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Gao R, Feng C, Sheng Z, Li F, Wang D. Research progress in Fc-effector functions against SARS-CoV-2. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29638. [PMID: 38682662 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has caused more than 676 million cases in the global human population with approximately 7 million deaths and vaccination has been proved as the most effective countermeasure in reducing clinical complications and mortality rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection in people. However, the protective elements and correlation of protection induced by vaccination are still not completely understood. Various antibodies with multiple protective mechanisms can be induced simultaneously by vaccination in vivo, thereby complicating the identification and characterization of individual correlate of protection. Recently, an increasing body of observations suggests that antibody-induced Fc-effector functions play a crucial role in combating SARS-CoV-2 infections, including neutralizing antibodies-escaping variants. Here, we review the recent progress in understanding the impact of Fc-effector functions in broadly disarming SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and discuss various efforts in harnessing this conserved antibody function to develop an effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine that can protect humans against infections by SARS-CoV-2 virus and its variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyuan Gao
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Chenchen Feng
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, USA
| | - Zizhang Sheng
- Zuckerman Mind Brian Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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2
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Holmes AC, Lucas CJ, Brisse ME, Ware BC, Hickman HD, Morrison TE, Diamond MS. Ly6C + monocytes in the skin promote systemic alphavirus dissemination. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113876. [PMID: 38446669 PMCID: PMC11005330 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are mosquito-transmitted pathogens that induce high levels of viremia, which facilitates dissemination and vector transmission. One prevailing paradigm is that, after skin inoculation, alphavirus-infected resident dendritic cells migrate to the draining lymph node (DLN), facilitating further rounds of infection and dissemination. Here, we assess the contribution of infiltrating myeloid cells to alphavirus spread. We observe two phases of virus transport to the DLN, one that occurs starting at 1 h post infection and precedes viral replication, and a second that requires replication in the skin, enabling transit to the bloodstream. Depletion of Ly6C+ monocytes reduces local chikungunya (CHIKV) or Ross River virus (RRV) infection in the skin, diminishes the second phase of virus transport to the DLN, and delays spread to distal sites. Our data suggest that infiltrating monocytes facilitate alphavirus infection at the initial infection site, which promotes more rapid spread into circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn C Holmes
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Cormac J Lucas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Morgan E Brisse
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian C Ware
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Heather D Hickman
- Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky the Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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3
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Schwedler JL, Stefan MA, Thatcher CE, McIlroy PR, Sinha A, Phillips AM, Sumner CA, Courtney CM, Kim CY, Weilhammer DR, Harmon B. Therapeutic efficacy of a potent anti-Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus antibody is contingent on Fc effector function. MAbs 2024; 16:2297451. [PMID: 38170638 PMCID: PMC10766394 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2023.2297451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of specific, safe, and potent monoclonal antibodies (Abs) has led to novel therapeutic options for infectious disease. In addition to preventing viral infection through neutralization, Abs can clear infected cells and induce immunomodulatory functions through engagement of their crystallizable fragment (Fc) with complement proteins and Fc receptors on immune cells. Little is known about the role of Fc effector functions of neutralizing Abs in the context of encephalitic alphavirus infection. To determine the role of Fc effector function in therapeutic efficacy against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), we compared the potently neutralizing anti-VEEV human IgG F5 (hF5) Ab with intact Fc function (hF5-WT) or containing the loss of function Fc mutations L234A and L235A (hF5-LALA) in the context of VEEV infection. We observed significantly reduced binding to complement and Fc receptors, as well as differential in vitro kinetics of Fc-mediated cytotoxicity for hF5-LALA compared to hF5-WT. The in vivo efficacy of hF5-LALA was comparable to hF5-WT at -24 and + 24 h post infection, with both Abs providing high levels of protection. However, when hF5-WT and hF5-LALA were administered + 48 h post infection, there was a significant decrease in the therapeutic efficacy of hF5-LALA. Together these results demonstrate that optimal therapeutic Ab treatment of VEEV, and possibly other encephalitic alphaviruses, requires neutralization paired with engagement of immune effectors via the Fc region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Schwedler
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Maxwell A. Stefan
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Christine E. Thatcher
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Peter R. McIlroy
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Anupama Sinha
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Ashlee M. Phillips
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Christopher A. Sumner
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Colleen M. Courtney
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Christina Y. Kim
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Dina R. Weilhammer
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Brooke Harmon
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
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4
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Ware BC, Parks MG, Morrison TE. Chikungunya virus infection disrupts MHC-I antigen presentation via nonstructural protein 2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.03.565436. [PMID: 37961400 PMCID: PMC10635105 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.03.565436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Infection by chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-borne alphavirus, causes severe polyarthralgia and polymyalgia, which can last in some people for months to years. Chronic CHIKV disease signs and symptoms are associated with the persistence of viral nucleic acid and antigen in tissues. Like humans and nonhuman primates, CHIKV infection in mice results in the development of robust adaptive antiviral immune responses. Despite this, joint tissue fibroblasts survive CHIKV infection and can support persistent viral replication, suggesting that they escape immune surveillance. Here, using a recombinant CHIKV strain encoding a chimeric protein of VENUS fused to a CD8+ T cell epitope, SIINFEKL, we observed a marked loss of both MHC class I (MHC-I) surface expression and antigen presentation by CHIKV-infected joint tissue fibroblasts. Both in vivo and ex vivo infected joint tissue fibroblasts displayed reduced cell surface levels of H2-Kb and H2-Db MHC proteins while maintaining similar levels of other cell surface proteins. Mutations within the methyl transferase-like domain of the CHIKV nonstructural protein 2 (nsP2) increased MHC-I cell surface expression and antigen presentation efficiency by CHIKV-infected cells. Moreover, expression of WT nsP2 alone, but not nsP2 with mutations in the methyltransferase-like domain, resulted in decreased MHC-I antigen presentation efficiency. MHC-I surface expression and antigen presentation could be rescued by replacing VENUS-SIINFEKL with SIINFEKL tethered to β2-microglobulin in the CHIKV genome, which bypasses the need for peptide processing and TAP-mediated peptide transport into the endoplasmic reticulum. Collectively, this work suggests that CHIKV escapes the surveillance of antiviral CD8+ T cells, in part, by nsP2-mediated disruption of MHC-I antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Ware
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - M. Guston Parks
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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5
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Powers AM, Williamson LE, Carnahan RH, Crowe JE, Hyde JL, Jonsson CB, Nasar F, Weaver SC. Developing a Prototype Pathogen Plan and Research Priorities for the Alphaviruses. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S414-S426. [PMID: 37849399 PMCID: PMC11007399 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Togaviridae family, genus, Alphavirus, includes several mosquito-borne human pathogens with the potential to spread to near pandemic proportions. Most of these are zoonotic, with spillover infections of humans and domestic animals, but a few such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV) have the ability to use humans as amplification hosts for transmission in urban settings and explosive outbreaks. Most alphaviruses cause nonspecific acute febrile illness, with pathogenesis sometimes leading to either encephalitis or arthralgic manifestations with severe and chronic morbidity and occasional mortality. The development of countermeasures, especially against CHIKV and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus that are major threats, has included vaccines and antibody-based therapeutics that are likely to also be successful for rapid responses with other members of the family. However, further work with these prototypes and other alphavirus pathogens should target better understanding of human tropism and pathogenesis, more comprehensive identification of cellular receptors and entry, and better understanding of structural mechanisms of neutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Powers
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Lauren E Williamson
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jennifer L Hyde
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Colleen B Jonsson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Farooq Nasar
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Branch and Viral Disease Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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6
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Mastraccio KE, Huaman C, Coggins SA, Clouse C, Rader M, Yan L, Mandal P, Hussain I, Ahmed AE, Ho T, Feasley A, Vu BK, Smith IL, Markotter W, Weir DL, Laing ED, Broder CC, Schaefer BC. mAb therapy controls CNS-resident lyssavirus infection via a CD4 T cell-dependent mechanism. EMBO Mol Med 2023; 15:e16394. [PMID: 37767784 PMCID: PMC10565638 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202216394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with rabies virus (RABV) and related lyssaviruses are uniformly fatal once virus accesses the central nervous system (CNS) and causes disease signs. Current immunotherapies are thus focused on the early, pre-symptomatic stage of disease, with the goal of peripheral neutralization of virus to prevent CNS infection. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of F11, an anti-lyssavirus human monoclonal antibody (mAb), on established lyssavirus infections. We show that a single dose of F11 limits viral load in the brain and reverses disease signs following infection with a lethal dose of lyssavirus, even when administered after initiation of robust virus replication in the CNS. Importantly, we found that F11-dependent neutralization is not sufficient to protect animals from mortality, and a CD4 T cell-dependent adaptive immune response is required for successful control of infection. F11 significantly changes the spectrum of leukocyte populations in the brain, and the FcRγ-binding function of F11 contributes to therapeutic efficacy. Thus, mAb therapy can drive potent neutralization-independent T cell-mediated effects, even against an established CNS infection by a lethal neurotropic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate E Mastraccio
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.MDBethesdaUSA
- Present address:
Wadsworth CenterNew York State Department of HealthAlbanyNYUSA
| | - Celeste Huaman
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.MDBethesdaUSA
| | - Si'Ana A Coggins
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.MDBethesdaUSA
| | - Caitlyn Clouse
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.MDBethesdaUSA
| | - Madeline Rader
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.MDBethesdaUSA
| | - Lianying Yan
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Pratyusha Mandal
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.MDBethesdaUSA
| | - Imran Hussain
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.MDBethesdaUSA
| | - Anwar E Ahmed
- Department of Preventive Medicine and BiostatisticsUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Trung Ho
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Austin Feasley
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc.MDBethesdaUSA
| | - Bang K Vu
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Present address:
Lentigen Technology, Inc.GaithersburgMDUSA
| | - Ina L Smith
- Risk Evaluation and Preparedness Program, Health and BiosecurityCSIROBlack MountainACTAustralia
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of PretoriaPretoriaSouth Africa
- Centre for Emerging Zoonotic and Parasitic DiseasesNational Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory ServicePretoriaSouth Africa
| | - Dawn L Weir
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
- Present address:
The Center for Bio/Molecular Science and EngineeringU.S. Naval Research LaboratoryWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Eric D Laing
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Brian C Schaefer
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services UniversityBethesdaMDUSA
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7
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Yin P, Davenport BJ, Wan JJ, Kim AS, Diamond MS, Ware BC, Tong K, Couderc T, Lecuit M, Lai JR, Morrison TE, Kielian M. Chikungunya virus cell-to-cell transmission is mediated by intercellular extensions in vitro and in vivo. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1653-1667. [PMID: 37591996 PMCID: PMC10956380 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01449-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has recently emerged to cause millions of human infections worldwide. Infection can induce the formation of long intercellular extensions that project from infected cells and form stable non-continuous membrane bridges with neighbouring cells. The mechanistic role of these intercellular extensions in CHIKV infection was unclear. Here we developed a co-culture system and flow cytometry methods to quantitatively evaluate transmission of CHIKV from infected to uninfected cells in the presence of neutralizing antibody. Endocytosis and endosomal acidification were critical for virus cell-to-cell transmission, while the CHIKV receptor MXRA8 was not. By using distinct antibodies to block formation of extensions and by evaluation of transmission in HeLa cells that did not form extensions, we showed that intercellular extensions mediate CHIKV cell-to-cell transmission. In vivo, pre-treatment of mice with a neutralizing antibody blocked infection by direct virus inoculation, while adoptive transfer of infected cells produced antibody-resistant host infection. Together our data suggest a model in which the contact sites of intercellular extensions on target cells shield CHIKV from neutralizing antibodies and promote efficient intercellular virus transmission both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqi Yin
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Bennett J Davenport
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Judy J Wan
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brian C Ware
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Karen Tong
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Thérèse Couderc
- Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Inserm U1117, Biology of Infection Unit, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, APHP, Institut Imagine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan R Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Margaret Kielian
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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8
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Sutton MS, Pletnev S, Callahan V, Ko S, Tsybovsky Y, Bylund T, Casner RG, Cerutti G, Gardner CL, Guirguis V, Verardi R, Zhang B, Ambrozak D, Beddall M, Lei H, Yang ES, Liu T, Henry AR, Rawi R, Schön A, Schramm CA, Shen CH, Shi W, Stephens T, Yang Y, Florez MB, Ledgerwood JE, Burke CW, Shapiro L, Fox JM, Kwong PD, Roederer M. Vaccine elicitation and structural basis for antibody protection against alphaviruses. Cell 2023; 186:2672-2689.e25. [PMID: 37295404 PMCID: PMC10411218 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Alphaviruses are RNA viruses that represent emerging public health threats. To identify protective antibodies, we immunized macaques with a mixture of western, eastern, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-like particles (VLPs), a regimen that protects against aerosol challenge with all three viruses. Single- and triple-virus-specific antibodies were isolated, and we identified 21 unique binding groups. Cryo-EM structures revealed that broad VLP binding inversely correlated with sequence and conformational variability. One triple-specific antibody, SKT05, bound proximal to the fusion peptide and neutralized all three Env-pseudotyped encephalitic alphaviruses by using different symmetry elements for recognition across VLPs. Neutralization in other assays (e.g., chimeric Sindbis virus) yielded variable results. SKT05 bound backbone atoms of sequence-diverse residues, enabling broad recognition despite sequence variability; accordingly, SKT05 protected mice against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, chikungunya virus, and Ross River virus challenges. Thus, a single vaccine-elicited antibody can protect in vivo against a broad range of alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Sutton
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sergei Pletnev
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Victoria Callahan
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sungyoul Ko
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Vaccine Research Center Electron Microscopy Unit, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Tatsiana Bylund
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ryan G Casner
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gabriele Cerutti
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Christina L Gardner
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Veronica Guirguis
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Raffaello Verardi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Baoshan Zhang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Ambrozak
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Margaret Beddall
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hong Lei
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eun Sung Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tracy Liu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Amy R Henry
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Reda Rawi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Chaim A Schramm
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chen-Hsiang Shen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tyler Stephens
- Vaccine Research Center Electron Microscopy Unit, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yongping Yang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maria Burgos Florez
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Julie E Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Crystal W Burke
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA; Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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9
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Pierzynowska K, Morcinek-Orłowska J, Gaffke L, Jaroszewicz W, Skowron PM, Węgrzyn G. Applications of the phage display technology in molecular biology, biotechnology and medicine. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023:1-41. [PMID: 37270791 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2023.2219741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The phage display technology is based on the presentation of peptide sequences on the surface of virions of bacteriophages. Its development led to creation of sophisticated systems based on the possibility of the presentation of a huge variability of peptides, attached to one of proteins of bacteriophage capsids. The use of such systems allowed for achieving enormous advantages in the processes of selection of bioactive molecules. In fact, the phage display technology has been employed in numerous fields of biotechnology, as diverse as immunological and biomedical applications (in both diagnostics and therapy), the formation of novel materials, and many others. In this paper, contrary to many other review articles which were focussed on either specific display systems or the use of phage display in selected fields, we present a comprehensive overview of various possibilities of applications of this technology. We discuss an usefulness of the phage display technology in various fields of science, medicine and the broad sense of biotechnology. This overview indicates the spread and importance of applications of microbial systems (exemplified by the phage display technology), pointing to the possibility of developing such sophisticated tools when advanced molecular methods are used in microbiological studies, accompanied with understanding of details of structures and functions of microbial entities (bacteriophages in this case).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pierzynowska
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Lidia Gaffke
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Weronika Jaroszewicz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr M Skowron
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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10
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Kim AS, Diamond MS. A molecular understanding of alphavirus entry and antibody protection. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:396-407. [PMID: 36474012 PMCID: PMC9734810 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-022-00825-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alphaviruses are arthropod-transmitted RNA viruses that cause epidemics of human infection and disease on a global scale. These viruses are classified as either arthritogenic or encephalitic based on their genetic relatedness and the clinical syndromes they cause. Although there are currently no approved therapeutics or vaccines against alphaviruses, passive transfer of monoclonal antibodies confers protection in animal models. This Review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the host factors required for alphavirus entry, the mechanisms of action by which protective antibodies inhibit different steps in the alphavirus infection cycle and candidate alphavirus vaccines currently under clinical evaluation that focus on humoral immunity. A comprehensive understanding of alphavirus entry and antibody-mediated protection may inform the development of new classes of countermeasures for these emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur S Kim
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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11
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Fox JM, Roy V, Gunn BM, Bolton GR, Fremont DH, Alter G, Diamond MS, Boesch AW. Enhancing the therapeutic activity of hyperimmune IgG against chikungunya virus using FcγRIIIa affinity chromatography. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1153108. [PMID: 37251375 PMCID: PMC10213286 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1153108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging mosquito transmitted alphavirus of global concern. Neutralizing antibodies and antibody Fc-effector functions have been shown to reduce CHIKV disease and infection in animals. However, the ability to improve the therapeutic activity of CHIKV-specific polyclonal IgG by enhancing Fc-effector functions through modulation of IgG subclass and glycoforms remains unknown. Here, we evaluated the protective efficacy of CHIKV-immune IgG enriched for binding to Fc-gamma receptor IIIa (FcγRIIIa) to select for IgG with enhanced Fc effector functions. Methods Total IgG was isolated from CHIKV-immune convalescent donors with and without additional purification by FcγRIIIa affinity chromatography. The enriched IgG was characterized in biophysical and biological assays and assessed for therapeutic efficacy during CHIKV infection in mice. Results FcγRIIIa-column purification enriched for afucosylated IgG glycoforms. In vitro characterization showed the enriched CHIKV-immune IgG had enhanced human FcγRIIIa and mouse FcγRIV affinity and FcγR-mediated effector function without reducing virus neutralization in cellular assays. When administered as post-exposure therapy in mice, CHIKV-immune IgG enriched in afucosylated glycoforms promoted reduction in viral load. Discussion Our study provides evidence that, in mice, increasing Fc engagement of FcγRs on effector cells, by leveraging FcγRIIIa-affinity chromatography, enhanced the antiviral activity of CHIKV-immune IgG and reveals a path to produce more effective therapeutics against these and potentially other emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M. Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Vicky Roy
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Bronwyn M. Gunn
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Daved H. Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Moderna, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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12
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Bartholomeeusen K, Daniel M, LaBeaud DA, Gasque P, Peeling RW, Stephenson KE, Ng LFP, Ariën KK. Chikungunya fever. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023; 9:17. [PMID: 37024497 PMCID: PMC11126297 DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus is widespread throughout the tropics, where it causes recurrent outbreaks of chikungunya fever. In recent years, outbreaks have afflicted populations in East and Central Africa, South America and Southeast Asia. The virus is transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Chikungunya fever is characterized by severe arthralgia and myalgia that can persist for years and have considerable detrimental effects on health, quality of life and economic productivity. The effects of climate change as well as increased globalization of commerce and travel have led to growth of the habitat of Aedes mosquitoes. As a result, increasing numbers of people will be at risk of chikungunya fever in the coming years. In the absence of specific antiviral treatments and with vaccines still in development, surveillance and vector control are essential to suppress re-emergence and epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Bartholomeeusen
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Matthieu Daniel
- Unité de Recherche en Pharmaco-Immunologie (UR-EPI), Université et CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
- Service de Médecine d'Urgences-SAMU-SMUR, CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Desiree A LaBeaud
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Philippe Gasque
- Unité de Recherche en Pharmaco-Immunologie (UR-EPI), Université et CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Clinique et Expérimentale Océan Indien LICE-OI, Université de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Rosanna W Peeling
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Kathryn E Stephenson
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lisa F P Ng
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- National Institute of Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kevin K Ariën
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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13
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Henderson Sousa F, Ghaisani Komarudin A, Findlay-Greene F, Bowolaksono A, Sasmono RT, Stevens C, Barlow PG. Evolution and immunopathology of chikungunya virus informs therapeutic development. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049804. [PMID: 37014125 PMCID: PMC10110403 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-borne alphavirus, is an emerging global threat identified in more than 60 countries across continents. The risk of CHIKV transmission is rising due to increased global interactions, year-round presence of mosquito vectors, and the ability of CHIKV to produce high host viral loads and undergo mutation. Although CHIKV disease is rarely fatal, it can progress to a chronic stage, during which patients experience severe debilitating arthritis that can last from several weeks to months or years. At present, there are no licensed vaccines or antiviral drugs for CHIKV disease, and treatment is primarily symptomatic. This Review provides an overview of CHIKV pathogenesis and explores the available therapeutic options and the most recent advances in novel therapeutic strategies against CHIKV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Henderson Sousa
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and UK Dementia Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Amalina Ghaisani Komarudin
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Cibinong, Kabupaten Bogor 16911, Indonesia
| | - Fern Findlay-Greene
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Anom Bowolaksono
- Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms in Biological System (CEMBIOS) Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
| | - R. Tedjo Sasmono
- Eijkman Research Center for Molecular Biology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong Science Center, Cibinong, Kabupaten Bogor 16911, Indonesia
| | - Craig Stevens
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK
| | - Peter G. Barlow
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh EH11 4BN, UK
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14
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Williamson LE, Bandyopadhyay A, Bailey K, Sirohi D, Klose T, Julander JG, Kuhn RJ, Crowe JE. Structural constraints link differences in neutralization potency of human anti-Eastern equine encephalitis virus monoclonal antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2213690120. [PMID: 36961925 PMCID: PMC10068833 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2213690120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Selection and development of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics against pathogenic viruses depends on certain functional characteristics. Neutralization potency, or the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values, is an important characteristic of candidate therapeutic antibodies. Structural insights into the bases of neutralization potency differences between antiviral neutralizing mAbs are lacking. In this report, we present cryo-electron microscopy (EM) reconstructions of three anti-Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) neutralizing human mAbs targeting overlapping epitopes on the E2 protein, with greater than 20-fold differences in their respective IC50 values. From our structural and biophysical analyses, we identify several constraints that contribute to the observed differences in the neutralization potencies. Cryo-EM reconstructions of EEEV in complex with these Fab fragments reveal structural constraints that dictate intravirion or intervirion cross-linking of glycoprotein spikes by their IgG counterparts as a mechanism of neutralization. Additionally, we describe critical features for the recognition of EEEV by these mAbs including the epitope-paratope interaction surface, occupancy, and kinetic differences in on-rate for binding to the E2 protein. Each constraint contributes to the extent of EEEV inhibition for blockade of virus entry, fusion, and/or egress. These findings provide structural and biophysical insights into the differences in mechanism and neutralization potencies of these antibodies, which help inform rational design principles for candidate vaccines and therapeutic antibodies for all icosahedral viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Williamson
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37232
| | - Abhishek Bandyopadhyay
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Kevin Bailey
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT84335
| | - Devika Sirohi
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - Thomas Klose
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | | | - Richard J. Kuhn
- Purdue Institute of Inflammation, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN47907
| | - James E. Crowe
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN37232
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN37232
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15
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Ramjag A, Cutrone S, Lu K, Crasto C, Jin J, Bakkour S, Carrington CVF, Simmons G. A high-throughput screening assay to identify inhibitory antibodies targeting alphavirus release. Virol J 2022; 19:170. [PMID: 36309730 PMCID: PMC9617529 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01906-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have demonstrated neutralizing antibodies to be highly effective against alphavirus infection in animal models, both prophylactically and remedially. In most studies, neutralizing antibodies have been evaluated for their ability to block viral entry in vitro but recent evidence suggests that antibody inhibition through other mechanisms, including viral budding/release, significantly contributes to viral control in vivo for a number of alphaviruses. RESULTS We describe a BSL-2, cell-based, high-throughput screening system that specifically screens for inhibitors of alphavirus egress using chikungunya virus (CHIKV) and Mayaro virus (MAYV) novel replication competent nano-luciferase (nLuc) reporter viruses. Screening of both polyclonal sera and memory B-cell clones from CHIKV immune individuals using the optimized assay detected several antibodies that display potent anti-budding activity. CONCLUSIONS We describe an "anti-budding assay" to specifically screen for inhibitors of viral egress using novel CHIKV and MAYV nLuc reporter viruses. This BSL-2 safe, high-throughput system can be utilized to explore neutralizing "anti-budding" antibodies to yield potent candidates for CHIKV and MAYV therapeutics and prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anushka Ramjag
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Sergej Cutrone
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Kai Lu
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Christine Crasto
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Jing Jin
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Sonia Bakkour
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Christine V F Carrington
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Graham Simmons
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA.
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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16
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Xu S, Carpenter MC, Spreng RL, Neidich SD, Sarkar S, Tenney D, Goodman D, Sawant S, Jha S, Dunn B, Juliana McElrath M, Bekker V, Mudrak SV, Flinko R, Lewis GK, Ferrari G, Tomaras GD, Shen X, Ackerman ME. Impact of adjuvants on the biophysical and functional characteristics of HIV vaccine-elicited antibodies in humans. NPJ Vaccines 2022; 7:90. [PMID: 35927399 PMCID: PMC9352797 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants can alter the magnitude, characteristics, and persistence of the humoral response to protein vaccination. HIV vaccination might benefit from tailored adjuvant choice as raising a durable and protective response to vaccination has been exceptionally challenging. Analysis of trials of partially effective HIV vaccines have identified features of the immune response that correlate with decreased risk, including high titers of V1V2-binding IgG and IgG3 responses with low titers of V1V2-binding IgA responses and enhanced Fc effector functions, notably antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). However, there has been limited opportunity to compare the effect of different adjuvants on these activities in humans. Here, samples from the AVEG015 study, a phase 1 trial in which participants (n = 112) were immunized with gp120SF-2 and one of six different adjuvants or combinations thereof were assessed for antibody titer, biophysical features, and diverse effector functions. Three adjuvants, MF59 + MTP-PE, SAF/2, and SAF/2 + MDP, increased the peak magnitude and durability of antigen-specific IgG3, IgA, FcγR-binding responses and ADCP activity, as compared to alum. While multiple adjuvants increased the titer of IgG, IgG3, and IgA responses, none consistently altered the balance of IgG to IgA or IgG3 to IgA. Linear regression analysis identified biophysical features including gp120-specific IgG and FcγR-binding responses that could predict functional activity, and network analysis identified coordinated aspects of the humoral response. These analyses reveal the ability of adjuvants to drive the character and function of the humoral response despite limitations of small sample size and immune variability in this human clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Xu
- Quantitative Biomedical Science Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Rachel L Spreng
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Scott D Neidich
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sharanya Sarkar
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - DeAnna Tenney
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Derrick Goodman
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sheetal Sawant
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shalini Jha
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Brooke Dunn
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Valerie Bekker
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sarah V Mudrak
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robin Flinko
- Division of Vaccine Research, The Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George K Lewis
- Division of Vaccine Research, The Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Georgia D Tomaras
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiaoying Shen
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Quantitative Biomedical Science Program, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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17
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Lucas CJ, Davenport BJ, Carpentier KS, Tinega AN, Morrison TE. Two Conserved Phenylalanine Residues in the E1 Fusion Loop of Alphaviruses Are Essential for Viral Infectivity. J Virol 2022; 96:e0006422. [PMID: 35416719 PMCID: PMC9093095 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00064-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses infect cells by a low pH-dependent fusion reaction between viral and host cell membranes that is mediated by the viral E1 glycoprotein. Most reported alphavirus E1 sequences include two phenylalanines (F87 and F95) in the fusion loop, yet the role of these residues in viral infectivity remains to be defined. Following introduction of wild type (WT), E1-F87A, and E1-F95A chikungunya virus (CHIKV) RNA genomes into cells, viral particle production was similar in magnitude. However, CHIKV E1-F87A and E1-F95A virions displayed impaired infectivity compared with WT CHIKV particles. Although WT, E1-F87A, and E1-F95A particles bound cells with similar efficiencies, E1-F87A and E1-F95A particles were unable to undergo fusion and entry into cells. Introduction of an F95A mutation in the E1 fusion loop of Mayaro virus or Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus also resulted in poorly infectious virions. We further tested whether an E1-F87A or E1-F95A mutation could be incorporated into a live-attenuated vaccine strain, CHIKV 181/25, to enhance vaccine safety. Infection of immunocompromised Ifnar1-/- and Irf3-/-Irf5-/-Irf7-/- mice with 181/25E1-F87A or 181/25E1-F95A resulted in 0% mortality, compared with 100% mortality following 181/25 infection. Despite this enhanced attenuation, surviving Ifnar1-/- and Irf3-/-Irf5-/-Irf7-/- mice were protected against virulent virus re-challenge. Moreover, single-dose immunization of WT mice with either 181/25, 181/25E1-F87A, or 181/25E1-F95A elicited CHIKV-specific antibody responses and protected against pathogenic CHIKV challenge. These studies define a critical function for residues E1-F87 and E1-F95 in alphavirus fusion and entry into target cells and suggest that incorporation of these mutations could enhance the safety of live-attenuated alphavirus vaccine candidates. IMPORTANCE Alphaviruses are human pathogens that cause both debilitating acute and chronic musculoskeletal disease and potentially fatal encephalitis. In this study, we determined that two highly conserved phenylalanine residues in the alphavirus E1 glycoprotein are required for fusion of viral and host cell membranes and viral entry into target cells. We further demonstrated that mutation of these phenylalanines results in a substantial loss of viral virulence but not immunogenicity. These data enhance an understanding of the viral determinants of alphavirus entry into host cells and could contribute to the development of new antivirals targeting these conserved phenylalanines or new live-attenuated alphavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cormac J. Lucas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- RNA Bioscience Initiative, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Bennett J. Davenport
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kathryn S. Carpentier
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Alex N. Tinega
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas E. Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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18
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Beddingfield BJ, Sugimoto C, Wang E, Weaver SC, Russell-Lodrigue KE, Killeen SZ, Kuroda MJ, Roy CJ. Phenotypic and Kinetic Changes of Myeloid Lineage Cells in Innate Response to Chikungunya Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:192-199. [PMID: 35333631 PMCID: PMC9063200 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2021.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya (CHIKV) is an emerging worldwide viral threat. The immune response to infection can lead to protection and convalescence or result in long-term sequelae such as arthritis. Early innate immune events during acute infection have been characterized for some cell types, but more must be elucidated with respect to cellular responses of monocytes and other myeloid lineage cells. In addition to their roles in protection and inflammation resolution, monocytes and macrophages are sites for viral replication and may also act as viral reservoirs. These cells are also found in joints postinfection, possibly playing a role in long-term CHIKV-induced pathology. We examined kinetic and phenotypic changes in myeloid lineage cells, including monocytes, in cynomolgus macaques early after experimental infection with CHIKV. We found increased proliferation of monocytes and decreased proliferation of myeloid dendritic cells early during infection, with an accompanying decrease in absolute numbers of both cell types, as well as a simultaneous increase in plasmacytoid dendritic cell number. An increase in CD16 and CD14 was seen along with a decrease in monocyte Human Leukocyte Antigen-DR isotype expression within 3 days of infection, potentially indicating monocyte deactivation. A transient decrease in T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells correlated with lymphocytopenia observed during human infections with CHIKV. CD4+ T cell proliferation decreased in blood, indicating relocation of cells to effector sites. These data indicate CHIKV influences proliferation rates and kinetics of myeloid lineage cells early during infection and may prove useful in development of therapeutics and evaluation of infection-induced pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Beddingfield
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chie Sugimoto
- Division of Host Defense, Institute for Frontier Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Shimotsuga-gun, Japan
| | - Eryu Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Kasi E Russell-Lodrigue
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Stephanie Z Killeen
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Marcelo J Kuroda
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, and California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Chad J Roy
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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19
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Crowley AR, Natarajan H, Hederman AP, Bobak CA, Weiner JA, Wieland-Alter W, Lee J, Bloch EM, Tobian AAR, Redd AD, Blankson JN, Wolf D, Goetghebuer T, Marchant A, Connor RI, Wright PF, Ackerman ME. Boosting of cross-reactive antibodies to endemic coronaviruses by SARS-CoV-2 infection but not vaccination with stabilized spike. eLife 2022; 11:75228. [PMID: 35289271 PMCID: PMC8923670 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Preexisting antibodies to endemic coronaviruses (CoV) that cross-react with SARS-CoV-2 have the potential to influence the antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination and infection for better or worse. In this observational study of mucosal and systemic humoral immunity in acutely infected, convalescent, and vaccinated subjects, we tested for cross-reactivity against endemic CoV spike (S) protein at subdomain resolution. Elevated responses, particularly to the β-CoV OC43, were observed in all natural infection cohorts tested and were correlated with the response to SARS-CoV-2. The kinetics of this response and isotypes involved suggest that infection boosts preexisting antibody lineages raised against prior endemic CoV exposure that cross-react. While further research is needed to discern whether this recalled response is desirable or detrimental, the boosted antibodies principally targeted the better-conserved S2 subdomain of the viral spike and were not associated with neutralization activity. In contrast, vaccination with a stabilized spike mRNA vaccine did not robustly boost cross-reactive antibodies, suggesting differing antigenicity and immunogenicity. In sum, this study provides evidence that antibodies targeting endemic CoV are robustly boosted in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection but not to vaccination with stabilized S, and that depending on conformation or other factors, the S2 subdomain of the spike protein triggers a rapidly recalled, IgG-dominated response that lacks neutralization activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Crowley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
| | - Harini Natarajan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
| | - Andrew P Hederman
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
| | - Carly A Bobak
- Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
| | - Wendy Wieland-Alter
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, United States
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States
| | - Joel N Blankson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Dana Wolf
- Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tessa Goetghebuer
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium.,Pediatric Department, CHU St Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Ruth I Connor
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, United States
| | - Peter F Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, United States
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States.,Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States.,Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
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20
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Tschismarov R, Zellweger RM, Koh MJ, Leong YS, Low JG, Ooi EE, Mandl CW, Ramsauer K, de Alwis R. Antibody effector analysis of prime versus prime-boost immunizations with a recombinant measles-vectored chikungunya virus vaccine. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e151095. [PMID: 34582377 PMCID: PMC8663552 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.151095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne disease that causes periodic but explosive epidemics of acute disease throughout the tropical world. Vaccine development against chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has been hampered by an inability to conduct efficacy trials due to the unpredictability of CHIKV outbreaks. Therefore, immune correlates are being explored to gain inference into vaccine-induced protection. This study is an in-depth serological characterization of Fab- and Fc-mediated antibody responses in selected phase II clinical trial participants following immunization with the recombinant measles-vectored CHIKV vaccine, MV-CHIK. Antibody comparisons were conducted between participants who received prime and those who received prime-boost vaccine regimens. MV-CHIK vaccination elicited potent Fab-mediated antibody responses (such as CHIKV-specific IgG, neutralization, and avidity), including dominant IgG3 responses, which translated into strong antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis. At 1 month, prime-boost immunization led to significantly greater responses in every measured Fab and Fc antibody parameter. Interestingly, prime-boost-elicited antibodies decreased rapidly over time, until at 6 months both vaccine regimens displayed similar antibody profiles. Nonetheless, antibody avidity and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis remained significantly greater following boost immunization. Our observations suggest that a prime-boost administration of MV-CHIK will be more appropriate for CHIKV-endemic regions, while a prime-only regimen may be sufficient for travel purposes or outbreak situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Tschismarov
- Themis Bioscience GmbH, Vienna, Austria, a subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Raphaël M. Zellweger
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre, SingHealth-Duke NUS (ViREMiCS), Singapore
- Epidemiology, Public Health, & Impact, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jie Koh
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre, SingHealth-Duke NUS (ViREMiCS), Singapore
| | - Yan Shan Leong
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre, SingHealth-Duke NUS (ViREMiCS), Singapore
| | - Jenny G. Low
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre, SingHealth-Duke NUS (ViREMiCS), Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre, SingHealth-Duke NUS (ViREMiCS), Singapore
| | | | - Katrin Ramsauer
- Themis Bioscience GmbH, Vienna, Austria, a subsidiary of Merck & Co. Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ruklanthi de Alwis
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Viral Research and Experimental Medicine Centre, SingHealth-Duke NUS (ViREMiCS), Singapore
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21
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Gunn BM, Bai S. Building a better antibody through the Fc: advances and challenges in harnessing antibody Fc effector functions for antiviral protection. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:4328-4344. [PMID: 34613865 PMCID: PMC8827636 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1976580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies can provide antiviral protection through neutralization and recruitment of innate effector functions through the Fc domain. While neutralization has long been appreciated for its role in antibody-mediated protection, a growing body of work indicates that the antibody Fc domain also significantly contributes to antiviral protection. Recruitment of innate immune cells such as natural killer cells, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and the complement system by antibodies can lead to direct restriction of viral infection as well as promoting long-term antiviral immunity. Monoclonal antibody therapeutics against viruses are increasingly incorporating Fc-enhancing features to take advantage of the Fc domain, uncovering a surprising breadth of mechanisms through which antibodies can control viral infection. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of antibody-mediated innate immune effector functions in protection from viral infection and review the current approaches and challenges to effectively leverage innate immune cells via antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwyn M. Gunn
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Shuangyi Bai
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
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22
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Cheng HD, Dowell KG, Bailey-Kellogg C, Goods BA, Love JC, Ferrari G, Alter G, Gach J, Forthal DN, Lewis GK, Greene K, Gao H, Montefiori DC, Ackerman ME. Diverse antiviral IgG effector activities are predicted by unique biophysical antibody features. Retrovirology 2021; 18:35. [PMID: 34717659 PMCID: PMC8557579 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00579-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The critical role of antibody Fc-mediated effector functions in immune defense has been widely reported in various viral infections. These effector functions confer cellular responses through engagement with innate immune cells. The precise mechanism(s) by which immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc domain and cognate receptors may afford protection are poorly understood, however, in the context of HIV/SHIV infections. Many different in vitro assays have been developed and utilized to measure effector functions, but the extent to which these assays capture distinct antibody activities has not been fully elucidated. RESULTS In this study, six Fc-mediated effector function assays and two biophysical antibody profiling assays were performed on a common set of samples from HIV-1 infected and vaccinated subjects. Biophysical antibody profiles supported robust prediction of diverse IgG effector functions across distinct Fc-mediated effector function assays. While a number of assays showed correlated activities, supervised machine learning models indicated unique antibody features as primary contributing factors to the associated effector functions. Additional experiments established the mechanistic relevance of relationships discovered using this unbiased approach. CONCLUSIONS In sum, this study provides better resolution on the diversity and complexity of effector function assays, offering a clearer perspective into this family of antibody mechanisms of action to inform future HIV-1 treatment and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao D. Cheng
- grid.254880.30000 0001 2179 2404Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA ,grid.254880.30000 0001 2179 2404Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Dr., Hanover, NH 03755 USA
| | - Karen G. Dowell
- grid.254880.30000 0001 2179 2404Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, 03755 USA
| | - Chris Bailey-Kellogg
- grid.254880.30000 0001 2179 2404Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, 03755 USA
| | - Brittany A. Goods
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA ,grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - J. Christopher Love
- grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA ,grid.116068.80000 0001 2341 2786Department of Biological Engineering, Koch Institute at MIT, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Guido Ferrari
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.189509.c0000000100241216Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27719 USA
| | - Galit Alter
- grid.461656.60000 0004 0489 3491Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Johannes Gach
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Division of Infectious Diseases, Irvine School of Medicine, University California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Donald N. Forthal
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Division of Infectious Diseases, Irvine School of Medicine, University California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - George K. Lewis
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Kelli Greene
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - Hongmei Gao
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA
| | - David C. Montefiori
- grid.189509.c0000000100241216Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710 USA ,grid.189509.c0000000100241216Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27719 USA
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- grid.254880.30000 0001 2179 2404Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA ,grid.254880.30000 0001 2179 2404Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Dartmouth College, 14 Engineering Dr., Hanover, NH 03755 USA
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23
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Crowley AR, Natarajan H, Hederman AP, Bobak CA, Weiner JA, Wieland-Alter W, Lee J, Bloch EM, Tobian AA, Redd AD, Blankson JN, Wolf D, Goetghebuer T, Marchant A, Connor RI, Wright PF, Ackerman ME. Boosting of Cross-Reactive Antibodies to Endemic Coronaviruses by SARS-CoV-2 Infection but not Vaccination with Stabilized Spike. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.10.27.21265574. [PMID: 34729565 PMCID: PMC8562549 DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.27.21265574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pre-existing antibodies to endemic coronaviruses (CoV) that cross-react with SARS-CoV-2 have the potential to influence the antibody response to COVID-19 vaccination and infection for better or worse. In this observational study of mucosal and systemic humoral immunity in acutely infected, convalescent, and vaccinated subjects, we tested for cross reactivity against endemic CoV spike (S) protein at subdomain resolution. Elevated responses, particularly to the β-CoV OC43, were observed in all natural infection cohorts tested and were correlated with the response to SARS-CoV-2. The kinetics of this response and isotypes involved suggest that infection boosts preexisting antibody lineages raised against prior endemic CoV exposure that cross react. While further research is needed to discern whether this recalled response is desirable or detrimental, the boosted antibodies principally targeted the better conserved S2 subdomain of the viral spike and were not associated with neutralization activity. In contrast, vaccination with a stabilized spike mRNA vaccine did not robustly boost cross-reactive antibodies, suggesting differing antigenicity and immunogenicity. In sum, this study provides evidence that antibodies targeting endemic CoV are robustly boosted in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection but not to vaccination with stabilized S, and that depending on conformation or other factors, the S2 subdomain of the spike protein triggers a rapidly recalled, IgG-dominated response that lacks neutralization activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Crowley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Harini Natarajan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - Carly A. Bobak
- Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Joshua A. Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Wendy Wieland-Alter
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Evan M. Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Aaron A.R. Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andrew D. Redd
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joel N. Blankson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dana Wolf
- Hadassah University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tessa Goetghebuer
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
- Pediatric Department, CHU St Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Ruth I. Connor
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Peter F. Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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24
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Isotype-Specific Fc Effector Functions Enhance Antibody-Mediated Rift Valley Fever Virus Protection In Vivo. mSphere 2021; 6:e0055621. [PMID: 34494884 PMCID: PMC8550229 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00556-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovered in 1931, Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an arbovirus that causes disease in humans and livestock. In humans, disease ranges from a self-limiting febrile illness to a more severe hepatitis or encephalitis. There are currently no licensed human therapeutics for RVFV disease. Given the recent advances in the use of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) for treating infectious disease, a panel of anti-RVFV Gn glycoprotein MAbs was developed and characterized. RVFV MAbs spanned a range of neutralizing abilities and mapped to distinct epitopes along Gn. The contribution of Fc effector functions in providing MAb-mediated protection from RVFV was assessed. IgG2a version MAbs had increased capacity to induce effector functions and conferred better protection from RVFV challenge in a lethal mouse model than IgG1 version MAbs. Overall, this study shows that Fc-mediated functions are a critical component of humoral protection from RVFV. IMPORTANCE Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne virus found throughout Africa and into the Middle East. It has a substantial disease burden; in areas of endemicity, up to 60% of adults are seropositive. With a case fatality rate of up to 3% and the ability to cause hemorrhagic fever and encephalitis, RVFV poses a serious threat to human health. Despite the known human disease burden and the fact that it is a NIAID category A priority pathogen and a WHO priority disease for research and development, there are no vaccines or therapeutics available for RVF. In this study, we developed and characterized a panel of monoclonal antibodies against the RVFV surface glycoprotein, Gn. We then demonstrated therapeutic efficacy in the prevention of RVF in vivo in an otherwise lethal mouse model. Finally, we revealed a role for Fc-mediated function in augmenting the protection provided by these antibodies.
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25
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Constant LEC, Rajsfus BF, Carneiro PH, Sisnande T, Mohana-Borges R, Allonso D. Overview on Chikungunya Virus Infection: From Epidemiology to State-of-the-Art Experimental Models. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:744164. [PMID: 34675908 PMCID: PMC8524093 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.744164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is currently one of the most relevant arboviruses to public health. It is a member of the Togaviridae family and alphavirus genus and causes an arthritogenic disease known as chikungunya fever (CHIKF). It is characterized by a multifaceted disease, which is distinguished from other arbovirus infections by the intense and debilitating arthralgia that can last for months or years in some individuals. Despite the great social and economic burden caused by CHIKV infection, there is no vaccine or specific antiviral drugs currently available. Recent outbreaks have shown a change in the severity profile of the disease in which atypical and severe manifestation lead to hundreds of deaths, reinforcing the necessity to understand the replication and pathogenesis processes. CHIKF is a complex disease resultant from the infection of a plethora of cell types. Although there are several in vivo models for studying CHIKV infection, none of them reproduces integrally the disease signature observed in humans, which is a challenge for vaccine and drug development. Therefore, understanding the potentials and limitations of the state-of-the-art experimental models is imperative to advance in the field. In this context, the present review outlines the present knowledge on CHIKV epidemiology, replication, pathogenesis, and immunity and also brings a critical perspective on the current in vitro and in vivo state-of-the-art experimental models of CHIKF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa E. C. Constant
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bia F. Rajsfus
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro H. Carneiro
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tháyna Sisnande
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Mohana-Borges
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia e Bioengenharia Estrutural, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diego Allonso
- Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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26
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Near-germline human monoclonal antibodies neutralize and protect against multiple arthritogenic alphaviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2100104118. [PMID: 34507983 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100104118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthritogenic alphaviruses are globally distributed, mosquito-transmitted viruses that cause rheumatological disease in humans and include Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), Mayaro virus (MAYV), and others. Although serological evidence suggests that some antibody-mediated heterologous immunity may be afforded by alphavirus infection, the extent to which broadly neutralizing antibodies that protect against multiple arthritogenic alphaviruses are elicited during natural infection remains unknown. Here, we describe the isolation and characterization of MAYV-reactive alphavirus monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from a CHIKV-convalescent donor. We characterized 33 human mAbs that cross-reacted with CHIKV and MAYV and engaged multiple epitopes on the E1 and E2 glycoproteins. We identified five mAbs that target distinct regions of the B domain of E2 and potently neutralize multiple alphaviruses with differential breadth of inhibition. These broadly neutralizing mAbs (bNAbs) contain few somatic mutations and inferred germline-revertants retained neutralizing capacity. Two bNAbs, DC2.M16 and DC2.M357, protected against both CHIKV- and MAYV-induced musculoskeletal disease in mice. These findings enhance our understanding of the cross-reactive and cross-protective antibody response to human alphavirus infections.
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27
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Williamson LE, Reeder KM, Bailey K, Tran MH, Roy V, Fouch ME, Kose N, Trivette A, Nargi RS, Winkler ES, Kim AS, Gainza C, Rodriguez J, Armstrong E, Sutton RE, Reidy J, Carnahan RH, McDonald WH, Schoeder CT, Klimstra WB, Davidson E, Doranz BJ, Alter G, Meiler J, Schey KL, Julander JG, Diamond MS, Crowe JE. Therapeutic alphavirus cross-reactive E1 human antibodies inhibit viral egress. Cell 2021; 184:4430-4446.e22. [PMID: 34416147 PMCID: PMC8418820 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alphaviruses cause severe arthritogenic or encephalitic disease. The E1 structural glycoprotein is highly conserved in these viruses and mediates viral fusion with host cells. However, the role of antibody responses to the E1 protein in immunity is poorly understood. We isolated E1-specific human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with diverse patterns of recognition for alphaviruses (ranging from Eastern equine encephalitis virus [EEEV]-specific to alphavirus cross-reactive) from survivors of natural EEEV infection. Antibody binding patterns and epitope mapping experiments identified differences in E1 reactivity based on exposure of epitopes on the glycoprotein through pH-dependent mechanisms or presentation on the cell surface prior to virus egress. Therapeutic efficacy in vivo of these mAbs corresponded with potency of virus egress inhibition in vitro and did not require Fc-mediated effector functions for treatment against subcutaneous EEEV challenge. These studies reveal the molecular basis for broad and protective antibody responses to alphavirus E1 proteins.
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MESH Headings
- Alphavirus/immunology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Cell Line
- Chikungunya virus/immunology
- Cross Reactions/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Eastern Equine/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Equine/virology
- Epitope Mapping
- Female
- Horses
- Humans
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Joints/pathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Biological
- Protein Binding
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Temperature
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Virion/metabolism
- Virus Internalization
- Virus Release/physiology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Williamson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kristen M Reeder
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kevin Bailey
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84335, USA
| | - Minh H Tran
- Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Center of Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vicky Roy
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Nurgun Kose
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Andrew Trivette
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel S Nargi
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Christopher Gainza
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jessica Rodriguez
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Erica Armstrong
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel E Sutton
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Joseph Reidy
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - W Hayes McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Clara T Schoeder
- Center of Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - William B Klimstra
- The Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 165261, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 165261, USA
| | | | | | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jens Meiler
- Center of Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University Medical School, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kevin L Schey
- Department of Biochemistry and Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Justin G Julander
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84335, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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The Role of Fc Receptors on the Effectiveness of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168947. [PMID: 34445651 PMCID: PMC8396266 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the approval of the first monoclonal antibody (mAb) in 1986, a huge effort has been made to guarantee safety and efficacy of therapeutic mAbs. As of July 2021, 118 mAbs are approved for the European market for a broad range of clinical indications. In order to ensure clinical efficacy and safety aspects, (pre-)clinical experimental approaches evaluate the respective modes of action (MoA). In addition to antigen-specificity including binding affinity and -avidity, MoA comprise Fc-mediated effector functions such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and the closely related antibody dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP). For this reason, a variety of cell-based assays have been established investigating effector functions of therapeutic mAbs with different effector/target-cell combinations and several readouts including Fcγ receptor (FcγR)-mediated lysis, fluorescence, or luminescence. Optimized FcγR-mediated effector functions regarding clinical safety and efficacy are addressed with modification strategies such as point mutations, altered glycosylation patterns, combination of different Fc subclasses (cross isotypes), and Fc-truncation of the mAb. These strategies opened the field for a next generation of therapeutic mAbs. In conclusion, it is of major importance to consider FcγR-mediated effector functions for the efficacy of therapeutic mAbs.
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29
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Kim AS, Kafai NM, Winkler ES, Gilliland TC, Cottle EL, Earnest JT, Jethva PN, Kaplonek P, Shah AP, Fong RH, Davidson E, Malonis RJ, Quiroz JA, Williamson LE, Vang L, Mack M, Crowe JE, Doranz BJ, Lai JR, Alter G, Gross ML, Klimstra WB, Fremont DH, Diamond MS. Pan-protective anti-alphavirus human antibodies target a conserved E1 protein epitope. Cell 2021; 184:4414-4429.e19. [PMID: 34416146 PMCID: PMC8382027 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alphaviruses are emerging, mosquito-transmitted pathogens that cause musculoskeletal and neurological disease in humans. Although neutralizing antibodies that inhibit individual alphaviruses have been described, broadly reactive antibodies that protect against both arthritogenic and encephalitic alphaviruses have not been reported. Here, we identify DC2.112 and DC2.315, two pan-protective yet poorly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that avidly bind to viral antigen on the surface of cells infected with arthritogenic and encephalitic alphaviruses. These mAbs engage a conserved epitope in domain II of the E1 protein proximal to and within the fusion peptide. Treatment with DC2.112 or DC2.315 protects mice against infection by both arthritogenic (chikungunya and Mayaro) and encephalitic (Venezuelan, Eastern, and Western equine encephalitis) alphaviruses through multiple mechanisms, including inhibition of viral egress and monocyte-dependent Fc effector functions. These findings define a conserved epitope recognized by weakly neutralizing yet protective antibodies that could be targeted for pan-alphavirus immunotherapy and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur S Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Natasha M Kafai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Theron C Gilliland
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Emily L Cottle
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - James T Earnest
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Prashant N Jethva
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Paulina Kaplonek
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Aadit P Shah
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rachel H Fong
- Integral Molecular, Inc., Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Ryan J Malonis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jose A Quiroz
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Lauren E Williamson
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center and Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lo Vang
- Emergent BioSolutions, Gaithersburg, MD 20879, USA
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center and Departments of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - Jonathan R Lai
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael L Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - William B Klimstra
- Center for Vaccine Research and Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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30
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent work defining Fc-mediated effector functions for both viral control and protection against infection is summarized and considered along with new strategies to drive robust Fc-mediated responses. RECENT FINDINGS In new human and nonhuman primate (NHP) vaccine trials as well as studies of natural infection, Fc-mediated effector responses have sometimes been observed to correlate with decreased risk of infection or with better clinical outcomes, suggesting a potential role for these responses in HIV-1 prevention and therapy. Recent highlights include use of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-sensitizing CD4-induced mimetic compounds, novel V1V2 immunogens, passive transfer studies, and vaccine regimens that successfully elicited Fc-mediated responses and were reported to decrease risk of infection in challenge studies in NHPs. Lastly, detailed studies of IgG3 forms of HIV-specific antibodies have reported that both neutralizing and Fc-mediated responses can be increased relative to the more prevalent IgG1 subclass. SUMMARY Successful harmonization of neutralizing and Fc-mediated responses may make key contributions to the goal of reducing HIV-1 infection via active and passive vaccination. New studies continue to highlight the importance of Fc-mediated antibody responses as correlates of decreased risk of infection and suggest enhanced phagocytosis is a potential mechanism of reduced risk of infection associated with human IgG3 responses. Results from recent studies may help guide the rational design of therapies and vaccines that aim to specifically leverage antibody effector function.
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31
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Hasan SS, Dey D, Singh S, Martin M. The Structural Biology of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus, an Emerging Viral Threat. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080973. [PMID: 34451437 PMCID: PMC8400090 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are arboviruses that cause arthritis and encephalitis in humans. Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that is implicated in severe encephalitis in humans with high mortality. However, limited insights are available into the fundamental biology of EEEV and residue-level details of its interactions with host proteins. In recent years, outbreaks of EEEV have been reported mainly in the United States, raising concerns about public safety. This review article summarizes recent advances in the structural biology of EEEV based mainly on single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryoEM) structures. Together with functional analyses of EEEV and related alphaviruses, these structural investigations provide clues to how EEEV interacts with host proteins, which may open avenues for the development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Saif Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (D.D.); (S.S.); (M.M.)
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland Medical Center, 22. S. Greene St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Debajit Dey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (D.D.); (S.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Suruchi Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (D.D.); (S.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Matthew Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (D.D.); (S.S.); (M.M.)
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32
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Keeler SP, Fox JM. Requirement of Fc-Fc Gamma Receptor Interaction for Antibody-Based Protection against Emerging Virus Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061037. [PMID: 34072720 PMCID: PMC8226613 DOI: 10.3390/v13061037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of therapeutics against emerging and re-emerging viruses remains a continued priority that is only reinforced by the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Advances in monoclonal antibody (mAb) isolation, characterization, and production make it a viable option for rapid treatment development. While mAbs are traditionally screened and selected based on potency of neutralization in vitro, it is clear that additional factors contribute to the in vivo efficacy of a mAb beyond viral neutralization. These factors include interactions with Fc receptors (FcRs) and complement that can enhance neutralization, clearance of infected cells, opsonization of virions, and modulation of the innate and adaptive immune response. In this review, we discuss recent studies, primarily using mouse models, that identified a role for Fc-FcγR interactions for optimal antibody-based protection against emerging and re-emerging virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamus P. Keeler
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Julie M. Fox
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Correspondence:
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33
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Lambour J, Naranjo-Gomez M, Boyer-Clavel M, Pelegrin M. Differential and sequential immunomodulatory role of neutrophils and Ly6C hi inflammatory monocytes during antiviral antibody therapy. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:964-981. [PMID: 33858301 PMCID: PMC8158214 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1913068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Antiviral monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can generate protective immunity through Fc-FcγRs interactions. We previously showed a role for immune complexes (ICs) in the enhancement of antiviral T-cell responses through FcγR-mediated activation of dendritic cells (DCs). Here we addressed how mAb therapy in retrovirus-infected mice affects the activation of neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes, two FcγR-expressing innate effector cells rapidly recruited to sites of infection. We found that both cell-types activated in vitro by viral ICs secreted chemokines able to recruit monocytes and neutrophils themselves. Moreover, inflammatory cytokines potentiated chemokines and cytokines release by IC-activated cells and induced FcγRIV upregulation. Similarly, infection and mAb-treatment upregulated FcγRIV on neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes and enhanced their cytokines/chemokines secretion. Notably, upon antibody therapy neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes displayed distinct functional activation states and sequentially modulated the antiviral immune response by secreting Th1-type polarizing cytokines and chemokines, which occurred in a FcγRIV-dependent manner. Consistently, FcγRIV- blocking in mAb-treated, infected mice led to reduced immune protection. Our work provides new findings on the immunomodulatory role of neutrophils and monocytes in the enhancement of immune responses upon antiviral mAb therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mar Naranjo-Gomez
- IGMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Myriam Boyer-Clavel
- Montpellier Ressources Imagerie, Biocampus, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Mireia Pelegrin
- IGMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France.,IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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34
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Case JB, Winkler ES, Errico JM, Diamond MS. On the road to ending the COVID-19 pandemic: Are we there yet? Virology 2021; 557:70-85. [PMID: 33676349 PMCID: PMC7908885 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged into the human population in late 2019 and caused the global COVID-19 pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 has spread to more than 215 countries and infected many millions of people. Despite the introduction of numerous governmental and public health measures to control disease spread, infections continue at an unabated pace, suggesting that effective vaccines and antiviral drugs will be required to curtail disease, end the pandemic, and restore societal norms. Here, we review the current developments in antibody and vaccine countermeasures to limit or prevent disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- COVID-19/epidemiology
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19/therapy
- COVID-19/virology
- COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
- COVID-19 Vaccines/biosynthesis
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genetic Vectors/chemistry
- Genetic Vectors/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/drug effects
- Immunization, Passive/methods
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Pandemics
- Patient Safety
- SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity
- Vaccines, Attenuated
- Vaccines, DNA
- Vaccines, Subunit
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/biosynthesis
- Vaccines, Virus-Like Particle/immunology
- COVID-19 Serotherapy
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Affiliation(s)
- James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - John M Errico
- Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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35
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Suryadevara N, Shrihari S, Gilchuk P, VanBlargan LA, Binshtein E, Zost SJ, Nargi RS, Sutton RE, Winkler ES, Chen EC, Fouch ME, Davidson E, Doranz BJ, Chen RE, Shi PY, Carnahan RH, Thackray LB, Diamond MS, Crowe JE. Neutralizing and protective human monoclonal antibodies recognizing the N-terminal domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Cell 2021; 184:2316-2331.e15. [PMID: 33773105 PMCID: PMC7962591 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Most human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 recognize the spike (S) protein receptor-binding domain and block virus interactions with the cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. We describe a panel of human mAbs binding to diverse epitopes on the N-terminal domain (NTD) of S protein from SARS-CoV-2 convalescent donors and found a minority of these possessed neutralizing activity. Two mAbs (COV2-2676 and COV2-2489) inhibited infection of authentic SARS-CoV-2 and recombinant VSV/SARS-CoV-2 viruses. We mapped their binding epitopes by alanine-scanning mutagenesis and selection of functional SARS-CoV-2 S neutralization escape variants. Mechanistic studies showed that these antibodies neutralize in part by inhibiting a post-attachment step in the infection cycle. COV2-2676 and COV2-2489 offered protection either as prophylaxis or therapy, and Fc effector functions were required for optimal protection. Thus, natural infection induces a subset of potent NTD-specific mAbs that leverage neutralizing and Fc-mediated activities to protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection using multiple functional attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Swathi Shrihari
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Laura A VanBlargan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elad Binshtein
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Seth J Zost
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel S Nargi
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel E Sutton
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Elaine C Chen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Larissa B Thackray
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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36
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Natarajan H, Crowley AR, Butler SE, Xu S, Weiner JA, Bloch EM, Littlefield K, Wieland-Alter W, Connor RI, Wright PF, Benner SE, Bonny TS, Laeyendecker O, Sullivan D, Shoham S, Quinn TC, Larman HB, Casadevall A, Pekosz A, Redd AD, Tobian AAR, Ackerman ME. Markers of Polyfunctional SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies in Convalescent Plasma. mBio 2021; 12:e00765-21. [PMID: 33879585 PMCID: PMC8092262 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00765-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Convalescent plasma is a promising therapy for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the antibody characteristics that contribute to efficacy remain poorly understood. This study analyzed plasma samples from 126 eligible convalescent blood donors in addition to 15 naive individuals, as well as an additional 20 convalescent individuals as a validation cohort. Multiplexed Fc Array binding assays and functional antibody response assays were utilized to evaluate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibody composition and activity. Donor convalescent plasma samples contained a range of antibody cell- and complement-mediated effector functions, indicating the diverse antiviral activity of humoral responses observed among recovered individuals. In addition to viral neutralization, convalescent plasma samples contained antibodies capable of mediating such Fc-dependent functions as complement activation, phagocytosis, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity against SARS-CoV-2. Plasma samples from a fraction of eligible donors exhibited high activity across all activities evaluated. These polyfunctional plasma samples could be identified with high accuracy with even single Fc Array features, whose correlation with polyfunctional activity was confirmed in the validation cohort. Collectively, these results expand understanding of the diversity of antibody-mediated antiviral functions associated with convalescent plasma, and the polyfunctional antiviral functions suggest that it could retain activity even when its neutralizing capacity is reduced by mutations in variant SARS-CoV-2.IMPORTANCE Convalescent plasma has been deployed globally as a treatment for COVID-19, but efficacy has been mixed. Better understanding of the antibody characteristics that may contribute to its antiviral effects is important for this intervention as well as offer insights into correlates of vaccine-mediated protection. Here, a survey of convalescent plasma activities, including antibody neutralization and diverse effector functions, was used to define plasma samples with broad activity profiles. These polyfunctional plasma samples could be reliably identified in multiple cohorts by multiplex assay, presenting a widely deployable screening test for plasma selection and investigation of vaccine-elicited responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Natarajan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Andrew R Crowley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Savannah E Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Shiwei Xu
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Evan M Bloch
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kirsten Littlefield
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wendy Wieland-Alter
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Ruth I Connor
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Peter F Wright
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Sarah E Benner
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tania S Bonny
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - David Sullivan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shmuel Shoham
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas C Quinn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - H Benjamin Larman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Margaret E Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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37
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Earnest JT, Holmes AC, Basore K, Mack M, Fremont DH, Diamond MS. The mechanistic basis of protection by non-neutralizing anti-alphavirus antibodies. Cell Rep 2021; 35:108962. [PMID: 33826892 PMCID: PMC8055377 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against epitopes within the alphavirus E2 protein can protect against infection, the functional significance of non-neutralizing mAbs is poorly understood. Here, we evaluate the activity of 13 non-neutralizing mAbs against Mayaro virus (MAYV), an emerging arthritogenic alphavirus. These mAbs bind to the MAYV virion and surface of infected cells but fail to neutralize infection in cell culture. Mapping studies identify six mAb binding groups that localize to discrete epitopes within or adjacent to the A domain of the E2 glycoprotein. Remarkably, passive transfer of non-neutralizing mAbs protects against MAYV infection and disease in mice, and their efficacy requires Fc effector functions. Monocytes mediate the protection of non-neutralizing mAbs in vivo, as Fcγ-receptor-expressing myeloid cells facilitate the binding, uptake, and clearance of MAYV without antibody-dependent enhancement of infection. Humoral protection against alphaviruses likely reflects contributions from non-neutralizing antibodies through Fc-dependent mechanisms that accelerate viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Earnest
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Autumn C Holmes
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Katherine Basore
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine. St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Antibodies mediate pathogen neutralization in addition to several cytotoxic Fc functions through engaging cellular receptors and recruiting effector cells. Fc effector functions have been well described in disease control and protection against infectious diseases including HIV, Ebola, malaria, influenza and tuberculosis, making them attractive targets for vaccine design. AREAS COVERED We briefly summarize the role of Fc effector functions in disease control and protection in viral, bacterial and parasitic infectious diseases. We review Fc effector function in passive immunization and vaccination, and primarily focus on strategies to elicit and modulate these functions as part of a robust vaccine strategy. EXPERT OPINION Despite their known correlation with vaccine efficacy for several diseases, only recently have seminal studies addressed how these Fc effector functions can be elicited and modulated in vaccination. However, gaps remain in assay standardization and the precise mechanisms of diverse functional assays. Furthermore, there are inherent difficulties in the translation of findings from animal models to humans, given the difference in sequence, expression and function of Fc receptors and Fc portions of antibodies. However, overall it is clear that vaccine development to elicit Fc effector function is an important goal for optimal prevention against infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone I Richardson
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.,Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Penny L Moore
- Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.,Antibody Immunity Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa.,Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), University of KwaZulu-Natal, Congella, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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Winkler ES, Gilchuk P, Yu J, Bailey AL, Chen RE, Chong Z, Zost SJ, Jang H, Huang Y, Allen JD, Case JB, Sutton RE, Carnahan RH, Darling TL, Boon ACM, Mack M, Head RD, Ross TM, Crowe JE, Diamond MS. Human neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 require intact Fc effector functions for optimal therapeutic protection. Cell 2021; 184:1804-1820.e16. [PMID: 33691139 PMCID: PMC7879018 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has caused the global COVID-19 pandemic. Although passively delivered neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 show promise in clinical trials, their mechanism of action in vivo is incompletely understood. Here, we define correlates of protection of neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in SARS-CoV-2-infected animals. Whereas Fc effector functions are dispensable when representative neutralizing mAbs are administered as prophylaxis, they are required for optimal protection as therapy. When given after infection, intact mAbs reduce SARS-CoV-2 burden and lung disease in mice and hamsters better than loss-of-function Fc variant mAbs. Fc engagement of neutralizing antibodies mitigates inflammation and improves respiratory mechanics, and transcriptional profiling suggests these phenotypes are associated with diminished innate immune signaling and preserved tissue repair. Immune cell depletions establish that neutralizing mAbs require monocytes and CD8+ T cells for optimal clinical and virological benefit. Thus, potently neutralizing mAbs utilize Fc effector functions during therapy to mitigate lung infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jinsheng Yu
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Adam L Bailey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zhenlu Chong
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Seth J Zost
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Hyesun Jang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - James D Allen
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rachel E Sutton
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Tamarand L Darling
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Adrianus C M Boon
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Richard D Head
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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40
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Henss L, Yue C, Von Rhein C, Tschismarov R, Lewis-Ximenez LL, Dölle A, Baylis SA, Schnierle BS. Analysis of Humoral Immune Responses in Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV)-Infected Patients and Individuals Vaccinated With a Candidate CHIKV Vaccine. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:1713-1723. [PMID: 31828322 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes severe flu-like symptoms. The acute symptoms disappear after 1 week, but chronic arthralgia can persist for years. In this study, humoral immune responses in CHIKV-infected patients and vaccinees were analyzed. METHODS Alphavirus neutralization activity was analyzed with pseudotyped lentiviral vectors, and antibody epitope mapping was performed with a peptide array. RESULTS The greatest CHIKV neutralization activity was observed 60-92 days after onset of symptoms. The amount of CHIKV-specific antibodies and their binding avidity and cross-reactivity with other alphaviruses increased over time. Chikungunya virus and o'nyong-nyong virus (ONNV) were both neutralized to a similar extent. Linear antibody binding epitopes were mainly found in E2 domain B and the acid-sensitive regions (ASRs). In addition, serum samples from healthy volunteers vaccinated with a measles-vectored chikungunya vaccine candidate, MV-CHIK, were analyzed. Neutralization activity in the samples from the vaccine cohort was 2- to 6-fold lower than in samples from CHIKV-infected patients. In contrast to infection, vaccination only induced cross-neutralization with ONNV, and the E2 ASR1 was the major antibody target. CONCLUSIONS These data could assist vaccine design and enable the identification of correlates of protection necessary for vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Henss
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Department of Virology, Langen, Germany
| | - Constanze Yue
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Department of Virology, Langen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Sally A Baylis
- Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Department of Virology, Langen, Germany
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41
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Suryadevara N, Shrihari S, Gilchuk P, VanBlargan LA, Binshtein E, Zost SJ, Nargi RS, Sutton RE, Winkler ES, Chen EC, Fouch ME, Davidson E, Doranz BJ, Carnahan RH, Thackray LB, Diamond MS, Crowe JE. Neutralizing and protective human monoclonal antibodies recognizing the N-terminal domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021. [PMID: 33501445 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.19.427324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 recognize the spike (S) protein receptor-binding domain and block virus interactions with the cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. We describe a panel of human mAbs binding to diverse epitopes on the N-terminal domain (NTD) of S protein from SARS-CoV-2 convalescent donors and found a minority of these possessed neutralizing activity. Two mAbs (COV2-2676 and COV2-2489) inhibited infection of authentic SARS-CoV-2 and recombinant VSV/SARS-CoV-2 viruses. We mapped their binding epitopes by alanine-scanning mutagenesis and selection of functional SARS-CoV-2 S neutralization escape variants. Mechanistic studies showed that these antibodies neutralize in part by inhibiting a post-attachment step in the infection cycle. COV2-2676 and COV2-2489 offered protection either as prophylaxis or therapy, and Fc effector functions were required for optimal protection. Thus, natural infection induces a subset of potent NTD-specific mAbs that leverage neutralizing and Fc-mediated activities to protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection using multiple functional attributes.
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42
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Winkler ES, Gilchuk P, Yu J, Bailey AL, Chen RE, Zost SJ, Jang H, Huang Y, Allen JD, Case JB, Sutton RE, Carnahan RH, Darling TL, Boon ACM, Mack M, Head RD, Ross TM, Crowe JE, Diamond MS. Human neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 require intact Fc effector functions and monocytes for optimal therapeutic protection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 33398272 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.28.424554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has caused the global COVID-19 pandemic. Although passively delivered neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 show promise in clinical trials, their mechanism of action in vivo is incompletely understood. Here, we define correlates of protection of neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in SARS-CoV-2-infected animals. Whereas Fc effector functions are dispensable when representative neutralizing mAbs are administered as prophylaxis, they are required for optimal protection as therapy. When given after infection, intact mAbs reduce SARS-CoV-2 burden and lung disease in mice and hamsters better than loss-of-function Fc variant mAbs. Fc engagement of neutralizing antibodies mitigates inflammation and improves respiratory mechanics, and transcriptional profiling suggests these phenotypes are associated with diminished innate immune signaling and preserved tissue repair. Immune cell depletions establish that neutralizing mAbs require monocytes for therapeutic efficacy. Thus, potently neutralizing mAbs require Fc effector functions for maximal therapeutic benefit during therapy to modulate protective immune responses and mitigate lung disease.
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43
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Williamson LE, Gilliland T, Yadav PK, Binshtein E, Bombardi R, Kose N, Nargi RS, Sutton RE, Durie CL, Armstrong E, Carnahan RH, Walker LM, Kim AS, Fox JM, Diamond MS, Ohi MD, Klimstra WB, Crowe JE. Human Antibodies Protect against Aerosolized Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Infection. Cell 2020; 183:1884-1900.e23. [PMID: 33301709 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is one of the most virulent viruses endemic to North America. No licensed vaccines or antiviral therapeutics are available to combat this infection, which has recently shown an increase in human cases. Here, we characterize human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) isolated from a survivor of natural EEEV infection with potent (<20 pM) inhibitory activity of EEEV. Cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions of two highly neutralizing mAbs, EEEV-33 and EEEV-143, were solved in complex with chimeric Sindbis/EEEV virions to 7.2 Å and 8.3 Å, respectively. The mAbs recognize two distinct antigenic sites that are critical for inhibiting viral entry into cells. EEEV-33 and EEEV-143 protect against disease following stringent lethal aerosol challenge of mice with highly pathogenic EEEV. These studies provide insight into the molecular basis for the neutralizing human antibody response against EEEV and can facilitate development of vaccines and candidate antibody therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Williamson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Theron Gilliland
- The Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 165261, USA
| | - Pramod K Yadav
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Elad Binshtein
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robin Bombardi
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nurgun Kose
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel S Nargi
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rachel E Sutton
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Clarissa L Durie
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Erica Armstrong
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lauren M Walker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Melanie D Ohi
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - William B Klimstra
- The Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 165261, USA; Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 165261, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; The Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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44
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Ali MG, Zhang Z, Gao Q, Pan M, Rowan EG, Zhang J. Recent advances in therapeutic applications of neutralizing antibodies for virus infections: an overview. Immunol Res 2020; 68:325-339. [PMID: 33161557 PMCID: PMC7648849 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-020-09159-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are considered as an excellent foundation to neutralize pathogens and as highly specific therapeutic agents. Antibodies are generated in response to a vaccine but little use as immunotherapy to combat virus infections. A new generation of broadly cross-reactive and highly potent antibodies has led to a unique chance for them to be used as a medical intervention. Neutralizing antibodies (monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies) are desirable for pharmaceutical products because of their ability to target specific epitopes with their variable domains by precise neutralization mechanisms. The isolation of neutralizing antiviral antibodies has been achieved by Phage displayed antibody libraries, transgenic mice, B cell approaches, and hybridoma technology. Antibody engineering technologies have led to efficacy improvements, to further boost antibody in vivo activities. “Although neutralizing antiviral antibodies have some limitations that hinder their full development as therapeutic agents, the potential for prevention and treatment of infections, including a range of viruses (HIV, Ebola, MERS-COV, CHIKV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV2), are being actively pursued in human clinical trials.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasik Gumah Ali
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhening Zhang
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingzhu Pan
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Edward G Rowan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Juan Zhang
- Antibody Engineering Laboratory, School of Life Science & Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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Abstract
Alphaviruses cause severe human illnesses including persistent arthritis and fatal encephalitis. As alphavirus entry into target cells is the first step in infection, intensive research efforts have focused on elucidating aspects of this pathway, including attachment, internalization, and fusion. Herein, we review recent developments in the molecular understanding of alphavirus entry both in vitro and in vivo and how these advances might enable the design of therapeutics targeting this critical step in the alphavirus life cycle.
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46
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Zhang R, Earnest JT, Kim AS, Winkler ES, Desai P, Adams LJ, Hu G, Bullock C, Gold B, Cherry S, Diamond MS. Expression of the Mxra8 Receptor Promotes Alphavirus Infection and Pathogenesis in Mice and Drosophila. Cell Rep 2020; 28:2647-2658.e5. [PMID: 31484075 PMCID: PMC6745702 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mxra8 is a recently described receptor for multiple alphaviruses, including Chikungunya (CHIKV), Mayaro (MAYV), Ross River (RRV), and O'nyong nyong (ONNV) viruses. To determine its role in pathogenesis, we generated mice with mutant Mxra8 alleles: an 8-nucleotide deletion that produces a truncated, soluble form (Mxra8Δ8/Δ8) and a 97-nucleotide deletion that abolishes Mxra8 expression (Mxra8Δ97/Δ97). Mxra8Δ8/Δ8 and Mxra8Δ97/Δ97 fibroblasts show reduced CHIKV infection in culture, and Mxra8Δ8/Δ8 and Mxra8Δ97/Δ97 mice have decreased infection of musculoskeletal tissues with CHIKV, MAYV, RRV, or ONNV. Less foot swelling is observed in CHIKV-infected Mxra8 mutant mice, which correlated with fewer infiltrating neutrophils and cytokines. A recombinant E2-D71A CHIKV with diminished binding to Mxra8 is attenuated in vivo in wild-type mice. Ectopic Mxra8 expression is sufficient to enhance CHIKV infection and lethality in transgenic flies. These studies establish a role for Mxra8 in the pathogenesis of multiple alphaviruses and suggest that targeting this protein may mitigate disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - James T Earnest
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Pritesh Desai
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lucas J Adams
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gaowei Hu
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Christopher Bullock
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Beth Gold
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sara Cherry
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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47
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Fox JM, Huang L, Tahan S, Powell LA, Crowe JE, Wang D, Diamond MS. A cross-reactive antibody protects against Ross River virus musculoskeletal disease despite rapid neutralization escape in mice. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008743. [PMID: 32760128 PMCID: PMC7433899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthritogenic alphaviruses cause debilitating musculoskeletal disease and historically have circulated in distinct regions. With the global spread of chikungunya virus (CHIKV), there now is more geographic overlap, which could result in heterologous immunity affecting natural infection or vaccination. Here, we evaluated the capacity of a cross-reactive anti-CHIKV monoclonal antibody (CHK-265) to protect against disease caused by the distantly related alphavirus, Ross River virus (RRV). Although CHK-265 only moderately neutralizes RRV infection in cell culture, it limited clinical disease in mice independently of Fc effector function activity. Despite this protective phenotype, RRV escaped from CHK-265 neutralization in vivo, with resistant variants retaining pathogenic potential. Near the inoculation site, CHK-265 reduced viral burden in a type I interferon signaling-dependent manner and limited immune cell infiltration into musculoskeletal tissue. In a parallel set of experiments, purified human CHIKV immune IgG also weakly neutralized RRV, yet when transferred to mice, resulted in improved clinical outcome during RRV infection despite the emergence of resistant viruses. Overall, this study suggests that weakly cross-neutralizing antibodies can protect against heterologous alphavirus disease, even if neutralization escape occurs, through an early viral control program that tempers inflammation. The induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies is a goal of many antiviral vaccine programs. In this study, we show that cross-reactive monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies developed after CHIKV infection or immunization with relatively weak cross-neutralizing activity can protect against RRV-induced musculoskeletal disease in mice. Even though RRV rapidly escaped from neutralization, antibody therapy reduced inflammation in musculoskeletal tissues and decreased viral burden near the site of infection in a manner that required type I interferon signaling. These studies in mice show that broadly reactive antibodies with limited neutralizing activity still can confer protection against heterologous alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M. Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ling Huang
- MacroGenics, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen Tahan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Laura A. Powell
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - James E. Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center and Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David Wang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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48
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Winkler ES, Shrihari S, Hykes BL, Handley SA, Andhey PS, Huang YJS, Swain A, Droit L, Chebrolu KK, Mack M, Vanlandingham DL, Thackray LB, Cella M, Colonna M, Artyomov MN, Stappenbeck TS, Diamond MS. The Intestinal Microbiome Restricts Alphavirus Infection and Dissemination through a Bile Acid-Type I IFN Signaling Axis. Cell 2020; 182:901-918.e18. [PMID: 32668198 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an emerging alphavirus, has infected millions of people. However, the factors modulating disease outcome remain poorly understood. Here, we show in germ-free mice or in oral antibiotic-treated conventionally housed mice with depleted intestinal microbiomes that greater CHIKV infection and spread occurs within 1 day of virus inoculation. Alteration of the microbiome alters TLR7-MyD88 signaling in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and blunts systemic production of type I interferon (IFN). Consequently, circulating monocytes express fewer IFN-stimulated genes and become permissive for CHIKV infection. Reconstitution with a single bacterial species, Clostridium scindens, or its derived metabolite, the secondary bile acid deoxycholic acid, can restore pDC- and MyD88-dependent type I IFN responses to restrict systemic CHIKV infection and transmission back to vector mosquitoes. Thus, symbiotic intestinal bacteria modulate antiviral immunity and levels of circulating alphaviruses within hours of infection through a bile acid-pDC-IFN signaling axis, which affects viremia, dissemination, and potentially transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma S Winkler
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Swathi Shrihari
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Barry L Hykes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Scott A Handley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Prabhakar S Andhey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Yan-Jang S Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Amanda Swain
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lindsay Droit
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; The Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Kranthi K Chebrolu
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Matthias Mack
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dana L Vanlandingham
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Larissa B Thackray
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marina Cella
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Maxim N Artyomov
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Thaddeus S Stappenbeck
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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49
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Abstract
Introduction: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a reemerging human arthropod borne virus, can causes global epidemic outbreaks and has become a serious health concern due to the unavailability of any antiviral therapy/vaccine. Extensive research has been conducted to target different proteins from CHIKV to curtail the spread of virus.Areas covered: This review provides an overview of the granted patents including the current status of antiviral strategies targeting CHIKV.Expert opinion: Under the current scenario, potential molecules and different approaches have been utilized to suppress CHIKV infection. MV-CHIKV and VRC-CHKVLP059-00-VP vaccine candidates have successfully completed phase I clinical trials and ribavirin (inhibitor) has shown significant inhibition of CHIKV replication and could be the most promising candidates. The drug resistance and toxicity can be modulated by using the inhibitors/drugs in combination. Moreover, nanoparticle formulations can improve the efficacy and bioavailability of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Ghildiyal
- Center for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, U P, India
| | - Reema Gabrani
- Center for Emerging Diseases, Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida, U P, India
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50
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Kumar R, Shrivastava T, Samal S, Ahmed S, Parray HA. Antibody-based therapeutic interventions: possible strategy to counter chikungunya viral infection. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:3209-3228. [PMID: 32076776 PMCID: PMC7223553 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10437-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-transmitted disease that belongs to the genus Alphaviruses, has been emerged as an epidemic threat over the last two decades, and the recent co-emergence of this virus along with other circulating arboviruses and comorbidities has influenced atypical mortality rate up to 10%. Genetic variation in the virus has resulted in its adaptability towards the new vector Aedes albopictus other than Aedes aegypti, which has widen the horizon of distribution towards non-tropical and non-endemic areas. As of now, no licensed vaccines or therapies are available against CHIKV; the treatment regimens for CHIKV are mostly symptomatic, based on the clinical manifestations. Development of small molecule drugs and neutralizing antibodies are potential alternatives of worth investigating until an efficient or safe vaccine is approved. Neutralizing antibodies play an important role in antiviral immunity, and their presence is a hallmark of viral infection. In this review, we describe prospects for effective vaccines and highlight importance of neutralizing antibody-based therapeutic and prophylactic applications to combat CHIKV infections. We further discuss about the progress made towards CHIKV therapeutic interventions as well as challenges and limitation associated with the vaccine development. Furthermore this review describes the lesson learned from chikungunya natural infection, which could help in better understanding for future development of antibody-based therapeutic measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India.
| | - Tripti Shrivastava
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Sweety Samal
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Shubbir Ahmed
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Hilal Ahmad Parray
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
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