Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and kidney stone: a cohort study in the UK Biobank

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the association between serum 25(OH)D and kidney stone disease (KSD) in participants from the UK Biobank.

METHODS

We used data from the UK Biobank. Our analysis involved Cox proportional hazards models to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to estimate the association between serum 25(OH)D levels (measured at the time of recruitment) and the risk of KSD, which was determined using hospital records.

RESULTS

This study involved 444,343 participants, with 4,458 cases of KSD identified during an average follow-up period of 12.6 years. Higher 25(OH)D levels were not associated with developing kidney stones in general population model 3 (HR = 0.88 [95% CI 0.77-1.01]). Interestingly, higher serum 25(OH)D concentrations in women over 60 years old were associated with a lower risk of kidney stone disease. The multivariate HRs and 95% CIs for participants who had serum 25(OH)D ≥ 50 nmol/L or ≥ 75 nmol/L, compared with those who were severely deficient (25[OH]D < 25 nmol/L), were 0.74 (0.58-0.95), 0.60 (0.43-0.85) for KSD, respectively (P for trend < 0.01). However, this trend was not statistically significant in the subgroup analysis of serum calcium ion concentration.

CONCLUSION

High 25(OH)D levels were not associated with a higher incidence of kidney stones if serum calcium levels are within a normal range. The findings alleviate physiological concerns regarding the supplementation of vitamin D alone to raise serum 25(OH)D concentration.

[Resolution of the national interdisciplinary council of experts "High-dose vitamin D (Devilam) in the practice of an obstetrician-gynecologist"]

On March 28, 2024, the Council of Experts "High-dose vitamin D (Devilam) in the practice of obstetrician-gynecologist, gynecologist and endocrinologist" was held in Moscow with the participation of leading experts gynecologists, endocrinologists and obstetricians-gynecologists, during which new possibilities for the use of high-dose vitamin D in patients of various ages who need correction of existing vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency.

Serum Level of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Symptoms of Pica Among Adolescent School Children in Northern Sudan: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objectives. To assess levels of 25(OH)D among adolescents with symptoms of pica in northern Sudan. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted in North Sudan. Questionaries were used to collect adolescents' sociodemographics. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure 25(OH)D level. Results. Of the 344 adolescents enrolled, 161 (46.8%) and 183 (53.2%) were male and female, respectively and 103 (29.9%) had symptoms of pica. The median (IQR) of 25(OH)D level was significantly lower in adolescents with symptoms of pica. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that while age (coefficient = 1.1, P = .023) was positively associated with 25(OH)D level, female sex (coefficient = -7.5, P < .001), and pica symptoms (coefficient = -3.5, P = .032) were negatively associated with 25(OH)D level. Conclusion. Adolescents with symptoms of pica had lower 25(OH)D levels. Adolescents with symptoms of pica have to be assessed for vitamin D status.

Interaction between Fokl polymorphism and vitamin D deficiency in the symptoms of mental disorders in adults: a population-based study

Mental disorders are intricate and multifaceted and encompass social, economic, environmental, and biological factors. This study aimed to explore the potential association between vitamin D deficiency and anxiety and depression symptoms in adults, considering the role of the vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism FokI (rs2228570). This was a population-based cross-sectional study with stratified and cluster sampling, evaluating anxiety symptoms (AS) and depression symptoms (DS) in 1637 adults. Vitamin D levels were measured using electrochemiluminescence and were considered deficient when < 20 ng/mL in a healthy population or < 30 ng/mL in at-risk groups. Genotyping was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction with TaqMan probes. The prevalence rates of AS, DS, and vitamin D deficiency were 23.5%, 15.8%, and 30.9%, respectively. No direct association was observed between vitamin D deficiency and AS or DS. However, interaction analysis revealed a combined effect of vitamin D deficiency and FokI for DS but not for AS. Individuals with vitamin deficiency and one or two copies of the altered allele of the FokI exhibited a higher prevalence of DS than individuals homozygous for the wild-type allele and vitamin D sufficiency. The interaction between vitamin D deficiency and the FokI polymorphism was associated with DS.

Vitamin D Receptor Activation Reduces Hepatic Inflammation via Enhancing Macrophage Autophagy in Cholestatic Mice

Macrophage autophagy dysfunction aggravates liver injury by activating inflammasomes, which can cleave pro-IL-1β to its active, secreted form. We investigated whether the vitamin D/vitamin D receptor (VDR) axis could up-regulate macrophage autophagy function to inhibit the activation of inflammasome-dependent IL-1β during cholestasis. Paricalcitol (PAL; VDR agonist) was intraperitoneally injected into bile duct-ligated mice for 5 days. Up-regulation of VDR expression by PAL reduced liver injury by reducing the oxidative stress-induced inflammatory reaction in macrophages. Moreover, PAL inhibited inflammasome-dependent IL-1β generation. Mechanistically, the knockdown of VDR increased IL-1β generation, whereas VDR overexpression exerted the opposite effect following tert-butyl hydroperoxide treatment. The inflammasome antagonist glyburide, the caspase-1-specific inhibitor YVAD, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) blocked the increase in Vdr shRNA-induced IL-1β production. Interestingly, up-regulation of VDR also enhanced macrophage autophagy. Autophagy reduction impaired the up-regulation of VDR-inhibited macrophage inflammasome-generated IL-1β, whereas autophagy induction showed a synergistic effect with VDR overexpression through ROS-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. This result was confirmed by p38 MAPK inhibitor, MAPK activator, and ROS inhibitor NAC. Collectively, PAL triggered macrophage autophagy by suppressing activation of the ROS-p38 MAPK pathway, which, in turn, suppressed inflammasome-generated cleaved, active forms of IL-1β, eventually leading to reduced inflammation. Thus, triggering the VDR may be a potential target for the anti-inflammatory treatment of cholestatic liver disease.

The dietary risk factors on cancer patients receiving chemotherapy and correlation between serum vitamin D and B12 levels, depression and anxiety status

Introduction

Objective: the aim of this study is to evaluate the relationship between serum vitamin D and B12 levels, nutritional levels, depression, and anxiety in adult cancer patients before and after chemotherapy. Methods: a case-controlled study was carried out on 44 patients who were diagnosed with cancer and applied to the Chemotherapy Unit for treatment (patient group, PG) and 44 volunteer individuals (control group, CG) with similar characteristics to the age and gender-matched patient group but with no diagnosis of cancer. Results: the average age of individuals in PG is 52.50 ± 12.21 years and for those in CG is 52.84 ± 10.98 years. Serum D and B12 levels in the first cure in individuals in PG are higher than in the last treatment (p > 0.05). It was determined that vitamin C taken with a daily diet reduces the risk of cancer (OR: 0.920, 95 % CI: 0.899-0.942, p = 0.042). No correlation was found between depression and anxiety scores of both groups and serum vitamin D and B12 levels (p > 0.05). It was determined that the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) score increased with decrease in body mass index (BMI) (β = 0.311, p = 0.040) and serum vitamin B12 level (β = -0.406, p = 0.006). In addition, it was found that the increase in the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) score, which reflects the nutritional status of cancer patients, worsened the level of anxiety (β = 0.389, p = 0.009). Conclusions: as stated in the findings of the study, chemotherapy treatment mediated the development of anxiety in cancer patients by changing the vitamin B12 levels and anthropometric characteristics with its negative effect on nutritional status. It should be ensured that cancer patients treated with chemotherapy follow a healthy and balanced diet plan that is suitable for their needs and has adequate vitamin and mineral content.

Molecular Regulation of the CNS by Vitamin D

Vitamin D is a lipid-soluble vitamin that can be found in some foods. It is also produced endogenously (in the presence of ultraviolet light), transported through the blood to the targets organs and this is the reason to consider vitamin D as a hormone. It is known that vitamin D has genomic and non-genomic effects. This review is focused mainly on the vitamin D receptors, the importance of vitamin D as a neuromodulator, the role of vitamin D in the pathophysiology of devastating neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and the benefit of vitamin D and its derivates in alleviating these disorders.

Nutrient insufficiencies and deficiencies involved in the pathogenesis of bruxism (Review)

Stress has been well-documented to have a significant role in the etiopathogenesis of bruxism. Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) and subsequent release of corticosteroids lead to increased muscle activity. Neurological studies have demonstrated that chronic stress exposure induces neurodegeneration of important neuronal structures and destabilization of the mesocortical dopaminergic pathway. These disruptions impair the abilities to counteract the overactivity of the HPA axis and disinhibit involuntary muscle activity, while at the same time, there is activation of the amygdala. Recent evidence shows that overactivation of the amygdala under stressful stimuli causes rhythmic jaw muscle activity by over activating the mesencephalic and motor trigeminal nuclei. The present review aimed to discuss the negative effects of certain vitamin and mineral deficiencies, such as vitamin D, magnesium, and omega-3 fatty acids, on the central nervous system. It provides evidence on how such insufficiencies may increase stress sensitivity and neuromuscular excitability and thereby reduce the ability to effectively respond to the overactivation of the sympathetic nervous system, and also how stress can in turn lead to these insufficiencies. Finally, the positive effects of individualized supplementation are discussed in the context of diminishing anxiety and oxidative stress, neuroprotection and in the reversal of neurodegeneration, and also in alleviating/reducing neuromuscular symptoms.

Vitamin D and depression in older adults: lessons learned from observational and clinical studies

Depression is a mental disorder triggered by the interaction of social, psychological and biological factors that have an important impact on an individual's life. Despite being a well-studied disease with several established forms of treatment, its prevalence is increasing, especially among older adults. New forms of treatment and prevention are encouraged, and some researchers have been discussing the effects of vitamin D (VitD) on depression; however, the exact mechanism by which VitD exerts its effects is not yet conclusive. In this study, we aimed to discuss the possible mechanisms underlying the association between VitD and depression in older adults. Therefore, we conducted a systematic search of databases for indexed articles published until 30 April 2021. The primary focus was on both observational studies documenting the association between VitD and depression/depressive symptoms, and clinical trials documenting the effects of VitD supplementation on depression/depressive symptoms, especially in older adults. Based on pre-clinical, clinical and observational studies, it is suggested that the maintenance of adequate VitD concentrations is an important issue, especially in older adults, which are a risk population for both VitD deficiency and depression. Nevertheless, it is necessary to carry out more studies using longitudinal approaches in low- and middle-income countries to develop a strong source of evidence to formulate guidelines and interventions.

Severe Vitamin D Deficiency-A Possible Cause of Resistance to Treatment in Psychiatric Pathology

In the last few years, vitamin D functions have been studied progressively, and along with their main role in regulating calcium homeostasis, the potential function in the nervous system and the link between different psychiatric disorders and vitamin D deficiency have been revealed. The discovery of vitamin D receptors in multiple brain structures, like the hippocampus, led to the hypothesis that vitamin D deficiency could be responsible for treatment resistance in psychiatric diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze the current knowledge in the literature regarding vitamin D deficiency among individuals afflicted with psychiatric disorders and assess the potential therapeutic benefits of vitamin D supplementation. A systematic search was conducted on the PubMed database for articles published in the last five years (2016-2022) in English, focusing on human subjects. Results show that vitamin D deficiency has implications for numerous psychiatric disorders, affecting mood and behavior through its influence on neurotransmitter release, neurotrophic factors, and neuroprotection. It also plays a role in modulating inflammation, which is often elevated in psychiatric disorders. In conclusion, vitamin D deficiency is prevalent and has far-reaching implications for mental health. This review underscores the importance of exploring the therapeutic potential of vitamin D supplementation in individuals with psychiatric disorders and highlights the need for further research in this complex field.

Pathogenesis and treatment of depression: Role of diet in prevention and therapy

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in depression, which is related to, among other things, the COVID-19 pandemic. Depression can be fatal if not treated or if treated inappropriately. Depression is the leading cause of suicide attempts. The disease is multifactorial, and pharmacotherapy often fails to bring satisfactory results. Therefore, increasingly more importance is attached to the natural healing substances and nutrients in food, which can significantly affect the therapy process and prevention of depressive disorders. A proper diet is vital to preventing depression and can be a valuable addition to psychological and pharmacologic treatment. An inadequate diet may reduce the effectiveness of antidepressants or increase their side effects, leading to life-threatening symptoms. This study aimed to review the literature on the pathogenesis of the development and treatment of depression, with particular emphasis on dietary supplements and the role of nutrition in the prevention and treatment of depressive disorders.

The Impact of Vitamin D on Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that has multiple biological effects on the body. Recent findings have also linked vitamin D deficiency to a range of neuropsychiatric disorders. The aim of this review article is to provide insight into the metabolism of vitamin D and its effect on the body, especially on the brain, and to recognize the role of vitamin D in some neuropsychiatric disorders. Vitamin D is well-known as a neuroactive steroid that modulates brain functions and development. There is strong evidence to show that optimal vitamin D levels are important to protect against neuropsychiatric disorders. Vitamin D has also been proposed to alter neurotransmitter pathways in the central nervous system. Abnormalities in these neurotransmitters have been implicated in various neuropsychiatric diseases, such as schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and depression. Vitamin D also has some reported neurosteroid-like actions, including regulation of calcium homeostasis, clearance of amyloid-peptide, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as possible protection against the neurodegenerative mechanisms associated with Alzheimer's disease and autism. Vitamin D is an important modulator of brain development and has many functions in the brain. Several studies found that vitamin D has a protective role in neuropsychiatric disorders, and its supplementation decreases the development of these disorders and lowers their symptoms. Therefore, evidence shows that early intervention to maintain vitamin D concentrations at sufficiently high levels is crucial to slow, prevent, or improve neurocognitive decline.

Vitamin D and depressive symptoms in an early adolescent cohort

BACKGROUND

To explore the cross-sectional and longitudinal association between vitamin D and depressive symptoms across early adolescence.

METHODS

This longitudinal study included 1607 early adolescents [mean (s.d.) age, 12.49 years; 972 (60.5%) males] from the Chinese Early Adolescents Cohort, recruited from a middle school in Anhui Province and followed up annually (2019-2021). Serum 25(OH)D levels were measured in both 2019 and 2021. Self-reports on depression were assessed at each of three time points from 2019 to 2021.

RESULTS

In the whole sample, higher baseline serum 25(OH)D levels were linked with a lower risk of cumulative incident depression within two-year follow-ups (adjusted RR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.94-0.99) and the increasing trajectory of depression symptoms across the three waves (adjusted RR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.95-0.99). Baseline vitamin D deficiency (VDD) (adjusted RR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.10-2.05) were associated with an increased risk for the increasing trajectory of depression symptoms across the three waves. Remitted VDD was positively related to one dichotomous depression symptoms across three waves (adjusted OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.15-4.01). The above-mentioned significant association was also found in males. Additionally, baseline VDD (adjusted OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.04-2.44) and persistent VDD (adjusted OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.02-2.60) were linked to an increased risk of having two dichotomous depression symptoms only in males.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results highlight a prospective association between baseline vitamin D and depression risk in early adolescents. Additionally, a male-specific association between vitamin D and depression risk was observed. Our findings support a potential beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation in reducing depression risk in early adolescents.

The association of vitamin D deficiency, age and depression in US adults: a cross-sectional analysis

BACKGROUND

Depression is an important public health burden, its risk of occurrence is associated with vitamin D deficiency and may also increase with age, while serum vitamin D levels are closely related to age.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether vitamin D and age are associated with depression after adjustment for each other.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We extracted data from NHANES 2013-2018, including demographic characteristics, depression level, vitamin D level, physical activity, and body measures. A total of 15,156 adults aged 20 years or older (mean age 49.81 ± 17.67 years, 7301 males and 7855 females) were included. Depression was screened by PHQ-9. Vitamin D deficiency was defined by a serum vitamin D level < 30nmol/L. We performed binary logistic regression models to analyze the association between vitamin D, age and depression, respectively.

RESULTS

Vitamin D levels were negatively associated with depression (P < 0.001). Vitamin D had a significant effect on depression (OR = 0.776, 95%CI: 0.682-0.884, P < 0.001), the effect remained significant after adjusted for confounding variables (OR = 0.761, 95%CI: 0.663-0.874, P < 0.001). Age was positively associated with depression (P < 0.001) and had a significant effect on depression (OR = 1.079, 98%CI: 1.032-1.128, P = 0.001), the effect remained significant after adjusted for confounding variables (OR = 1.092, 95%CI: 1.040-1.146, P < 0.001). Age and vitamin D levels were positively correlated (P < 0.001), and older age had a significant effect on vitamin D level (OR = 1.526, 95%CI: 1.416-1.645, P < 0.001), the effect remained significant after adjusted for confounding variables (OR = 1.371, 95%CI: 1.263-1.487, P < 0.001). In addition, the prevalence of depression was higher in females (2312/7855, 29.43%) than in males (1571/7301, 21.52%), and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Vitamin D deficiency and older age are both associated with higher risk of depression, while older age is a protective factor for vitamin D deficiency.

Exploratory study of ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation and age of onset of bipolar disorder

BACKGROUND

Sunlight contains ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation that triggers the production of vitamin D by skin. Vitamin D has widespread effects on brain function in both developing and adult brains. However, many people live at latitudes (about > 40 N or S) that do not receive enough UVB in winter to produce vitamin D. This exploratory study investigated the association between the age of onset of bipolar I disorder and the threshold for UVB sufficient for vitamin D production in a large global sample.

METHODS

Data for 6972 patients with bipolar I disorder were obtained at 75 collection sites in 41 countries in both hemispheres. The best model to assess the relation between the threshold for UVB sufficient for vitamin D production and age of onset included 1 or more months below the threshold, family history of mood disorders, and birth cohort. All coefficients estimated at P ≤ 0.001.

RESULTS

The 6972 patients had an onset in 582 locations in 70 countries, with a mean age of onset of 25.6 years. Of the onset locations, 34.0% had at least 1 month below the threshold for UVB sufficient for vitamin D production. The age of onset at locations with 1 or more months of less than or equal to the threshold for UVB was 1.66 years younger.

CONCLUSION

UVB and vitamin D may have an important influence on the development of bipolar disorder. Study limitations included a lack of data on patient vitamin D levels, lifestyles, or supplement use. More study of the impacts of UVB and vitamin D in bipolar disorder is needed to evaluate this supposition.

Dietary Nutrient Deficiencies and Risk of Depression (Review Article 2018-2023)

Depression is classified as one of the most common mental disorders. Its prevalence has recently increased, becoming a growing public health threat. This review focuses on clarifying the role and importance of individual nutrients in the diet and the impact of nutrient deficiencies on the risk of depression. Deficiencies in nutrients such as protein, B vitamins, vitamin D, magnesium, zinc, selenium, iron, calcium, and omega-3 fatty acids have a significant impact on brain and nervous system function, which can affect the appearance of depressive symptoms. However, it is important to remember that diet in itself is not the only factor influencing the risk of or helping to treat depression. There are many other aspects, such as physical activity, sleep, stress management, and social support, that also play an important role in maintaining mental health. The data review observed that most of the available analyses are based on cross-sectional studies. Further studies, including prospective cohort, case-control studies, are recommended to draw more reliable conclusions.

Stress-Activated Protein Kinase JNK Modulates Depression-like Behaviors in Mice

Stress is considered as a major cause of depression. C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is a member of the stress-induced mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase family which is often activated through phosphorylation. Clinical studies and animal experiments have found that abnormal phosphorylation/activation of JNK exists in the occurrence of various psychiatric diseases. Recently, several studies linked JNK kinase activity to depression. However, whether excessive activation of JNK activity is directly responsible for the occurrence of depression and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we constructed a conditional transgenic mouse which is specifically expressing MKK7-JNK1 (CAJNK1) in the central nervous system. CAJNK1 mice showed activation of JNK and lead to depression-like behavior in mice. Transcriptome analysis indicates reduced expression of synaptic-associated genes in CAJNK1 mice brains. Consistently, we found abnormal dendritic spine development and PSD95 downregulation in CAJNK1 hippocampal neurons. Our studies provide compelling evidence that activation of JNK as an intrinsic factor leading to depression-like behavior in mice provides direct clues for targeting the JNK activity as a potential therapeutic strategy for depression.

Role of in vitamin D in irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder affecting 10%-22% of adults. Its development is closely related to the gut microbiota, and the inflammatory and immune responses triggered by the gut microbiota can lead to IBS. Vitamin D (VD) effectively treats IBS with fewer side effects by improving gut microbiota, immune regulation, and anti-inflammatory effects. In the future, it is necessary to carry out epidemiological studies on the relationship between VD and IBS, clinical studies on the efficacy of supplementing VD to improve IBS, and animal studies on the mechanism of VD improving IBS. Therefore, this paper discussed the relationship between VD and IBS.

Low plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms in community-dwelling Japanese people aged between 40 and 74 years: The Murakami cohort study

BACKGROUND

Association between vitamin D levels and the occurrence of depression are not always consistent. The present cohort study aimed to determine this association in older adults, using a method for measuring vitamin D levels which is more accurate than those used in previous studies.

METHODS

Participants were 3447 individuals aged 40-74 years without depressive symptoms at baseline who participated in the 5-year follow-up survey. The baseline investigation, including a self-administered questionnaire survey and blood collection, was conducted in 2011-2013. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels were measured, and divided into overall quartiles summed up by sub-quartiles and stratified by age, sex, and season. The outcome was depressive symptoms determined by the CES-D (11-item, cut-off score of 6/7) 5 years later. Covariates were demographics, lifestyles, baseline CES-D score, and disease history.

RESULTS

Mean plasma 25(OH)D levels were 58.0 nmol/L in men and 45.7 in women (P < 0.0001), and cumulative incidences of depressive symptoms were 249/1577 (15.8 %) in men and 313/1870 (16.7 %) in women (P = 0.4526). The lower 25(OH)D quartile group had higher adjusted ORs in men and women combined (P for trend = 0.0107) and women (P for trend = 0.0003), but not in men. Adjusted ORs of the lowest quartile group were significantly higher than the highest group in men and women combined (OR = 1.39, 95 % CI: 1.06-1.81) and women (OR = 1.89, 95 % CI: 1.31-2.72).

LIMITATION

Depressive symptoms were self-reported.

CONCLUSIONS

Low vitamin D levels were associated with a high risk of depressive symptoms, especially in women. Women are thus considered a major target for preventing vitamin D deficiency to address depression.

Influence of sunlight on the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and sleep quality in Brazilian adults: A population-based study

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to evaluate the association of vitamin D with sleep quality during the COVID-19 pandemic and the influence of daily sunlight on this association.

METHODS

This cross-sectional, population-based study among adults stratified by multistage probability cluster sampling was conducted from October to December 2020 in the Iron Quadrangle region of Brazil. The outcome was sleep quality, evaluated by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D) concentrations were determined by indirect electrochemiluminescence and a deficiency was classified as 25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL. To assess sunlight, the average daily sunlight exposure was calculated and was classified as insufficient when less than 30 min/d. Multivariate logistic analysis was used to estimate the association between vitamin D and sleep quality. A directed acyclic graph was used to select minimal and sufficient sets of adjustment variables for confounding from the backdoor criterion.

RESULTS

In a total of 1709 individuals evaluated, the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 19.8% (95% CI, 15.5-24.9%), and the prevalence of poor sleep quality was 52.5% (95% CI, 48.6-56.4%). In multivariate analysis, vitamin D was not associated with poor sleep quality in individuals with sufficient sunlight. Moreover, in individuals with insufficient sunlight, vitamin D deficiency was associated with poor sleep quality (odds ratio [OR], 2.02; 95% CI, 1.10-3.71). Furthermore, each 1-ng/mL increase in vitamin D levels reduced the chance of poor sleep quality by 4.2% (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.92-0.99).

CONCLUSIONS

Vitamin D deficiency was associated with poor sleep quality in individuals with insufficient exposure to sunlight.

Alternations of vitamin D and cognitive function in first-diagnosed and drug-naïve BD patients: Physical activity as a moderator

BACKGROUND

The pathophysiological mechanism of cognitive impairments of bipolar disorder (BD) has not yet been completely revealed. It is well known that Vitamin D and physical activity (PA) are associated with BD. However, specific links between Vitamin D and cognitive deficits in BD are still unclear.

METHOD

The serum levels of vitamin D were measured. The cognitive performances of 102 first-diagnosed and drug-naïve BD patients were evaluated for analysis. The repeatable battery for the assessment of neuropsychological status (RBANS) and the Stroop Color-Word test was used in this study. PA was collected by international physical activity questionnaire.

RESULT

Patients with BD had high levels of serum vitamin D. Furthermore, immediate and delayed memory was negatively associated with vitamin D levels in patients' group. The serum levels of vitamin D in patients with low PA were positively associated with memory. However, increased PA attenuated the protective effect of vitamin D on executive cognition.

CONCLUSION

It is concluded that the increased levels of vitamin D were observed in the serum of patients with BD. Thus, it is found that more PA is less beneficial to cognition of patients with BD than longer resting.

The relationship between nutrition and depression in the life process: A mini-review

Depression is one of the leading health problems, and >300 million people have a major depressive disorder and this number is getting increasing. Depression complicates the management of existing chronic diseases and the management of complications that may arise. A person's mental state can affect their food preferences, and food preferences can also affect their mental state. In this paper, depression and eating behavior, diet quality, folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids, magnesium, selenium, zinc and copper, prebiotics and probiotics are discussed. Research on the subject emphasizes that diet quality may also affect the occurrence of depression. However, studies also indicated that dietary nutrients such as folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, omega-3 fatty acids, zinc, selenium, and magnesium might be associated with the risk of depression.

The association between Vitamin D levels and postpartum depression: a review

According to WHO, Postpartum Depression (PPD) occurs in 10–15% of women after giving birth. Several studies assumed that vitamin D deficiency might worsen PPD symptoms. However, the association between vitamin D levels and PPD is still conflicting. This article summarizes the association between vitamin D levels and PPD. A literature search about Vitamin D levels and PPD from Scopus and PubMed databases was performed in June 2022. Eleven studies were obtained out of 30 studies. Nine out of 11 studies showed that vitamin D levels were significantly associated with PPD. However, the two others showed no significant association. The difference in the blood sample taken and how to assess depression contributes to a different result. The association is related to the role of vitamin D in mood regulation, synthesis of neurotransmitters, stimulating brain receptors, and intercellular neuronal signaling systems.

Vitamin D protects against depression: Evidence from an umbrella meta-analysis on interventional and observational meta-analyses

Meta-analyses of interventional and observational studies investigating the efficacy and the relationship between vitamin D and depression provided inconsistent results. The current umbrella meta-analysis was conducted to assess the available evidence and provide a conclusive outcome in this regard. The following international databases were systematically searched till March 2022: PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Random-effects model was carried out to calculate the pooled point estimates and their respective 95 % confidence intervals (CI). Ten meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) revealed significant reduction in depression symptoms comparing participants on vitmain D supplements to those on placebo (Pooled standardised mean difference: - 0.40; 95 % CI: - 0.60, - 0.21, p < 0.01: I² = 89.1 %, p < 0.01). Four meta-analyses of cohort studies (with one having two subgroups) revealed that participants with lower levels of serum vitamin D were at increased odds of depression than those with higher levels of serum vitamin D (Pooled odds ratio: 1.60; 95 % CI: 1.08, 2.36, p < 0.01; I² = 91.3 %, p < 0.01). The present umbrella meta-analysis confirms the potential benefits of vitamin D supplementation and higher serum vitamin D levels in reducing the development and symptoms of depression.

Vitamin D, a Secosteroid Hormone and Its Multifunctional Receptor, Vitamin D Receptor, in Alzheimer's Type Neurodegeneration

Vitamin D is a secosteroid hormone exerting neurosteroid-like properties. Its well-known nuclear hormone receptor, and recently proposed as a mitochondrial transcription factor, vitamin D receptor, acts for its primary functions. The second receptor is an endoplasmic reticulum protein, protein disulfide isomerase A3 (PDIA3), suggested to act as a rapid response. Vitamin D has effects on various systems, particularly through calcium metabolism. Among them, the nervous system has an important place in the context of our subject. Recent studies have shown that vitamin D and its receptors have numerous effects on the nervous system. Neurodegeneration is a long-term process. Throughout a human life span, so is vitamin D deficiency. Our previous studies and others have suggested that the out-come of long-term vitamin D deficiency (hypovitaminosis D or inefficient utilization of vitamin D), may lead neurons to be vulnerable to aging and neurodegeneration. We suggest that keeping vitamin D levels at adequate levels at all stages of life, considering new approaches such as agonists that can activate vitamin D receptors, and utilizing other derivatives produced in the synthesis process with UVB are crucial when considering vitamin D-based intervention studies. Given most aspects of vitamin D, this review outlines how vitamin D and its receptors work and are involved in neurodegeneration, emphasizing Alzheimer's disease.

Relationship between high dose intake of vitamin B12 and glaucoma: Evidence from NHANES 2005-2008 among United States adults

Objective

Glaucoma has currently become the second leading cause of blindness in the world. Serum vitamin B12 level has been found to be involved in the development and progression of glaucoma. We performed the present study to confirm this association.

Methods

This cross-sectional study included 594 participants aged 40 years and older in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2005 to 2008. Retinal imaging was performed using the Ophthalmic Digital Imaging system (Retinography) to assess the retina for the presence of features of glaucomatous lesions. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between dietary vitamin intake and glaucoma.

Results

After screening, 594 subjects were finally included. Among all vitamin intakes, we observed significant differences between the two groups for vitamin B12 intake (5.93 vs. 4.77 mg, p = 0.033). According to the logistic regression results, the intake of vitamin B12 was significantly positively associated with glaucoma (model 1: OR = 1.078, 95% CI = 1.019-1.141; model 2: OR = 1.092, 95% CI = 1.031-1.158; model 3: OR = 1.092, 95% CI = 1.029-1.158). After performing a quantile regression, we observed a significant positive association between vitamin B12 intake and incident glaucoma in the fourth quartile (model 1: OR = 1.133, 95% CI = 1.060-1.210; model 2: OR = 1.141, 95% CI = 1.072-1.215; model 3: OR = 1.146, 95% CI = 1.071-1.226).

Conclusions

Therefore, the above results, high-dose intake of vitamin B12 may promote the development of glaucoma.

Nutraceuticals and COVID-19: A mechanistic approach toward attenuating the disease complications

Nutraceuticals have emerged as potential compounds to attenuate the COVID-19 complications. Precisely, these food additives strengthen the overall COVID treatment and enhance the immunity of a person. Such compounds have been used at a large scale, in almost every household due to their better affordability and easy access. Therefore, current research is focused on developing newer advanced formulations from potential drug candidates including nutraceuticals with desirable properties viz, affordability, ease of availability, ease of administration, stability under room temperature, and potentially longer shelf-lives. As such, various nutraceutical-based products such as compounds could be promising agents for effectively managing COVID-19 symptoms and complications. Most importantly, regular consumption of such nutraceuticals has been shown to boost the immune system and prevent viral infections. Nutraceuticals such as vitamins, amino acids, flavonoids like curcumin, and probiotics have been studied for their role in the prevention of COVID-19 symptoms such as fever, pain, malaise, and dry cough. In this review, we have critically reviewed the potential of various nutraceutical-based therapeutics for the management of COVID-19. We searched the information relevant to our topic from search engines such as PubMed and Scopus using COVID-19, nutraceuticals, probiotics, and vitamins as a keyword. Any scientific literature published in a language other than English was excluded. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Nutraceuticals possess both nutritional values and medicinal properties. They can aid in the prevention and treatment of diseases, as well as promote physical health and the immune system, normalizing body functions, and improving longevity. Recently, nutraceuticals such as probiotics, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, trace minerals, and medicinal plants have attracted considerable attention and are widely regarded as potential alternatives to current therapeutic options for the effective management of various diseases, including COVID-19.

Effects of vitamin D supplementation on depression and some selected pro-inflammatory biomarkers: a double-blind randomized clinical trial

BACKGROUND

Both augmented inflammatory reaction and low vitamin D status are associated with depression but the magnitude of their relationships is unclear. This study was, therefore, conducted to evaluate the effects of vitamin D supplementation on serum 25(OH)D concentration, depression severity and some pro-inflammatory biomarkers in patients with mild to moderate depression.

METHODS

An 8-week double-blind randomized clinical trial (RCT) was performed on 56 (18-60 yrs) patients with mild to moderate depression, randomly assigned to intervention (50,000 IU cholecalciferol 2wks^-1) and control (placebo) groups. Serum 25(OH)D, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), interlukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and depression severity (Beck Depression Inventory-II) (BDI-II)) were initially and finally assessed.

RESULTS

At the end point, statistically significant changes were observed only in intervention group as compared with controls including increased 25(OH)D concentration (+ 40.83 ± 28.57 vs. + 5.14 ± 23.44 nmol L^-1, P < 0.001) and decreased depression severity (-11.75 ± 6.40 vs. -3.61 ± 10.40, P = 0.003). No significant within- or between group differences were observed in serum IL-1β, IL-6 and hs-CRP concentrations.

CONCLUSION

Increased circulating 25(OH)D concentrations following 8-week vitamin D supplementation (50,000 IU 2wks^-1) resulted in a significant decrease in BDI-II scores in patients with mild to moderate depression. However, this effect was independent of the serum concentrations of the studied inflammatory biomarkers.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

The clinical trial registration code was obtained from the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (date of registration: 17/09/2018, registration number: IRCT20170926036425N1) and ClinicalTrials.gov (date of registration: 04/12/2018, registration number: NCT03766074).

Therapeutic and mechanistic intervention of vitamin D in neuropsychiatric disorders

Vitamin D deficiency is believed to affect between 35 and 55% of the world's population, making it a hidden pandemic. In addition to its role in bone and calcium homeostasis, vitamin D has also been linked in preclinical and clinical research to brain function. These outcomes have also been used for a variety of neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental problems. Nevertheless, these individuals are more prone to develop signs of cognitive decline. This review will emphasize the association between vitamin D and neuropsychiatric illnesses such as autism, schizophrenia, depression, and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). While numerous research show vitamin D's essential role in cognitive function in neuropsychiatric illnesses, it is too early to propose its effect on cognitive symptoms with certainty. It is necessary to conduct additional research into the associations between vitamin D deficiency and cognitive abnormalities, particularly those found in autism, schizophrenia, depression, and ADHD, to develop initiatives that address the pressing need for novel and effective preventative therapeutic strategies.

Determinants of Dietary Vitamin D Intake in Population-Based Cohort Sample of Polish Female Adolescents

Vitamin D has a pleiotropic effect and its deficiency is a risk factor for many diseases. The purpose of this study was to analyze the dietary intake of vitamin D and the factors determining this intake by female post-primary school students in Poland. The study was conducted on a nationwide sample of 4469 female Polish adolescents (aged 14-20) recruited from all regions across Poland. The vitamin D intake was assessed using VIDEO-FFQ (Vitamin D Estimation Only-Food Frequency Questionnaire). The median dietary vitamin D intake was 2.33 μg per day and it was lower than the 15 μg recommended in Poland for more than 98% of the group. The highest vitamin D intake per day was noted for fish (0.52 μg), whereas the lowest was noted for fats (0.04 μg). Factors that influenced the dietary vitamin D intake were the amount and species of fish consumed, region of residence, use of vitamin D supplements, and vegetarian or vegan diets. In contrast, vitamin D intake did not depend on body mass index and age. Based on the results of the survey, it can be concluded that the alarmingly low intake of vitamin D by Polish female adolescents is a result of the limited supply of vitamin D primarily from fish and fish products. This may be due to insufficient nutritional knowledge, indicating an urgent need to educate the surveyed population in this area.

Vitamin D Alleviates Anxiety and Depression in Elderly People with Prediabetes: A Randomized Controlled Study

Older people are prone to frailness, present poor adherence to pharmacotherapy, and often have adverse drug effects. Therefore, it is important to develop effective and safe interventions to mitigate the burden of anxiety and depression disorders in this population. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on the anxiety and depression status of elderly people with prediabetes. Participants were randomly assigned a weekly dose of vitamin D3 of 25,000 IU (n = 45, mean age 73.10 ± 7.16 years) or nothing (n = 45, mean age 74.03 ± 7.64 years), in addition to suggested lifestyle measures. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory subscales (STAI-T and STAI-S) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were used to evaluate anxiety and depression levels, respectively, at baseline, 6, and 12 months. A total of 92.68% of the participants in the vitamin D group and 97.14% of the controls exhibited vitamin D deficiency (<20 ng/mL) at baseline. Mean STAI-T scores were lower in supplemented individuals than in the control group at 6 (38.02 ± 9.03 vs. 43.91 ± 7.18, p = 0.003) and 12 months (32.35 ± 7.77 vs. 44.97 ± 7.78, p < 0.001). The same pattern was evident for STAI-S scores at 6 (37.11 ± 7.88 vs. 43.20 ± 9.33, p = 0.003) and 12 months (32.59 ± 6.45 vs. 44.60 ± 9.53, p < 0.001). Supplemented participants demonstrated lower mean PHQ-9 scores compared to controls at 6 (15.69 ± 6.15 vs. 19.77 ± 8.96, p = 0.021) and 12 months (13.52 ± 5.01 vs. 20.20 ± 8.67, p < 0.001). Participants with deficiency and insufficiency at baseline experienced equal benefits of supplementation in terms of anxiety and depression scores. In conclusion, in a high-risk population, a weekly vitamin D supplementation scheme was effective in alleviating anxiety and depression symptoms. More studies are needed to elucidate the relevant mechanisms.

Gut microbiota: Linking nutrition and perinatal depression

Perinatal depression is a mood disorder that is reported in women during pregnancy (prenatal) and after childbirth (postnatal). The onset of perinatal depression is associated with changes in reproductive hormones, stress hormones and neurosteroids. These chemical compounds can be modulated by the gut microbiota, which may affect maternal mental health during the perinatal period via the gut-brain-axis. Recent studies suggest that nutritional and dietary interventions (vitamin D, ω-3 fatty acids, iron, and fiber) effectively prevent or mitigate maternal depression and anxiety, but their efficacy is confounded by various factors, including the gut microbiota. Probiotics are efficacious in maintaining microbiota homeostasis, and thus, have the potential to modulate the development of perinatal mood disorders, despite no evidence in human. Therefore, clinical trials are warranted to investigate the role of probiotic supplementation in perinatal depression and behavioral changes. This article reviews the interplay between nutrition, gut microbiota and mood and cognition, and the evidence suggesting that probiotics affect the onset and development of perinatal depression.

Correlation between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Level and Depression among Korean Women with Secondary Amenorrhea: A Cross-Sectional Observational Study

Vitamin D deficiency is considered a major public health problem worldwide and has been reported as having an association with depression. However, studies on the association between vitamin D deficiency and depressive symptoms in secondary amenorrhea (SA) patients are still scarce. This study examined the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and depressive symptoms among Korean women with SA. In this cross-sectional observational study, 78 patients with SA were initially recruited. Clinical and biochemical parameters, including serum 25(OH)D level, were measured. Data from 63 SA patients who met the study inclusion criteria and completed psychiatric assessments were finally analyzed. We analyzed their association with depression using a hierarchical regression model. The average serum 25(OH)D level was 34.40 ± 24.02 ng/mL, and 41.3% of the women with SA were vitamin D-deficient (<20 ng/mL). The total score of the Korean version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (K-HDRS) was negatively related to serum 25(OH)D levels, free testosterone, and serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) after adjusting for age and BMI (r = −0.450, p < 0.001; r = −0.258, p = 0.045; and r = −0.339, p = 0.006, respectively). Serum 25(OH)D levels and AMH levels were the most powerful predictors of depressive severity when using the K-HDRS in SA patients (β = −0.39, p < 0.005; β = −0.42, p < 0.005, respectively). This study showed that low serum 25(OH)D levels were associated with the severity of depressive symptoms in SA patients. This observation suggests that the evaluation of vitamin D deficiency for the risk of depression may be necessary in patients with SA.

Impact of vitamin D on maternal and fetal health: A review

The role of vitamin D in improving maternal health and reducing the risk of developmental disorders in fetus has been an important domain of research since the past few years. Vitamin D, owing to its immunomodulatory, anti‐inflammatory, developmental roles, and regulating calcium homeostasis, is predicted to have a significant influence on maternal and fetal health status. Several observational studies and clinical trials, determining the impact of vitamin D on gestational diabetes, C‐section, postpartum depression, pre‐eclampsia, miscarriages, and preterm delivery, have been elaborated in this review. In addition, fetal birth defects including neurological development, reduced birth weight, respiratory infections, bone development, and altered anthropometrics have also been summarized with available evidences. Other important mechanisms related to the roles of vitamin D in the body are also explained. Furthermore, recent studies determining the effect of vitamin D at genetic level will also help in understanding and future design of research in the area of maternal and fetal health.

Poor sleep quality, vitamin D deficiency and depression in the stroke population: A cohort study

BACKGROUND

Depression is a common psychiatric complication after stroke. However, the relationships among sleep quality, vitamin D status and depression are unclear in stroke patients. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of poor sleep quality and vitamin D status on post-stroke depression (PSD).

METHODS

In the present study, 233 stroke patients completed the one-month follow-up. Sleep quality was measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) both at admission and 1 month after stroke. Depressive symptom was measured by the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) at 1 month after stroke. Serum vitamin D levels were measured at admission. Multivariable logistic regression and mediation analysis were used to examine the mediating and moderating effects of sleep quality and vitamin D status on PSD.

RESULTS

The incidence of PSD was higher in patients with poor sleep quality than those with good sleep quality. Vitamin D levels were negatively correlated with HAMD score (r = -0.244, P < 0.001). Prestroke poor sleep quality was associated with an increased risk of PSD in the vitamin D deficiency group after adjustment for potential confounders (OR = 4.047, 95%CI = 1.300-12.600, P = 0.016), while this association was not significant in the vitamin D sufficiency group. In mediation analysis, the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and PSD was mediated by poststroke sleep quality.

LIMITATIONS

Vitamin D levels were measured only at admission.

CONCLUSIONS

The combination of poor sleep quality and vitamin D deficiency is associated with a substantially increased risk of PSD.

The effect of vitamin D supplementation on tobacco-related disorders in individuals with a tobacco use disorder: a randomized clinical trial

Vitamin D deficiency in cigarette smokers (CS) might associate with several complications, including metabolic deficits, depression and anxiety. This study evaluated the effects of vitamin D on mental health symptoms, nicotine misuse, and biomarkers of metabolic diseases in individuals with a tobacco use disorder. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted with 60 CS subjects receiving either 50,000 IU vitamin D supplements (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30) every 2 weeks for 24-weeks. Nicotine misuse, mental health scale, and metabolic parameters were measured before and after the intervention in the CS subjects. Compared with the placebo-group, after the 24-weeks intervention, serum 25 (OH) vitamin D levels increased in the intervention group (β 2.96; 95% CI, 0.91, 5.01; P = 0.006). In addition, vitamin D supplementation significantly improved Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (β -2.06; 95% CI, -3.84, -0.28; P = 0.02). In addition, vitamin D administration significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (β -4.56; 95% CI, -8.94, -0.19; P = 0.04), insulin (β -0.50; 95% CI, -0.88, -0.13; P = 0.009), and homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels (β -0.21; 95% CI, -0.33, -0.08; P = 0.001). Furthermore, vitamin D resulted in a significant elevation in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (β 81.20; 95% CI, 18.30, 144.11; P = 0.01), and plasma glutathione (GSH) levels (β 73.05; 95% CI, 18.56, 127.54; P = 0.01), compared with the placebo-group. Administration of vitamin D for 24-weeks to CS subjects had beneficial effects on symptoms of depression and several metabolic biomarkers. While this preliminary study suggests that vitamin D might have beneficial effects, its clinical efficacy in individuals with a tobacco use disorder should be further validated in future clinical trials.

Vitamin D supplementation for irritable bowel syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent and complex gastrointestinal disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain and altered bowel habits. Observational studies have suggested a relationship between serum vitamin D levels and IBS symptoms. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the clinical effects of vitamin D supplementation on IBS symptom severity and quality of life (QoL) measures.

METHODS

Medline, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and The Cochrane Library databases were systematically searched. Data abstraction and quality assessment were conducted by four authors independently, and discrepancies were resolved through consensus from the senior author. Continuous data were pooled with standardized mean difference (SMD) using the DerSimonian and Laird's random-effects model. Sensitivity analysis by risk of bias and potentially "predatory" publication were performed as well.

RESULTS

A total of 685 patients across eight studies were included in the meta-analysis. Vitamin D supplementation significantly improved IBS symptom severity scale scores, with a SMD of -0.77 (95% confidence interval [CI] -1.47 to -0.07, P = 0.04, I²  = 91%). Improvements in IBS-QoL scores were also observed, albeit not statistically significant (SMD 0.54; 95% CI -0.34 to 1.41, P = 0.15, I²  = 87%). However, small sample sizes, a relatively young study population, limited ethnicities, and varied vitamin D dosing strategies across the studies were notable limitations.

CONCLUSIONS

Vitamin D supplementation could be part of our clinical armamentarium when managing IBS patients due to the potential efficacy and good safety profile. Further randomized, controlled trials are required to confirm the therapeutic effects.

The efficacy of vitamin D supplementation for irritable bowel syndrome: a systematic review with meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder involving gut-brain interactions with limited effective treatment options. Vitamin D deficiency is commonly observed in patients with IBS, but whether vitamin D supplementation ameliorates IBS is controversial in randomized controlled trials. The present systematic review and meta-analysis explored the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in patients with IBS.

METHODS

We performed a systematic search of potentially relevant publications from PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Studies and the Web of Science up until January 2022. We assessed the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of the IBS severity scoring system (IBS-SSS), IBS quality of life (IBS-QoL) and IBS total score (IBS-TS) before and after vitamin D supplementation intervention.

RESULTS

We included four randomized, placebo-controlled trials involving 335 participants. The differences in IBS-SSS score between participants in the intervention group and the placebo group increased after intervention (WMD: -55.55, 95% CI: -70.22 to -40.87, I² = 53.7%, after intervention; WMD: -3.17, 95% CI: -18.15 to 11.81, I² = 0.0%, before intervention). Participants receiving vitamin D supplementation showed greater improvement in IBS-SSS after intervention than participants receiving placebo treatment (WMD: -84.21, 95% CI: -111.38 to -57.05, I² = 73.2%; WMD: -28.29, 95% CI: -49.95 to -6.62, I² = 46.6%, respectively). Vitamin D supplementation was also superior to placebo in IBS-QoL improvement (WMD: 14.98, 95% CI: 12.06 to 17.90, I² = 0.0%; WMD: 6.55, 95% CI: -2.23 to 15.33, I² = 82.7%, respectively). Sensitivity analyses revealed an unstable pooled effect on IBS-TS in participants receiving vitamin D supplementation. Therefore, we did not evaluate the efficacy of vitamin D intervention in IBS-TS.

CONCLUSIONS

This systematic review and meta-analysis suggested that vitamin D supplementation was superior to placebo for IBS treatment.

Dietary Supplementations and Depression

Depression is a mood disturbance condition that occurs for more than two weeks in a row, leading to suicide. Due to adverse effects of depression, antidepressants and adjunctive therapies, such as dietary supplementation, are used for treatment. Therefore, this review explored and summarized dietary supplements’ types, dosages, and effectiveness in preventing and treating depression. A literature search of the PubMed database was conducted in August 2021 to identify studies assessing depression, after which scale measurements based on dietary supplements were identified. From the obtained 221 studies, we selected 63 papers. Results showed PUFA (EPA and DHA combination), vitamin D, and probiotics as the most common supplementation used in clinical studies to reduce depressive symptoms. We also observed that although the total daily PUFA dosage that exhibited beneficial effects was in the range of 0.7–2 g EPA and 0.4–0.8 g DHA daily, with an administration period of three weeks to four months, positive vitamin D-based supplementation effects were observed after administering doses of 2000 IU/day or 50,000 IU/week between 8 weeks and 24 months. Alternatively, microbes from the genus Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in the probiotic group with a minimum dose of 10⁸ CFU in various dose forms effectively treated depression. Besides, a depression scale was helpful to assess the effect of an intervention on depression. Hence, PUFA, vitamin D, and probiotics were proposed as adjunctive therapies for depression treatment based on the results from this study.

The Problem of Malnutrition Associated with Major Depressive Disorder from a Sex-Gender Perspective

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is an incapacitating condition characterized by loss of interest, anhedonia and low mood, which affects almost 4% of people worldwide. With rising prevalence, it is considered a public health issue that affects economic productivity and heavily increases health costs alone or as a comorbidity for other pandemic non-communicable diseases (such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, inflammatory bowel diseases, etc.). What is even more noteworthy is the double number of women suffering from MDD compared to men. In fact, this sex-related ratio has been contemplated since men and women have different sexual hormone oscillations, where women meet significant changes depending on the age range and moment of life (menstruation, premenstruation, pregnancy, postpartum, menopause…), which seem to be associated with susceptibility to depressive symptoms. For instance, a decreased estrogen level promotes decreased activation of serotonin transporters. Nevertheless, sexual hormones are not the only triggers that alter neurotransmission of monoamines and other neuropeptides. Actually, different dietary habits and/or nutritional requirements for specific moments of life severely affect MDD pathophysiology in women. In this context, the present review aims to descriptively collect information regarding the role of malnutrition in MDD onset and course, focusing on female patient and especially macro- and micronutrient deficiencies (amino acids, ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 PUFAs), folate, vitamin B12, vitamin D, minerals…), besides providing evidence for future nutritional intervention programs with a sex-gender perspective that hopefully improves mental health and quality of life in women.

Is Vitamin D Important in Anxiety or Depression? What Is the Truth?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Depression and anxiety are mood disorders that affect health and therefore quality of life and increase the global burden of disease. One of the possible mechanisms in the pathophysiology of these mood disorders has been reported as oxidative stress and inflammation. In the light of this information, it is important to determine the relationship between antioxidant nutrients (such as vitamin D) and these diseases. There are points where the brain regions involved in the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety and vitamin D metabolism intersect.

RECENT FINDINGS

Low vitamin D levels are associated with increased symptoms of depression and anxiety. For this reason, vitamin D screening should be performed in the prevention and treatment planning of these mood disorders. Vitamin D, which has antioxidant properties and activity in brain tissue, is important for mood disorders preventions or treatments but serum levels must be followed.

Vitamin D and Depressive Symptoms in Adults with Multiple Sclerosis: A Scoping Review

BACKGROUND

Vitamin D deficiency has been correlated with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) risk and disease activity. There is some controversy as to whether vitamin D could have an impact on depressive symptoms in people with MS (pwMS). The aim of this scoping review was to evaluate the association between vitamin D status and depressive symptoms in pwMS.

METHODS

We searched databases to include studies published up to March 2021 to provide an overview of the available evidence on the correlation between vitamin D status and depressive symptoms in pwMS. The eligibility criteria were as follows: studies evaluating the use of vitamin D measurement on depressive symptoms in patients suffering from MS, including randomized and non-randomized studies; studies written in English; and studies exploring an adult population over the age of 18.

RESULTS

Eleven studies met our inclusion criteria: two of them were abstracts only; the majority were cross-sectional studies; two were prospective longitudinal studies; one was a retrospective cohort study; and one was a randomized placebo-controlled trial (RCT). Of the eleven studies selected, seven showed a potential correlation between low vitamin D levels and depressive symptoms.

CONCLUSION

Future RCT studies should include patients with greater severity of depressive symptoms and should consider confounding factors such as sun exposure and seasonal variation of vitamin D.

Nutritional therapy can reduce the burden of depression management in low income countries: A review

Depression is a serious mental and mood disorder with global health and economic burden. This burden may be overwhelming in low income countries, although there are insufficient data. Most antidepressant formulations are predicated on the monoamine, neuroendocrine and neuro-inflammation hypotheses, with little or no cognizance to other neurochemicals altered in depression. A nutritional strategy with or without conventional antidepressants is recommended, as nutrition plays vital roles in the onset, severity and duration of depression, with poor nutrition contributing to its pathogenesis. This review discusses nutritional potentials of utilizing omega-3 fatty acids, proteins, vitamins, minerals and herbs or their phytochemicals in the management of depression with the aim of reducing depression burden. Literature search of empirical data in books and journals in data bases including but not limited to PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar that might contain discussions of sampling were sought, their full text obtained, and searched for relevant content to determine eligibility. Omega-3 fatty and amino acids had significant positive anti-depression outcomes, while vitamins and minerals although essential, enhanced omega-3 fatty and amino acids activities. Some herbs either as whole extracts or their phytochemicals/metabolites had significant positive anti-depression efficacy. Nutrition through the application of necessary food classes or herbs as well as their phytochemicals, may go a long way to effectively manage depression. This therefore will provide inexpensive, natural, and non-invasive therapeutic means with reduced adverse effects that can also be applied alongside clinical management. This nutritional strategy should be given more attention in research, assessment and treatment for those with depression and other mental illness in low income countries, especially in Africa.

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 attenuates IL-1β secretion by suppressing NLRP1 inflammasome activation by upregulating the NRF2-HO-1 pathway in epidermal keratinocytes

The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein (NLRP) inflammasome is a key inflammatory signaling pathway activated via a two-step signaling process consisting of priming and activation steps. Several studies have shown that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2VD3) inhibits the priming step required for NLRP3 inflammasome activation in immune cells. However, as activating the NLRP1 inflammasome in keratinocytes does not necessarily require a priming step, whether 1,25(OH)2VD3 inhibits NLRP1 activation in unprimed keratinocytes is currently unknown. In this study, we showed that 1,25(OH)2VD3 inhibits nigericin-induced NLRP1 inflammasome activation in unprimed keratinocytes. 1,25(OH)2VD3 suppressed nigericin-induced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion and caspase-1 activation in human primary keratinocytes. In addition, 1,25(OH)2VD3 significantly inhibited the formation of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC) oligomers and specks, but not caspase-1 enzymatic activity, suggesting that 1,25(OH)2VD3 prevents NLRP1-ASC complex assembly in keratinocytes. Vitamin D receptor (VDR)-knockdown abolished the inhibitory effects of 1,25(OH)2VD3 on nigericin-induced ASC oligomerization and IL-1β secretion, suggesting that 1,25(OH)2VD3 suppresses inflammasome activation via VDR signaling. Furthermore, nigericin induced K+ efflux and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and 1,25(OH)2VD3 pretreatment suppressed nigericin-induced ROS production. 1,25(OH)2VD3 increased the expression of both nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), whereas HO-1 inhibition or NRF2 and HO-1 knockdown abrogated the inhibitory effects of 1,25(OH)2VD3 on IL-1β secretion. Our results indicate that 1,25(OH)2VD3 inhibits nigericin-induced activation step of NLRP1 inflammasome activation in unprimed keratinocytes. Our findings reveal the mechanism underlying the inhibitory effect of 1,25(OH)2VD3, which involves NRF2-HO-1 pathway activation through the VDR, providing further insight into the potential function of 1,25(OH)2VD3 as a therapeutic agent for inflammasome-related skin diseases.

Effects of vitamin D-related gene polymorphisms on attempted suicide

OBJECTIVE

Emerging evidence suggests that vitamin D might protect from attempted suicide. The study aimed to investigate the associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to vitamin D levels identified in a large genome-wide association study and attempted suicide in rural China.

METHODS

This 1:1 matched case-control study included altogether 510 suicide attempters and 510 community controls. Genotypes of four target SNPs (DHCR7-rs12785878, CYP2R1-rs10741657, GC-rs2282679, and CYP24A1-rs6013897) were determined, and a genetic risk score (GRS) was constructed to evaluate the combined effect of them. Demographic and psychological information was acquired through face-to-face interviews.

RESULTS

The A allele of CYP24A1-rs6013897 was significantly associated with attempted suicide (OR = 1.27, 95% CI, 1.03-1.58, P = 0.029), even after adjusting for demographic and psychological confounders (adjusted OR = 1.53, 95% CI, 1.01-2.30, P = 0.043). The GRS analyses revealed a significantly higher risk of attempted suicide with a greater number of low vitamin D alleles (adjusted OR = 1.33, 95% CI, 1.13-1.58, P < 0.001). Subgroup analyses stratified by sex indicated that the genetic associations were only significant among males with adjusted ORs of 3.77 (95% CI, 1.56-9.10) for the A allele of rs6013897 and 2.04 (95% CI, 1.32-3.17) for GRS.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings identity CYP24A1-rs6013897 as a potential biomarker for attempted suicide and indicate that a genetic predisposition to lower vitamin D levels may contribute to attempted suicide. It suggests the possibility that vitamin D may have the preventive potential for attempted suicide.

Analysis of Suicidal Behavior and Chronicity of Depressive Symptoms in the Presence of Hypovitaminosis D

Background:

One of the risk factors for suicide includes the presence of depressive disorder and symptoms, which may be related to the reduction of 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels. In this scenario, evidence shows vitamin D deficiency as an important aspect, directly related to depressive disorder chronicity.

Objective:

To assess the association between Vitamin D serum levels and the intensity of depressive symptoms and suicidal behavior in a clinical sample of depressed patients.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study with 146 patients aged between 18 and 59, seen in two psychiatry ambulatories. Data collection involved measurement of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and assessment of the intensity of depressive symptoms and suicide risk.

Results:

In the sample, 35% presented low Vitamin D serum levels and, in these individuals, the incidence of family history of Depressive Disorder (95.2%) and chronicity of severe depressive symptoms (47.8%) was higher. As to suicidal behavior, both groups presented high active suicide risk, with higher rates in the group with hypovitaminosis D. Only suicidal ideation was linked to lower Vitamin D levels (67.4% p= 0,005).

Conclusion:

In this study, hypovitaminosis D was associated with negative mental health outcomes, such as more severe chronicity of depressive symptoms and suicidal behavior, characterized by active suicidal ideation.

Low vitamin D levels and the long-term functional outcome of stroke up to 5 years

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Previous studies have established that vitamin D was associated with stroke. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between vitamin D and 5-year outcome of patients with stroke including acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) stroke.

METHODS

Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were prospectively analyzed in patients admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University from 2013 to 2015. Modified Rankin scale (mRS) was used to evaluate their 5-year functional outcome, and univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were applied to evaluate the effects of vitamin D on stroke outcome.

RESULTS

In total, 668 patients diagnosed with stroke were recruited, and 420 completed the 5-year follow-up. Ninety-five patients experienced poor outcome in the 5 years since stroke onset. Vitamin D levels in patients with poor outcome showed significant differences compared to good outcome patients (p < .001). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, after adjusting the potential confounders, the 5-year functional outcome was significantly associated with vitamin D levels. Stroke patients with vitamin D levels less than 38.4 nmol/L had a higher risk for poor outcome compared with those with vitamin D level over 71.4 nmol/L at 5-year (odds ratio [OR] = 3.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.42-9.45, p = .007), which was consistent with AIS patients (OR = 6.36, 95% CI = 1.89-21.44, p = .003).

CONCLUSION

Vitamin D level less than 38.4 nmol/L at admission is a potential risk biomarker for poor functional outcome at 5-year prognosis in AIS patients, which might provide new ideas for the prognostic assessment of stroke.

Immunostimulant and Antidepressant Effect of Natural Compounds in the Management of Covid-19 Symptoms

In recent years, the use of natural compounds as adjuvant treatments and alternatives to traditional pharmacological therapies has become increasingly popular. These compounds have a wide range of biological effects, such as: antioxidant, anti-aging, hypocholesterolizing, hypoglycemic, antitumoral, antidepressant, anxiolytic activity, etc. Almost all of these compounds are easily available and are contained in different foods. At the end of 2019 the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 appeared in China and quickly spread throughout the world, causing a pandemic. The most common symptoms of this infection are dry cough, fever, dyspnea, and in severe cases bilateral interstitial pneumonia, with consequences that can lead to death. The nations, in trying to prevent the spread of infection, have imposed social distancing and lockdown measures on their citizens. This had a strong psychological-social impact, leading to phobic, anxious and depressive states. Pharmacological therapy could be accompanied by treatment with several natural compounds, such as vitamins, baicalein, zinc and essential oils. These compounds possess marked immunostimulant activity, strengthening the immune response and mitigating interactions between the virus and the host cell. They also have an antidepressant effect, acting on certain neurotransmitters.

Update on the Relationship Between Depression and Neuroendocrine Metabolism

Through the past decade of research, the correlation between depression and metabolic diseases has been noticed. More and more studies have confirmed that depression is comorbid with a variety of metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and so on. Studies showed that the underlying mechanisms of both depression and metabolic diseases include chronic inflammatory state, which is significantly related to the severity. In addition, they also involve endocrine, immune systems. At present, the effects of clinical treatments of depression is limited. Therefore, exploring the co-disease mechanism of depression and metabolic diseases is helpful to find a new clinical therapeutic intervention strategy. Herein, focusing on the relationship between depression and metabolic diseases, this manuscript aims to provide an overview of the comorbidity of depression and metabolic.