surface markers involved in antigen presentation, which translated into enhanced macrophage ability to activate B cells for antibody production. Moreover, the assayed medications augmented macrophage function and the effector phase of contact hypersensitivity reaction, but suppressed the sensitization phase of cell-mediated hypersensitivity under HSD conditions. Our current findings contribute to the recognition of mechanisms, by which excessive sodium intake affects macrophage immune activity in hypertensive individuals, and provide evidence that the assayed medications mitigate most of the HSD-induced adverse effects, suggesting their additional protective therapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Cieślik
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Spencer D Strobel
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Paweł Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Hanna Twardowska
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Adam Chmielowski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Michał Rudek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Dominik Felkle
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zięba
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Konrad Kaleta
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Mateusz Jarczyński
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Bernadeta Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bryniarski
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Nazimek
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., Krakow 31-121, Poland.
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Basarrate S, Monzel AS, Smith J, Marsland A, Trumpff C, Picard M. Glucocorticoid and Adrenergic Receptor Distribution Across Human Organs and Tissues: A Map for Stress Transduction. Psychosom Med 2024; 86:89-98. [PMID: 38193786 PMCID: PMC10922488 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychosocial stress is transduced into disease risk through energy-dependent release of hormones from the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axes. The levels of glucocorticoid and adrenergic hormones, together with the sensitivity of tissues to their signaling, define stress responses. To understand existing pathways responsible for the psychobiological transduction of stressful experiences, we provide a quantitative whole-body map of glucocorticoid and adrenergic receptor (AR) expression. METHODS We systematically examined gene expression levels for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), α- and β-ARs (AR-α1B, AR-α2B AR-β2, and AR-β3), across 55 different organs using the Human Protein Atlas and Human Proteome Map datasets. Given that mitochondria produce the energy required to respond to stress, we leveraged the Human Protein Atlas and MitoCarta3.0 data to examine the link between stress hormone receptor density and mitochondrial gene expression. Finally, we tested the functional interplay between GR activation and AR expression in human fibroblast cells. RESULTS The GR was expressed ubiquitously across all investigated organ systems, whereas AR subtypes showed lower and more localized expression patterns. Receptor co-regulation, meaning the correlated gene expression of multiple stress hormone receptors, was found between GR and AR-α1B, as well as between AR-α1B and AR-α2B. In cultured human fibroblasts, activating the GR selectively increased AR-β2 and AR-α1B expression. Consistent with the known energetic cost of stress responses, GR and AR expressions were positively associated with the expression of specific mitochondrial pathways. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a cartography of GR and AR expression across the human body. Because stress-induced GR and AR signaling triggers energetically expensive cellular pathways involving energy-transforming mitochondria, the tissue-specific expression and co-expression patterns of hormone receptor subtypes may in part determine the resilience or vulnerability of different organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Basarrate
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Anna S. Monzel
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Janell Smith
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Anna Marsland
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Caroline Trumpff
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Martin Picard
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Department of Neurology, H. Houston Merritt Center, Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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Jia S, Wang X, Wang G, Wang X. Mechanism and application of β-adrenoceptor blockers in soft tissue wound healing. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:422-452. [PMID: 37470332 DOI: 10.1002/med.21984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Soft tissue damage stimulates sympathetic nerves to release large amounts of catecholamine hormones which bind to β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) on the cell membrane surface. It activates the downstream effector molecules and impairs soft tissue wound healing. β-blockers specifically inhibit β-ARs activation in acute/chronic skin lesions and ulcerative hemangiomas. They also accelerate soft tissue wound healing by shortening the duration of inflammation, speeding keratinocyte migration and reepithelialization, promoting wound contraction and angiogenesis, and inhibiting bacterial virulence effects. In addition, β-blockers shorten wound healing periods in patients with severe thermal damage by reducing the hypermetabolic response. While β-blockers promote/inhibit corneal epithelial cell regeneration and restores limbal stem/progenitor cells function, it could well accelerate/delay corneal wound healing. Given these meaningful effects, a growing number of studies are focused on examining the efficacy and safety of β-blockers in soft tissue wound repair, including acute and chronic wounds, severe thermal damage, ulcerated infantile hemangioma, corneal wounds, and other soft tissue disorders. However, an intensive investigation on their acting mechanisms is imperatively needed. The purpose of this article is to summerize the roles of β-blockers in soft tissue wound healing and explore their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Jia
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueya Wang
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guowei Wang
- Department of Stomatology, No. 971 Hospital of the Chinese Navy, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Oral Implantology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Wijaya LK, Stumbles PA, Finch PM, Drummond PD. Inflammation induces α 1-adrenoceptor expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 115:201-208. [PMID: 37848097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent regional and systemic inflammation may promote pain and hyperalgesia in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). In this study, we investigated whether stimulation of α1-adrenoceptors (α1-AR) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) might contribute to this inflammatory state. PBMC were isolated from venous blood collected from 21 CRPS patients and 21 sex and age-matched controls. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial toxin, was administered to cultured PBMC for 24 h to trigger inflammation. Exposure to LPS resulted in heightened gene expression of α1-AR subtype B (α1B-AR) in PBMC of CRPS patients relative to controls. Interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 levels did not change when the α1-AR agonist phenylephrine was administered to naïve PBMC. However, α1-AR stimulation following LPS treatment increased IL-6 mRNA and protein levels in PBMC of patients and controls. To investigate the possible consequence of heightened IL-6 levels on immunoglobulin G antibody production, PBMC were stimulated with CD40 ligand and IL-21 to generate plasmablasts (B cells that secrete antibodies). This response was similar in patients and controls. Adding IL-6 to the cell culture medium increased plasmablast differentiation in controls and antibody production both in patients and controls. These findings suggest that the inflammatory cascade associated with elevated levels of IL-6 may generate α1B-AR expression in CRPS PBMC. A reciprocal interaction between heightened α1-AR expression in PBMC and IL-6 secretion may contribute to systemic inflammation and antibody production in CRPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda K Wijaya
- School of Psychology, College of Health and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children Hospital, 15 Hospital Avenue, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
| | - Philip A Stumbles
- School of Psychology, College of Health and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children Hospital, 15 Hospital Avenue, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
| | - Philip M Finch
- School of Psychology, College of Health and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
| | - Peter D Drummond
- School of Psychology, College of Health and Education, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Perth, Western Australia 6150, Australia.
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Alluri SR, Higashi Y, Berendzen A, Grisanti LA, Watkinson LD, Singh K, Hoffman TJ, Carmack T, Devanny EA, Tanner M, Kil KE. Synthesis and preclinical evaluation of a novel fluorine-18 labeled small-molecule PET radiotracer for imaging of CXCR3 receptor in mouse models of atherosclerosis. EJNMMI Res 2023; 13:67. [PMID: 37438543 PMCID: PMC10338423 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-023-01017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CXCR3 is a chemokine receptor and is expressed in innate and adaptive immune cells. It promotes the recruitment of T-lymphocytes and other immune cells to the inflammatory site in response to the binding of cognate chemokines. Upregulation of CXCR3 and its chemokines has been found during atherosclerotic lesion formation. Therefore, detection of CXCR3 by positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer can be a useful tool for detecting the development of atherosclerosis in a noninvasive manner. Herein, we report the synthesis, radiosynthesis, and characterization of a novel fluorine-18 (F-18, 18F) labeled small-molecule radiotracer for the imaging of the CXCR3 receptor in mouse models of atherosclerosis. RESULTS The reference standard 1 and its precursor 9 were synthesized over 5 steps from starting materials in good to moderate yields. The measured Ki values of CXCR3A and CXCR3B were 0.81 ± 0.02 nM and 0.31 ± 0.02 nM, respectively. [18F]1 was prepared by a two-step radiosynthesis with a decay-corrected radiochemical yield of 13 ± 2%, radiochemical purity > 99%, and specific activity of 44.4 ± 3.7 GBq/µmol at the end of synthesis (n = 6). The baseline studies showed that [18F]1 displayed high uptake in the atherosclerotic aorta and brown adipose tissue in Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout (KO) mice fed with a high-fat diet over 12 weeks. The uptake of [18F]1 in these regions was reduced significantly in self-blocking studies, demonstrating CXCR3 binding specificity. Contrary to this, no significant differences in uptake of [18F]1 in the abdominal aorta of C57BL/6 control mice fed with a normal diet were observed in both baseline and blocking studies, indicating increased CXCR3 expression in atherosclerotic lesions. Immunohistochemistry studies demonstrated that [18F]1-positive regions were correlated with CXCR3 expression, but some atherosclerotic plaques with significant size were not detected by [18F]1, and their CXCR3 expressions were minimal. CONCLUSION [18F]1 was synthesized with good radiochemical yield and high radiochemical purity. In PET imaging studies, [18F]1 displayed CXCR3-specific uptake in the atherosclerotic aorta in ApoE KO mice. [18F]1 visualized CXCR3 expression in different regions in mice aligned with the tissue histology studies. Taken together, [18F]1 is a potential PET radiotracer for imaging CXCR3 in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh R Alluri
- University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri, 1513 Research Park Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Yusuke Higashi
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Ashley Berendzen
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Laurel A Grisanti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Lisa D Watkinson
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Kamlendra Singh
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Timothy J Hoffman
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Terry Carmack
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Devanny
- Research Service, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, 65201, USA
| | - Miles Tanner
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Kun-Eek Kil
- University of Missouri Research Reactor, University of Missouri, 1513 Research Park Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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9
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Wijaya LK, Morici MV, Stumbles PA, Finch PM, Drummond PD. Stimulation of alpha-1 adrenoceptors may intensify cutaneous inflammation in complex regional pain syndrome. Pain 2023; 164:771-781. [PMID: 35994594 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Alpha-1 adrenoceptors are overexpressed in the epidermis of a subgroup of patients with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Activating α 1 -adrenoceptors in epidermal cells increases production of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), a mediator of inflammation. To investigate whether this might exacerbate inflammation in CRPS, primary keratinocytes or dermal fibroblasts were cultured from skin biopsies obtained from the affected limb of 25 patients and a similar site in 28 controls. The fundamental proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha, was administered for 24 hours to initiate inflammation. After this, cells were incubated for 6 hours with the α 1 -adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine. Exposure to tumor necrosis factor alpha induced proinflammatory cytokine mRNA production and protein secretion in keratinocytes and fibroblasts and enhanced α 1B -adrenoceptor mRNA expression in keratinocytes. Additional stimulation of α 1 adrenoceptors with phenylephrine increased the production of IL-6 mRNA and protein secretion in both cell types. Under all conditions, gene and protein α 1 -adrenoceptor levels and cytokine gene expression and protein secretion were similar, overall, in patients and controls, except for abnormally high α 1 -adrenoceptor protein levels in the keratinocytes of 3 of 17 patients. These findings suggest that persistent inflammation in CRPS is not due to dysfunction of skin cells but is a normal response to extrinsic signals. After α 1 -adrenoceptor stimulation of keratinocytes, increases in IL-6 mRNA but not protein were proportional to basal α 1 -adrenoceptor protein levels. Skin cells play an important role in persistent inflammation in CRPS. Potentially, a positive feedback loop between α 1 -adrenoceptors and IL-6 production in skin cells contributes to this inflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda K Wijaya
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Michael V Morici
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Philip A Stumbles
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
- Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Philip M Finch
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter D Drummond
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
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10
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Alluri SR, Higashi Y, Berendzen A, Grisanti LA, Watkinson LD, Singh K, Hoffman TJ, Carmack T, Devanny EA, Tanner M, Kil KE. Synthesis and preclinical evaluation of a novel fluorine-18 labeled small-molecule PET radiotracer for imaging of CXCR3 receptor in mouse models of atherosclerosis. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2539952. [PMID: 36865232 PMCID: PMC9980197 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2539952/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Background: CXCR3 is a chemokine receptor and is expressed on innate and adaptive immune cells. It promotes the recruitment of T-lymphocytes and other immune cells to the inflammatory site in response to the binding of cognate chemokines. Upregulation of CXCR3 and its chemokines has been found during atherosclerotic lesion formation. Therefore, the detection of CXCR3 by positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer may be a useful tool to detect atherosclerosis development noninvasively. Herein, we report the synthesis, radiosynthesis, and characterization of a novel fluorine-18 (F-18, 18 F) labeled small-molecule radiotracer for the imaging of the CXCR3 receptor in mouse models of atherosclerosis. Methods: The reference standard ( S )-2-(5-chloro-6-(4-(1-(4-chloro-2-fluorobenzyl)piperidin-4-yl)-3-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole ( 1 ) and its corresponding precursor 9 were synthesized using organic syntheses. The radiotracer [ 18 F] 1 was prepared in one-pot, two-step synthesis via aromatic 18 F-substitution followed by reductive amination. Cell binding assays were conducted using 1 , [ 125 I]CXCL10, and CXCR3A- and CXCR3B-transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. Dynamic PET imaging studies over 90 min were performed on C57BL/6 and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout (KO) mice that were subjected to a normal and high-fat diet for 12 weeks, respectively. Blocking studies were conducted with preadministration of the hydrochloride salt of 1 (5 mg/kg) to assess the binding specificity. Time-activity curves (TACs) for [ 18 F] 1 in both mice were used to extract standard uptake values (SUVs). Biodistribution studies were performed on C57BL/6 mice, and the distribution of CXCR3 in the abdominal aorta of ApoE KO mice was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Results: The reference standard 1 and its precursor 9 were synthesized over 5 steps from starting materials in good to moderate yields. The measured K i values of CXCR3A and CXCR3B were 0.81 ± 0.02 nM and 0.31 ± 0.02 nM, respectively. [ 18 F] 1 was prepared with decay-corrected radiochemical yield (RCY) of 13 ± 2%, radiochemical purity (RCP) >99%, and specific activity of 44.4 ± 3.7 GBq/µmol at the end of synthesis (EOS) ( n =6). The baseline studies showed that [ 18 F] 1 displayed high uptake in the atherosclerotic aorta and brown adipose tissue (BAT) in ApoE KO mice. The uptake of [ 18 F] 1 in these regions was reduced significantly in self-blocking studies, demonstrating CXCR3 binding specificity. Contrary to this, no significant differences in uptake of [ 18 F] 1 in the abdominal aorta of C57BL/6 mice were observed in both baseline and blocking studies, indicating increased CXCR3 expression in atherosclerotic lesions. IHC studies demonstrated that [ 18 F] 1 -positive regions were correlated with CXCR3 expression, but some atherosclerotic plaques with significant size were not detected by [ 18 F] 1 , and their CXCR3 expressions were minimal. Conclusion: The novel radiotracer, [ 18 F] 1 was synthesized with good RCY and high RCP. In PET imaging studies, [ 18 F] 1 displayed CXCR3-specific uptake in the atherosclerotic aorta in ApoE KO mice. [ 18 F] 1 visualized CXCR3 expression in different regions in mice is in line with the tissue histology studies. Taken together, [ 18 F] 1 is a potential PET radiotracer for the imaging of CXCR3 in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Terry Carmack
- Truman VA: Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital
| | | | - Miles Tanner
- University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine
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11
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Sympathetic System in Wound Healing: Multistage Control in Normal and Diabetic Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032045. [PMID: 36768369 PMCID: PMC9916402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we discuss sympathetic regulation in normal and diabetic wound healing. Experimental denervation studies have confirmed that sympathetic nerve endings in skin have an important and complex role in wound healing. Vasoconstrictor neurons secrete norepinephrine (NE) and neuropeptide Y (NPY). Both mediators decrease blood flow and interact with inflammatory cells and keratinocytes. NE acts in an ambiguous way depending on receptor type. Beta2-adrenoceptors could be activated near sympathetic endings; they suppress inflammation and re-epithelialization. Alpha1- and alpha2-adrenoceptors induce inflammation and activate keratinocytes. Sudomotor neurons secrete acetylcholine (ACh) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Both induce vasodilatation, angiogenesis, inflammation, keratinocytes proliferation and migration. In healthy skin, all effects are important for successful healing. In treatment of diabetic ulcers, mediator balance could be shifted in different ways. Beta2-adrenoceptors blockade and nicotinic ACh receptors activation are the most promising directions in treatment of diabetic ulcers with neuropathy, but they require further research.
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12
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Cong Z, Yang C, Zeng Z, Wu C, Zhao F, Shen Z, Xiao H, Zhu X. α 1-adrenoceptor stimulation ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury by inhibiting alveolar macrophage inflammatory responses through NF-κB and ERK1/2 pathway in ARDS. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1090773. [PMID: 36685596 PMCID: PMC9853445 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1090773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Catecholamines such as norepinephrine or epinephrine have been reported to participate in the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) by activating adrenergic receptors (ARs). But the role of α1-AR in this process has yet to be elucidated. Methods In this study, ARDS mouse model was induced by intratracheal instillation of lipopolysaccharide. After treatment with α1-AR agonist phenylephrine or antagonist prazosin, lung pathological injury, alveolar barrier disruption and inflammation, and haemodynamic changes were evaluated. Cytokine levels and cell viability of alveolar macrophages were measured in vitro. Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinase, and Akt signalling pathways were analysed by western blot. Results It showed that α1-AR activation alleviated lung injuries, including reduced histopathological damage, cytokine expression, and inflammatory cell infiltration, and improved alveolar capillary barrier integrity of ARDS mice without influencing cardiovascular haemodynamics. In vitro experiments suggested that α1-AR stimulation inhibited secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, CXCL2/MIP-2, and promoted IL-10 secretion, but did not affect cell viability. Moreover, α1-AR stimulation inhibited NF-κB and enhanced ERK1/2 activation without significantly influencing p38, JNK, or Akt activation. Discussion Our studies reveal that α1-AR stimulation could ameliorate lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury by inhibiting NF-κB and promoting ERK1/2 to suppress excessive inflammatory responses of alveolar macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhukai Cong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China,Department of Anaesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Cui Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaojin Zeng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Changyi Wu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyuan Shen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Vascular Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China,National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Molecular Biology and Regulatory Peptides, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Xi Zhu, ; Han Xiao,
| | - Xi Zhu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Xi Zhu, ; Han Xiao,
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13
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Cremin M, Schreiber S, Murray K, Tay EXY, Reardon C. The diversity of neuroimmune circuits controlling lung inflammation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 324:L53-L63. [PMID: 36410021 PMCID: PMC9829467 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00179.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly appreciated that the nervous and immune systems communicate bidirectionally to regulate immunological outcomes in a variety of organs including the lung. Activation of neuronal signaling can be induced by inflammation, tissue damage, or pathogens to evoke or reduce immune cell activation in what has been termed a neuroimmune reflex. In the periphery, these reflexes include the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway, sympathetic reflex, and sensory nociceptor-immune cell pathways. Continual advances in neuroimmunology in peripheral organ systems have fueled small-scale clinical trials that have yielded encouraging results for a range of immunopathologies such as rheumatoid arthritis. Despite these successes, several limitations should give clinical investigators pause in the application of neural stimulation as a therapeutic for lung inflammation, especially if inflammation arises from a novel pathogen. In this review, the general mechanisms of each reflex, the evidence for these circuits in the control of lung inflammation, and the key knowledge gaps in our understanding of these neuroimmune circuits will be discussed. These limitations can be overcome not only through a better understanding of neuroanatomy but also through a systematic evaluation of stimulation parameters using immune activation in lung tissues as primary readouts. Our rapidly evolving understanding of the nervous and immune systems highlights the importance of communication between these cells in health and disease. This integrative approach has tremendous potential in the development of targeted therapeutics if specific challenges can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cremin
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California
| | - Sierra Schreiber
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California
| | - Kaitlin Murray
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California
| | - Emmy Xue Yun Tay
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California
| | - Colin Reardon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California
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Renalase Challenges the Oxidative Stress and Fibroproliferative Response in COVID-19. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4032704. [PMID: 36132227 PMCID: PMC9484957 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4032704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The hallmark of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathophysiology was reported to be an inappropriate and uncontrolled immune response, evidenced by activated macrophages, and a robust surge of proinflammatory cytokines, followed by the release of reactive oxygen species, that synergistically result in acute respiratory distress syndrome, fibroproliferative lung response, and possibly even death. For these reasons, all identified risk factors and pathophysiological processes of COVID-19, which are feasible for the prevention and treatment, should be addressed in a timely manner. Accordingly, the evolving anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic therapy for severe COVID-19 and hindering post-COVID-19 fibrosis development should be comprehensively investigated. Experimental evidence indicates that renalase, a novel amino-oxidase, derived from the kidneys, exhibits remarkable organ protection, robustly addressing the most powerful pathways of cell trauma: inflammation and oxidative stress, necrosis, and apoptosis. As demonstrated, systemic renalase administration also significantly alleviates experimentally induced organ fibrosis and prevents adverse remodeling. The recognition that renalase exerts cytoprotection via sirtuins activation, by raising their NAD+ levels, provides a “proof of principle” for renalase being a biologically impressive molecule that favors cell protection and survival and maybe involved in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. This premise supports the rationale that renalase's timely supplementation may prove valuable for pathologic conditions, such as cytokine storm and related acute respiratory distress syndrome. Therefore, the aim for this review is to acknowledge the scientific rationale for renalase employment in the experimental model of COVID-19, targeting the acute phase mechanisms and halting fibrosis progression, based on its proposed molecular pathways. Novel therapies for COVID-19 seek to exploit renalase's multiple and distinctive cytoprotective mechanisms; therefore, this review should be acknowledged as the thorough groundwork for subsequent research of renalase's employment in the experimental models of COVID-19.
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Effet protecteur des alpha-bloquants dans la Covid-19. NPG NEUROLOGIE - PSYCHIATRIE - GÉRIATRIE 2022. [PMCID: PMC9035364 DOI: 10.1016/j.npg.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Patients et méthodes Résultats Conclusion
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16
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Freire BM, de Melo FM, Basso AS. Adrenergic Signaling Regulation Of Macrophage Function: Do We Understand It Yet? IMMUNOTHERAPY ADVANCES 2022; 2:ltac010. [PMID: 36284839 PMCID: PMC9585663 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are immune cells that are widespread throughout the body and critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis. Their remarkable plasticity allows them to acquire different phenotypes, becoming able either to fight infection (M1-like, classically activated macrophages) or to promote tissue remodeling and repair (M2-like, alternatively activated macrophages). These phenotypes are induced by different cues present in the microenvironment. Among the factors that might regulate macrophage activation are mediators produced by different branches of the nervous system. The regulation exerted by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) on macrophages (and the immune system in general) is becoming a subject of increasing interest, indeed a great number of articles have been published lately. Catecholamines (noradrenaline and adrenaline) activate α and β adrenergic receptors expressed by macrophages and shape the effector functions of these cells in contexts as diverse as the small intestine, the lung, or the adipose tissue. Activation of different subsets of receptors seems to produce antagonistic effects, with α adrenergic receptors generally associated with pro-inflammatory functions and β adrenergic receptors (particularly β2) related to the resolution of inflammation and tissue remodeling. However, exceptions to this paradigm have been reported, and the factors contributing to these apparently contradictory observations are still far from being completely understood. Additionally, macrophages per se seem to be sources of catecholamines, which is also a subject of some debate. In this review, we discuss how activation of adrenergic receptors modulates macrophage effector functions and its implications for inflammatory responses and tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Marton Freire
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Filipe Menegatti de Melo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre S Basso
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) , São Paulo, Brazil
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α 1B/D-adrenoceptors regulate chemokine receptor-mediated leukocyte migration via formation of heteromeric receptor complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2123511119. [PMID: 35537053 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2123511119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SignificanceHere we show that most chemokine receptors (CRs) form heteromeric complexes with α1-adrenergic receptors (ARs) in recombinant systems and that such heteromers are detectable in human monocytes and in the human monocytic leukemia cell line THP-1. Furthermore, we provide evidence that α1B/D-ARs control the function of their CR heteromerization partners. Our findings suggest that heteromeric complexes between α1B/D-ARs and CRs are necessary for normal function of CR heteromerization partners, indicate receptor heteromerization as a molecular mechanism by which stress hormones regulate leukocyte trafficking in health and disease, and offer opportunities to modulate leukocyte and/or cancer cell trafficking in disease processes.
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18
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Modulation of Inflammatory Signaling Molecules in Bordetella pertussis Antigen-Challenged Human Monocytes in Presence of Adrenergic Agonists. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10020321. [PMID: 35214778 PMCID: PMC8879854 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BscF is a type III secretion system (T3SS) needle protein from Bordetella pertussis and has previously been shown to induce a sufficient Th1 and Th17 response in human monocytes and mice as a prerequisite for long-lasting protective immunity against pertussis infection. In our current study, we aim to compare the modulation of inflammatory signaling molecules as a direct measure of the immune response to the B. pertussis antigens BscF and Tdap in the presence or absence of the adrenergic receptor agonists phenylephrine (PE) or isoproterenol (ISO) to observe differences that may contribute to the diminished protective immunity of the current acellular pertussis (aP) vaccine, Tdap. Stimulation of human monocyte THP-1 cells with LPS, BscF, and Tdap induced a robust elevation of CCL20, CXCL10, PGE2, and PGF2α among most chemokine and prostanoid members when compared with the control treatment. Treatment with the adrenergic agonist PE or ISO significantly enhanced the BscF- and Tdap-stimulated modulation of CCL20 and CXCL10 but not PGE2 and PGF2α, suggesting that adrenergic modulation of pertussis antigen responses might be a new therapeutic strategy to improve the longevity of pertussis immunity. Stimulation of THP-1 cells with BscF alone initiated significant expression of CXCL10 and PGF2α but not when Tdap was used, suggesting that BscF might be an important pertussis antigen for next-generation pertussis vaccines or when combined with the current aP vaccine. Our data offer opportunities for designing new therapeutic approaches against pertussis infection.
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Howell A, Arsic N, Brownlie R, Griebel P. Adrenergic receptor gene expression in bovine leukocytes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:104271. [PMID: 34600023 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The α- and β-adrenergic receptors (ARs) bind the stress hormones epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine and activate diverse physiological responses. A lack of information on AR gene expression in leukocytes limits our understanding of how stress alters immune function. Quantitative analyses of AR gene expression was completed for bovine leukocytes. Individual leukocyte lineages and subpopulations within lineages were isolated with high-speed cell sorting to facilitate a targeted analysis of AR gene expression. These analyses confirmed all 9 AR genes were expressed in bovine leukocytes with marked differences in AR gene expression when comparing among leukocyte lineages. Furthermore, separation of polymorphonuclear cells into neutrophils and eosinophils revealed these key innate immune cells also differ significantly in AR gene expression. This study provides the first comprehensive survey of AR gene expression in immune cells of any mammalian species and provides insight into conflicting reports that stress can either activate or suppress immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Howell
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, 120-Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7K 3J8, Canada
| | - Natasa Arsic
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, 120-Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7K 3J8, Canada
| | - Robert Brownlie
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, 120-Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7K 3J8, Canada
| | - Philip Griebel
- VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan, 120-Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7K 3J8, Canada; School of Public Health, 104 Clinic Place, University of Saskatchewan, SK, S7N 2Z4, Canada.
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20
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Fares A, Toprak R, Borrman D, Ivester J. The use of α1-adrenergic receptor antagonists in the prevention of adverse outcomes of COVID-19 infection in obese patients. ADVANCES IN HUMAN BIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/aihb.aihb_177_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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21
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Tarnawski L, Olofsson PS. Inflammation neuroscience: neuro-immune crosstalk and interfaces. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1352. [PMID: 34754449 PMCID: PMC8558388 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a key process in antimicrobial defence and tissue repair, and failure to properly regulate inflammation can result in tissue damage and death. Neural circuits play important roles throughout the course of an inflammatory response, and the neurophysiological and molecular mechanisms are only partly understood. Here, we review key evidence for the neural regulation of inflammation and discuss emerging technologies to further map and harness this neurophysiology, a cornerstone in the rapidly evolving field of inflammation neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tarnawski
- Laboratory of ImmunobiologyDivision of Cardiovascular MedicineDepartment of Medicine, SolnaKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Stockholm Center for Bioelectronic MedicineMedTechLabsBioclinicumKarolinska University HospitalSolnaSweden
| | - Peder S Olofsson
- Laboratory of ImmunobiologyDivision of Cardiovascular MedicineDepartment of Medicine, SolnaKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Stockholm Center for Bioelectronic MedicineMedTechLabsBioclinicumKarolinska University HospitalSolnaSweden
- Institute of Bioelectronic MedicineFeinstein Institutes for Medical ResearchManhassetNYUSA
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22
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Pranggono EH, Tiara MR, Pamungkas TC, Syafriati E, Mutyara K, Wisaksana R. Medical students' positive perception towards vaccination is strongly correlated to protective diphtheria antibody after Td vaccination. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 18:100362. [PMID: 34704079 PMCID: PMC8526771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative perception towards vaccination is one of the reasons for low coverage of diphtheria immunization in Indonesia. Perception, which is difficult to change, is related to stress level, possibly influences outcome of diseases, and also vaccination. This study aims to identify the correlation between perception of diphtheria vaccination and antibody response after vaccination. This study used secondary data from two unpublished studies on 30 medical interns in Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, West Java, after diphtheria outbreak, from June to July 2019. Antibody level after diphtheria emergency vaccination was measured using ELISA and perception towards vaccination was measured using a questionnaire. Perception towards vaccination was expressed as perception score and was divided into 4 components: perceived threat, benefit, barrier, and cues to action. Higher perception score indicated more positive perception towards vaccination. Diphtheria antibody level was grouped into reliable protection (≥0,10 IU/mL) or unreliable protection (<0,10 IU/mL). Statistical correlation analysis was done with GraphPad Prism version 7.0. Most of our subjects were female. Median age was 22 (20-24) years old. Median time elapsed between vaccination date and measurement of antibody level was 18 (6-18) months. Median antibody level was 0,28 (0,09-3,47) IU/mL. Twenty-three subjects (82,1%) had reliable protection. Subjects with reliable protection had more positive perception compared to unreliable protection (perception score 80,6 ± 5,4 vs 69,0 ± 1,8, p = 0,0001). Subjects with reliable protection had less perceived barrier for vaccination (15,6 ± 2,1 vs 13,0 ± 1,8, p = 0,0083). Perception score showed strong, positive correlation to reliable protection against diphtheria (R = 0,705, p < 0,001). Perceived barrier and threat showed positive correlation to reliable protection (R = 0,489, p = 0,008 and R = 0,402, p = 0,034). In conclusion, perception towards diphtheria vaccination is strongly correlated to protective antibody. Improving perception of vaccination are needed to overcome vaccine hesitancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmy Hermiyanti Pranggono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital/Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Pasteur No. 38 Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Marita Restie Tiara
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital/Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Pasteur No. 38 Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Tohari Catur Pamungkas
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Eyckman No. 38 Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Esti Syafriati
- Department of Internal Medicine, Al-Ihsan General Hospital, Jl. Kiastramanggala Bale Endah, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Kuswandewi Mutyara
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Eyckman No. 38, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Rudi Wisaksana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital/Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Pasteur No. 38 Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
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Fujiu K, Manabe I. Nerve-macrophage interactions in cardiovascular disease. Int Immunol 2021; 34:81-95. [PMID: 34173833 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxab036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart is highly innervated by autonomic neurons, and dynamic autonomic regulation of the heart and blood vessels is essential for animals to carry out the normal activities of life. Cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure and myocardial infarction, are often characterized in part by an imbalance in autonomic nervous system activation, with excess sympathetic and diminished parasympathetic activation. Notably, however, this is often accompanied by chronic inflammation within the cardiovascular tissues, which suggests there are interactions between autonomic dysregulation and inflammation. Recent studies have been unraveling the mechanistic links between autonomic nerves and immune cells within cardiovascular disease. The autonomic nervous system and immune system also act in concert to coordinate the actions of multiple organs that not only maintain homeostasis but also likely play key roles in disease-disease interactions, such as cardiorenal syndrome and multimorbidity. In this review, we summarize the physiological and pathological interactions between autonomic nerves and macrophages in the context of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhito Fujiu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Advanced Cardiology, the University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Manabe
- Department of Systems Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Inohana, Chuo, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
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Assis MA, Carranza PG, Ambrosio E. A "Drug-Dependent" Immune System Can Compromise Protection against Infection: The Relationships between Psychostimulants and HIV. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050722. [PMID: 33919273 PMCID: PMC8143316 DOI: 10.3390/v13050722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Psychostimulant use is a major comorbidity in people living with HIV, which was initially explained by them adopting risky behaviors that facilitate HIV transmission. However, the effects of drug use on the immune system might also influence this phenomenon. Psychostimulants act on peripheral immune cells even before they reach the central nervous system (CNS) and their effects on immunity are likely to influence HIV infection. Beyond their canonical activities, classic neurotransmitters and neuromodulators are expressed by peripheral immune cells (e.g., dopamine and enkephalins), which display immunomodulatory properties and could be influenced by psychostimulants. Immune receptors, like Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on microglia, are modulated by cocaine and amphetamine exposure. Since peripheral immunocytes also express TLRs, they may be similarly affected by psychostimulants. In this review, we will summarize how psychostimulants are currently thought to influence peripheral immunity, mainly focusing on catecholamines, enkephalins and TLR4, and shed light on how these drugs might affect HIV infection. We will try to shift from the classic CNS perspective and adopt a more holistic view, addressing the potential impact of psychostimulants on the peripheral immune system and how their systemic effects could influence HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Amparo Assis
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (UNSE), Santiago del Estero G4200, Argentina;
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Inmunología y Microbiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Salud, Tecnología y Desarrollo (IMSaTeD), CONICET-UNSE, Santiago del Estero G4206, Argentina
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Pedro Gabriel Carranza
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero (UNSE), Santiago del Estero G4200, Argentina;
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular, Inmunología y Microbiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Salud, Tecnología y Desarrollo (IMSaTeD), CONICET-UNSE, Santiago del Estero G4206, Argentina
- Facultad de Agronomía y Agroindustrias, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, Santiago del Estero G4206, Argentina
| | - Emilio Ambrosio
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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25
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Rose L, Graham L, Koenecke A, Powell M, Xiong R, Shen Z, Mench B, Kinzler KW, Bettegowda C, Vogelstein B, Athey S, Vogelstein JT, Konig MF, Wagner TH. The Association Between Alpha-1 Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists and In-Hospital Mortality From COVID-19. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:637647. [PMID: 33869251 PMCID: PMC8048524 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.637647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective therapies for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are urgently needed, and pre-clinical data suggest alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists (α1-AR antagonists) may be effective in reducing mortality related to hyperinflammation independent of etiology. Using a retrospective cohort design with patients in the Department of Veterans Affairs healthcare system, we use doubly robust regression and matching to estimate the association between baseline use of α1-AR antagonists and likelihood of death due to COVID-19 during hospitalization. Having an active prescription for any α1-AR antagonist (tamsulosin, silodosin, prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin, or alfuzosin) at the time of admission had a significant negative association with in-hospital mortality (relative risk reduction 18%; odds ratio 0.73; 95% CI 0.63–0.85; p ≤ 0.001) and death within 28 days of admission (relative risk reduction 17%; odds ratio 0.74; 95% CI 0.65–0.84; p ≤ 0.001). In a subset of patients on doxazosin specifically, an inhibitor of all three alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, we observed a relative risk reduction for death of 74% (odds ratio 0.23; 95% CI 0.03–0.94; p = 0.028) compared to matched controls not on any α1-AR antagonist at the time of admission. These findings suggest that use of α1-AR antagonists may reduce mortality in COVID-19, supporting the need for randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials in patients with early symptomatic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Rose
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Economics Resource Center, Palo Alto VA, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Laura Graham
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Economics Resource Center, Palo Alto VA, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Allison Koenecke
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Michael Powell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Computational Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ruoxuan Xiong
- Department of Management Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Zhu Shen
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Brett Mench
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Computational Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kenneth W Kinzler
- Lustgarten Laboratory, Ludwig Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute at The Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chetan Bettegowda
- Lustgarten Laboratory, Ludwig Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute at The Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Neurosurgery and Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Bert Vogelstein
- Lustgarten Laboratory, Ludwig Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute at The Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Susan Athey
- Stanford Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Joshua T Vogelstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Computational Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health at The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Maximilian F Konig
- Lustgarten Laboratory, Ludwig Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute at The Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Todd H Wagner
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Economics Resource Center, Palo Alto VA, Menlo Park, CA, United States.,Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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26
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Rose L, Graham L, Koenecke A, Powell M, Xiong R, Shen Z, Kinzler KW, Bettegowda C, Vogelstein B, Athey S, Vogelstein JT, Konig MF, Wagner TH. The Association Between Alpha-1 Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists and In-Hospital Mortality from COVID-19. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [PMID: 33398294 PMCID: PMC7781337 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.18.20248346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Effective therapies for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are urgently needed, and preclinical data suggest alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists (α1-AR antagonists) may be effective in reducing mortality related to hyperinflammation independent of etiology. Using a retrospective cohort design with patients in the Department of Veterans Affairs healthcare system, we use doubly robust regression and matching to estimate the association between baseline use of α1-AR antagonists and likelihood of death due to COVID-19 during hospitalization. Having an active prescription for any α1-AR antagonist (tamsulosin, silodosin, prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin, or alfuzosin) at the time of admission had a significant negative association with in-hospital mortality (relative risk reduction 18%; odds ratio 0.73; 95% CI 0.63 to 0.85; p ≤ 0.001) and death within 28 days of admission (relative risk reduction 17%; odds ratio 0.74; 95% CI 0.65 to 0.84; p ≤ 0.001). In a subset of patients on doxazosin specifically, an inhibitor of all three alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, we observed a relative risk reduction for death of 74% (odds ratio 0.23; 95% CI 0.03 to 0.94; p = 0.028) compared to matched controls not on any α1-AR antagonist at the time of admission. These findings suggest that use of α1-AR antagonists may reduce mortality in COVID-19, supporting the need for randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials in patients with early symptomatic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Rose
- VA Health Economics Resource Center, Palo Alto VA, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Laura Graham
- VA Health Economics Resource Center, Palo Alto VA, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Allison Koenecke
- Institute for Computational & Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael Powell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Computational Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ruoxuan Xiong
- Management Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zhu Shen
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth W Kinzler
- Ludwig Center, Lustgarten Laboratory, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at The Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chetan Bettegowda
- Ludwig Center, Lustgarten Laboratory, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at The Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bert Vogelstein
- Ludwig Center, Lustgarten Laboratory, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at The Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan Athey
- Stanford Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joshua T Vogelstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Computational Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health at The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maximilian F Konig
- Ludwig Center, Lustgarten Laboratory, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at The Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, US
| | - Todd H Wagner
- VA Health Economics Resource Center, Palo Alto VA, Menlo Park, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Peripheral Mechanisms of Neuropathic Pain-the Role of Neuronal and Non-Neuronal Interactions and Their Implications for Topical Treatment of Neuropathic Pain. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14020077. [PMID: 33498496 PMCID: PMC7909513 DOI: 10.3390/ph14020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain in humans arises as a consequence of injury or disease of somatosensory nervous system at peripheral or central level. Peripheral neuropathic pain is more common than central neuropathic pain, and is supposed to result from peripheral mechanisms, following nerve injury. The animal models of neuropathic pain show extensive functional and structural changes occurring in neuronal and non-neuronal cells in response to peripheral nerve injury. These pathological changes following damage lead to peripheral sensitization development, and subsequently to central sensitization initiation with spinal and supraspinal mechanism involved. The aim of this narrative review paper is to discuss the mechanisms engaged in peripheral neuropathic pain generation and maintenance, with special focus on the role of glial, immune, and epithelial cells in peripheral nociception. Based on the preclinical and clinical studies, interactions between neuronal and non-neuronal cells have been described, pointing out at the molecular/cellular underlying mechanisms of neuropathic pain, which might be potentially targeted by topical treatments in clinical practice. The modulation of the complex neuro-immuno-cutaneous interactions in the periphery represents a strategy for the development of new topical analgesics and their utilization in clinical settings.
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28
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Koenecke A, Powell M, Xiong R, Shen Z, Fischer N, Huq S, Khalafallah AM, Trevisan M, Sparen P, Carrero JJ, Nishimura A, Caffo B, Stuart EA, Bai R, Staedtke V, Thomas DL, Papadopoulos N, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Zhou S, Bettegowda C, Konig MF, Mensh BD, Vogelstein JT, Athey S. Alpha-1 adrenergic receptor antagonists to prevent hyperinflammation and death from lower respiratory tract infection. eLife 2021; 10:61700. [PMID: 34114951 PMCID: PMC8195605 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In severe viral pneumonia, including Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), the viral replication phase is often followed by hyperinflammation, which can lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ failure, and death. We previously demonstrated that alpha-1 adrenergic receptor (⍺1-AR) antagonists can prevent hyperinflammation and death in mice. Here, we conducted retrospective analyses in two cohorts of patients with acute respiratory distress (ARD, n = 18,547) and three cohorts with pneumonia (n = 400,907). Federated across two ARD cohorts, we find that patients exposed to ⍺1-AR antagonists, as compared to unexposed patients, had a 34% relative risk reduction for mechanical ventilation and death (OR = 0.70, p = 0.021). We replicated these methods on three pneumonia cohorts, all with similar effects on both outcomes. All results were robust to sensitivity analyses. These results highlight the urgent need for prospective trials testing whether prophylactic use of ⍺1-AR antagonists ameliorates lower respiratory tract infection-associated hyperinflammation and death, as observed in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Koenecke
- Institute for Computational & Mathematical Engineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Michael Powell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Computational Medicine, The Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Ruoxuan Xiong
- Management Science & Engineering, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Zhu Shen
- Department of Statistics, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Nicole Fischer
- The Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Sakibul Huq
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Adham M Khalafallah
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Marco Trevisan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SwedenSolnaSweden
| | - Pär Sparen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SwedenSolnaSweden
| | - Juan J Carrero
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, SwedenSolnaSweden
| | - Akihiko Nishimura
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health at Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Brian Caffo
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health at Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Elizabeth A Stuart
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health at Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Renyuan Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Verena Staedtke
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - David L Thomas
- The Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Nickolas Papadopoulos
- Ludwig Center, Lustgarten Laboratory, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at The Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer CenterBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Ken W Kinzler
- Ludwig Center, Lustgarten Laboratory, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at The Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer CenterBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Bert Vogelstein
- Ludwig Center, Lustgarten Laboratory, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at The Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer CenterBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Shibin Zhou
- Ludwig Center, Lustgarten Laboratory, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at The Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer CenterBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Chetan Bettegowda
- The Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States,Ludwig Center, Lustgarten Laboratory, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at The Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer CenterBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Maximilian F Konig
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Brett D Mensh
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnUnited States
| | - Joshua T Vogelstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Computational Medicine, The Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States,Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health at Johns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Susan Athey
- Stanford Graduate School of Business, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
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29
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Expression of Toll-Like Receptors in the Animal Model of Bladder Outlet Obstruction. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:6632359. [PMID: 33381567 PMCID: PMC7749780 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6632359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) occurs in more than 20 percent of the adult population and may lead to changes in the structure and function of the bladder. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR 4) and Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR 9) in the animal model of BOO as potential triggers of the inflammation phase in the bladder. In addition, the modulating effect of alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist (tamsulosin) on TLR 4 and TLR 9 expression and inflammatory markers was assessed. Material and Methods. Thirty-two male, 9-week-old Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: SOP—sham-operated rats with a placebo (water); SOB—sham-operated rats with an alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist; BOOP—rats with BOO and a placebo; and BOOB—rats with BOO and an alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist. The rats were given a placebo or alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist for 15 days. Next, urine and the bladder were collected from the rats for histopathological and biochemical study. Results Histopathological analysis showed chronic inflammation without acute inflammation in the bladder. TLR 4 showed positive cytoplasmic reactivity in the urothelium and the smooth muscles of the bladder. TLR 9 showed positive cytoplasmic reactivity only in the urothelium. BOO caused an increase in TLR 4 and TLR 9 expression. Furthermore, treatment with an alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist had no significant effect on TLR 4 and TLR 9 expression in rats with BOO. BOO caused a significant increase in urine concentration of interleukin 6 (IL-6), while alpha-1 antagonist reduced the urine concentration of IL-6 and the concentration of interleukin 18 (IL-18). Conclusions The results suggest the participation of TLR 4 and TLR 9 receptors in the induction of inflammation in the bladder, which is the first phase in the development of pathophysiological changes in BOO.
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30
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Sanchez JMS, McNally JS, Cortez MM, Hemp J, Pace LA, Clardy SL. Neuroimmunogastroenterology: At the Interface of Neuroimmunology and Gastroenterology. Front Neurol 2020; 11:787. [PMID: 32849234 PMCID: PMC7412790 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is an important regulator of the gastrointestinal tract, and CNS dysfunction can result in significant and disabling gastrointestinal symptom manifestation. For patients with neuroimmunologic and neuroinflammatory conditions, the recognition of gastrointestinal symptoms is under-appreciated, yet the gastrointestinal manifestations have a dramatic impact on quality of life. The current treatment strategies, often employed independently by the neurologist and gastroenterologist, raise the question of whether such patients are being treated optimally when siloed in one specialty. Neuroimmunogastroenterology lies at the borderlands of medical specialties, and there are few resources to guide neurologists in this area. Here, we provide an overview highlighting the potential mechanisms of crosstalk between immune-mediated neurological disorders and gastrointestinal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Michael S. Sanchez
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - J. Scott McNally
- Department of Radiology, Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Melissa M. Cortez
- Department of Neurology, Imaging and Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - James Hemp
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Laura A. Pace
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Stacey L. Clardy
- Department of Neurology, Imaging and Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- George E. Whalen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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31
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Wijaya LK, Stumbles PA, Drummond PD. A positive feedback loop between alpha 1-adrenoceptors and inflammatory cytokines in keratinocytes. Exp Cell Res 2020; 391:112008. [PMID: 32304706 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A positive feedback loop between inflammatory cytokines and alpha1-adrenoceptors (α1-AR) (a target of the sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter norepinephrine) influences inflammatory responses in immune cells. This cross-talk between the sympathetic nervous system and immune system may play a role in promoting chronic inflammation. Emerging evidence shows that α1-AR interact with inflammatory cytokines in keratinocytes, and this epidermal adrenergic signalling may contribute to skin inflammatory responses following injury, disease or stress. In this study, utilizing an in vitro approach, we hypothesized that α1-AR interact in a positive feedback loop with inflammatory mediators in keratinocytes. The pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) was used to induce an inflammatory state in cultured keratinocytes. TNFα increased interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and nerve growth factor (NGF) production and gene expression levels of α1-AR subtype B (α1B-AR). Additional stimulation of α1-AR further increased IL-6 levels, while maintaining high levels of IL-8 and decreasing levels of IL-1β and NGF. Our results suggest that reciprocal influences between α1-ARs and inflammatory cytokines may play a role in normal inflammatory responses. However, if unchecked, this cycle could contribute to pathology (e.g. chronic inflammatory diseases, chronic pain conditions, and stress-induced cancer progression).
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda K Wijaya
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Philip A Stumbles
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter D Drummond
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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32
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Pilipović I, Vujnović I, Stojić-Vukanić Z, Petrović R, Kosec D, Nacka-Aleksić M, Jasnić N, Leposavić G. Noradrenaline modulates CD4+ T cell priming in rat experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: a role for the α 1-adrenoceptor. Immunol Res 2020; 67:223-240. [PMID: 31396845 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-019-09082-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological blockade of α1-adrenoceptor is shown to influence development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an IL-17-producing CD4+TCR+ (Th17) cell-mediated disease mimicking multiple sclerosis. Considering significance of CD4+ cell priming for the clinical outcome of EAE, the study examined α1-adrenoceptor-mediated influence of catecholamines, particularly those derived from draining lymph node (dLN) cells (as catecholamine supply from nerve fibers decreases with the initiation of autoimmune diseases) for CD4+ cell priming. The results confirmed diminishing effect of immunization on nerve fiber-derived noradrenaline supply and showed that antigen presenting and CD4+ cells synthesize catecholamines, while antigen presenting cells and only CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) express α1-adrenoceptor. The analysis of influence of α1-adrenoceptor antagonist prazosin on the myelin basic protein (MBP)-stimulated CD4+ lymphocytes in dLN cell culture showed their diminished proliferation in the presence of prazosin. This was consistent with prazosin enhancing effect on Treg frequency and their Foxp3 expression in these cultures. The latter was associated with upregulation of TGF-β expression. Additionally, prazosin decreased antigen presenting cell activation and affected their cytokine profile by diminishing the frequency of cells that produce Th17 polarizing cytokines (IL-1β and IL-23) and increasing that of IL-10-producing cells. Consistently, the frequency of all IL-17A+ cells and those co-expressing GM-CSF within CD4+ lymphocytes was decreased in prazosin-supplemented MBP-stimulated dLN cell cultures. Collectively, the results indicated that dLN cell-derived catecholamines may influence EAE development by modulating interactions between distinct subtypes of CD4+ T cells and antigen presenting cells through α1-adrenoceptor and consequently CD4+ T cell priming.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Immunization
- Immunophenotyping
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Norepinephrine/pharmacology
- Rats
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Pilipović
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Ivana Vujnović
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Zorica Stojić-Vukanić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 450 Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Raisa Petrović
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Duško Kosec
- Immunology Research Centre "Branislav Janković", Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak", 458 Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Mirjana Nacka-Aleksić
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 450 Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Jasnić
- Institute for Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Biology, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Gordana Leposavić
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, 450 Vojvode Stepe, Belgrade, 11221, Serbia.
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33
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Han SJ, Kim M, D'Agati VD, Lee HT. Norepinephrine released by intestinal Paneth cells exacerbates ischemic AKI. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 318:F260-F272. [PMID: 31813250 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00471.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Small intestinal Paneth cells play a critical role in acute kidney injury (AKI) and remote organ dysfunction by synthesizing and releasing IL-17A. In addition, intestine-derived norepinephrine is a major mediator of hepatic injury and systemic inflammation in sepsis. We tested the hypothesis that small intestinal Paneth cells synthesize and release norepinephrine to exacerbate ischemic AKI. After ischemic AKI, we demonstrated larger increases in portal venous norepinephrine levels compared with plasma norepinephrine in mice, consistent with an intestinal source of norepinephrine release after renal ischemia and reperfusion. We demonstrated that murine small intestinal Paneth cells express tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA and protein, a critical rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of norepinephrine. We also demonstrated mRNA expression for tyrosine hydroxylase in human small intestinal Paneth cells. Moreover, freshly isolated small intestinal crypts expressed significantly higher norepinephrine levels after ischemic AKI compared with sham-operated mice. Suggesting a critical role of IL-17A in Paneth cell-mediated release of norepinephrine, recombinant IL-17A induced norepinephrine release in the small intestine of mice. Furthermore, mice deficient in Paneth cells (SOX9 villin Cre mice) have reduced plasma norepinephrine levels after ischemic AKI. Finally, supporting a critical role for norepinephrine in generating ischemic AKI, treatment with the selective α-adrenergic antagonists yohimbine and phentolamine protected against murine ischemic AKI with significantly reduced renal tubular necrosis, inflammation, and apoptosis and less hepatic dysfunction. Taken together, we identify Paneth cells as a critical source of norepinephrine release that may lead to intestinal and liver injury and systemic inflammation after AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jun Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Mihwa Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Vivette Denise D'Agati
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - H Thomas Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York
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Carnagarin R, Lambert GW, Kiuchi MG, Nolde JM, Matthews VB, Eikelis N, Lambert EA, Schlaich MP. Effects of sympathetic modulation in metabolic disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1454:80-89. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Carnagarin
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine – Royal Perth Hospital Unit/Medical Research FoundationUniversity of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Gavin W. Lambert
- Iverson Health Innovation Research InstituteSwinburne University of Technology Hawthorn Victoria Australia
- School of Health SciencesSwinburne University of Technology Hawthorn Victoria Australia
| | - Marcio G. Kiuchi
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine – Royal Perth Hospital Unit/Medical Research FoundationUniversity of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Janis M. Nolde
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine – Royal Perth Hospital Unit/Medical Research FoundationUniversity of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Vance B. Matthews
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine – Royal Perth Hospital Unit/Medical Research FoundationUniversity of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Nina Eikelis
- Iverson Health Innovation Research InstituteSwinburne University of Technology Hawthorn Victoria Australia
- School of Health SciencesSwinburne University of Technology Hawthorn Victoria Australia
| | - Elisabeth A. Lambert
- Iverson Health Innovation Research InstituteSwinburne University of Technology Hawthorn Victoria Australia
- School of Health SciencesSwinburne University of Technology Hawthorn Victoria Australia
| | - Markus P. Schlaich
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine – Royal Perth Hospital Unit/Medical Research FoundationUniversity of Western Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
- Departments of Cardiology and NephrologyRoyal Perth Hospital Perth Western Australia Australia
- Neurovascular Hypertension and Kidney Disease LaboratoryBaker Heart and Diabetes Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia
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Novel Treatment Targets Based on Insights in the Etiology of Depression: Role of IL-6 Trans-Signaling and Stress-Induced Elevation of Glutamate and ATP. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2019; 12:ph12030113. [PMID: 31362361 PMCID: PMC6789839 DOI: 10.3390/ph12030113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and psychological stress are risk factors for major depression and suicide. Both increase central glutamate levels and activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. Both factors also affect the function of the chloride transporters, Na-K-Cl-cotransporter-1 (NKCC1) and K-Cl-cotransporter-2 (KCC2), and provoke interleukin-6 (IL-6) trans-signaling. This leads to measurable increases in circulating corticosteroids, catecholamines, anxiety, somatic and psychological symptoms, and a decline in cognitive functions. Recognition of the sequence of pathological events allows the prediction of novel targets for therapeutic intervention. Amongst others, these include blockade of the big-K potassium channel, blockade of the P2X4 channel, TYK2-kinase inhibition, noradrenaline α2B-receptor antagonism, nicotinic α7-receptor stimulation, and the Sgp130Fc antibody. A better understanding of downstream processes evoked by inflammation and stress also allows suggestions for tentatively better biomarkers (e.g., SERPINA3N, MARCKS, or 13C-tryptophan metabolism).
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Carnagarin R, Matthews V, Zaldivia MTK, Peter K, Schlaich MP. The bidirectional interaction between the sympathetic nervous system and immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:1839-1852. [PMID: 30129037 PMCID: PMC6534787 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last few years, evidence has accumulated to suggest that hypertension is, at least in part, an immune-mediated inflammatory disorder. Many links between immunity and hypertension have been established and provide a complex framework of mechanistic interactions contributing to the rise in BP. These include immune-mediated inflammatory processes affecting regulatory brain nuclei and interactions with other mediators of cardiovascular regulation such as the sympathetic nervous system. Sympathoexcitation differentially regulates T-cells based upon activation status of the immune cell as well as the resident organ. Exogenous and endogenous triggers activate signalling pathways in innate and adaptive immune cells resulting in pro-inflammatory cytokine production and activation of T-lymphocytes in the cardiovascular and renal regions, now considered major factors in the development of essential hypertension. The inflammatory cascade is sustained and exacerbated by the immune flow via the brain-bone marrow-spleen-gastrointestinal axis and thereby further aggravating immune-mediated pathways resulting in a vicious cycle of established hypertension and target organ damage. This review summarizes the evidence and recent advances in linking immune-mediated inflammation, sympathetic activation and their bidirectional interactions with the development of hypertension. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed section on Immune Targets in Hypertension. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Carnagarin
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine – Royal Perth Hospital UnitThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Vance Matthews
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine – Royal Perth Hospital UnitThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
| | - Maria T K Zaldivia
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular BiologyBaker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVicAustralia
- Department of MedicineMonash University, Royal Perth HospitalPerthWAAustralia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Atherothrombosis and Vascular BiologyBaker Heart and Diabetes InstituteMelbourneVicAustralia
- Department of MedicineMonash University, Royal Perth HospitalPerthWAAustralia
| | - Markus P Schlaich
- Dobney Hypertension Centre, School of Medicine – Royal Perth Hospital UnitThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWAAustralia
- Department of CardiologyRoyal Perth HospitalPerthWAAustralia
- Department of NephrologyRoyal Perth HospitalPerthWAAustralia
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Gomes A, Soares R, Costa R, Marino F, Cosentino M, Malagon MM, Ribeiro L. High-fat diet promotes adrenaline production by visceral adipocytes. Eur J Nutr 2019; 59:1105-1114. [PMID: 31011795 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-01971-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Catecholamines (CA) play a major role in metabolism and immune response. Recent reports showing adipose tissue can synthetize CA enlighten new roles for these amines in obesity. This study aimed to evaluate the expression of both tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT) and CA content along preadipocytes differentiation, under normal and obesigenic conditions. METHODS 8-9 week-old male C57BL/6 mice were divided in two groups: one fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) and other with a standard diet (SD) for 20 weeks. Afterwards, both TH and PNMT expression, localization, and CA content in adipocytes, were evaluated. RESULTS qPCR results showed no changes for TH and PNMT expression during the differentiation process for visceral and subcutaneous preadipocytes from mice fed with SD. Comparing to SD, HFD increased TH gene expression of subcutaneous preadipocytes and PNMT gene expression of both visceral preadipocytes and adipocytes. HPLC-ED analyses revealed HFD increased visceral adipocytes noradrenaline intracellular content comparing with preadipocytes (p = 0.037). When compared with SD, HFD raised and decreased noradrenaline content, respectively, in visceral adipocytes (p = 0.004) and subcutaneous preadipocytes (p = 0.001). Along the differentiation process, HFD increased visceral adrenaline intracellular content comparing with SD (p < 0.001). HFD increased visceral comparing to subcutaneous adrenaline content for both preadipocytes (p = 0.004) and adipocytes (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS TH and PNMT expression in adipose tissue is differently modulated in visceral and subcutaneous adipose depots, and seems to depend on diet. Differences observed in visceral adipose CA handling in HFD-fed mice might uncover novel pharmacological/nutritional strategies against obesity and cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Gomes
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Soares
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Costa
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Franca Marino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n. 9, 21100, Varèse, Italy
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n. 9, 21100, Varèse, Italy
| | - Maria M Malagon
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Instituto Maimonides de Investigación Biomédica (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, Av. Menéndez Pidal, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Laura Ribeiro
- Department of Biomedicine, Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.
- i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Alameda Prof Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal.
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Li HM, Li KY, Xing Y, Tang XX, Yang DM, Dai XM, Lu DX, Wang HD. Phenylephrine Attenuated Sepsis-Induced Cardiac Inflammation and Mitochondrial Injury Through an Effect on the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2019; 73:186-194. [PMID: 30839512 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether phenylephrine (PE) inhibits sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction, cardiac inflammation, and mitochondrial injury through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. METHODS A rat model of sepsis was established by cecal ligation and puncture. PE and/or wortmannin (a PI3K inhibitor) were administered to investigate the role of PI3K/Akt signaling in mediating the effects of PE on inhibiting sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction, cardiac inflammation, and mitochondrial injury. Hematoxylin-eosin staining, echocardiography, and Langendorff system were used to examine the myocardial injury and function. The concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), myeloperoxidase, mitochondria-related fusion/fission proteins, and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway-associated proteins were analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS PE improved the cardiac function and survival in septic rats. PE decreased TNF-α, IL-6, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and myeloperoxidase contents in the myocardium of septic rats. Meanwhile, PE increased the fusion-related proteins and decreased the fission-related proteins in the myocardial mitochondria of septic rats. On the other hand, PE activated the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the cecal ligation and puncture-treated rats, and all the protective effects of PE were abolished by wortmannin. CONCLUSIONS PE attenuated sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction, cardiac inflammation, and mitochondrial injury through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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β 2-Adrenergic receptor signaling mediates the preferential mobilization of differentiated subsets of CD8+ T-cells, NK-cells and non-classical monocytes in response to acute exercise in humans. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 74:143-153. [PMID: 30172948 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute exercise preferentially mobilizes cytotoxic T-cells, NK-cells and non-classical monocytes to the bloodstream under the influence of hemodynamic forces and/or β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) signaling. However, the relative contribution of these mechanisms to the redeployment of the most exercise-responsive cell types is largely unknown. We determined the lymphocyte and monocyte subtypes mobilized to blood during exercise via β2-AR signaling whilst controlling for β1-AR mediated reductions in hemodynamic forces. In a randomized, double blind, complete cross-over design, 14 healthy cyclists exercised for 30-minutes at +10% of blood lactate threshold after ingesting: (1) a placebo, (2) a β1-preferential antagonist (10 mg bisoprolol), or (2) a non-preferential β1 + β2-antagonist (80 mg nadolol) across three trials separated by >7-days. Bisoprolol was administered to reduce hemodynamic forces (heart rate and blood pressure) during exercise to levels comparable with nadolol but without blocking β2-ARs. The mobilization of total NK-cells, terminally differentiated (CD57+) NK-cells, central memory, effector memory and CD45RA+ effector memory CD8+ T-cells; non-classical monocytes; and γδ T-cells were significantly blunted or abrogated under nadolol compared to both bisoprolol and placebo, indicating that the exercise-induced mobilization of these cell types to the blood is largely influenced by β2-AR signaling. Nadolol failed to inhibit the mobilization of classical monocytes, CD4+ T-cells (and their subsets) or naïve CD8+ T-cells, indicating that these cell types are mobilized with exercise independently of the β2-AR. We conclude that the preferential mobilization of NK-cells, non-classical monocytes and differentiated subsets of CD8+ T-cells with exercise is largely dependent on catecholamine signaling through the β2-AR. These findings provide mechanistic insights by which distinct lymphocyte and monocyte subtypes are preferentially mobilized to protect the host from anticipated injury or infection in response to an acute stress response.
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Meller KA, Całka J, Kaczmarek M, Jana B. Expression of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors in the pig uterus during inflammation. Theriogenology 2018; 119:96-104. [PMID: 29990768 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, noradrenaline (NA) and adrenergic receptors (ARs) are implicated in the function of the uterus. The role of NA and the expression of ARs in the inflamed uterus is not fully understood. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of inflammation on the levels of α1 (A, B, D)-, α2 (A, B, C)- and β (1, 2, 3)-ARs mRNA and protein expression and the localization of these receptors in the porcine uterus. On Day 3 of the estrous cycle (Day 0 of the study), 50 ml of either saline (group SAL) or E. coli suspension (109 colony-forming units/ml, group E. coli) were injected into each uterine horn. In the control pigs (group CON), only laparotomy was performed. Eight days later, α1D-ARs mRNA (P < 0.001) and protein (P < 0.05) levels and α2A-ARs protein level (P < 0.05) were increased in the inflamed endometrium, while the α2C-ARs protein level (P < 0.001) was lowered, as compared to the SAL and CON groups. In the inflamed endometrium, β2-ARs mRNA (P < 0.01) and protein (CON: P < 0.01, SAL: P < 0.001) expression was lower than in the other two groups, and β1-ARs mRNA (P < 0.001) and protein (P < 0.01) expression was higher compared to the SAL group. After bacterial treatment, α2A- (P < 0.001) and α2B (P < 0.05) -ARs protein levels and β2-ARs mRNA (CON: P < 0.01, SAL: P < 0.05) and protein (CON: P < 0.01, SAL: P < 0.05) expression in myometrium were found to be increased compared to both groups. In turn, in myometrium following E. coli infusion, the α2C-ARs protein level was lower (P < 0.01) than in the CON group. All studied receptors were present in the luminal and glandular epithelium, blood vessels and myometrial muscular cells of the gilt uteri in the E. coli, SAL and CON groups. The data show that inflammation changes the ARs expression in porcine uterus, suggesting their importance in the course/consequences of uterine inflammation. Those affected ARs may constitute a therapeutic target in an inflamed uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Meller
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - J Całka
- Division of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 14 Str., 11-041 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - M Kaczmarek
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - B Jana
- Division of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
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Abstract
Circulatory shock is defined as an imbalance between tissue oxygen supply and demand, and mostly results from a loss of blood volume, cardiac pump failure, and/or reduction of vasomotor tone. The clinical hallmarks of circulatory shock are arterial hypotension and lactate acidosis. Since the degree and duration of hypotension are major determinants of outcome, vasopressor administration represents a cornerstone therapy to treat these patients. Current guidelines recommend the use of catecholamines as the drug of first choice. However, apart from their hemodynamic effects, which depend on the different receptor profile, receptor affinity, receptor density, and the relative potency of the individual molecule, catecholamines have numerous other biological effects as a result of the ubiquitous presence of their receptors. In shock states, catecholamines aggravate hypermetabolism by promoting hyperglycemia and hyperlactatemia, and further increase oxygen demands, which can contribute to further organ damage. In the mitochondria, catecholamines may promote mitochondrial uncoupling, and aggravate oxidative stress, thereby contributing to the progression of mitochondrial dysfunction. Immunological side effects have also gained specific attention. Although both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects have been described, current evidence strongly indicates an immunosuppressive effect, thereby making patients potentially vulnerable to secondary infections. Catecholamines may not only decrease splanchnic perfusion due to their vasoconstrictor properties, but can also directly impair gastrointestinal motility. This article reviews the non-hemodynamic effects of different catecholamines, both under physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions, with a special focus on energy metabolism, mitochondrial function, immune response, and the gastrointestinal system.
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The role of catecholamines in HIV neuropathogenesis. Brain Res 2018; 1702:54-73. [PMID: 29705605 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The success of anti-retroviral therapy has improved the quality of life and lifespan of HIV + individuals, transforming HIV infection into a chronic condition. These improvements have come with a cost, as chronic HIV infection and long-term therapy have resulted in the emergence of a number of new pathologies. This includes a variety of the neuropathological and neurocognitive effects collectively known as HIVassociated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) or NeuroHIV. These effects persist even in the absence of viral replication, suggesting that they are mediated the long-term changes in the CNS induced by HIV infection rather than by active replication. Among these effects are significant changes in catecholaminergic neurotransmission, especially in dopaminergic brain regions. In HIV-infected individuals not treated with ARV show prominent neuropathology is common in dopamine-rich brain regions and altered autonomic nervous system activity. Even infected individuals on therapy, there is significant dopaminergic neuropathology, and elevated stress and norepinephrine levels correlate with a decreased effectiveness of antiretroviral drugs. As catecholamines function as immunomodulatory factors, the resultant dysregulation of catecholaminergic tone could substantially alter the development of HIVassociated neuroinflammation and neuropathology. In this review, we discuss the role of catecholamines in the etiology of HIV neuropathogenesis. Providing a comprehensive examination of what is known about these molecules in the context of HIV-associated disease demonstrates the importance of further studies in this area, and may open the door to new therapeutic strategies that specifically ameliorate the effects of catecholaminergic dysregulation on NeuroHIV.
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Abstract
The nervous system regulates immunity and inflammation. The molecular detection of pathogen fragments, cytokines, and other immune molecules by sensory neurons generates immunoregulatory responses through efferent autonomic neuron signaling. The functional organization of this neural control is based on principles of reflex regulation. Reflexes involving the vagus nerve and other nerves have been therapeutically explored in models of inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, and recently in clinical settings. The brain integrates neuro-immune communication, and brain function is altered in diseases characterized by peripheral immune dysregulation and inflammation. Here we review the anatomical and molecular basis of the neural interface with immunity, focusing on peripheral neural control of immune functions and the role of the brain in the model of the immunological homunculus. Clinical advances stemming from this knowledge within the framework of bioelectronic medicine are also briefly outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin A Pavlov
- Center for Biomedical Science and Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA; , ,
| | - Sangeeta S Chavan
- Center for Biomedical Science and Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA; , ,
| | - Kevin J Tracey
- Center for Biomedical Science and Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA; , ,
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The Microbial Endocrinology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Inflammatory and Immune Perspectives. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2018. [PMID: 29541797 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-018-0510-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major pathogen responsible for both acute and chronic infection. Known as a colonising pathogen of the cystic fibrosis (CF) lung, it is implicated in other settings such as bronchiectasis. It has the ability to cause acute disseminated or localised infection particularly in the immunocompromised. Human hormones have been highlighted as potential regulators of bacterial virulence through crosstalk between analogous "quorum sensing" (QS) systems present in the bacteria that respond to mammalian hormones. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is known to utilise interconnected QS systems to coordinate its virulence and evade various aspects of the host immune system activated in response to infection. Several human hormones demonstrate an influence on P. aeruginosa growth and virulence. This inter-kingdom signalling, termed "microbial endocrinology" has important implications for host-microbe interaction during infection and, potentially opens up novel avenues for therapeutic intervention. This phenomenon, supported by the existence of sexual dichotomies in both microbial infection and chronic lung diseases such as CF is potentially explained by sex hormones and their influence on the infective process. This review summarises our current understanding of the microbial endocrinology of P. aeruginosa, including its endogenous QS systems and their intersection with human endocrinology, pathogenesis of infection and the host immune system.
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Impaired PARP activity in response to the β-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 50:29-39. [PMID: 29438734 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Psychological stress has been associated with DNA damage, thus increasing the risk of numerous diseases including cancer. Here, we investigate the effect of acute and chronic stress on poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), a sensor of DNA damage and DNA repair initiator. In order to mimic the chronic release of epinephrine, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were treated repeatedly with the sympathomimetic drug isoproterenol. We found significant induction of DNA strand breaks that remained unrepaired 24 h after ex vivo incubation. Isoproterenol-induced DNA strand breaks could be partially prevented by pre-treatment with the β-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol. Furthermore, the level of PARP-1 protein and PARP activity decreased and the levels of the PARP substrate nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), necessary to replenish NAD+ pools, were lowered by isoproterenol treatment. In conclusion our data provide novel insights into the mechanisms of isoproterenol-induced genotoxicity linking β-adrenergic stimulation and PARP-1.
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Qiao G, Chen M, Bucsek MJ, Repasky EA, Hylander BL. Adrenergic Signaling: A Targetable Checkpoint Limiting Development of the Antitumor Immune Response. Front Immunol 2018; 9:164. [PMID: 29479349 PMCID: PMC5812031 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An immune response must be tightly controlled so that it will be commensurate with the level of response needed to protect the organism without damaging normal tissue. The roles of cytokines and chemokines in orchestrating these processes are well known, but although stress has long been thought to also affect immune responses, the underlying mechanisms were not as well understood. Recently, the role of nerves and, specifically, the sympathetic nervous system, in regulating immune responses is being revealed. Generally, an acute stress response is beneficial but chronic stress is detrimental because it suppresses the activities of effector immune cells while increasing the activities of immunosuppressive cells. In this review, we first discuss the underlying biology of adrenergic signaling in cells of both the innate and adaptive immune system. We then focus on the effects of chronic adrenergic stress in promoting tumor growth, giving examples of effects on tumor cells and immune cells, explaining the methods commonly used to induce stress in preclinical mouse models. We highlight how this relates to our observations that mandated housing conditions impose baseline chronic stress on mouse models, which is sufficient to cause chronic immunosuppression. This problem is not commonly recognized, but it has been shown to impact conclusions of several studies of mouse physiology and mouse models of disease. Moreover, the fact that preclinical mouse models are chronically immunosuppressed has critical ramifications for analysis of any experiments with an immune component. Our group has found that reducing adrenergic stress by housing mice at thermoneutrality or treating mice housed at cooler temperatures with β-blockers reverses immunosuppression and significantly improves responses to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. These observations are clinically relevant because there are numerous retrospective epidemiological studies concluding that cancer patients who were taking β-blockers have better outcomes. Clinical trials testing whether β-blockers can be repurposed to improve the efficacy of traditional and immunotherapies in patients are on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxi Qiao
- Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Minhui Chen
- Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Mark J. Bucsek
- Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Repasky
- Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Bonnie L. Hylander
- Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
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47
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Latremoliere A, Costigan M. Combining Human and Rodent Genetics to Identify New Analgesics. Neurosci Bull 2018; 34:143-155. [PMID: 28667479 PMCID: PMC5799129 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Most attempts at rational development of new analgesics have failed, in part because chronic pain involves multiple processes that remain poorly understood. To improve translational success, one strategy is to select novel targets for which there is proof of clinical relevance, either genetically through heritable traits, or pharmacologically. Such an approach by definition yields targets with high clinical validity. The biology of these targets can be elucidated in animal models before returning to the patients with a refined therapeutic. For optimal treatment, having biomarkers of drug action available is also a plus. Here we describe a case study in rational drug design: the use of controlled inhibition of peripheral tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) synthesis to reduce abnormal chronic pain states without altering nociceptive-protective pain. Initially identified in a population of patients with low back pain, the association between BH4 production and chronic pain has been confirmed in more than 12 independent cohorts, through a common haplotype (present in 25% of Caucasians) of the rate-limiting enzyme for BH4 synthesis, GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1). Genetic tools in mice have demonstrated that both injured sensory neurons and activated macrophages engage increased BH4 synthesis to cause chronic pain. GCH1 is an obligate enzyme for de novo BH4 production. Therefore, inhibiting GCH1 activity eliminates all BH4 production, affecting the synthesis of multiple neurotransmitters and signaling molecules and interfering with physiological function. In contrast, targeting the last enzyme of the BH4 synthesis pathway, sepiapterin reductase (SPR), allows reduction of pathological BH4 production without completely blocking physiological BH4 synthesis. Systemic SPR inhibition in mice has not revealed any safety concerns to date, and available genetic and pharmacologic data suggest similar responses in humans. Finally, because it is present in vivo only when SPR is inhibited, sepiapterin serves as a reliable biomarker of target engagement, allowing potential quantification of drug efficacy. The emerging development of therapeutics that target BH4 synthesis to treat chronic pain illustrates the power of combining human and mouse genetics: human genetic studies for clinical selection of relevant targets, coupled with causality studies in mice, allowing the rational engineering of new analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alban Latremoliere
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Michael Costigan
- Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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48
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Abstract
Traumatic injury as one of the world's most relevant but neglected health concerns results in modulated inflammasome activity, which is closely linked to the development of post-injury complications. Cytokine-producing capacity of cells is important for the appropriate immune response to trauma and requires not only synthesis and transcription of inflammasome components but also their activation. Unfortunately, the precise role of inflammasome in trauma is still largely unknown. However, in the following chapter, we provide an overview on the best described inflammasomes in the various settings of trauma, introducing the recent findings on the up-to-date best described NLRP inflammasomes and underlying cytokines in the inflammatory response to trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borna Relja
- Department of Trauma, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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49
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Aldaba-Muruato LR, Muñoz-Ortega MH, Macías-Pérez JR, Pulido-Ortega J, Martínez-Hernández SL, Ventura-Juárez J. Adrenergic regulation during acute hepatic infection with Entamoeba histolytica in the hamster: involvement of oxidative stress, Nrf2 and NF-KappaB. Parasite 2017; 24:46. [PMID: 29185982 PMCID: PMC5706999 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and transcriptional pathways of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) are critically involved in the etiopathology of amebic liver abscess (ALA). In this work, we studied the relationship between the adrenergic nervous system and ALA in the hamster. ALA was visible at 12 h of infection. While 6-hydroxidopamine (6-OHDA) decreased infection, propranolol (β-adrenergic blocker) treatment was associated with less extensive liver damage, and phentolamine treatment (α-adrenergic blocker) significantly reduced ALA compared to 6-OHDA and propranolol. Serum enzymatic activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP) were increased at 12 h post-infection. Chemical denervation and α and β-adrenergic blockers decreased ALT to normal levels, while 6-OHDA and propranolol showed a trend to decrease γ-GTP but phentolamine significantly reduced γ-GTP. Amebic infection increased oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and decreased both reduced glutathione (GSH) and the GSH/GSSG ratio. Propranolol and 6-OHDA showed a tendency to decrease GSSG. However, GSH, GSSG and GSH/GSSG returned to normal levels with phentolamine. Furthermore, amebic infection increased pNF-κB and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and showed a tendency to decrease hemoxigenase-1 (HO-1), but not Nrf2. Chemical denervation showed a trend to decrease pNF-κB and IL-1β, and neither Nrf2 nor HO-1 increased significantly. In addition, NF-κB and IL-1β were attenuated by propranolol and phentolamine treatments, although phentolamine showed significant overexpression of Nrf2 and HO-1. This suggests that the adrenergic system may be involved in oxidative stress and in modulation of the Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways during ALA development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martín Humberto Muñoz-Ortega
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes,
Aguascalientes,
Ags. México
| | - José Roberto Macías-Pérez
- Química Clínica, Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí,
Ciudad Valles,
SLP. México
| | - Julieta Pulido-Ortega
- Departamento de Morfología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes,
Aguascalientes,
Ags. México
| | | | - Javier Ventura-Juárez
- Departamento de Morfología, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes,
Aguascalientes,
Ags. México
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50
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Drummond PD, Dawson LF, Wood FM, Fear MW. Up-regulation of α 1-adrenoceptors in burn and keloid scars. Burns 2017; 44:582-588. [PMID: 29089212 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of α1-adrenoceptors evokes inflammatory cytokine production, boosts neurogenic inflammation and pain, and influences cellular migration and proliferation. Hence, these receptors may play a role both in normal and abnormal wound healing. To investigate this, the distribution of α1-adrenoceptors in skin biopsies of burn scars (N=17), keloid scars (N=12) and unscarred skin (N=17) was assessed using immunohistochemistry. Staining intensity was greater on vascular smooth muscle in burn scars than in unscarred tissue, consistent with heightened expression of α1-adrenoceptors. In addition, expression of α1-adrenoceptors was greater on dermal nerve fibres, blood vessels and fibroblasts in keloid scars than in either burn scars or unscarred skin. These findings suggest that increased vascular expression of α1-adrenoceptors could alter circulatory dynamics both in burn and keloid scars. In addition, the augmented expression of α1-adrenoceptors in keloid tissue may contribute to processes that produce or maintain keloid scars, and might be a source of the uncomfortable sensations often associated with these scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Drummond
- Centre for Research on Chronic Pain and Inflammatory Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Linda F Dawson
- Centre for Research on Chronic Pain and Inflammatory Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Fiona M Wood
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Australia; The Fiona Wood Foundation, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; The Burns Service of Western Australia, WA Dept of Health, WA, Australia
| | - Mark W Fear
- Burn Injury Research Unit, School of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Australia; The Fiona Wood Foundation, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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