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Nakagawa N, Iwasato T. Activity-dependent dendrite patterning in the postnatal barrel cortex. Front Neural Circuits 2024; 18:1409993. [PMID: 38827189 PMCID: PMC11140076 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2024.1409993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
For neural circuit construction in the brain, coarse neuronal connections are assembled prenatally following genetic programs, being reorganized postnatally by activity-dependent mechanisms to implement area-specific computational functions. Activity-dependent dendrite patterning is a critical component of neural circuit reorganization, whereby individual neurons rearrange and optimize their presynaptic partners. In the rodent primary somatosensory cortex (barrel cortex), driven by thalamocortical inputs, layer 4 (L4) excitatory neurons extensively remodel their basal dendrites at neonatal stages to ensure specific responses of barrels to the corresponding individual whiskers. This feature of barrel cortex L4 neurons makes them an excellent model, significantly contributing to unveiling the activity-dependent nature of dendrite patterning and circuit reorganization. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of the activity-dependent mechanisms underlying dendrite patterning. Our focus lays on the mechanisms revealed by in vivo time-lapse imaging, and the role of activity-dependent Golgi apparatus polarity regulation in dendrite patterning. We also discuss the type of neuronal activity that could contribute to dendrite patterning and hence connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Mammalian Neural Circuits, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Japan
| | - Takuji Iwasato
- Laboratory of Mammalian Neural Circuits, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Japan
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2
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Samhan-Arias AK, Poejo J, Marques-da-Silva D, Martínez-Costa OH, Gutierrez-Merino C. Are There Lipid Membrane-Domain Subtypes in Neurons with Different Roles in Calcium Signaling? Molecules 2023; 28:7909. [PMID: 38067638 PMCID: PMC10708093 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid membrane nanodomains or lipid rafts are 10-200 nm diameter size cholesterol- and sphingolipid-enriched domains of the plasma membrane, gathering many proteins with different roles. Isolation and characterization of plasma membrane proteins by differential centrifugation and proteomic studies have revealed a remarkable diversity of proteins in these domains. The limited size of the lipid membrane nanodomain challenges the simple possibility that all of them can coexist within the same lipid membrane domain. As caveolin-1, flotillin isoforms and gangliosides are currently used as neuronal lipid membrane nanodomain markers, we first analyzed the structural features of these components forming nanodomains at the plasma membrane since they are relevant for building supramolecular complexes constituted by these molecular signatures. Among the proteins associated with neuronal lipid membrane nanodomains, there are a large number of proteins that play major roles in calcium signaling, such as ionotropic and metabotropic receptors for neurotransmitters, calcium channels, and calcium pumps. This review highlights a large variation between the calcium signaling proteins that have been reported to be associated with isolated caveolin-1 and flotillin-lipid membrane nanodomains. Since these calcium signaling proteins are scattered in different locations of the neuronal plasma membrane, i.e., in presynapses, postsynapses, axonal or dendritic trees, or in the neuronal soma, our analysis suggests that different lipid membrane-domain subtypes should exist in neurons. Furthermore, we conclude that classification of lipid membrane domains by their content in calcium signaling proteins sheds light on the roles of these domains for neuronal activities that are dependent upon the intracellular calcium concentration. Some examples described in this review include the synaptic and metabolic activity, secretion of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, neuronal excitability (long-term potentiation and long-term depression), axonal and dendritic growth but also neuronal cell survival and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro K. Samhan-Arias
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Sols-Morreale’ (CSIC-UAM), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joana Poejo
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Dorinda Marques-da-Silva
- LSRE—Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering and LCM—Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, School of Management and Technology, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Morro do Lena-Alto do Vieiro, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal;
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
- School of Technology and Management, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, Morro do Lena-Alto do Vieiro, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Oscar H. Martínez-Costa
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas ‘Sols-Morreale’ (CSIC-UAM), C/Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Gutierrez-Merino
- Instituto de Biomarcadores de Patologías Moleculares, Universidad de Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
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Janus A, Lustyk K, Pytka K. MK-801 and cognitive functions: Investigating the behavioral effects of a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:2435-2457. [PMID: 37725119 PMCID: PMC10640442 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06454-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE MK-801 (dizocilpine) is a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist originally explored for anticonvulsant potential. Despite its original purpose, its amnestic properties led to the development of pivotal models of various cognitive impairments widely employed in research and greatly impacting scientific progress. MK-801 offers several advantages; however, it also presents drawbacks, including inducing dose-dependent hyperlocomotion or ambiguous effects on anxiety, which can impact the interpretation of behavioral research results. OBJECTIVES The present review attempts to summarize and discuss the effects of MK-801 on different types of memory and cognitive functions in animal studies. RESULTS A plethora of behavioral research suggests that MK-801 can detrimentally impact cognitive functions. The specific effect of this compound is influenced by variables including developmental stage, gender, species, strain, and, crucially, the administered dose. Notably, when considering the undesirable effects of MK-801, doses up to 0.1 mg/kg were found not to induce stereotypy or hyperlocomotion. CONCLUSION Dizocilpine continues to be of significant importance in preclinical research, facilitating the exploration of various procognitive therapeutic agents. However, given its potential undesirable effects, it is imperative to meticulously determine the appropriate dosages and conduct supplementary evaluations for any undesirable outcomes, which could complicate the interpretation of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Janus
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Klaudia Lustyk
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland
| | - Karolina Pytka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688, Krakow, Poland.
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Rupareliya VP, Singh AA, Butt AM, A H, Kumar H. The "molecular soldiers" of the CNS: Astrocytes, a comprehensive review on their roles and molecular signatures. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 959:176048. [PMID: 37758010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
For a long time, neurons held the position of central players in the nervous system. Since there are far more astrocytes than neurons in the brain, it makes us wonder if these cells just take up space and support the neurons or if they are actively participating in central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis. Now, astrocytes' contribution to CNS physiology is appreciated as they are known to regulate ion and neurotransmitter levels, synapse formation and elimination, blood-brain barrier integrity, immune function, cerebral blood flow, and many more. In many neurological and psychiatric disorders, astrocyte functions are altered. Advancements in microscopic and transcriptomic tools revealed populations of astrocytes with varied morphology, electrophysiological properties, and transcriptomic profiles. Neuron-circuit-specific functions and neuron-specific interactions of astroglial subpopulations are found, which suggests that diversity is essential in carrying out diverse region-specific CNS functions. Investigations on heterogeneous astrocyte populations are revealing new astrocyte functions and their role in pathological conditions, opening a new therapeutic avenue for targeting neurological conditions. The true extent of astrocytic heterogeneity and its functional implications are yet to be fully explored. This review summarizes essential astrocytic functions and their relevance in pathological conditions and discusses astrocytic diversity in relation to morphology, function, and gene expression throughout the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vimal P Rupareliya
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Aditya A Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Ayub Mohammed Butt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Hariharan A
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Hemant Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India.
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Hernandez G, Kouwenhoven WM, Poirier E, Lebied K, Lévesque D, Rompré PP. Dorsal raphe stimulation relays a reward signal to the ventral tegmental area via GluN2C NMDA receptors. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293564. [PMID: 37930965 PMCID: PMC10627466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutamate relays a reward signal from the dorsal raphe (DR) to the ventral tegmental area (VTA). However, the role of the different subtypes of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors is complex and not clearly understood. Therefore, we measured NMDA receptors subunits expression in limbic brain areas. In addition, we studied the effects of VTA down-regulation of GluN2C NMDA receptor on the reward signal that arises from DR electrical stimulation. METHODS Using qPCR, we identified the relative composition of the different Grin2a-d subunits of the NMDA receptors in several brain areas. Then, we used fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to evaluate the colocalization of Grin2c and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA in VTA neurons. To assess the role of GluN2C in brain stimulation reward, we downregulated this receptor using small interfering RNA (siRNA) in rats self-stimulating for electrical pulses delivered to the DR. To delineate further the specific role of GluN2C in relaying the reward signal, we pharmacologically altered the function of VTA NMDA receptors by bilaterally microinjecting the NMDA receptor antagonist PPPA. RESULTS We identified GluN2C as the most abundant subunit of the NMDA receptor expressed in the VTA. FISH revealed that about 50% of TH-positive neurons colocalize with Grin2c transcript. siRNA manipulation produced a selective down-regulation of the GluN2C protein subunit and a significant reduction in brain stimulation reward. Interestingly, PPPA enhanced brain stimulation reward, but only in rats that received the nonactive RNA sequence. CONCLUSION The present results suggest that VTA glutamate neurotransmission relays a reward signal initiated by DR stimulation by acting on GluN2C NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Hernandez
- Département de Neurosciences (Faculté de Médecine), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Willemieke M. Kouwenhoven
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie (Faculté de Médecine), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Poirier
- Département de Neurosciences (Faculté de Médecine), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Karim Lebied
- Département de Neurosciences (Faculté de Médecine), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Lévesque
- Département de Pharmacie (Faculté de Pharmacie), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre-Paul Rompré
- Département de Neurosciences (Faculté de Médecine), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Safaie M, Chang JC, Park J, Miller LE, Dudman JT, Perich MG, Gallego JA. Preserved neural dynamics across animals performing similar behaviour. Nature 2023; 623:765-771. [PMID: 37938772 PMCID: PMC10665198 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Animals of the same species exhibit similar behaviours that are advantageously adapted to their body and environment. These behaviours are shaped at the species level by selection pressures over evolutionary timescales. Yet, it remains unclear how these common behavioural adaptations emerge from the idiosyncratic neural circuitry of each individual. The overall organization of neural circuits is preserved across individuals1 because of their common evolutionarily specified developmental programme2-4. Such organization at the circuit level may constrain neural activity5-8, leading to low-dimensional latent dynamics across the neural population9-11. Accordingly, here we suggested that the shared circuit-level constraints within a species would lead to suitably preserved latent dynamics across individuals. We analysed recordings of neural populations from monkey and mouse motor cortex to demonstrate that neural dynamics in individuals from the same species are surprisingly preserved when they perform similar behaviour. Neural population dynamics were also preserved when animals consciously planned future movements without overt behaviour12 and enabled the decoding of planned and ongoing movement across different individuals. Furthermore, we found that preserved neural dynamics extend beyond cortical regions to the dorsal striatum, an evolutionarily older structure13,14. Finally, we used neural network models to demonstrate that behavioural similarity is necessary but not sufficient for this preservation. We posit that these emergent dynamics result from evolutionary constraints on brain development and thus reflect fundamental properties of the neural basis of behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Safaie
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Joanna C Chang
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Junchol Park
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, TX, USA
| | - Lee E Miller
- Departments of Physiology, Biomedical Engineering and Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University and Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua T Dudman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, TX, USA
| | - Matthew G Perich
- Département de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- Mila, Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Juan A Gallego
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Li Y, Zhi W, Qi B, Wang L, Hu X. Update on neurobiological mechanisms of fear: illuminating the direction of mechanism exploration and treatment development of trauma and fear-related disorders. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1216524. [PMID: 37600761 PMCID: PMC10433239 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1216524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Fear refers to an adaptive response in the face of danger, and the formed fear memory acts as a warning when the individual faces a dangerous situation again, which is of great significance to the survival of humans and animals. Excessive fear response caused by abnormal fear memory can lead to neuropsychiatric disorders. Fear memory has been studied for a long time, which is of a certain guiding effect on the treatment of fear-related disorders. With continuous technological innovations, the study of fear has gradually shifted from the level of brain regions to deeper neural (micro) circuits between brain regions and even within single brain regions, as well as molecular mechanisms. This article briefly outlines the basic knowledge of fear memory and reviews the neurobiological mechanisms of fear extinction and relapse, which aims to provide new insights for future basic research on fear emotions and new ideas for treating trauma and fear-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- College of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Weijia Zhi
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Qi
- College of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangjun Hu
- College of Education, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
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Zhang S, Zhao J, Zhao C, Su L, Jiao J. BCAT1 controls embryonic neural stem cells proliferation and differentiation in the upper layer neurons. Mol Brain 2023; 16:53. [PMID: 37344908 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-023-01044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation and differentiation during brain development is a precisely controlled process, with the production of different neuronal subtypes governed by strict timelines. Glutamate is predominantly used as a neurotransmitter by the subtypes of neurons in the various layers of the cerebral cortex. The expression pattern of BCAT1, a gene involved in glutamate metabolism, in the different layers of neurons has yet to be fully understood. Using single-cell data, we have identified seven different states of NSCs and found that state 4 is closely associated with the development of projection neurons. By inferring the developmental trajectory of different neuronal subtypes from NSC subsets of this state, we discovered that BCAT1 is involved in the regulation of NSC proliferation and differentiation and is specifically highly expressed in layer II/III and IV neurons. Suppression of BCAT1 through shRNA resulted in a reduction in NSC proliferation and an abnormal development of layer II/III and IV neurons. These findings provide new insights into the role of BCAT1 in the regulation of NSC behavior and neuronal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukui Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, Shandong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jinyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Cheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Libo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Jianwei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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Epping-Jordan MP, Girard F, Bessis AS, Mutel V, Boléa C, Derouet F, Bessif A, Mingard B, Barbier S, Paradis JS, Rocher JP, Lütjens R, Kalinichev M, Poli S. Effect of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Type 5 Negative Allosteric Modulator Dipraglurant on Motor and Non-Motor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2023; 12:1004. [PMID: 37048075 PMCID: PMC10093229 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) patients suffer not only from the primary motor symptoms of the disease but also from a range of non-motor symptoms (NMS) that cause disability and low quality of life. Excessive glutamate activity in the basal ganglia resulting from degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway has been implicated in the motor symptoms, NMS and dyskinesias in PD patients. In this study, we investigated the effects of a selective mGlu5 negative allosteric modulator (NAM), dipraglurant, in a rodent motor symptoms model of PD, but also in models of anxiety, depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder, all of which are among the most prevalent NMS symptoms. Dipraglurant is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, readily crosses the blood-brain barrier, and exhibits a high correlation between plasma concentration and efficacy in behavioral models. In vivo, dipraglurant dose-dependently reduced haloperidol-induced catalepsy, increased punished licks in the Vogel conflict-drinking model, decreased immobility time in the forced swim test, decreased the number of buried marbles in the marble-burying test, but had no effect on rotarod performance or locomotor activity. These findings suggest that dipraglurant may have benefits to address some of the highly problematic comorbid non-motor symptoms of PD, in addition to its antidyskinetic effect demonstrated in PD-LID patients.
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Quantitative analysis of NMDA receptor subunits proteins in mouse brain. Neurochem Int 2023; 165:105517. [PMID: 36913980 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) are tetrameric channel complex composed of two subunits of GluN1, which is encoded by a single gene and diversified by alternative splicing, and two subunits from four subtypes of GluN2, leading to various combinations of subunits and channel specificities. However, there is no comprehensive quantitative analysis of GluN subunit proteins for relative comparison, and their compositional ratios at various regions and developmental stages have not been clarified. Here we prepared six chimeric subunits, by fusing an N-terminal side of the GluA1 subunit with a C-terminal side of each of two splicing isoforms of GluN1 subunit and four GluN2 subunits, with which titers of respective NMDAR subunit antibodies could be standardized using common GluA1 antibody, thus enabling quantification of relative protein levels of each NMDAR subunit by western blotting. We determined relative protein amounts of NMDAR subunits in crude, membrane (P2) and microsomal fractions prepared from the cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum in adult mice. We also examined amount changes in the three brain regions during developmental stages. Their relative amounts in the cortical crude fraction were almost parallel to those of mRNA expression, except for some subunits. Interestingly, a considerable amount of GluN2D protein existed in adult brains, although its transcription level declines after early postnatal stages. GluN1 was larger in quantity than GluN2 in the crude fraction, whereas GluN2 increased in the membrane component-enriched P2 fraction, except in the cerebellum. These data will provide the basic spatio-temporal information on the amount and composition of NMDARs.
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11
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Gimenez-Gomez P, Le T, Martin GE. Modulation of neuronal excitability by binge alcohol drinking. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1098211. [PMID: 36866357 PMCID: PMC9971943 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1098211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug use poses a serious threat to health systems throughout the world. The number of consumers rises every year being alcohol the drug of abuse most consumed causing 3 million deaths (5.3% of all deaths) worldwide and 132.6 million disability-adjusted life years. In this review, we present an up-to-date summary about what is known regarding the global impact of binge alcohol drinking on brains and how it affects the development of cognitive functions, as well as the various preclinical models used to probe its effects on the neurobiology of the brain. This will be followed by a detailed report on the state of our current knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the effects of binge drinking on neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity, with an emphasis on brain regions of the meso-cortico limbic neurocircuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Gimenez-Gomez
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- The Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Timmy Le
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- The Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Worcester, MA, United States
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Gilles E. Martin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- The Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Worcester, MA, United States
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12
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Liu L, Gao H, Li J, Chen S. Probing microdomain Ca 2+ activity and synaptic transmission with a node-based tripartite synapse model. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 3:1111306. [PMID: 36926546 PMCID: PMC10013067 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2023.1111306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytic fine processes are the most minor structures of astrocytes but host much of the Ca2+ activity. These localized Ca2+ signals spatially restricted to microdomains are crucial for information processing and synaptic transmission. However, the mechanistic link between astrocytic nanoscale processes and microdomain Ca2+ activity remains hazily understood because of the technical difficulties in accessing this structurally unresolved region. In this study, we used computational models to disentangle the intricate relations of morphology and local Ca2+ dynamics involved in astrocytic fine processes. We aimed to answer: 1) how nano-morphology affects local Ca2+ activity and synaptic transmission, 2) and how fine processes affect Ca2+ activity of large process they connect. To address these issues, we undertook the following two computational modeling: 1) we integrated the in vivo astrocyte morphological data from a recent study performed with super-resolution microscopy that discriminates sub-compartments of various shapes, referred to as nodes and shafts to a classic IP3R-mediated Ca2+ signaling framework describing the intracellular Ca2+ dynamics, 2) we proposed a node-based tripartite synapse model linking with astrocytic morphology to predict the effect of structural deficits of astrocytes on synaptic transmission. Extensive simulations provided us with several biological insights: 1) the width of nodes and shafts could strongly influence the spatiotemporal variability of Ca2+ signals properties but what indeed determined the Ca2+ activity was the width ratio between nodes and shafts, 2) the connectivity of nodes to larger processes markedly shaped the Ca2+ signal of the parent process rather than nodes morphology itself, 3) the morphological changes of astrocytic part might potentially induce the abnormality of synaptic transmission by affecting the level of glutamate at tripartite synapses. Taken together, this comprehensive model which integrated theoretical computation and in vivo morphological data highlights the role of the nanomorphology of astrocytes in signal transmission and its possible mechanisms related to pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langzhou Liu
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huayi Gao
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinyu Li
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shangbin Chen
- Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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13
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Wang H, Wang X, Li M, Sun H, Chen Q, Yan D, Dong X, Pan Y, Lu S. Genome-wide association study reveals genetic loci and candidate genes for meat quality traits in a four-way crossbred pig population. Front Genet 2023; 14:1001352. [PMID: 36814900 PMCID: PMC9939654 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1001352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Meat quality traits (MQTs) have gained more attention from breeders due to their increasing economic value in the commercial pig industry. In this genome-wide association study (GWAS), 223 four-way intercross pigs were genotyped using the specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) and phenotyped for PH at 45 min post mortem (PH45), meat color score (MC), marbling score (MA), water loss rate (WL), drip loss (DL) in the longissimus muscle, and cooking loss (CL) in the psoas major muscle. A total of 227, 921 filtered single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) evenly distributed across the entire genome were detected to perform GWAS. A total of 64 SNPs were identified for six meat quality traits using the mixed linear model (MLM), of which 24 SNPs were located in previously reported QTL regions. The phenotypic variation explained (PVE) by the significant SNPs was from 2.43% to 16.32%. The genomic heritability estimates based on SNP for six meat-quality traits were low to moderate (0.07-0.47) being the lowest for CL and the highest for DL. A total of 30 genes located within 10 kb upstream or downstream of these significant SNPs were found. Furthermore, several candidate genes for MQTs were detected, including pH45 (GRM8), MC (ANKRD6), MA (MACROD2 and ABCG1), WL (TMEM50A), CL (PIP4K2A) and DL (CDYL2, CHL1, ABCA4, ZAG and SLC1A2). This study provided substantial new evidence for several candidate genes to participate in different pork quality traits. The identification of these SNPs and candidate genes provided a basis for molecular marker-assisted breeding and improvement of pork quality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyu Wang
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China,Faculty of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Mingli Li
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Dawei Yan
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xinxing Dong
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuchun Pan
- Faculty of Animal Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Yuchun Pan, ; Shaoxiong Lu,
| | - Shaoxiong Lu
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China,*Correspondence: Yuchun Pan, ; Shaoxiong Lu,
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14
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Chaki S, Watanabe M. Antidepressants in the post-ketamine Era: Pharmacological approaches targeting the glutamatergic system. Neuropharmacology 2023; 223:109348. [PMID: 36423706 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy of currently available medications for depression is unsatisfactory, and that has spurred the development of novel antidepressants based on a hypothesis other than the monoamine hypothesis. Recent studies have revealed the importance of the glutamatergic system as a drug target for depression, and the validity of this hypothesis has been underpinned by the discovery of the antidepressant effects of ketamine, leading to the market launch of Spravato® nasal spray which delivers (S)-ketamine (esketamine). However, both ketamine and esketamine have unwanted adverse effects that hinder their routine use in daily practice. Extensive studies have elucidated the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of ketamine, and that has encouraged numerous drug discovery activities to search for agents that retain a ketamine-like antidepressant profile but with lesser adverse effect liabilities. The discovery activities have included attempts to identify 1) the active substance(s) in the circulation after ketamine administration and 2) agents that act on the proposed mechanisms of action of ketamine. Clinical trials of agents discovered in the course of these activities are underway, and in 2022, AUVELITY™ (AXS-05; dextromethorphan with bupropion) was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. Drug development of post-ketamine agents should provide novel antidepressants that are safer, but as potent and rapidly acting as ketamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Chaki
- Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-403 Yoshino-cho, Kita-ku, Saitama, Saitama 331-9530, Japan.
| | - Mai Watanabe
- Taisho Pharmaceutical R&D Inc., 350 Mt. Kemble Avenue, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA.
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15
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Protasova MS, Andreeva TV, Klyushnikov SA, Illarioshkin SN, Rogaev EI. Genetic Variant in GRM1 Underlies Congenital Cerebellar Ataxia with No Obvious Intellectual Disability. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021551. [PMID: 36675067 PMCID: PMC9865416 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) plays a crucial role in slow excitatory postsynaptic conductance, synapse formation, synaptic plasticity, and motor control. The GRM1 gene is expressed mainly in the brain, with the highest expression in the cerebellum. Mutations in the GRM1 gene have previously been known to cause autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxias. In this study, whole-exome sequencing of a patient from a family of Azerbaijani origin with a diagnosis of congenital cerebellar ataxia was performed, and a new homozygous missense mutation in the GRM1 gene was identified. The mutation leads to the homozygous amino acid substitution of p.Thr824Arg in an evolutionarily highly conserved region encoding the transmembrane domain 7, which is critical for ligand binding and modulating of receptor activity. This is the first report in which a mutation has been identified in the last transmembrane domain of the mGluR1, causing a congenital autosomal recessive form of cerebellar ataxia with no obvious intellectual disability. Additionally, we summarized all known presumable pathogenic genetic variants in the GRM1 gene to date. We demonstrated that multiple rare variants in the GRM1 underlie a broad diversity of clinical neurological and behavioral phenotypes depending on the nature and protein topology of the mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S. Protasova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Andreeva
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Genetics and Life Science, Department of Genetics, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Centre for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119192 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (T.V.A.); (E.I.R.)
| | | | | | - Evgeny I. Rogaev
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Genetics and Life Science, Department of Genetics, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Department of Psychiatry, UMass Chan Medical School, Shrewsbury, MA 01545, USA
- Correspondence: (T.V.A.); (E.I.R.)
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16
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Baskerville R, McGrath T, Castell L. The effects of physical activity on glutamate neurotransmission in neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1147384. [PMID: 36949894 PMCID: PMC10025343 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1147384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) is an effective way of increasing cognitive and emotional health and counteracting many psychiatric conditions. Numerous neurobiological models for depression have emerged in the past 30 years but many struggle to incorporate the effects of exercise. The hippocampus and pre-frontal cortex (PFC) containing predominantly glutamate neurotransmission, are the centres of changes seen in depression. There is therefore increasing interest in glutamatergic systems which offers new paradigms of understanding mechanisms connecting physical activity, stress, inflammation and depression, not explained by the serotonin theories of depression. Similar hippocampal glutamate dysfunction is observed in many other neuropsychiatric conditions. Excitatory glutamate neurones have high functionality, but also high ATP requirements and are therefore vulnerable to glucocorticoid or pro-inflammatory stress that causes mitochondrial dysfunction, with synaptic loss, culminating in depressed mood and cognition. Exercise improves mitochondrial function, angiogenesis and synaptogenesis. Within the glutamate hypothesis of depression, the mechanisms of stress and inflammation have been extensively researched, but PA as a mitigator is less understood. This review examines the glutamatergic mechanisms underlying depression and the evidence of physical activity interventions within this framework. A dynamic glutamate-based homeostatic model is suggested whereby stress, neuroinflammation and PA form counterbalancing influences on hippocampal cell functionality, which manifests as depression and other neuropsychiatric conditions when homeostasis is disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Baskerville
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Correspondence: Richard Baskerville
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17
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Frank D, Gruenbaum BF, Zlotnik A, Semyonov M, Frenkel A, Boyko M. Pathophysiology and Current Drug Treatments for Post-Stroke Depression: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315114. [PMID: 36499434 PMCID: PMC9738261 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a biopsychosocial disorder that affects individuals who have suffered a stroke at any point. PSD has a 20 to 60 percent reported prevalence among stroke survivors. Its effects are usually adverse, can lead to disability, and may increase mortality if not managed or treated early. PSD is linked to several other medical conditions, including anxiety, hyper-locomotor activity, and poor functional recovery. Despite significant awareness of its adverse impacts, understanding the pathogenesis of PSD has proved challenging. The exact pathophysiology of PSD is unknown, yet its complexity has been definitively shown, involving mechanisms such as dysfunction of monoamine, the glutamatergic systems, the gut-brain axis, and neuroinflammation. The current effectiveness of PSD treatment is about 30-40 percent of all cases. In this review, we examined different pathophysiological mechanisms and current pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches for the treatment of PSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Frank
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
- Correspondence: or
| | - Benjamin F. Gruenbaum
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Alexander Zlotnik
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Michael Semyonov
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Amit Frenkel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Matthew Boyko
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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18
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Are mGluR2/3 Inhibitors Potential Compounds for Novel Antidepressants? Cell Mol Neurobiol 2022:10.1007/s10571-022-01310-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01310-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDepression is the most common mental illness characterized by anhedonia, avolition and loss of appetite and motivation. The majority of conventional antidepressants are monoaminergic system selective inhibitors, yet the efficacies are not sufficient. Up to 30% of depressed patients are resistant to treatment with available antidepressants, underscoring the urgent need for development of novel therapeutics to meet clinical needs. Recent years, compounds acting on the glutamate system have attracted wide attention because of their strong, rapid and sustained antidepressant effects. Among them, selective inhibitors of metabotropic glutamate receptors 2 and 3 (mGluR2/3) have shown robust antidepressant benefits with fewer side-effects in both preclinical and clinical studies. Thus, we here attempt to summarize the antidepressant effects and underlying mechanisms of these inhibitors revealed in recent years as well as analyze the potential value of mGluR2/3 selective inhibitors in the treatment of depression.
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19
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Mechanistic Insights into the Neuroprotective Potential of Sacred Ficus Trees. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224731. [PMID: 36432418 PMCID: PMC9695857 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ficus religiosa (Bo tree or sacred fig) and Ficus benghalensis (Indian banyan) are of immense spiritual and therapeutic importance. Various parts of these trees have been investigated for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hepatoprotective, dermoprotective, and nephroprotective properties. Previous reviews of Ficus mostly discussed traditional usages, photochemistry, and pharmacological activities, though comprehensive reviews of the neuroprotective potential of these Ficus species extracts and/or their important phytocompounds are lacking. The interesting phytocompounds from these trees include many bengalenosides, carotenoids, flavonoids (leucopelargonidin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, leucopelargonidin-3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, lupeol, cetyl behenate, and α-amyrin acetate), flavonols (kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin), leucocyanidin, phytosterols (bergapten, bergaptol, lanosterol, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol), terpenes (α-thujene, α-pinene, β-pinene, α-terpinene, limonene, β-ocimene, β-bourbonene, β-caryophyllene, α-trans-bergamotene, α-copaene, aromadendrene, α-humulene, alloaromadendrene, germacrene, γ-cadinene, and δ-cadinene), and diverse polyphenols (tannin, wax, saponin, leucoanthocyanin), contributing significantly to their pharmacological effects, ranging from antimicrobial action to neuroprotection. This review presents extensive mechanistic insights into the neuroprotective potential, especially important phytochemicals from F. religiosa and F. benghalensis. Owing to the complex pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), the currently existing drugs merely alleviate the symptoms. Hence, bioactive compounds with potent neuroprotective effects through a multitarget approach would be of great interest in developing pharmacophores for the treatment of NDDs.
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20
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Dogra S, Putnam J, Conn PJ. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 as a potential therapeutic target for psychiatric and neurological disorders. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 221:173493. [PMID: 36402243 PMCID: PMC9729465 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS) and abnormalities in the glutamatergic system underlie various CNS disorders. As metabotropic glutamate receptor 3 (mGlu3 receptor) regulates glutamatergic transmission in various brain areas, emerging literature suggests that targeting mGlu3 receptors can be a novel approach to the treatment of psychiatric and neurological disorders. For example, mGlu3 receptor negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) induce rapid antidepressant-like effects in both acute and chronic stress models. Activation of mGlu3 receptors can enhance cognition in the rodents modeling schizophrenia-like pathophysiology. The mGlu3 receptors expressed in the astrocytes induce neuroprotective effects. Although polymorphisms in GRM3 have been shown to be associated with addiction, there is not significant evidence about the efficacy of mGlu3 receptor ligands in rodent models of addiction. Collectively, drugs targeting mGlu3 receptors may provide an alternative approach to fill the unmet clinical need for safer and more efficacious therapeutics for CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Dogra
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jason Putnam
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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21
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Transcriptional regulation of NRF1 on metabotropic glutamate receptors in a neonatal hypoxic‑ischemic encephalopathy rat model. Pediatr Res 2022:10.1038/s41390-022-02353-9. [PMID: 36280709 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-022-02353-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a kind of brain injury that causes severe neurological disorders in newborns. Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are significantly associated with HIE and are involved in ischemia-induced excitotoxicity. This study aimed to investigate the upstream mechanisms of mGluRs and the transcriptional regulation by nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1). METHODS The rat model of neonatal HIE was created using unilateral carotid artery ligation and in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation paradigm. We used western blot, immunofluorescence, Nissl staining, and Morris water maze to investigate the impact of NRF1 on brain damage and learning memory deficit by HIE. We performed ChIP and luciferase activities to identify the transcriptional regulation of NRF1 on mGluRs. RESULTS The neuronal NRF1 and some glutamatergic genes expression synchronously declined in infarcted tissues. The NRF1 overexpression effectively restored the expression of some glutamatergic genes and improved cognitive performance. NRF1 regulated some members of mGluRs and iGluRs in hypoxic-ischemic neurons. Finally, NRF1 is bound to the promoter regions of Grm1, Grm2, and Grm8 to activate their transcription. CONCLUSIONS NRF1 is involved in the pathology of the neonatal HIE rat model, suggesting a novel therapeutic approach to neonatal HIE. IMPACT NRF1 and some glutamatergic genes were synchronously downregulated in the infarcted brain of the neonatal HIE rat model. NRF1 overexpression could rescue cognitive impairment caused by the neonatal HIE rat model. NRF1 regulated the expressions of Grm1, Grm2, and Grm8, which activated their transcription by binding to the promoter regions.
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22
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Xiao W, Li J, Gao X, Yang H, Su J, Weng R, Gao Y, Ni W, Gu Y. Involvement of the gut-brain axis in vascular depression via tryptophan metabolism: A benefit of short chain fatty acids. Exp Neurol 2022; 358:114225. [PMID: 36100045 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral hemodynamic dysfunction and hypoperfusion have been found to underlie vascular depression, but whether the gut-brain axis is involved remains unknown. In this study, a rat model of bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) was adopted to mimic chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. A reduced sucrose preference ratio, increased immobility time in the tail suspension test and forced swim test, and compromised gut homeostasis were found. A promoted conversion of tryptophan (Trp) into kynurenine (Kyn) instead of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was observed in the hippocampus and gut of BCCAO rats. Meanwhile, 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing suggested a compromised profile of the gut SCFA-producing microbiome, with a decreased serum level of SCFAs revealed by targeted metabolomics analysis. With SCFA supplementation, BCCAO rats exhibited ameliorated depressive-like behaviors and improved gut dysbiosis, compared with the salt-matched BCCAO group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and quantitative RT-PCR suggested that SCFA supplementation suppressed the conversion of Trp to Kyn and rescued the reduction in 5-HT levels in the hippocampus and gut. In addition to inhibiting the upregulation of inflammatory cytokines, SCFA supplementation ameliorated the activated oxidative stress and reduced the number of microglia and the expression of its proinflammatory markers in the hippocampus post BCCAO. In conclusion, our data suggested the participation of the gut-brain axis in vascular depression, shedding light on the neuroprotective potential of treatment with gut-derived SCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai 200052, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai 200052, China; National Medical Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jiaying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinjie Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai 200052, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai 200052, China; National Medical Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Heng Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai 200052, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai 200052, China; National Medical Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Jiabin Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai 200052, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai 200052, China; National Medical Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Ruiyuan Weng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai 200052, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai 200052, China; National Medical Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Wei Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai 200052, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai 200052, China; National Medical Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai 200040, China.
| | - Yuxiang Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China; Institute of Neurosurgery, Fudan University, Shanghai 200052, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Shanghai 200052, China; National Medical Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai 200040, China
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Role of Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147807. [PMID: 35887155 PMCID: PMC9317389 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are G-protein-coupled receptors that exhibit enormous diversity in their expression patterns, sequence homology, pharmacology, biophysical properties and signaling pathways in the brain. In general, mGluRs modulate different traits of neuronal physiology, including excitability and plasticity processes. Particularly, group I mGluRs located at the pre- or postsynaptic compartments are involved in spike timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) at hippocampal and neocortical synapses. Their roles of participating in the underlying mechanisms for detection of activity coincidence in STDP induction are debated, and diverse findings support models involving mGluRs in STDP forms in which NMDARs do not operate as classical postsynaptic coincidence detectors. Here, we briefly review the involvement of group I mGluRs in STDP and their possible role as coincidence detectors.
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Harbers M, Nakao H, Watanabe T, Matsuyama K, Tohyama S, Nakao K, Kishimoto Y, Kano M, Aiba A. mGluR5 Is Substitutable for mGluR1 in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells for Motor Coordination, Developmental Synapse Elimination, and Motor Learning. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132004. [PMID: 35805089 PMCID: PMC9265771 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) include mGluR1 and mGluR5, which are coupled to the Gq family of heterotrimeric G-proteins and readily activated by their selective agonist 3,5-dihydroxyphenilglycine (DHPG). mGluR1 and mGluR5 exhibit nearly complementary distributions spatially or temporally in the central nervous system (CNS). In adult cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs), mGluR1 is a dominant group I mGluR and mGluR5 is undetectable. mGluR1 expression increases substantially during the first three weeks of postnatal development and remains high throughout adulthood. On the other hand, mGluR5 expression is observed during the first two postnatal weeks and then decreases. However, functional differences between mGluR1 and mGluR5 in the CNS remains to be elucidated. To address this issue, we generated “mGluR5-rescue” mice in which mGluR5 is specifically expressed in PCs in global mGluR1-knockout (KO) mice. mGluR5-rescue mice exhibited apparently normal motor coordination, developmental elimination of redundant climbing fiber (CF)-PC synapses, and delay eyeblink conditioning, which were severely impaired in mGluR1-KO mice. We concluded that mGluR5 is functionally comparable with mGluR1 in cerebellar PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Harbers
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (M.H.); (H.N.); (K.N.)
| | - Harumi Nakao
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (M.H.); (H.N.); (K.N.)
| | - Takaki Watanabe
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (T.W.); (K.M.); (M.K.)
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kyoko Matsuyama
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (T.W.); (K.M.); (M.K.)
| | - Shoichi Tohyama
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (S.T.); (Y.K.)
| | - Kazuki Nakao
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (M.H.); (H.N.); (K.N.)
- Institute of Experimental Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasushi Kishimoto
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan; (S.T.); (Y.K.)
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (T.W.); (K.M.); (M.K.)
- International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo Institutes for Advanced Study, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Atsu Aiba
- Laboratory of Animal Resources, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (M.H.); (H.N.); (K.N.)
- Correspondence:
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Goto JI, Fujii S, Fujiwara H, Mikoshiba K, Yamazaki Y. Synaptic plasticity in hippocampal CA1 neurons of mice lacking inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor-binding protein released with IP 3 (IRBIT). Learn Mem 2022; 29:110-119. [PMID: 35351819 PMCID: PMC8973391 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053542.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In hippocampal CA1 neurons of wild-type mice, a short tetanus (15 or 20 pulses at 100 Hz) or a standard tetanus (100 pulses at 100 Hz) to a naive input pathway induces long-term potentiation (LTP) of the responses. Low-frequency stimulation (LFS; 1000 pulses at 1 Hz) 60 min after the standard tetanus reverses LTP (depotentiation [DP]), while LFS applied 60 min prior to the standard tetanus suppresses LTP induction (LTP suppression). We investigated LTP, DP, and LTP suppression of both field excitatory postsynaptic potentials and population spikes in CA1 neurons of mice lacking the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor (IP3R)-binding protein released with IP3 (IRBIT). The mean magnitudes of LTP induced by short and standard tetanus were not different in mutant and wild-type mice. In contrast, DP and LTP suppression were attenuated in mutant mice, whereby the mean magnitude of responses after LFS or tetanus were significantly greater than in wild-type mice. These results suggest that, in hippocampal CA1 neurons, IRBIT is involved in DP and LTP suppression, but is not essential for LTP. The attenuation of DP and LTP suppression in mice lacking IRBIT indicates that this protein, released during or after priming stimulations, determines the direction of LTP expression after the delivery of subsequent stimulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Goto
- Department of Physiology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujii
- Department of Physiology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Hiroki Fujiwara
- Department of Physiology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Mikoshiba
- Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, Center for Brain Science, Riken, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Yamazaki
- Department of Physiology, Yamagata University School of Medicine, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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Yuan G, Dhaynaut M, Lan Y, Guehl NJ, Huynh D, Iyengar SM, Afshar S, Jain MK, Pickett JE, Kang HJ, Wang H, Moon SH, Ondrechen MJ, Wang C, Shoup TM, El Fakhri G, Normandin MD, Brownell AL. Synthesis and Characterization of 5-(2-Fluoro-4-[ 11C]methoxyphenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2 H-pyrano[2,3- b]pyridine-7-carboxamide as a PET Imaging Ligand for Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2. J Med Chem 2022; 65:2593-2609. [PMID: 35089713 PMCID: PMC9434702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGluR2) is a therapeutic target for several neuropsychiatric disorders. An mGluR2 function in etiology could be unveiled by positron emission tomography (PET). In this regard, 5-(2-fluoro-4-[11C]methoxyphenyl)-2,2-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyrano[2,3-b]pyridine-7-carboxamide ([11C]13, [11C]mG2N001), a potent negative allosteric modulator (NAM), was developed to support this endeavor. [11C]13 was synthesized via the O-[11C]methylation of phenol 24 with a high molar activity of 212 ± 76 GBq/μmol (n = 5) and excellent radiochemical purity (>99%). PET imaging of [11C]13 in rats demonstrated its superior brain heterogeneity and reduced accumulation with pretreatment of mGluR2 NAMs, VU6001966 (9) and MNI-137 (26), the extent of which revealed a time-dependent drug effect of the blocking agents. In a nonhuman primate, [11C]13 selectively accumulated in mGluR2-rich regions and resulted in high-contrast brain images. Therefore, [11C]13 is a potential candidate for translational PET imaging of the mGluR2 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengyang Yuan
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Maeva Dhaynaut
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Yu Lan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Nicolas J Guehl
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Dalena Huynh
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Suhasini M Iyengar
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sepideh Afshar
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Manish Kumar Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Julie E Pickett
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Hye Jin Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Hao Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Sung-Hyun Moon
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Mary Jo Ondrechen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Changning Wang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Timothy M Shoup
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Georges El Fakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Marc D Normandin
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - Anna-Liisa Brownell
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 3rd Avenue, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
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Rapid Regulation of Glutamate Transport: Where Do We Go from Here? Neurochem Res 2022; 47:61-84. [PMID: 33893911 PMCID: PMC8542062 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03329-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). A family of five Na+-dependent transporters maintain low levels of extracellular glutamate and shape excitatory signaling. Shortly after the research group of the person being honored in this special issue (Dr. Baruch Kanner) cloned one of these transporters, his group and several others showed that their activity can be acutely (within minutes to hours) regulated. Since this time, several different signals and post-translational modifications have been implicated in the regulation of these transporters. In this review, we will provide a brief introduction to the distribution and function of this family of glutamate transporters. This will be followed by a discussion of the signals that rapidly control the activity and/or localization of these transporters, including protein kinase C, ubiquitination, glutamate transporter substrates, nitrosylation, and palmitoylation. We also include the results of our attempts to define the role of palmitoylation in the regulation of GLT-1 in crude synaptosomes. In some cases, the mechanisms have been fairly well-defined, but in others, the mechanisms are not understood. In several cases, contradictory phenomena have been observed by more than one group; we describe these studies with the goal of identifying the opportunities for advancing the field. Abnormal glutamatergic signaling has been implicated in a wide variety of psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Although recent studies have begun to link regulation of glutamate transporters to the pathogenesis of these disorders, it will be difficult to determine how regulation influences signaling or pathophysiology of glutamate without a better understanding of the mechanisms involved.
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Lee J, Kwag J. Activation of PLCβ1 enhances endocannabinoid mobilization to restore hippocampal spike-timing-dependent potentiation and contextual fear memory impaired by Alzheimer's amyloidosis. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2021; 13:165. [PMID: 34625112 PMCID: PMC8501622 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00901-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Accumulation of amyloid beta oligomers (AβO) in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) impairs hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), leading to memory deficits. Thus, identifying the molecular targets of AβO involved in LTP inhibition is critical for developing therapeutics for AD. Endocannabinoid (eCB) synthesis and release, a process collectively called eCB mobilization by hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells, is known to facilitate LTP induction. eCB can be mobilized either by postsynaptic depolarization in an intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i)-dependent pathway or by group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) activation in a phospholipase Cβ (PLCβ)-dependent pathway. Moreover, group 1 mGluR activation during postsynaptic depolarization, which is likely to occur in vivo during memory processing, can cause synergistic enhancement of eCB (S-eCB) mobilization in a PLCβ-dependent pathway. Although AβO has been shown to disrupt [Ca2+]i-dependent eCB mobilization, the effect of AβO on PLCβ-dependent S-eCB mobilization and its association with LTP and hippocampus-dependent memory impairments in AD is unknown. Methods We used in vitro whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and western blot analyses to investigate the effect of AβO on PLCβ protein levels, PLCβ-dependent S-eCB mobilization, and spike-timing-dependent potentiation (tLTP) in AβO-treated rat hippocampal slices in vitro. In addition, we assessed the relationship between PLCβ protein levels and hippocampus-dependent memory impairment by performing a contextual fear memory task in vivo in the 5XFAD mouse model of AD. Results We found that AβO treatment in rat hippocampal slices in vitro decreased hippocampal PLCβ1 protein levels and disrupted S-eCB mobilization, as measured by western blot analysis and in vitro whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. This consequently led to the impairment of NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated tLTP at CA3-CA1 excitatory synapses in AβO-treated rat hippocampal slices in vitro. Application of the PLCβ activator, m-3M3FBS, in rat hippocampal slices reinstated PLCβ1 protein levels to fully restore S-eCB mobilization and NMDAR-mediated tLTP. In addition, direct hippocampal injection of m-3M3FBS in 5XFAD mice reinstated PLCβ1 protein levels to those observed in wild type control mice and fully restored hippocampus-dependent contextual fear memory in vivo in 5XFAD mice. Conclusion We suggest that these results might be the consequence of memory impairment in AD by disrupting S-eCB mobilization. Therefore, we propose that PLCβ-dependent S-eCB mobilization could provide a new therapeutic strategy for treating memory deficits in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaedong Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeehyun Kwag
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, South Korea.
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Watanabe M, Marcy B, Hiroki A, Watase H, Kinoshita K, Iijima M, Marumo T, Zarate CA, Chaki S. Evaluation of the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetic Profiles of TP0473292 (TS-161), A Prodrug of a Novel Orthosteric mGlu2/3 Receptor Antagonist TP0178894, in Healthy Subjects and Its Antidepressant-Like Effects in Rodents. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 25:106-117. [PMID: 34534292 PMCID: PMC8832229 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TP0473292 (the active ingredient of TS-161) is a prodrug of a novel metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) 2/3 receptor antagonist being developed for the treatment of patients with depression. This study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of orally administered TS-161 in healthy subjects. METHODS This was a first-in-human, phase 1, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-ascending dose (15-400 mg TS-161) and 10-day multiple-ascending dose (50-150 mg TS-161) study in healthy subjects, conducted from June 2019 through February 2020. Plasma and urine concentrations of the prodrug and its metabolites, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of the active metabolite TP0178894 were measured to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profiles after oral administration of TS-161. RESULTS Following single and multiple doses, TP0473292 was extensively converted into its active metabolite TP0178894. Plasma concentrations of TP0178894 reached peak (Cmax) within 5 hours post dose and declined with a t1/2 <13 hours. Plasma exposures of TP0178894 increased with increasing dose. TP0178894 penetrated into CSF and reached a Cmax of 9.892 ng/mL at a single dose of 100 mg, which was comparable with IC50 values of antagonist activity at mGlu2/3 receptors. The most frequently observed adverse events that showed exposure-related incidence during the study were nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. CONCLUSIONS The mGlu2/3 receptor antagonist prodrug TP0473292 is safe and well-tolerated, is orally bioavailable in humans with extensive conversion into the active metabolite TP0178894 with sufficient CSF penetration to exert the anticipated pharmacological effects, and is a promising candidate for further clinical development in treatment of patients with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Watanabe
- Taisho Pharmaceutical R&D Inc., Morristown, New Jersey, USA,Correspondence: Mai Watanabe, MS, Taisho Pharmaceutical R&D Inc., 350 Mt. Kemble Avenue, Morristown, NJ 07960, USA ()
| | - Brian Marcy
- Taisho Pharmaceutical R&D Inc., Morristown, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carlos A Zarate
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Kim G, Kim KS. Hypergravity-induced malfunction was moderated by the regulation of NMDA receptors in the vestibular nucleus. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17420. [PMID: 34465851 PMCID: PMC8408201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97050-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gravity alteration is one of the critical environmental factors in the space, causing various abnormal behaviors related with the malfunctioned vestibular system. Due to the high plastic responses in the central vestibular system, the behavioral failures were resolved in a short period of time (in approx. 72 h). However, the plastic neurotransmission underlying the functional recovery is still elusive. To understand the neurotransmitter-induced plasticity under hypergravity, the extracellular single neuronal recording and the immunohistochemistry were conducted in the vestibular nucleus (VN). The animals were grouped as control, 24-h, 72-h, and 15-day exposing to 4G-hypergravity, and each group had two subgroups based on the origins of neuronal responses, such as canal and otolith. The averaged firing rates in VN showed no significant difference in the subgroups (canal-related: p > 0.105, otolith-related: p > 0.138). Meanwhile, the number of NMDAr was significantly changed by the exposing duration to hypergravity. The NMDAr decreased in 24 h (p = 1.048 × 10–9), and it was retrieved in 72 h and 15 days (p < 4.245 × 10–5). Apparently, the reduction and the retrieval in the number of NMDAr were synchronized with the generation and recovery of the abnormal behaviors. Thus, the plasticity to resolve the hypergravity-induced malfunctional behaviors was conducted by regulating the number of NMDAr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyutae Kim
- Research Institute for Aerospace Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea.
| | - Kyu-Sung Kim
- Research Institute for Aerospace Medicine, Inha University, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Korea
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Longhena F, Faustini G, Brembati V, Pizzi M, Benfenati F, Bellucci A. An updated reappraisal of synapsins: structure, function and role in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:33-60. [PMID: 34407457 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Synapsins (Syns) are phosphoproteins strongly involved in neuronal development and neurotransmitter release. Three distinct genes SYN1, SYN2 and SYN3, with elevated evolutionary conservation, have been described to encode for Synapsin I, Synapsin II and Synapsin III, respectively. Syns display a series of common features, but also exhibit distinctive localization, expression pattern, post-translational modifications (PTM). These characteristics enable their interaction with other synaptic proteins, membranes and cytoskeletal components, which is essential for the proper execution of their multiple functions in neuronal cells. These include the control of synapse formation and growth, neuron maturation and renewal, as well as synaptic vesicle mobilization, docking, fusion, recycling. Perturbations in the balanced expression of Syns, alterations of their PTM, mutations and polymorphisms of their encoding genes induce severe dysregulations in brain networks functions leading to the onset of psychiatric or neurological disorders. This review presents what we have learned since the discovery of Syn I in 1977, providing the state of the art on Syns structure, function, physiology and involvement in central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Longhena
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Gaia Faustini
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Viviana Brembati
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Marina Pizzi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Italian Institute of Technology, Via Morego 30, Genova, Italy; IRCSS Policlinico San Martino Hospital, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genova, Italy.
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy; Laboratory for Preventive and Personalized Medicine, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Viale Europa 11, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
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Abstract
The presence of unprovoked, recurrent seizures, particularly when drug resistant and associated with cognitive and behavioral deficits, warrants investigation for an underlying genetic cause. This article provides an overview of the major classes of genes associated with epilepsy phenotypes divided into functional categories along with the recommended work-up and therapeutic considerations. Gene discovery in epilepsy supports counseling and anticipatory guidance but also opens the door for precision medicine guiding therapy with a focus on those with disease-modifying effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Martinez
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Drive, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yi-Chen Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Drive, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - J Lloyd Holder
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Drive, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anne E Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Drive, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Astrocytic contribution to glutamate-related central respiratory chemoreception in vertebrates. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2021; 294:103744. [PMID: 34302992 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2021.103744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Central respiratory chemoreceptors play a key role in the respiratory homeostasis by sensing CO2 and H+ in brain and activating the respiratory neural network. This ability of specific brain regions to respond to acidosis and hypercapnia is based on neuronal and glial mechanisms. Several decades ago, glutamatergic transmission was proposed to be involved as a main mechanism in central chemoreception. However, a complete identification of mechanism has been elusive. At the rostral medulla, chemosensitive neurons of the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) are glutamatergic and they are stimulated by ATP released by RTN astrocytes in response to hypercapnia. In addition, recent findings show that caudal medullary astrocytes in brainstem can also contribute as CO2 and H+ sensors that release D-serine and glutamate, both gliotransmitters able to activate the respiratory neural network. In this review, we describe the mammalian astrocytic glutamatergic contribution to the central respiratory chemoreception trying to trace in vertebrates the emergence of several components involved in this process.
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Hsu JCN, Sekizawa S, Tochinai R, Kuwahara M. Loss of Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Signaling Exacerbates Hypertension in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11070720. [PMID: 34357092 PMCID: PMC8307370 DOI: 10.3390/life11070720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High blood pressure is a major risk factor of cerebro-cardiovascular outcomes. Blood pressure is partly regulated by the autonomic nervous system and its reflex functions; therefore, we hypothesized that pharmacological intervention in the brainstem that can regulate blood pressure could be a novel therapeutic strategy to control hypertension. We infused a group II metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonist (LY341495, 0.40 μg/day), using a mini-osmotic pump, into the dorsal medulla oblongata in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), as this area is adjacent to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS), of which the neurons are involved in baroreflex pathways with glutamatergic transmission. Blood pressure was recorded for conscious rats with the tail cuff method. A 6-week antagonist treatment from 6 to 12 weeks of age slightly but significantly increased systolic blood pressure by >30 mmHg, compared to that in SHRs without treatment. Moreover, the effect continued even 3 weeks after the treatment ended, and concurred with an increase in blood catecholamine concentration. However, heart rate variability analysis revealed that LY341495 treatment had little effect on autonomic activity. Meanwhile, mRNA expression level of mGluR subtype 2, but not subtype 3 in the brainstem was significantly enhanced by the antagonist treatment in SHRs, possibly compensating the lack of mGluR signaling. In conclusion, mGluR2 signaling in the dorsal brainstem is crucial for preventing the worsening of hypertension over a relatively long period in SHRs, through a mechanism of catecholamine secretion. This may be a specific drug target for hypertension therapy.
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Molecular Basis of Late-Life Depression. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147421. [PMID: 34299040 PMCID: PMC8303929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-life depression (LLD), compared to depression at a young age, is more likely to have poor prognosis and high risk of progression to dementia. A recent systemic review and meta-analysis of the present antidepressants for LLD showed that the treatment response rate was 48% and the remission rate was only 33.7%, thus implying the need to improve the treatment with other approaches in the future. Recently, agents modulating the glutamatergic system have been tested for mental disorders such as schizophrenia, dementia, and depressive disorder. Ketamine, a noncompetitive NMDA receptor (NMDAR) antagonist, requires more evidence from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) to prove its efficacy and safety in treating LLD. The metabotropic receptors (mGluRs) of the glutamatergic system are family G-protein-coupled receptors, and inhibition of the Group II mGluRs subtypes (mGlu2 and mGlu3) was found to be as effective as ketamine in exerting rapid antidepressant activity in some animal studies. Inflammation has been thought to contribute to depression for a long time. The cytokine levels not only increase with age but also decrease serotonin. Regarding LLD, interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) released in vivo are likely to contribute to the reduced serotonin level. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a growth factor and a modulator in the tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) family of tyrosine kinase receptors, probably declines quantitatively with age. Recent studies suggest that BDNF/TrkB decrement may contribute to learning deficits and memory impairment. In the process of aging, physiological changes in combination with geriatric diseases such as vascular diseases result in poorer prognosis of LLD in comparison with that of young-age depression. Treatments with present antidepressants have been generally unsatisfactory. Novel treatments such as anti-inflammatory agents or NMDAR agonists/antagonists require more studies in LLD. Last but not least, LLD and dementia, which share common pathways and interrelate reciprocally, are a great concern. If it is possible to enhance the treatment of LDD, dementia can be prevented or delated.
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Zarrinmayeh H, Territo PR. Purinergic Receptors of the Central Nervous System: Biology, PET Ligands, and Their Applications. Mol Imaging 2021; 19:1536012120927609. [PMID: 32539522 PMCID: PMC7297484 DOI: 10.1177/1536012120927609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic receptors play important roles in central nervous system (CNS). These receptors are involved in cellular neuroinflammatory responses that regulate functions of neurons, microglial and astrocytes. Based on their endogenous ligands, purinergic receptors are classified into P1 or adenosine, P2X and P2Y receptors. During brain injury or under pathological conditions, rapid diffusion of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or uridine triphosphate (UTP) from the damaged cells, promote microglial activation that result in the changes in expression of several of these receptors in the brain. Imaging of the purinergic receptors with selective Positron Emission Tomography (PET) radioligands has advanced our understanding of the functional roles of some of these receptors in healthy and diseased brains. In this review, we have accumulated a list of currently available PET radioligands of the purinergic receptors that are used to elucidate the receptor functions and participations in CNS disorders. We have also reviewed receptors lacking radiotracer, laying the foundation for future discoveries of novel PET radioligands to reveal these receptors roles in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamideh Zarrinmayeh
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Paul R Territo
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Targeting metabotropic glutamate receptors for the treatment of depression and other stress-related disorders. Neuropharmacology 2021; 196:108687. [PMID: 34175327 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of robust antidepressant effects of ketamine in refractory patients has led to increasing focus on agents targeting glutamatergic signaling as potential novel antidepressant strategy. Among the agents targeting the glutamatergic system, compounds acting at metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors are among the most promising agents under studies for depressive disorders. Further, the receptor diversity, distinct distribution in the CNS, and ability to modulate the glutamatergic neurotransmission in the brain areas implicated in mood disorders make them an exciting target for stress-related disorders. In preclinical models, antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of mGlu5 negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) have been reported. Interestingly, mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists show fast and sustained antidepressant-like effects similar to that of ketamine in rodents. Excitingly, they can also induce antidepressant effects in the animal models of treatment-resistant depression and are devoid of the side-effects associated with ketamine. Unfortunately, clinical trials of both mGlu5 and mGlu2/3 receptor NAMs have been inconclusive, and additional trials using other compounds with suitable preclinical and clinical properties are needed. Although group III mGlu receptors have gained less attention, mGlu7 receptor ligands have been shown to induce antidepressant-like effects in rodents. Collectively, compounds targeting mGlu receptors provide an alternative approach to fill the outstanding clinical need for safer and more efficacious antidepressants. This article is part of the special Issue on "Glutamate Receptors - mGluRs".
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Wang HQ, Wang ZZ, Chen NH. The receptor hypothesis and the pathogenesis of depression: Genetic bases and biological correlates. Pharmacol Res 2021; 167:105542. [PMID: 33711432 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Depression has become one of the most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by anhedonia, anxiety, pessimism, or even suicidal thoughts. Receptor theory has been pointed out to explain the pathogenesis of depression, while it is still subject to debate. Additionally, gene abnormality accounts for nearly 40-50% of depression risk, which is a significant factor contributing to the onset of depression. Accordingly, studying on receptors and their gene abnormality are critical parts of the research on internal causes of depression. This review summarizes the pathogenesis of depression from six of the most related receptors and their associated genes, including N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor, glucocorticoid receptor, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor, GABAA receptor α2, and dopamine receptor; and several "non-classic" receptors, such as metabotropic glutamate receptor, opioid receptor, and insulin receptor. These receptors have received considerable critical attention and are highly implicated in the onset of depression. We begin by providing the biological mechanisms of action of these receptors on the pathogenesis of depression. Then we review the historical and social context about these receptors. Finally, we discuss the limitations of the current state of knowledge and outline insights on future research directions, aiming to provide more novel targets and theoretical basis for the early prevention, accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qin Wang
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- Hunan University of Chinese Medicine & Hunan Engineering Technology Center of Standardization and Function of Chinese Herbal Decoction Pieces, Changsha 410208, Hunan, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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Martínez-Miguel P, Albalate M, Durán-Laforet V, Peña-Martínez C, de Sequera P, Bouarich H, Peña-Esparragoza K, López-Ongil S, Lizasoain I, Sánchez-Prieto J, Torres M, Moro MÁ, Rodríguez-Puyol D. Effective glutamate clearance from the systemic circulation by hemodialysis: Potential relevance for cerebral ischemia management. Artif Organs 2021; 45:1183-1188. [PMID: 33560549 DOI: 10.1111/aor.13933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
High glutamate levels after head trauma or cerebral ischemia have neurotoxic effects. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of hemodialysis to remove glutamate from the blood and to assess the behavior of this small molecule. Ten patients with end-renal disease on hemodialysis were included in the study. Glutamate clearance was evaluated within the first hour of hemodialysis on a midweek dialysis day on five patients who underwent low flux hemodialysis, whereas the other five patients underwent highly efficient hemodialysis (high flux hemodialysis on one day and online hemodiafiltration on another day). Glutamate clearance with hemodialysis was very effective and did not show any differences between the techniques (low flux: 214 [55], high flux: 204 [37], online hemodiafiltration: 202 [16], median (interquartile range), P = .7). Glutamate clearance was almost equivalent to vascular access plasma flow and it was not affected by dialyzer permeability or ultrafiltration rate. After a hemodialysis session, a significant decrease in glutamate blood level was observed (prehemodialysis: 59.7 [36.1], posthemodialysis 37.0 [49.2], P = .005). Dialysis performed under fasting condition showed higher glutamate reduction rate (60%) than that under feeding condition (20%). Hemodialysis may be an effective method to reduce glutamate blood levels, and the molecule clearance does not differ between the different techniques used. Considering previous results in experimental models, hemodialysis without hemodynamic stress, could be considered for reducing glutamate neurotoxic effects in acute ischemic strokes of patients in chronic hemodialysis programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Albalate
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain
| | - Violeta Durán-Laforet
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Peña-Martínez
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia de Sequera
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hanane Bouarich
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Korina Peña-Esparragoza
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Susana López-Ongil
- Fundación de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lizasoain
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Sánchez-Prieto
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Magdalena Torres
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Moro
- Departamento de Farmacología y Toxicología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Rodríguez-Puyol
- Servicio de Nefrología, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.,Departmento de Medicina y Especialidades Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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Group II Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Modulate Sound Evoked and Spontaneous Activity in the Mouse Inferior Colliculus. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0328-20.2020. [PMID: 33334826 PMCID: PMC7814476 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0328-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the functions of Group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs2/3) in the inferior colliculus (IC), a midbrain structure that is a major integration region of the central auditory system. We investigated how these receptors modulate sound-evoked and spontaneous firing in the mouse IC in vivo. We first performed immunostaining and tested hearing thresholds to validate vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT)-ChR2 transgenic mice on a mixed CBA/CaJ x C57BL/6J genetic background. Transgenic animals allowed for optogenetic cell-type identification. Extracellular single neuron recordings were obtained before and after pharmacological mGluR2/3 activation. We observed increased sound-evoked firing, as assessed by the rate-level functions (RLFs), in a subset of both GABAergic and non-GABAergic IC neurons following mGluR2/3 pharmacological activation. These neurons also displayed elevated spontaneous excitability and were distributed throughout the IC area tested, suggesting a widespread mGluR2/3 distribution in the mouse IC.
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Saebi Rad F, Haghparast A, Eliassi A. Ventral Tegmental Area Microinjected-SKF38393 Increases Regular Chow Intake in 18 Hours Food-Deprived Rats. Basic Clin Neurosci 2020; 11:773-780. [PMID: 33850614 PMCID: PMC8019846 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.11.6.2226.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) dopamine neurons play an important role in reward mechanisms of food intake, and VTA dopamine receptors exist on the terminal of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons and regulate Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) and glutamate release. To our knowledge, no evidence indicates any role for VTA D1 dopamine receptors in regular chow intake. METHODS In this paper, different dose of SKF38393, a D1 receptor agonist, was microinjected in VTA of 18-h food deprived-conscious rats and food intake was measured. RESULTS Our results revealed that VTAmicroinjected SKF383993 increased regular chow intake in a dose-dependent manner. The SKF3833 stimulatory effect persisted over 2 h post-injection. The results showed that the SKF38393, at doses less than 5 μg, did not affect locomotor activities. CONCLUSION VTA D1-like and/or serotonergic receptors may be involved in regulatory pathways. the current study suggests that VTA D1-like and/or serotonergic receptors not only affects food reward but is also involved in regulatory mechanisms of regular feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Saebi Rad
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Haghparast
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Eliassi
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Chen Z, Shao T, Van R, Kumata K, Deng X, Fu H, Yamasaki T, Rong J, Hu K, Hatori A, Xie L, Yu Q, Ye W, Xu H, Sheffler DJ, Cosford NDP, Shao Y, Tang P, Wang L, Zhang MR, Liang SH. Synthesis and preliminary studies of 11C-labeled tetrahydro-1,7-naphthyridine-2-carboxamides for PET imaging of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2. Theranostics 2020; 10:11178-11196. [PMID: 33042277 PMCID: PMC7532674 DOI: 10.7150/thno.42587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu2) represents a novel therapeutic approach for treating brain disorders, including schizophrenia, depression, Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), drug abuse and addiction. Imaging mGlu2 using positron emission tomography (PET) would allow for in vivo quantification under physiological and pathological conditions and facilitate drug discovery by enabling target engagement studies. In this paper, we aimed to develop a novel specific radioligand derived from negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) for PET imaging of mGlu2. Methods. A focused small molecule library of mGlu2 NAMs with tetrahydro naphthyridine scaffold was synthesized for pharmacology and physicochemical evaluation. GIRK dose-response assays and CNS panel binding selectivity assays were performed to study the affinity and selectivity of mGlu2 NAMs, among which compounds 14a and 14b were selected as PET ligand candidates. Autoradiography in SD rat brain sections was used to confirm the in vitro binding specificity and selectivity of [11C]14a and [11C]14b towards mGlu2. In vivo binding specificity was then studied by PET imaging. Whole body biodistribution study and radiometabolite analysis were conducted to demonstrate the pharmacokinetic properties of [11C]14b as most promising PET mGlu2 PET ligand. Results. mGlu2 NAMs 14a-14g were synthesized in 14%-20% yields in five steps. NAMs 14a and 14b were selected to be the most promising ligands due to their high affinity in GIRK dose-response assays. [11C]14a and [11C]14b displayed similar heterogeneous distribution by autoradiography, consistent with mGlu2 expression in the brain. While PET imaging study showed good brain permeability for both tracers, compound [11C]14b demonstrated superior binding specificity compared to [11C]14a. Further radiometabolite analysis of [11C]14b showed excellent stability in the brain. Conclusions. Compound 14b exhibited high affinity and excellent subtype selectivity, which was then evaluated by in vitro autoradiography and in vivo PET imaging study after labeling with carbon-11. Ligand [11C]14b, which we named [11C]MG2-1904, demonstrated high brain uptake and excellent in vitro/in vivo specific binding towards mGlu2 with high metabolic stability in the brain. As proof-of-concept, our preliminary work demonstrated a successful example of visualizing mGlu2in vivo derived from NAMs, which represents a promising chemotype for further development and optimization aimed for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Zhang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Zhen Chen
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Tuo Shao
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Richard Van
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Katsushi Kumata
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Xiaoyun Deng
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Hualong Fu
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Tomoteru Yamasaki
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Jian Rong
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Kuan Hu
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Akiko Hatori
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Lin Xie
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Qingzhen Yu
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Weijian Ye
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Douglas J. Sheffler
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program and Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nicholas D. P. Cosford
- Cancer Metabolism and Signaling Networks Program and Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford-Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Pingping Tang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, 613 West Huangpu Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Ming-Rong Zhang
- Department of Radiopharmaceuticals Development, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Steven H. Liang
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital & Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
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Han H, Ge F, Ma M, Yu H, Wei H, Zhao X, Yao H, Gong J, Qiu L, Xu W. Mixed receptors of AMPA and NMDA emulated using a 'Polka Dot'-structured two-dimensional conjugated polymer-based artificial synapse. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:1324-1331. [PMID: 32749433 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00348d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In a biological synapse, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors mediate fast excitatory neurotransmission, whereas N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors trigger an enhanced memory effect; the complementary roles of AMPA and NMDA are essential in short-term plasticity (STP) to enhance memory effect (EME) transition. Herein, we report the design and fabrication of the first two-dimensional (2D) conjugated polymer (CP)-based synaptic transistor. The special design of the 2D CP with nanoscale-segregated 'polka dot'-structured crystalline phases and adjacent amorphous phases emulate the different receptors of NMDA and AMPA on the postsynaptic membrane for the first time. The synergistic effect of mixed receptors distinguishes STP and enhanced memory effect with a critical point, which regulates the threshold level of the enhanced memory effect induction. This effect has not been reported yet. The special structure avoids easy saturation of a single receptor with consecutively increased excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) in response to 1200 stimuli. Furthermore, the 2D P3HT synapse successfully emulates activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, such as metaplasticity and homeostatic plasticity, which are advanced forms of plasticity, allowing the self-adaptive ability of a synapse, but have rarely been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Han
- Institute of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Thin Film Devices and Technology of Tianjin, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Neurotoxicity in Gulf War Illness and the potential role of glutamate. Neurotoxicology 2020; 80:60-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Minoshima W, Masui K, Tani T, Nawa Y, Fujita S, Ishitobi H, Hosokawa C, Inouye Y. Deuterated Glutamate-Mediated Neuronal Activity on Micro-Electrode Arrays. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11090830. [PMID: 32878218 PMCID: PMC7569784 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The excitatory synaptic transmission is mediated by glutamate in neuronal networks of the mammalian brain. In addition to the synaptic glutamate, extra-synaptic glutamate is known to modulate the neuronal activity. In neuronal networks, glutamate uptake is an important role of neurons and glial cells for lowering the concentration of extracellular glutamate and to avoid the excitotoxicity by glutamate. Monitoring the spatial distribution of intracellular glutamate is important to study the uptake of glutamate, but the approach has been hampered by the absence of appropriate glutamate analogs that report the localization of glutamate. Deuterium-labeled glutamate (GLU-D) is a promising tracer for monitoring the intracellular concentration of glutamate, but physiological properties of GLU-D have not been studied. Here we study the effects of extracellular GLU-D for the neuronal activity by using primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons that form neuronal networks on microelectrodes array. The frequency of firing in the spontaneous activity of neurons increased with the increasing concentration of extracellular GLU-D. The frequency of synchronized burst activity in neurons increased similarly as we observed in the spontaneous activity. These changes of the neuronal activity with extracellular GLU-D were suppressed by antagonists of glutamate receptors. These results suggest that GLU-D can be used as an analog of glutamate with equivalent effects for facilitating the neuronal activity. We anticipate GLU-D developing as a promising analog of glutamate for studying the dynamics of glutamate during neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Minoshima
- AIST–Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (W.M.); (K.M.); (Y.N.); (S.F.); (H.I.)
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kyoko Masui
- AIST–Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (W.M.); (K.M.); (Y.N.); (S.F.); (H.I.)
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomomi Tani
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda 563-0026, Japan;
| | - Yasunori Nawa
- AIST–Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (W.M.); (K.M.); (Y.N.); (S.F.); (H.I.)
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fujita
- AIST–Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (W.M.); (K.M.); (Y.N.); (S.F.); (H.I.)
- Biomedical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda 563-0026, Japan;
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Ishitobi
- AIST–Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (W.M.); (K.M.); (Y.N.); (S.F.); (H.I.)
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chie Hosokawa
- AIST–Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (W.M.); (K.M.); (Y.N.); (S.F.); (H.I.)
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Materials Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (Y.I.); Tel.: +81-6-6605-3700 (C.H.); +81-6-6879-4615 (Y.I.)
| | - Yasushi Inouye
- AIST–Osaka University Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; (W.M.); (K.M.); (Y.N.); (S.F.); (H.I.)
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Correspondence: (C.H.); (Y.I.); Tel.: +81-6-6605-3700 (C.H.); +81-6-6879-4615 (Y.I.)
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Lee DW, Woo CW, Woo DC, Kim JK, Kim KW, Lee DH. Regional Mapping of Brain Glutamate Distributions Using Glutamate-Weighted Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer Imaging. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E571. [PMID: 32784483 PMCID: PMC7459654 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10080571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate glutamate signal distributions in multiple brain regions of a healthy rat brain using glutamate-weighted chemical exchange saturation transfer (GluCEST) imaging. METHOD The GluCEST data were obtained using a 7.0 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner, and all data were analyzed using conventional magnetization transfer ratio asymmetry in eight brain regions (cortex, hippocampus, corpus callosum, and rest of midbrain in each hemisphere). GluCEST data acquisition was performed again one month later in five randomly selected rats to evaluate the stability of the GluCEST signal. To evaluate glutamate level changes calculated by GluCEST data, we compared the results with the concentration of glutamate acquired from 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS) data in the cortex and hippocampus. RESULTS GluCEST signals showed significant differences (all p ≤ 0.001) between the corpus callosum (-1.71 ± 1.04%; white matter) and other brain regions (3.59 ± 0.41%, cortex; 5.47 ± 0.61%, hippocampus; 4.49 ± 1.11%, rest of midbrain; gray matter). The stability test of GluCEST findings for each brain region was not significantly different (all p ≥ 0.263). In line with the GluCEST results, glutamate concentrations measured by 1H MRS also appeared higher in the hippocampus (7.30 ± 0.16 μmol/g) than the cortex (6.89 ± 0.72 μmol/g). CONCLUSION Mapping of GluCEST signals in the healthy rat brain clearly visualize glutamate distributions. These findings may yield a valuable database and insights for comparing glutamate signal changes in pre-clinical brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do-Wan Lee
- Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (D.-W.L.); (J.K.K.); (K.W.K.)
| | - Chul-Woong Woo
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (C.-W.W.); (D.-C.W.)
| | - Dong-Cheol Woo
- Convergence Medicine Research Center, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Korea; (C.-W.W.); (D.-C.W.)
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Jeong Kon Kim
- Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (D.-W.L.); (J.K.K.); (K.W.K.)
| | - Kyung Won Kim
- Department of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea; (D.-W.L.); (J.K.K.); (K.W.K.)
| | - Dong-Hoon Lee
- Department of Radiation Convergence Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea
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Audet JN. Neurobiological and Ecological Correlates of Avian Innovation. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 60:955-966. [PMID: 32681794 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the wild, particularly in rapidly changing conditions, being capable of solving new problems can increase an animal's chances of survival and reproduction. In the current context of widespread habitat destruction and increasing urbanization, innovativeness might be a crucial trait. In the past few decades, birds have proven to be a model taxon for the study of innovation, thanks to the abundant literature on avian innovation reports. Innovation databases in birds have been successfully employed to assess associations between innovativeness and other traits such as invasion success, life history, generalism, and brain encephalization. In order to more directly assess the causes of variation in innovation, a complementary approach consists in measuring innovativeness in wild-caught animals using problem-solving tasks that mimic innovations in the field. This method can allow for finer scale evaluation of ecological and neural correlates of innovation. Here, I review some of the most important findings on the correlates of innovation, with a particular focus on neural ones. I conclude by discussing avenues for future research, which I suggest should focus on neurobiology.
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Glutamate-Gated NMDA Receptors: Insights into the Function and Signaling in the Kidney. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071051. [PMID: 32679780 PMCID: PMC7407907 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) is a glutamate-gated ionotropic receptor that intervenes in most of the excitatory synaptic transmission within the central nervous system (CNS). Aside from being broadly distributed in the CNS and having indispensable functions in the brain, NMDAR has predominant roles in many physiological and pathological processes in a wide range of non-neuronal cells and tissues. The present review outlines current knowledge and understanding of the physiological and pathophysiological functions of NMDAR in the kidney, an essential excretory and endocrine organ responsible for the whole-body homeostasis. The review also explores the recent findings regarding signaling pathways involved in NMDAR-mediated responses in the kidney. As established from diverse lines of research reviewed here, basal levels of receptor activation within the kidney are essential for the maintenance of healthy tubular and glomerular function, while a disproportionate activation can lead to a disruption of NMDAR's downstream signaling pathways and a myriad of pathophysiological consequences.
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Watanabe M, Marcy B, Kinoshita K, Fukasawa M, Hikichi H, Chaki S, Okuyama S, Gevorkyan H, Yoshida S. Safety and pharmacokinetic profiles of MGS0274 besylate (TS-134), a novel metabotropic glutamate 2/3 receptor agonist prodrug, in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:2286-2301. [PMID: 32353162 PMCID: PMC7576618 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The safety and pharmacokinetics of single and multiple doses of a novel mGlu2/3 receptor agonist prodrug, MGS0274 besylate (TS‐134), were investigated in healthy subjects. Methods Phase 1 single‐ascending dose (5–20 mg) and multiple‐ascending dose titration (5–80 mg) studies were conducted in healthy male and female subjects. Both studies were randomized, double‐blinded and placebo‐controlled. In one cohort of single‐ascending dose study (10 mg), concentrations of MGS0008, the active compound, in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured for up to 24 hours postdose. Results Following single and multiple oral administrations, MGS0274 was rapidly absorbed and extensively converted into MGS0008, which reached a maximum concentration (Cmax) in plasma within 4 hours postdose and declined with a terminal half‐life (t1/2) of around 10 hours. Plasma exposure to MGS0274 was minimal, accounting for approximately 3% of the area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) of MGS0008. Plasma Cmax and AUC of MGS0008 at steady state increased dose proportionally (5–80 mg). MGS0008 penetrated into CSF, with a CSF‐to‐plasma Cmax ratio of 3.66%, and was eliminated with a t1/2 of approximately 16 hours. The most frequent treatment‐emergent adverse events observed following single and multiple oral administration included headache, nausea, somnolence, dizziness and vomiting. Conclusion TS‐134 is orally bioavailable in humans and converts rapidly and extensively to MGS0008, which exhibits good CSF penetration. Orally administered TS‐134 was safe and generally well‐tolerated; hence, TS‐134 is a promising candidate for further clinical development for the treatment of disorders in which glutamatergic abnormalities are involved, such as schizophrenia.
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Pharmacodynamic elucidation of glutamate & dopamine in ketamine-induced anaesthesia. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 327:109164. [PMID: 32524992 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
General anaesthetics are some of the most widely used and essential therapeutic agents. However, despite over a century of research, the molecular mechanisms of general anaesthesia in the central nervous system remain elusive. Ketamine (ketamine hydrochloride) has been approved for use in general anaesthesia either alone or in combination with other medications. It is a superb drug for use in short-term medical procedures that do not require skeletal muscle relaxation, and it has approval for the induction of general anaesthesia as a pre-anaesthetic to other general anaesthetic agents. However, Several questions remain unsolved, including the exact identification of the neural substrate of consciousness and its components, the pharmacodynamic interactions between anaesthetic agents, the mechanisms of cognitive alterations that follow an anaesthetic procedure, the identification of an eventual unitary mechanism of anaesthesia-induced alteration of consciousness, the relationship between network effects and the biochemical targets of anaesthetic agents, leading to difficulties in between-studies comparisons. Thus, the glutamate and dopamine systems play distinct roles in terms of neuronal signalling, yet both have proposed to contribute significantly to the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric diseases. Imaging of the glutamate system and other aspects of research on the dopamine system have produced less consistent findings, potentially due to methodological limitations and the heterogeneity of the disorder. In this review, we discuss the neural circuits through which the two systems interact and how their disruption may cause psychotic symptoms. We also summarize from a molecular perspective of mechanisms of action of ketamine as general anaesthetics on ligand-gated ion channels mediated modulation of dopamine in the brain region.
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