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Hengist A, Davies RG, Walhin JP, Buniam J, Merrell LH, Rogers L, Bradshaw L, Moreno-Cabañas A, Rogers PJ, Brunstrom JM, Hodson L, van Loon LJC, Barton W, O'Donovan C, Crispie F, O'Sullivan O, Cotter PD, Proctor K, Betts JA, Koumanov F, Thompson D, Gonzalez JT. Ketogenic diet but not free-sugar restriction alters glucose tolerance, lipid metabolism, peripheral tissue phenotype, and gut microbiome: RCT. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101667. [PMID: 39106867 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
Restricted sugar and ketogenic diets can alter energy balance/metabolism, but decreased energy intake may be compensated by reduced expenditure. In healthy adults, randomization to restricting free sugars or overall carbohydrates (ketogenic diet) for 12 weeks reduces fat mass without changing energy expenditure versus control. Free-sugar restriction minimally affects metabolism or gut microbiome but decreases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). In contrast, a ketogenic diet decreases glucose tolerance, increases skeletal muscle PDK4, and reduces AMPK and GLUT4 levels. By week 4, the ketogenic diet reduces fasting glucose and increases apolipoprotein B, C-reactive protein, and postprandial glycerol concentrations. However, despite sustained ketosis, these effects are no longer apparent by week 12, when gut microbial beta diversity is altered, possibly reflective of longer-term adjustments to the ketogenic diet and/or energy balance. These data demonstrate that restricting free sugars or overall carbohydrates reduces energy intake without altering physical activity, but with divergent effects on glucose tolerance, lipoprotein profiles, and gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jariya Buniam
- University of Bath, Bath, UK; Chulabhorn Royal Academy, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leanne Hodson
- University of Oxford and National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospital Trusts, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Wiley Barton
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland; VistaMilk, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ciara O'Donovan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fiona Crispie
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Orla O'Sullivan
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland; VistaMilk, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland; VistaMilk, Cork, Ireland
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2
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Ozcan M, Abdellatif M, Javaheri A, Sedej S. Risks and Benefits of Intermittent Fasting for the Aging Cardiovascular System. Can J Cardiol 2024; 40:1445-1457. [PMID: 38354947 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2024.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Population aging and the associated increase in cardiovascular disease rates pose serious threats to global public health. Different forms of fasting have become an increasingly attractive strategy to directly address aging and potentially limit or delay the onset of cardiovascular diseases. A growing number of experimental studies and clinical trials indicate that the amount and timing of food intake as well as the daily time window during which food is consumed, are crucial determinants of cardiovascular health. Indeed, intermittent fasting counteracts the molecular hallmarks of cardiovascular aging and promotes different aspects of cardiometabolic health, including blood pressure and glycemic control, as well as body weight reduction. In this report, we summarize current evidence from randomized clinical trials of intermittent fasting on body weight and composition as well as cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors. Moreover, we critically discuss the preventive and therapeutic potential of intermittent fasting, but also possible detrimental effects in the context of cardiovascular aging and related disease. We delve into the physiological mechanisms through which intermittent fasting might improve cardiovascular health, and raise important factors to consider in the design of clinical trials on the efficacy of intermittent fasting to reduce major adverse cardiovascular events among aged individuals at high risk of cardiovascular disease. We conclude that despite growing evidence and interest among the lay and scientific communities in the cardiovascular health-improving effects of intermittent fasting, further research efforts and appropriate caution are warranted before broadly implementing intermittent fasting regimens, especially in elderly persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mualla Ozcan
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Mahmoud Abdellatif
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ali Javaheri
- Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA; John J. Cochran Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Simon Sedej
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia.
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3
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Zheng D, Hong X, He X, Lin J, Fan S, Wu J, Liang Z, Chen S, Yan L, Ren M, Wang W. Intermittent Fasting-Improved Glucose Homeostasis Is Not Entirely Dependent on Caloric Restriction in db/db Male Mice. Diabetes 2024; 73:864-878. [PMID: 38502858 PMCID: PMC11109801 DOI: 10.2337/db23-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF), which involves prolonged fasting intervals accompanied by caloric restriction (CR), is an effective dietary treatment for obesity and diabetes. Although IF offers many benefits, it is difficult to determine whether these benefits are the consequences of CR. Every-other-day feeding (EODF) is a commonly used IF research model. This study was designed to identify factors, in addition to CR, responsible for the effects of EODF and the possible underlying mechanisms. Diabetic db/db mice were divided into three groups: ad libitum (AL), meal feeding (MF), and EODF. The MF model was used to attain a level of CR comparable to that of EODF, with food distribution evenly divided between 10:00 a.m. and 6:00 p.m., thereby minimizing the fasting interval. EODF yielded greater improvements in glucose homeostasis than MF in db/db mice by reducing fasting glucose levels and enhancing glucose tolerance. However, these effects on glucose metabolism were less pronounced in lean mice. Furthermore, ubiquitination of the liver-specific glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR) facilitated its degradation and downregulation of Kruppel-like factor 9 (KLF9), which ultimately suppressed liver gluconeogenesis in diabetic EODF mice. Although GR and KLF9 might mediate the metabolic benefits of EODF, the potential benefits of EODF might be limited by elevated serum GC levels in diabetic EODF mice. Overall, this study suggests that the metabolic benefits of EODF in improving glucose homeostasis are independent of CR, possibly because of the downstream effects of liver-specific GR degradation. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinghao Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaosi Hong
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodan He
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianghong Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shujin Fan
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinli Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoxian Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sifan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meng Ren
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenshan Medical Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Benkhadra M, Fituri N, Aboukhalaf S, Ghasoub R, Mattar M, Alfarsi K, Alshemmari S, Yassin MA. The Safety of Novel Therapies in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in the Era of Intermittent Fasting: A Pharmacology-Based Review. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2079. [PMID: 38893198 PMCID: PMC11171109 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16112079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) has recently gained popularity due to its emerging benefits in reducing weight and improving metabolic health. Concurrently, novel agents (NAs) like venetoclax and Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKIs) have revolutionized the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Unfortunately, it is unclear whether the associated risks of tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) and gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) are increased in IF practitioners receiving NAs. This review explored the literature available on the permissibility of IF in CLL patients undergoing treatment with first-line NAs (FLNAs). Literature was scoped to identify IF patterns and the available data on TLS and GIB risks associated with food and fluid intake in CLL patients receiving FLNAs. Although current evidence is insufficient to recommend IF in this population, it may be possible for patients on venetoclax to conservatively practice fluid-liberal IF, provided that adequate hydration and the consistent administration of food are achieved. In contrast, considering the significant risk of TLS and the pharmacokinetics of venetoclax, patients should be discouraged from practicing fluid-restricted IF, especially during the ramp-up phase. Moreover, patients on BTKIs ought to refrain from IF due to the possible risk of GIB until further data are available. Further research is needed to provide conclusive recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Benkhadra
- Department of Pharmacy, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar;
| | - Nuha Fituri
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (N.F.); (S.A.)
| | - Soha Aboukhalaf
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (N.F.); (S.A.)
| | - Rola Ghasoub
- Department of Pharmacy, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar;
| | - Mervat Mattar
- Clinical Hematology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12111, Egypt;
| | - Khalil Alfarsi
- Department of Hematology, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital Muscat, Seeb P.O. Box 35, Oman;
| | - Salem Alshemmari
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Department of Hematology, Kuwait Cancer Control Centre, Shuwaikh P.O. Box 42262, Kuwait;
| | - Mohamed A. Yassin
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (N.F.); (S.A.)
- Department of BMT/Hematology, National Center for Cancer Care and Research, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha P.O. Box 3050, Qatar
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5
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Pietzner M, Uluvar B, Kolnes KJ, Jeppesen PB, Frivold SV, Skattebo Ø, Johansen EI, Skålhegg BS, Wojtaszewski JFP, Kolnes AJ, Yeo GSH, O'Rahilly S, Jensen J, Langenberg C. Systemic proteome adaptions to 7-day complete caloric restriction in humans. Nat Metab 2024; 6:764-777. [PMID: 38429390 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-024-01008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Surviving long periods without food has shaped human evolution. In ancient and modern societies, prolonged fasting was/is practiced by billions of people globally for religious purposes, used to treat diseases such as epilepsy, and recently gained popularity as weight loss intervention, but we still have a very limited understanding of the systemic adaptions in humans to extreme caloric restriction of different durations. Here we show that a 7-day water-only fast leads to an average weight loss of 5.7 kg (±0.8 kg) among 12 volunteers (5 women, 7 men). We demonstrate nine distinct proteomic response profiles, with systemic changes evident only after 3 days of complete calorie restriction based on in-depth characterization of the temporal trajectories of ~3,000 plasma proteins measured before, daily during, and after fasting. The multi-organ response to complete caloric restriction shows distinct effects of fasting duration and weight loss and is remarkably conserved across volunteers with >1,000 significantly responding proteins. The fasting signature is strongly enriched for extracellular matrix proteins from various body sites, demonstrating profound non-metabolic adaptions, including extreme changes in the brain-specific extracellular matrix protein tenascin-R. Using proteogenomic approaches, we estimate the health consequences for 212 proteins that change during fasting across ~500 outcomes and identified putative beneficial (SWAP70 and rheumatoid arthritis or HYOU1 and heart disease), as well as adverse effects. Our results advance our understanding of prolonged fasting in humans beyond a merely energy-centric adaptions towards a systemic response that can inform targeted therapeutic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Pietzner
- Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Precision Healthcare University Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Burulça Uluvar
- Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristoffer J Kolnes
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per B Jeppesen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - S Victoria Frivold
- Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øyvind Skattebo
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Egil I Johansen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn S Skålhegg
- Department of Nutrition, Division for Molecular Nutrition, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen F P Wojtaszewski
- August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders J Kolnes
- Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Giles S H Yeo
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jørgen Jensen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Claudia Langenberg
- Computational Medicine, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Precision Healthcare University Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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6
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Ezzati A, McLaren C, Bohlman C, Tamargo JA, Lin Y, Anton SD. Does time-restricted eating add benefits to calorie restriction? A systematic review. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:640-654. [PMID: 38383703 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A growing body of evidence has supported the health benefits of extended daily fasting, known as time-restricted eating (TRE); however, whether the addition of TRE enhances the known benefits of calorie restriction (CR) remains unclear. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched through April 2023. This systematic review includes randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared CR + TRE with CR alone in energy-matched conditions of at least 8 weeks in duration that assessed changes in body weight and cardiometabolic disease risk factors in adults with overweight and/or obesity. RESULTS Seven studies were identified (n = 579). Two studies reported greater weight loss and reductions in diastolic blood pressure with CR + TRE compared with CR alone after 8 to 14 weeks, whereas one study reported greater improvements in triglycerides and glucose tolerance with CR + TRE (3 days/week) compared with CR alone following 26 weeks. One study reported significant increases in homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels with CR + TRE versus CR alone after 8 weeks. There were no statistically significant differences in any other outcome variable between the two interventions. CONCLUSIONS The addition of TRE to CR regimens resulted in greater weight loss and improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors in some studies; however, the majority of studies did not find additional benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Ezzati
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Christian McLaren
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Carly Bohlman
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Javier A Tamargo
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Stephen D Anton
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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7
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Skurk T, Bosy-Westphal A, Grünerbel A, Kabisch S, Keuthage W, Kronsbein P, Müssig K, Nussbaumer H, Pfeiffer AFH, Simon MC, Tombek A, Weber KS, Rubin D. Dietary Recommendations for Persons with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2024; 132:182-215. [PMID: 38286422 DOI: 10.1055/a-2166-6772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Kabisch
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Potsdam, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Winfried Keuthage
- Specialist Practice for Diabetes and Nutritional Medicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Kronsbein
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Mönchengladbach Campus, Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - Karsten Müssig
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Diabetology, Niels Stensen Hospitals, Franziskus Hospital Harderberg, Georgsmarienhütte, Germany
| | | | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutritional Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Simon
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Astrid Tombek
- Diabetes Centre Bad Mergentheim, Bad Mergentheim, Germany
| | - Katharina S Weber
- Institute for Epidemiology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Diana Rubin
- Vivantes Hospital Spandau, Berlin, Germany
- Vivantes Humboldt Hospital, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Storoschuk KL, Lesiuk D, Nuttall J, LeBouedec M, Khansari A, Islam H, Gurd BJ. Impact of fasting on the AMPK and PGC-1α axis in rodent and human skeletal muscle: A systematic review. Metabolism 2024; 152:155768. [PMID: 38154612 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Based primarily on evidence from rodent models fasting is currently believed to improve metabolic health via activation of the AMPK-PGC-1α axis in skeletal muscle. However, it is unclear whether the skeletal muscle AMPK-PGC-1α axis is activated by fasting in humans. The current systematic review examined the fasting response in skeletal muscle from 34 selected studies (7 human, 21 mouse, and 6 rat). From these studies, we gathered 38 unique data points related to AMPK and 47 related to PGC-1α. In human studies, fasting mediated activation of the AMPK-PGC-1α axis is largely absent. Although evidence does support fasting-induced activation of the AMPK-PGC-1α axis in rodent skeletal muscle, the evidence is less robust than anticipated. Our findings question the ability of fasting to activate the AMPK-PGC-1α axis in human skeletal muscle and suggest that the metabolic benefits of fasting in humans are associated with caloric restriction rather than the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis. Registration: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/KWNQY.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Storoschuk
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - D Lesiuk
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Nuttall
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - M LeBouedec
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Khansari
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - H Islam
- School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - B J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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9
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Vega C, Barnafi E, Sánchez C, Acevedo F, Walbaum B, Parada A, Rivas N, Merino T. Calorie Restriction and Time-Restricted Feeding: Effective Interventions in Overweight or Obese Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy Treatment with Curative Intent for Cancer. Nutrients 2024; 16:477. [PMID: 38398802 PMCID: PMC10892811 DOI: 10.3390/nu16040477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study assesses the feasibility of calorie restriction (CR) and time-restricted feeding (TRF) in overweight and obese cancer patients who realized little to no physical activity undergoing curative radiotherapy, structured as a prospective, interventional, non-randomized open-label clinical trial. Of the 27 participants initially enrolled, 21 patients with breast cancer were selected for analysis. The participants self-selected into two dietary interventions: TRF, comprising a sugar and saturated fat-free diet calibrated to individual energy needs consumed within an 8 h eating window followed by a 16 h fast, or CR, involving a 25% reduction in total caloric intake from energy expenditure distributed across 4 meals and 1 snack with 55% carbohydrates, 15% protein, and 30% fats, excluding sugars and saturated fats. The primary goal was to evaluate the feasibility of these diets in the specific patient group. The results indicate that both interventions are effective and statistically significant for weight loss and reducing one's waist circumference, with TRF showing a potentially stronger impact and better adherence. Changes in the LDL, HDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and insulin were not statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Vega
- Cancer Center UC, Red de Salud Christus-UC, Santiago 8330032, Chile;
| | - Esteban Barnafi
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile; (E.B.); (N.R.)
| | - César Sánchez
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330077, Chile; (C.S.); (F.A.); (B.W.)
| | - Francisco Acevedo
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330077, Chile; (C.S.); (F.A.); (B.W.)
| | - Benjamin Walbaum
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330077, Chile; (C.S.); (F.A.); (B.W.)
| | - Alejandra Parada
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Nicolás Rivas
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile; (E.B.); (N.R.)
| | - Tomás Merino
- Cancer Center UC, Red de Salud Christus-UC, Santiago 8330032, Chile;
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10
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Billingsley HE. The effect of time of eating on cardiometabolic risk in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2024; 40:e3633. [PMID: 36914410 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Continuous energy restriction is currently considered the first-line dietary therapy for weight loss in individuals with obesity. Recently, interventions which alter the eating window and time of eating occasions have been explored as means to achieve weight loss and other cardiometabolic improvements such as a reduction in blood pressure, glycaemia, lipids and inflammation. It is unknown, however, whether these changes result from unintentional energy restriction or from other mechanisms such as the alignment of nutrient intake with the internal circadian clock. Even less is known regarding the safety and efficacy of these interventions in individuals with established chronic noncommunicable disease states, such as cardiovascular disease. This review examines the effects of interventions which alter both eating window and time of eating occasions on weight and other cardiometabolic risk factors in both healthy participants and those with established cardiovascular disease. We then summarise the state of existing knowledge and explore future directions of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley E Billingsley
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, College of Humanities & Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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11
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Billingsley HE, St-Onge MP, Alonso WW, Kirkman DL, Kim Y, Carbone S. Time of eating and mortality in U.S. adults with heart failure: Analyses of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2018. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2024; 34:445-454. [PMID: 38155047 PMCID: PMC10966516 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2023.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Promising associations have been demonstrated between delayed last eating occasion and cardiorespiratory fitness in adults with heart failure (HF), however, it is unknown if time of eating is associated with clinical endpoints such as mortality. This study aimed to examine associations between time of eating variables and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS AND RESULTS Participants self-disclosed HF diagnosis. Two dietary recalls were obtained and categorical variables were created based on mean time of first eating occasion (8:31 AM), last eating occasion (7:33 PM) and eating window (11.02 h). Mortality was obtained through linkage to the National Death Index. Covariate-adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression models were created examining the association between time of eating and mortality. Participants (n = 991) were 68 (95 % CI 67-69) years of age, 52.6 (95 % CI 49.0-56.3)% men and had a body mass index of 32.5 (95 % CI 31.8-33.2) kg/m2 with follow up time of 68.9 (95 % CI 64.8-72.9) person-months. When models were adjusted for time of eating variables and all other covariates, extending the eating window beyond 11.02 h was associated with decreased risk of cardiovascular (HR 0.36 [95 % CI 0.16-0.81]), but not all-cause mortality. Time of first and last eating occasions were not associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS In adults with HF, an extended eating window is associated with reduced risk for cardiovascular mortality. Randomized controlled trials should examine if extending the eating window can improve prognostic indicators such as cardiorespiratory fitness in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley E Billingsley
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, College of Humanities & Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Marie-Pierre St-Onge
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Windy W Alonso
- College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Danielle L Kirkman
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, College of Humanities & Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Youngdeok Kim
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, College of Humanities & Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Salvatore Carbone
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, College of Humanities & Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Pauley Heart Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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12
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Schroor MM, Joris PJ, Plat J, Mensink RP. Effects of Intermittent Energy Restriction Compared with Those of Continuous Energy Restriction on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Risk Markers - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials in Adults. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100130. [PMID: 37827491 PMCID: PMC10831889 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The interest in intermittent energy restriction (IER) diets as a weight-loss approach is increasing. Different IER protocols exist, including time-restricted eating (TRE), alternate-day fasting (ADF), and the 5:2 diet. This meta-analysis compared the effects of these IER diets with continuous energy restriction (CER) on anthropometrics and cardiometabolic risk markers in healthy adults. Twenty-eight trials were identified that studied TRE (k = 7), ADF (k = 10), or the 5:2 diet (k = 11) for 2-52 wk. Energy intakes between intervention groups within a study were comparable (17 trials), lower in IER (5 trials), or not reported (6 trials). Weighted mean differences (WMDs) were calculated using fixed- or random-effects models. Changes in body weight [WMD: -0.42 kg; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.96 to 0.13; P = 0.132] and fat mass (FM) (WMD: -0.31 kg; 95% CI: -0.98 to 0.36; P = 0.362) were comparable when results of the 3 IER diets were combined and compared with those of CER. All IER diets combined reduced fat-free mass (WMD: -0.20 kg; 95% CI: -0.39 to -0.01; P = 0.044) and waist circumference (WMD: -0.91 cm; 95% CI: -1.76 to -0.06; P = 0.036) more than CER. Effects on body mass index [BMI (kg/m2)], glucose, insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, and blood pressure did not differ. Further, TRE reduced body weight, FM, and fat-free mass more than CER, whereas ADF improved HOMA-IR more. BMI was reduced less in the 5:2 diet compared with CER. In conclusion, the 3 IER diets combined did not lead to superior improvements in anthropometrics and cardiometabolic risk markers compared with CER diets. Slightly greater reductions were, however, observed in fat-free mass and waist circumference. To what extent differences in energy intakes between groups within studies may have influenced these outcomes should be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maite M Schroor
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Peter J Joris
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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13
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Chen W, Zhang S, Hu X, Chen F, Li D. A Review of Healthy Dietary Choices for Cardiovascular Disease: From Individual Nutrients and Foods to Dietary Patterns. Nutrients 2023; 15:4898. [PMID: 38068756 PMCID: PMC10708231 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the first cause of mortality globally. Diet plays a fundamental role in cardiovascular health and is closely linked to the development of CVD. Numerous human studies have provided evidence on the relationship between diet and CVD. By discussing the available findings on the dietary components that potentially influence CVD progression and prevention, this review attempted to provide the current state of evidence on healthy dietary choices for CVD. We focus on the effects of individual macronutrients, whole food products, and dietary patterns on the risks of CVD, and the data from population-based trials, observational studies, and meta-analyses are summarized. Unhealthy dietary habits, such as high intake of saturated fatty acids, sugar-sweetened beverages, red meat, and processed meat as well as high salt intake are associated with the increased risk of CVD. Conversely, increased consumption of plant-based components such as dietary fiber, nuts, fruits, and vegetables is shown to be effective in reducing CVD risk factors. The Mediterranean diet appears to be one of the most evidence-based dietary patterns beneficial for CVD prevention. However, there is still great debate regarding whether the supplementation of vitamins and minerals confers cardioprotective benefits. This review provides new insights into the role of dietary factors that are harmful or protective in CVD, which can be adopted for improved cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fang Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.C.); (S.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Daotong Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Key Laboratory of Fruits and Vegetables Processing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture, Engineering Research Centre for Fruits and Vegetables Processing, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; (W.C.); (S.Z.); (X.H.)
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14
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Eroglu MN, Rodríguez-Longobardo C, Ramírez-Adrados A, Colina-Coca C, Burgos-Postigo S, López-Torres O, Fernández-Elías VE. The Effects of 24-h Fasting on Exercise Performance and Metabolic Parameters in a Pilot Study of Female CrossFit Athletes. Nutrients 2023; 15:4841. [PMID: 38004236 PMCID: PMC10674902 DOI: 10.3390/nu15224841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Many studies have tested intermittent fasting (IF) in athletes, but its effects on female CrossFit athletes remain relatively unexplored in the existing literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of 24-h IF on the physical performance of female CrossFit practitioners. Eleven female CrossFit athletes (age: 30.91 ± 3.42, weight: 65.26 ± 7.55 kg, height: 1.66 ± 0.05 m) participated in the study. The study used a crossover design with fasting and eating conditions. Participants completed an exercise test, standing long jump, and handgrip strength assessment. Hydration status, heart rate, blood lactate, blood glucose, rates of perceived exertion, and hunger were measured. Results showed significant differences in blood lactate concentration (F = 5.435, p = 0.042, η2p = 0.352). Resting blood lactate concentration was significantly lower in the fasting trial than in the eating trial (p < 0.001), but post-exercise blood lactate concentrations were higher in the fasting trial than in the eating trial (p < 0.001). No differences were found in performance times (p > 0.05). In conclusion, this pilot study of females suggests that 24-h fasting does not impair exercise performance or negatively affect physiological parameters in CrossFit athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melike Nur Eroglu
- Coaching Education Department, Sports Science Faculty, Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Serdivan 54050, Turkey;
| | - Celia Rodríguez-Longobardo
- Social Sciences of Physical Activity, Sport and Leisure Department, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ana Ramírez-Adrados
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.R.-A.); (S.B.-P.); (V.E.F.-E.)
| | - Clara Colina-Coca
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
| | - Silvia Burgos-Postigo
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.R.-A.); (S.B.-P.); (V.E.F.-E.)
| | - Olga López-Torres
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.R.-A.); (S.B.-P.); (V.E.F.-E.)
| | - Valentín E. Fernández-Elías
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; (A.R.-A.); (S.B.-P.); (V.E.F.-E.)
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15
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Clayton DJ, Varley I, Papageorgiou M. Intermittent fasting and bone health: a bone of contention? Br J Nutr 2023; 130:1487-1499. [PMID: 36876592 PMCID: PMC10551474 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114523000545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) is a promising strategy for weight loss and improving metabolic health, but its effects on bone health are less clear. This review aims to summarise and critically evaluate the preclinical and clinical evidence on IF regimens (the 5:2 diet, alternate-day fasting (ADF) and time-restricted eating (TRE)/time-restricted feeding and bone health outcomes. Animal studies have utilised IF alongside other dietary practices known to elicit detrimental effects on bone health and/or in models mimicking specific conditions; thus, findings from these studies are difficult to apply to humans. While limited in scope, observational studies suggest a link between some IF practices (e.g. breakfast omission) and compromised bone health, although lack of control for confounding factors makes these data difficult to interpret. Interventional studies suggest that TRE regimens practised up to 6 months do not adversely affect bone outcomes and may even slightly protect against bone loss during modest weight loss (< 5 % of baseline body weight). Most studies on ADF have shown no adverse effects on bone outcomes, while no studies on the ‘5–2’ diet have reported bone outcomes. Available interventional studies are limited by their short duration, small and diverse population samples, assessment of total body bone mass exclusively (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and inadequate control of factors that may affect bone outcomes, making the interpretation of existing data challenging. Further research is required to better characterise bone responses to various IF approaches using well-controlled protocols of sufficient duration, adequately powered to assess changes in bone outcomes and designed to include clinically relevant bone assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Clayton
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian Varley
- Musculoskeletal Research Group, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Campus, Nottingham, UK
| | - Maria Papageorgiou
- Division of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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16
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Podestá D I, Blannin AK, Wallis GA. Post-exercise dietary macronutrient composition modulates components of energy balance in young, physically active adults. Physiol Behav 2023; 270:114320. [PMID: 37558044 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of exercise to reduce body mass is typically modest, partially due to energy compensation responses which may be linked to energy substrate availability around exercise. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of manipulating post-exercise energy substrate availability (high carbohydrate/low fat [HCLF] or low carbohydrate/high fat [LCHF] energy replacement) on energy balance components in the short-term (i.e., appetite, energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE)). METHODS Appetite, EI, activity- and total- EE were measured in twelve healthy, young (21.0 ± 2.3 years) physically active participants (10 men, 2 women) on two occasions across 4 days after a 75-min run and an isocaloric energy replacement drink (HCLF and LCHF). Appetite was measured daily by visual analogue scales, EI was calculated by subtracting the energy content of food leftovers from a provided food package, activity- and total- EE determined by heart-rate accelerometery. RESULTS Composite appetite ratings between days were lower in HCLF (62.4 ± 12) compared to LCHF (68.3 ± 8.9 mm; p = 0.048). No differences between conditions were detected for EI. Cumulative activity-EE (HCLF= 20.9 ± 3.7, LCHF= 16.9 ± 3.1 MJ; p = 0.037), but not total-EE (HCLF= 44.6 ± 7.7, LCHF= 39.9 ± 4.7 MJ; p = 0.060), was higher for the HCLF condition than the LCHF across the measurement period. CONCLUSION Compared with low carbohydrate/high fat, immediate post-exercise energy replacement with a high carbohydrate/low fat drink resulted in higher short-term activity energy expenditure and lower appetite ratings.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Podestá D
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, UK
| | - A K Blannin
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, UK
| | - G A Wallis
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, UK.
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17
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Hamer O, Abouzaid A, Hill J. Intermittent fasting for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: implications for clinical practice. BRITISH JOURNAL OF CARDIAC NURSING 2023; 18:2023.0058. [PMID: 38807936 PMCID: PMC7616019 DOI: 10.12968/bjca.2023.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains one of the most prevalent and preventable chronic conditions worldwide. Nutrition plays an important role in reducing several risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease. Intermittent fasting has been rapidly gaining interest among patients with cardiometabolic disease as a nutritional strategy for improving cardiovascular outcomes. However, research had yet to determine whether intermittent fasting provides greater cardiometabolic benefits compared to continuous daily caloric restriction. A recent Cochrane review has synthesised the benefits of intermittent fasting for the prevention of cardiovascular disease but is limited by its interpretation of the findings for clinical practice. This commentary aims to critically appraise the methods used within the review by Allaf et al, 2021 and expand upon the findings to determine its implications for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Hamer
- University of Central Lancashire
| | - A Abouzaid
- NHS Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
| | - J Hill
- University of Central Lancashire
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18
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Lin X, Wang S, Huang J. A Bibliometric Analysis of Alternate-Day Fasting from 2000 to 2023. Nutrients 2023; 15:3724. [PMID: 37686756 PMCID: PMC10490218 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternate-day fasting (ADF) is becoming more popular since it may be a promising diet intervention for human health. Our study aimed to conduct a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to investigate current publication trends and hotspots in the field of ADF. Publications regarding ADF were identified from the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) database. VOSviewer 1.6.16 and Online Analysis Platform were used to analyze current publication trends and hotspots. In total, there were 184 publications from 362 institutions and 39 countries/regions, which were published in 104 journals. The most productive countries/regions, institutions, authors, and journals were the USA, University of Illinois Chicago, Krista A. Varady, and Nutrients, respectively. The first high-cited publication was published in PNAS and authored by R. Michael Anson, and it was also the first article about ADF. The top five keywords with the highest frequency were as follows: calorie restriction, weight loss, intermittent fasting, obesity, and body weight. In conclusion, this is the first comprehensive bibliometric analysis related to ADF. The main research hotspots and frontiers are ADF for obesity and cardiometabolic risk, and ADF for several different population groups including healthy adults and patients with diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and cancer. The number of studies about ADF is relatively small, and more studies are needed to extend our knowledge about ADF, to improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shuai Wang
- Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310030, China;
| | - Jinyu Huang
- Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310030, China;
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19
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Elsworth RL, Monge A, Perry R, Hinton EC, Flynn AN, Whitmarsh A, Hamilton-Shield JP, Lawrence NS, Brunstrom JM. The Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Appetite: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112604. [PMID: 37299567 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, narrative reviews have considered the effects of intermittent fasting on appetite. One suggestion is that intermittent fasting attenuates an increase in appetite that typically accompanies weight loss. Here, we conducted the first systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify the effects of intermittent fasting on appetite, when compared to a continuous energy restriction intervention. Five electronic databases and trial registers were searched in February 2021 and February 2022. Abstracts (N = 2800) were screened and 17 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), consisting of a variety of intermittent fasting regimes, met our inclusion criteria. The total number of participants allocated to interventions was 1111 and all RCTs were judged as having either some concerns or a high risk of bias (Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool). Random effects meta-analyses were conducted on change-from-baseline appetite ratings. There was no clear evidence that intermittent fasting affected hunger (WMD = -3.03; 95% CI [-8.13, 2.08]; p = 0.25; N = 13), fullness (WMD = 3.11; 95% CI [-1.46, 7.69]; p = 0.18; N = 10), desire to eat (WMD = -3.89; 95% CI [-12.62, 4.83]; p = 0.38; N = 6), or prospective food consumption (WMD = -2.82; 95% CI [-3.87, 9.03]; p = 0.43; N = 5), differently to continuous energy restriction interventions. Our results suggest that intermittent fasting does not mitigate an increase in our drive to eat that is often associated with continuous energy restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Elsworth
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK
| | - Angelica Monge
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK
| | - Rachel Perry
- Bristol Heart Institute and Bristol Trials Centre, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1NU, UK
| | - Elanor C Hinton
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Annika N Flynn
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK
| | - Alex Whitmarsh
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PS, UK
| | - Julian P Hamilton-Shield
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
| | | | - Jeffrey M Brunstrom
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK
- NIHR Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2BN, UK
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20
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Feyzioglu BS, Güven CM, Avul Z. Eight-Hour Time-Restricted Feeding: A Strong Candidate Diet Protocol for First-Line Therapy in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102260. [PMID: 37242145 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effects of a 6-week program of 8 h time-restricted feeding (TRF) diet in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), as determined by anthropometric, hormonal, metabolic profiles, and fecal calprotectin level. Thirty women diagnosed with PCOS underwent a 6-week 8 h TRF diet intervention. Age, anthropometric features (body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)) and biochemical results were recorded. Free androgen index (FAI, defining hyperandrogenism) and the homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated. Baseline (pre-diet) and 6-week post-diet findings were compared. Mean age was 25.57 ± 2.67 years. BMI (p < 0.001) and WHR (p = 0.001) were found to have significantly decreased after the diet, as well as the percentage of patients defined to have hyperandrogenism (p = 0.016). Reproductive hormone levels, FAI (p < 0.001) and HOMA-IR (p < 0.001) were improved significantly. Metabolic parameters associated with glucose and lipid profiles were also significantly improved after the diet. Additionally, fecal calprotectin levels demonstrated a significant decrease from pre-diet to post-diet (p < 0.001). In conclusion, a 6-week diet intervention with 8 h TRF may be a suitable and effective intermittent fasting protocol that can be used as a first-line option in PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihter Senem Feyzioglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Private Erciyes-Kartal Hospital, 38020 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Cenk Mustafa Güven
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Izmir Private Can Hospital, 35630 Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zerrin Avul
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Private Erciyes-Kartal Hospital, 38020 Kayseri, Turkey
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21
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Song T, Qin W, Lai Z, Li H, Li D, Wang B, Deng W, Wang T, Wang L, Huang R. Dietary cysteine drives body fat loss via FMRFamide signaling in Drosophila and mouse. Cell Res 2023:10.1038/s41422-023-00800-8. [PMID: 37055592 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-023-00800-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity imposes a global health threat and calls for safe and effective therapeutic options. Here, we found that protein-rich diet significantly reduced body fat storage in fruit flies, which was largely attributed to dietary cysteine intake. Mechanistically, dietary cysteine increased the production of a neuropeptide FMRFamide (FMRFa). Enhanced FMRFa activity simultaneously promoted energy expenditure and suppressed food intake through its cognate receptor (FMRFaR), both contributing to the fat loss effect. In the fat body, FMRFa signaling promoted lipolysis by increasing PKA and lipase activity. In sweet-sensing gustatory neurons, FMRFa signaling suppressed appetitive perception and hence food intake. We also demonstrated that dietary cysteine worked in a similar way in mice via neuropeptide FF (NPFF) signaling, a mammalian RFamide peptide. In addition, dietary cysteine or FMRFa/NPFF administration provided protective effect against metabolic stress in flies and mice without behavioral abnormalities. Therefore, our study reveals a novel target for the development of safe and effective therapies against obesity and related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Song
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wusa Qin
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zeliang Lai
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haoyu Li
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daihan Li
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Baojia Wang
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wuquan Deng
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Chongqing University Central Hospital, Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingzhang Wang
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Rui Huang
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.
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22
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Teong XT, Liu K, Vincent AD, Bensalem J, Liu B, Hattersley KJ, Zhao L, Feinle-Bisset C, Sargeant TJ, Wittert GA, Hutchison AT, Heilbronn LK. Intermittent fasting plus early time-restricted eating versus calorie restriction and standard care in adults at risk of type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Nat Med 2023; 29:963-972. [PMID: 37024596 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02287-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent fasting appears an equivalent alternative to calorie restriction (CR) to improve health in humans. However, few trials have considered applying meal timing during the 'fasting' day, which may be a limitation. We developed a novel intermittent fasting plus early time-restricted eating (iTRE) approach. Adults (N = 209, 58 ± 10 years, 34.8 ± 4.7 kg m-2) at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes were randomized to one of three groups (2:2:1): iTRE (30% energy requirements between 0800 and 1200 hours and followed by a 20-h fasting period on three nonconsecutive days per week, and ad libitum eating on other days); CR (70% of energy requirements daily, without time prescription); or standard care (weight loss booklet). This open-label, parallel group, three-arm randomized controlled trial provided nutritional support to participants in the iTRE and CR arms for 6 months, with an additional 12-month follow-up. The primary outcome was change in glucose area under the curve in response to a mixed-meal tolerance test at month 6 in iTRE versus CR. Glucose tolerance was improved to a greater extent in iTRE compared with CR (-10.10 (95% confidence interval -14.08, -6.11) versus -3.57 (95% confidence interval -7.72, 0.57) mg dl-1 min-1; P = 0.03) at month 6, but these differences were lost at month 18. Adverse events were transient and generally mild. Reports of fatigue were higher in iTRE versus CR and standard care, whereas reports of constipation and headache were higher in iTRE and CR versus standard care. In conclusion, incorporating advice for meal timing with prolonged fasting led to greater improvements in postprandial glucose metabolism in adults at increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT03689608 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tong Teong
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kai Liu
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew D Vincent
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Julien Bensalem
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Bo Liu
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kathryn J Hattersley
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lijun Zhao
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Timothy J Sargeant
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gary A Wittert
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Amy T Hutchison
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Leonie K Heilbronn
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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23
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Tang D, Tang Q, Huang W, Zhang Y, Tian Y, Fu X. Fasting: From Physiology to Pathology. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204487. [PMID: 36737846 PMCID: PMC10037992 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Overnutrition is a risk factor for various human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancers. Therefore, targeting overnutrition represents a simple but attractive strategy for the treatment of these increasing public health threats. Fasting as a dietary intervention for combating overnutrition has been extensively studied. Fasting has been practiced for millennia, but only recently have its roles in the molecular clock, gut microbiome, and tissue homeostasis and function emerged. Fasting can slow aging in most species and protect against various human diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancers. These centuried and unfading adventures and explorations suggest that fasting has the potential to delay aging and help prevent and treat diseases while minimizing side effects caused by chronic dietary interventions. In this review, recent animal and human studies concerning the role and underlying mechanism of fasting in physiology and pathology are summarized, the therapeutic potential of fasting is highlighted, and the combination of pharmacological intervention and fasting is discussed as a new treatment regimen for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Tang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Qiuyan Tang
- Neurology Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Clinical MedicineChengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengduSichuan610075China
| | - Wei Huang
- West China Centre of Excellence for PancreatitisInstitute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western MedicineWest China‐Liverpool Biomedical Research CentreWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Yan Tian
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Xianghui Fu
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of BiotherapyChengduSichuan610041China
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24
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Hengist A, Davies RG, Rogers PJ, Brunstrom JM, van Loon LJC, Walhin JP, Thompson D, Koumanov F, Betts JA, Gonzalez JT. Restricting sugar or carbohydrate intake does not impact physical activity level or energy intake over 24 h despite changes in substrate use: a randomised crossover study in healthy men and women. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:921-940. [PMID: 36326863 PMCID: PMC9941259 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03048-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effects of dietary sugar or carbohydrate restriction on physical activity energy expenditure, energy intake, and physiological outcomes across 24 h. METHODS In a randomized, open-label crossover design, twenty-five healthy men (n = 10) and women (n = 15) consumed three diets over a 24-h period: moderate carbohydrate and sugar content (MODSUG = 50% carbohydrate [20% sugars], 15% protein, 35% fat); low sugar content (LOWSUG = 50% carbohydrate [< 5% sugars], 15% protein, 35% fat); and low carbohydrate content (LOWCHO = 8% carbohydrate [< 5% sugars], 15% protein, 77% fat). Postprandial metabolic responses to a prescribed breakfast (20% EI) were monitored under laboratory conditions before an ad libitum test lunch, with subsequent diet and physical activity monitoring under free-living conditions until blood sample collection the following morning. RESULTS The MODSUG, LOWSUG and LOWCHO diets resulted in similar mean [95%CI] rates of both physical activity energy expenditure (771 [624, 919] vs. 677 [565, 789] vs. 802 [614, 991] kcal·d-1; p = 0.29] and energy intake (2071 [1794, 2347] vs. 2195 [1918, 2473] vs. 2194 [1890, 2498] kcal·d-1; P = 0.34), respectively. The LOWCHO condition elicited the lowest glycaemic and insulinaemic responses to breakfast (P < 0.01) but the highest 24-h increase in LDL-cholesterol concentrations (P < 0.001), with no differences between the MODSUG and LOWSUG treatments. Leptin concentrations decreased over 24-h of consuming LOWCHO relative to LOWSUG (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION When energy density is controlled for, restricting either sugar or total dietary carbohydrate does not modulate physical activity level or energy intake over a 24-h period (~ 19-h free-living) despite substantial metabolic changes. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION ID NCT03509610, https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03509610.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Hengist
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Russell G Davies
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Peter J Rogers
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Jeff M Brunstrom
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Philippe Walhin
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Dylan Thompson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Françoise Koumanov
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - James A Betts
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Javier T Gonzalez
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
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25
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Impact of caloric restriction on the gut microbiota. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 73:102287. [PMID: 36868081 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR) and related time-restricted diets have been popularized as means of preventing metabolic disease while improving general well-being. However, evidence as to their long-term efficacy, adverse effects, and mechanisms of activity remains incompletely understood. The gut microbiota is modulated by such dietary approaches, yet causal evidence to its possible downstream impacts on host metabolism remains elusive. Herein, we discuss the positive and adverse influences of restrictive dietary interventions on gut microbiota composition and function, and their collective impacts on host health and disease risk. We highlight known mechanisms of microbiota influences on the host, such as modulation of bioactive metabolites, while discussing challenges in achieving mechanistic dietary-microbiota insights, including interindividual variability in dietary responses as well as other methodological and conceptual challenges. In all, causally understanding the impact of CR approaches on the gut microbiota may enable to better decode their overall influences on human physiology and disease.
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26
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Papageorgiou M, Biver E, Mareschal J, Phillips NE, Hemmer A, Biolley E, Schwab N, Manoogian ENC, Gonzalez Rodriguez E, Aeberli D, Hans D, Pot C, Panda S, Rodondi N, Ferrari SL, Collet TH. The effects of time-restricted eating and weight loss on bone metabolism and health: a 6-month randomized controlled trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31 Suppl 1:85-95. [PMID: 36239695 PMCID: PMC10092311 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explored the impact of time-restricted eating (TRE) versus standard dietary advice (SDA) on bone health. METHODS Adults with ≥1 component of metabolic syndrome were randomized to TRE (ad libitum eating within 12 hours) or SDA (food pyramid brochure). Bone turnover markers and bone mineral content/density by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry were assessed at baseline and 6-month follow-up. Statistical analyses were performed in the total population and by weight loss response. RESULTS In the total population (n = 42, 76% women, median age 47 years [IQR: 31-52]), there were no between-group differences (TRE vs. SDA) in any bone parameter. Among weight loss responders (≥0.6 kg weight loss), the bone resorption marker β-carboxyterminal telopeptide of type I collagen tended to decrease after TRE but increase after SDA (between-group differences p = 0.041), whereas changes in the bone formation marker procollagen type I N-propeptide did not differ between groups. Total body bone mineral content decreased after SDA (p = 0.028) but remained unchanged after TRE (p = 0.31) in weight loss responders (between-group differences p = 0.028). Among nonresponders (<0.6 kg weight loss), there were no between-group differences in bone outcomes. CONCLUSIONS TRE had no detrimental impact on bone health, whereas, when weight loss occurred, it was associated with some bone-sparing effects compared with SDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Papageorgiou
- Division of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Biver
- Division of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julie Mareschal
- Nutrition Unit, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas Edward Phillips
- Nutrition Unit, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Hemmer
- Nutrition Unit, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emma Biolley
- Nutrition Unit, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie Schwab
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Health Care, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Elena Gonzalez Rodriguez
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bone Diseases, Service of Rheumatology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Aeberli
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Didier Hans
- Interdisciplinary Center for Bone Diseases, Service of Rheumatology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Pot
- Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicolas Rodondi
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Bern University Hospital, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Primary Health Care, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Serge L Ferrari
- Division of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tinh-Hai Collet
- Nutrition Unit, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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27
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Arciero PJ, Poe M, Mohr AE, Ives SJ, Arciero A, Sweazea KL, Gumpricht E, Arciero KM. Intermittent fasting and protein pacing are superior to caloric restriction for weight and visceral fat loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31 Suppl 1:139-149. [PMID: 36575144 PMCID: PMC10107279 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study compared intermittent fasting and protein pacing (IF-P) versus a heart-healthy caloric restriction (CR) diet, matched for energy intake and physical activity energy expenditure, on body weight, total and visceral fat mass, and cardiometabolic health outcomes in adults with obesity. METHODS IF-P (n = 21) and CR (n = 20) were assessed pre- (week 0), mid- (week 5), and post- (week 9) intervention. RESULTS Both groups reduced (p < 0.05) weight, total and visceral fat mass, blood pressure and lipids, and desire to eat food and increased proportion of fat-free mass. IF-P resulted in greater (p < 0.05) reductions in weight (-9% vs. -5%), total (-16% vs. -9%) and visceral (-33% vs. -14%) fat mass, and desire to eat (-17% vs. 1%) and increased fat-free mass percent (6% vs. 3%) compared with CR. These improvements were despite similar weekly total energy intake (IF-P, 9470 ± 550 vs. CR, 9095 ± 608 kcal/wk; p = 0.90) and physical activity energy expenditure (IF-P, 300 ± 150 vs. CR, 350 ± 200 kcal/d; p = 0.79). CONCLUSIONS IF-P and CR optimize weight loss, body composition, cardiometabolic health, and hunger management, with IF-P providing greater benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA
| | - Michelle Poe
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA
| | - Alex E Mohr
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | - Stephen J Ives
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA
| | - Autumn Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA
| | - Karen L Sweazea
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Karen M Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, New York, USA
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28
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Elortegui Pascual P, Rolands MR, Eldridge AL, Kassis A, Mainardi F, Lê KA, Karagounis LG, Gut P, Varady KA. A meta-analysis comparing the effectiveness of alternate day fasting, the 5:2 diet, and time-restricted eating for weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023; 31 Suppl 1:9-21. [PMID: 36349432 PMCID: PMC10098946 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this meta-analysis was to compare the effectiveness of different intermittent fasting (IF) regimens on weight loss, in the general population, and compare these to traditional caloric energy restriction (CER). METHODS Three databases were searched from 2011 to June 2021 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed weight loss and IF, including alternate day fasting (ADF), the 5:2 diet, and time-restricted eating (TRE). A random effect network analysis was used to compare the effectiveness between the three regimens. Meta-regression analysis was presented as weighted mean differences of body weight loss. RESULTS The exploratory random effects network analysis of 24 RCTs (n = 1768) ranked ADF as the most effective, followed by CER and TRE. The meta-analysis showed that IF regimens resulted in similar weight loss to CER (mean difference 0.26 kg, 95% CI: -0.31 to 0.84; p = 0.37). Compliance was generally high (>80%) in trials shorter than 3 months. CONCLUSIONS The present meta-analysis concludes that IF is comparable to CER and a promising alternative for weight loss. Among the three regimens, ADF showed the highest effectiveness for weight loss, followed by CER and TRE. Further well-powered RCTs with longer durations of intervention are required to draw solid conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryann R Rolands
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alison L Eldridge
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Amira Kassis
- Whiteboard Nutrition Science, Beaconsfield, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fabio Mainardi
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kim-Anne Lê
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Leonidas G Karagounis
- Nestlé Health Science, Translation Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Gut
- Nestlé Institute of Health Sciences, Nestlé Research, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Krista A Varady
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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29
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Fast Today, Feast Tomorrow. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2023; 8:255-257. [PMID: 37034278 PMCID: PMC10077118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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30
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Zhong W, Wang H, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Lai H, Cheng Y, Yu H, Feng N, Huang R, Liu S, Yang S, Hao T, Zhang B, Ying H, Zhang F, Guo F, Zhai Q. High-protein diet prevents fat mass increase after dieting by counteracting Lactobacillus-enhanced lipid absorption. Nat Metab 2022; 4:1713-1731. [PMID: 36456724 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00687-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Dietary restriction is widely used to reduce fat mass and lose weight in individuals with or without obesity; however, weight regain after dieting is still a big challenge, and the underlying mechanisms remain largely elusive. Here we show that refeeding after various types of dieting induces quick fat accumulation in mice and enhanced intestinal lipid absorption contributes to post-dieting fat mass increase. Moreover, refeeding after short-term dietary restriction is accompanied by an increase in intestinal Lactobacillus and its metabolites, which contributes to enhanced intestinal lipid absorption and post-dieting fat mass increase; however, refeeding a high-protein diet after short-term dietary restriction attenuates intestinal lipid absorption and represses fat accumulation by preventing Lactobacillus growth. Our results provide insight into the mechanisms underlying fat mass increase after dieting. We also propose that targeting intestinal Lactobacillus to inhibit intestinal lipid absorption via high-protein diet or antibiotics is likely an effective strategy to prevent obesity after dieting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuling Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yale Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yali Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hejin Lai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yalan Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Huimin Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Hao Ying
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifan Guo
- Zhongshan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, Ministry of Education Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiwei Zhai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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31
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Does Timing Matter? A Narrative Review of Intermittent Fasting Variants and Their Effects on Bodyweight and Body Composition. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235022. [PMID: 36501050 PMCID: PMC9736182 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The practice of fasting recently has been purported to have clinical benefits, particularly as an intervention against obesity and its related pathologies. Although a number of different temporal dietary restriction strategies have been employed in practice, they are generally classified under the umbrella term "intermittent fasting" (IF). IF can be stratified into two main categories: (1) intra-weekly fasting (alternate-day fasting/ADF, twice-weekly fasting/TWF) and (2) intra-daily fasting (early time-restricted eating/eTRE and delayed time-restricted eating/dTRE). A growing body of evidence indicates that IF is a viable alternative to daily caloric restriction (DCR), showing effectiveness as a weight loss intervention. This paper narratively reviews the literature on the effects of various commonly used IF strategies on body weight and body composition when compared to traditional DCR approaches, and draws conclusions for their practical application. A specific focus is provided as to the use of IF in combination with regimented exercise programs and the associated effects on fat mass and lean mass.
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32
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Kang J, Shi X, Fu J, Li H, Ma E, Chen W. Effects of an Intermittent Fasting 5:2 Plus Program on Body Weight in Chinese Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224734. [PMID: 36432420 PMCID: PMC9698935 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To retrospectively review the efficacy of intermittent fasting 5:2 plus program (30% of energy requirements on fast days and 70% of energy requirements on nonfasting days) in Chinese patients with overweight or obesity. This retrospective cohort study evaluated weight loss outcomes of patients treated with 12 weeks weight loss program in clinic. Adults with overweight or obesity participated in intermittent fasting 5:2 plus, daily calorie restriction (70% of energy requirements every day) or daily calorie restriction with meal replacement (70% of energy requirements every day, partly provided with high-protein meal replacement) programs for 12 weeks. The primary objective was to compare the weight loss of three groups. The primary outcome measure was the change in the % total weight loss. A total of 131 patients (35.3 ± 10.1 years; 81.7% female) were included, and the mean weight loss was 7.8 ± 4.4% after 12 weeks. The intermittent fasting 5:2 plus group (n = 42) achieved 9.0 ± 5.3% weight loss, compared with 5.7 ± 3.7% in the daily calorie restriction group (n = 41) (p < 0.001) and 8.6 ± 3.5% in the meal replacement group (n = 48) (p = 0.650). A total of 85.7% of patients in the intermittent fasting 5:2 plus group lost more than 5% body weight, vs. 58.5% in the daily calorie restriction group (p = 0.008), and 45.2% lost more than 10% body weight, vs. 14.6% in the daily calorie restriction group (p = 0.005). No serious adverse events were reported in the three groups. The intermittent fasting 5:2 plus program more effectively led to weight loss than daily calorie restriction in the short-term in Chinese patients with overweight or obesity. A longer-term prospective randomized controlled trial is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junren Kang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-15810395852; Fax: +86-10-69154095
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Effects of 10-Day Complete Fasting on Physiological Homeostasis, Nutrition and Health Markers in Male Adults. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183860. [PMID: 36145236 PMCID: PMC9503095 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fasting shows great potential in preventing chronic diseases and has to be surmounted under some extraordinary circumstances. This study aimed to investigate the safety, time effects of metabolic homeostasis and health indexes during prolonged fasting. Thirteen participants were recruited to conduct a 10-day complete fasting (CF) in a controlled health research building under medical supervision including 3-day Baseline (BL), 10-day CF, 4-day calorie restriction (CR) and 5-day full recovery (FR). Body healthy status was assessed by surveying pulse, blood pressure, body weight (BW), blood glucose and ketones, body composition and nutritional and biochemistry indexes at different times. BW declined about 7.28 kg (−9.8%) after 10-day CF, accompanied by increased pulse and decreased systolic blood pressure, but there were no changes to the myocardial enzymogram. Body composition analysis showed fat mass was constantly lost, but lean mass could recover after CR. The energy substrate switch from glucose to ketone occurred and formed a stable dynamic balance between 3–6 days of CF. The lipid metabolism presented increased total cholesterol, LDL-C, ApoA1 and almost no changes to TG and HDL-C. Prolonged CF did not influence liver function, but induced a slight decrease of kidney function. The interesting results came from the marked increase of lipid-soluble vitamins and a significant decrease of sodium and chlorine. Adults could well tol-erate a 10-day CF. A new metabolic homeostasis was achieved. No vitamins but NaCl supplement should be considered. These findings provide evidence to design a new fasting strategy for clinical practice.
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Cooke MB, Deasy W, Ritenis EJ, Wilson RA, Stathis CG. Effects of Intermittent Energy Restriction Alone and in Combination with Sprint Interval Training on Body Composition and Cardiometabolic Biomarkers in Individuals with Overweight and Obesity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137969. [PMID: 35805627 PMCID: PMC9265557 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The popularity of intermittent fasting (IF) and high intensity (sprint) interval training (SIT) has increased in recent years amongst the general public due to their purported health benefits and feasibility of incorporation into daily life. The number of scientific studies investigating these strategies has also increased, however, very few have examined the combined effects, especially on body composition and cardiometabolic biomarkers, which is the primary aim of this investigation. A total of thirty-four male and female participants (age: 35.4 ± 8.4 y, body mass index (BMI): 31.3 ± 3.5 kg/m2, aerobic capacity (VO2peak) 27.7 ± 7.0 mL·kg−1·min−1) were randomized into one of three 16-week interventions: (1) 5:2 IF (2 non-consecutive days of fasting per week, 5 days on ad libitum eating), (2) supervised SIT (3 bouts per week of 20s cycling at 150% VO2peak followed by 40 s of active rest, total 10 min duration), and (3) a combination of both interventions. Body composition, haemodynamic and VO2peak were measured at 0, 8 and 16 weeks. Blood samples were also taken and analysed for lipid profiles and markers of glucose regulation. Both IF and IF/SIT significantly decreased body weight, fat mass and visceral fat compared to SIT only (p < 0.05), with no significant differences between diet and diet + exercise combined. The effects of diet and/or exercise on cardiometabolic biomarkers were mixed. Only exercise alone or with IF significantly increased cardiorespiratory fitness. The results suggest that energy restriction was the main driver of body composition enhancement, with little effect from the low volume SIT. Conversely, to achieve benefits in cardiorespiratory fitness, exercise is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Cooke
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (W.D.); (R.A.W.)
- Department of Health Sciences and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia;
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Western Health, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
- Correspondence: (M.B.C.); (C.G.S.); Tel.: +61-(3)-9214-5560 (M.B.C.); +61-(3)-9919-4293 (C.G.S.)
| | - William Deasy
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (W.D.); (R.A.W.)
- College of Clinical Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4701, Australia
| | - Elya J. Ritenis
- Department of Health Sciences and Biostatistics, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia;
| | - Robin A. Wilson
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (W.D.); (R.A.W.)
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Western Health, Melbourne, VIC 3021, Australia
| | - Christos G. Stathis
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (W.D.); (R.A.W.)
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia
- Correspondence: (M.B.C.); (C.G.S.); Tel.: +61-(3)-9214-5560 (M.B.C.); +61-(3)-9919-4293 (C.G.S.)
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Fasting Enhances the Acute Toxicity of Acrylonitrile in Mice via Induction of CYP2E1. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10060337. [PMID: 35736945 PMCID: PMC9228628 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10060337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) plays an essential role in the susceptibility to acute acrylonitrile (AN)-induced toxicity. Here, we investigated the toxicity and mechanism of AN in fasting mice and potential underlying mechanisms. Convulsions, loss of righting reflex, and death 4 h after AN treatment were observed and recorded for each group of mice. Relative to ad lib-fed mice, 48 h fasting significantly increased the acute toxicity of AN, as noted by a more rapid onset of convulsions and death. In addition, fasting significantly enhanced CYP2E1-mediated oxidative metabolism of AN, resulting in increased formation of CN- (one of the end-metabolites of AN). Moreover, fasting decreased hepatic GSH content, abrogating the detoxification of GSH. However, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (DCE), a CYP2E1 inhibitor, altered the level of hepatic CYP2E1 activity in response to fasting, reduced the acute toxic symptoms of AN and the content of CN- in AN-treated mice. These data establish that fasting predisposes to AN toxicity, attributable to induced CYP2E1 and reduced hepatic GSH.
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The Fasting and Shifted Timing (FAST) of Eating Study: A pilot feasibility randomized crossover intervention assessing the acceptability of three different fasting diet approaches. Appetite 2022; 176:106135. [PMID: 35716852 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2022.106135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aim of this study is to assess the acceptability of following three different fasting protocols [Early Time-restricted Feeding (eTRF; eating majority of kcals before 5pm), Time-restricted Feeding (TRF; restricting feeding window to 8 h/d), or Alternate Day Fasting (ADF; complete fasting every other day)]. METHODS In this remotely delivered six-week crossover intervention, participants were randomly assigned to follow either an eTRF, TRF, or ADF diet for one week, followed by a one-week washout period. Participants followed all three diets and completed questionnaires assessing self-reported weight, energy intake, dietary acceptability (Food Acceptability Questionnaire), and facilitators and barriers to adhering to each diet. Differences in main outcomes (e.g., dietary acceptability and weight loss) were assessed via repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS A total of 32 of participants began the study (mean BMI of 32.6 ± 6.0 kg/m2). There were no differences in kcals or weight loss among the three diets. Dietary acceptability was higher on the TRF diet (54.1 ± 8.2) than the eTRF (50.2 ± 6.6, p = 0.02) or ADF (48.0 ± 7.9, p = 0.004) diets. The majority of participants (71%) indicated the TRF diet was the easiest to follow and 75% said that ADF was the most difficult. Participants cited having a mobile app to track their diet and being provided with menu plans would help facilitate adherence with their diets. CONCLUSIONS This study found that acceptability was highest for an TRF diet and lowest for ADF, with no differences in weight loss or change in energy intake among the TRF, ADF, or eTRF groups. CLINICAL TRIALS GOV IDENTIFIER NCT04527952.
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Arciero PJ, Arciero KM, Poe M, Mohr AE, Ives SJ, Arciero A, Boyce M, Zhang J, Haas M, Valdez E, Corbet D, Judd K, Smith A, Furlong O, Wahler M, Gumpricht E. Intermittent fasting two days versus one day per week, matched for total energy intake and expenditure, increases weight loss in overweight/obese men and women. Nutr J 2022; 21:36. [PMID: 35658959 PMCID: PMC9166203 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-022-00790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Intermittent fasting (IF), consisting of either a one-day (IF1) or two consecutive days (IF2) per week, is commonly used for optimal body weight loss. Our laboratory has previously shown an IF1 diet combined with 6d/week of protein pacing (P; 4–5 meals/day evenly spaced, ~ 30% protein/day) significantly enhances weight loss, body composition, and cardiometabolic health in obese men and women. Whether an IF1-P or IF2-P, matched for weekly energy intake (EI) and expenditure (EE), is superior for weight loss, body composition, and cardiometabolic health is unknown. Methods This randomized control study directly compared an IF1-P (n = 10) versus an IF2-P (n = 10) diet on weight loss and body composition, cardiovascular (blood pressure and lipids), hormone, and hunger responses in 20 overweight men and women during a 4-week weight loss period. Participants received weekly dietary counseling and monitoring of compliance from a registered dietitian. All outcome variables were assessed pre (week 0) and post (week 5). Results Both groups significantly reduced body weight, waist circumference, percent body fat, fat mass, hunger, blood pressure, lipids, glucose, and increased percent fat-free mass (p < 0.05). However, IF2-P resulted in significantly greater reductions in body weight (-29%) and waist circumference (-38%) compared to IF1-P (p < 0.05), and showed a strong tendency for greater reductions in fat mass, glucose, and hunger levels (p < 0.10) despite similar weekly total EI (IF1-P, 9058 ± 692 vs. IF2-P, 8389 ± 438 kcals/week; p = 0.90), EE (~ 300 kcals/day; p = 0.79), and hormone responses (p > 0.10). Conclusions These findings support short-term IF1-P and IF2-P to optimize weight loss and improve body composition, cardiometabolic health, and hunger management, with IF2-P providing enhanced benefits in overweight women and men. Trial registration This trial was registered March 03, 2020 at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04327141. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12937-022-00790-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA.
| | - Karen M Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Michelle Poe
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Alex E Mohr
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Stephen J Ives
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Autumn Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Molly Boyce
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Jin Zhang
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Melissa Haas
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Emma Valdez
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Delaney Corbet
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Judd
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Annika Smith
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Olivia Furlong
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
| | - Marley Wahler
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, 815 North Broadway, Saratoga Springs, NY, 12866, USA
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Ratiner K, Shapiro H, Goldenberg K, Elinav E. Time-limited diets and the gut microbiota in cardiometabolic disease. J Diabetes 2022; 14:377-393. [PMID: 35698246 PMCID: PMC9366560 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, intermittent fasting (IF), including periodic fasting and time-restricted feeding (TRF), has been increasingly suggested to constitute a promising treatment for cardiometabolic diseases (CMD). A deliberate daily pause in food consumption influences the gut microbiome and the host circadian clock, resulting in improved cardiometabolic health. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which circadian host-microbiome interactions affect host metabolism and immunity may add a potentially important dimension to effective implementation of IF diets. In this review, we discuss emerging evidence potentially linking compositional and functional alterations of the gut microbiome with IF impacts on mammalian metabolism and risk of development of hypertension, type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, and their long-term micro- and macrovascular complications. We highlight the challenges and unknowns in causally linking diurnal bacterial signals with dietary cues and downstream metabolic consequences and means of harnessing these signals toward future microbiome integration into precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Ratiner
- Systems Immunology DepartmentWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Hagit Shapiro
- Systems Immunology DepartmentWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Kim Goldenberg
- Systems Immunology DepartmentWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
| | - Eran Elinav
- Systems Immunology DepartmentWeizmann Institute of ScienceRehovotIsrael
- Microbiome & Cancer Division, DKFZHeidelbergGermany
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Bays HE, Kulkarni A, German C, Satish P, Iluyomade A, Dudum R, Thakkar A, Rifai MA, Mehta A, Thobani A, Al-Saiegh Y, Nelson AJ, Sheth S, Toth PP. Ten things to know about ten cardiovascular disease risk factors - 2022. Am J Prev Cardiol 2022; 10:100342. [PMID: 35517870 PMCID: PMC9061634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpc.2022.100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The American Society for Preventive Cardiology (ASPC) "Ten things to know about ten cardiovascular disease risk factors - 2022" is a summary document regarding cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors. This 2022 update provides summary tables of ten things to know about 10 CVD risk factors and builds upon the foundation of prior annual versions of "Ten things to know about ten cardiovascular disease risk factors" published since 2020. This 2022 version provides the perspective of ASPC members and includes updated sentinel references (i.e., applicable guidelines and select reviews) for each CVD risk factor section. The ten CVD risk factors include unhealthful dietary intake, physical inactivity, dyslipidemia, pre-diabetes/diabetes, high blood pressure, obesity, considerations of select populations (older age, race/ethnicity, and sex differences), thrombosis (with smoking as a potential contributor to thrombosis), kidney dysfunction and genetics/familial hypercholesterolemia. Other CVD risk factors may be relevant, beyond the CVD risk factors discussed here. However, it is the intent of the ASPC "Ten things to know about ten cardiovascular disease risk factors - 2022" to provide a tabular overview of things to know about ten of the most common CVD risk factors applicable to preventive cardiology and provide ready access to applicable guidelines and sentinel reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold E Bays
- Louisville Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center, Clinical Associate Professor, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 3288 Illinois Avenue, Louisville KY 40213
| | - Anandita Kulkarni
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, 200 Morris Street, Durham, NC, 27701
| | - Charles German
- University of Chicago, Section of Cardiology, 5841 South Maryland Ave, MC 6080, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Priyanka Satish
- Houston Methodist DeBakey Heart and Vascular Center, Houston, TX, USA 77030
| | - Adedapo Iluyomade
- Miami Cardiac & Vascular Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL 33176
| | - Ramzi Dudum
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Aarti Thakkar
- Osler Medicine Program, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore MD
| | | | - Anurag Mehta
- Emory Clinical Cardiovascular Research Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Aneesha Thobani
- Emory University School of Medicine | Department of Cardiology, 101 Woodruff Circle, WMB 2125, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Yousif Al-Saiegh
- Lankenau Medical Center – Mainline Health, Department of Cardiovascular Disease, 100 E Lancaster Ave, Wynnewood, PA 19096
| | - Adam J Nelson
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Cardiovascular Division, Baylor Scott and White Health Heart Hospital Baylor Plano, Plano, TX 75093
| | - Samip Sheth
- Georgetown University School of Medicine, 3900 Reservoir Rd NW, Washington, DC 20007
| | - Peter P. Toth
- CGH Medical Cener, Sterling, IL 61081
- Cicarrone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Queiroz JDN, Macedo RCO, Dos Santos GC, Munhoz SV, Machado CLF, de Menezes RL, Menzem EN, Moritz CEJ, Pinto RS, Tinsley GM, de Oliveira AR. Cardiometabolic effects of early v. delayed time-restricted eating plus energetic restriction in adults with overweight and obesity: an exploratory randomised clinical trial. Br J Nutr 2022; 129:1-13. [PMID: 35614845 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522001581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This exploratory study investigated the effects of early v. delayed time-restricted eating (TRE) plus caloric restriction (CR) on body weight, body composition and cardiometabolic parameters in adults with overweight and obesity. Adults (20-40 years) were randomised to one of three groups for 8 weeks: early time-restricted eating (eTRE; 08.00-16.00) plus CR, delayed time-restricted eating (dTRE; 12.00-20.00) plus CR or only CR (CR; 08.00-20.00). All groups were prescribed a 25 % energy deficit relative to daily energy requirements. Thirteen participants completed the study in the eTRE and CR groups and eleven in the dTRE group (n 37). After the interventions, there was no significant difference between the three groups for any of the outcomes. Compared with baseline, significant decreases were observed in the body weight (eTRE group: -4·2 kg; 95 % CI, -5·6, -2·7; dTRE group: -4·8 kg; 95 % CI, -5·9, -3·7; CR: -4·0 kg; 95 % CI, -5·9, -2·1), fat mass (eTRE group: -2·9 kg; 95 % CI, -3·9, -1·9; dTRE group: -3·6 kg; 95 % CI, -4·6, -2·5; CR: -3·1 kg; 95 % CI, -4·3, -1·8) and fasting glucose levels (eTRE group: -4 mg/dl; 95 % CI, -8, -1; dTRE group: -2 mg/dl; 95 % CI, -8, 3; CR: -3 mg/dl; 95 % CI, -8, 2). In a free-living setting, TRE with a energetic deficit, regardless of the time of day, promotes similar benefits in weight loss, body composition and cardiometabolic parameters. However, given the exploratory nature of our study, further investigation is needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica do Nascimento Queiroz
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Cauduro Oliveira Macedo
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, University of Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Cristina Dos Santos
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Samuel Vargas Munhoz
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Leonardo Figueiredo Machado
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Leal de Menezes
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Elisa Nascimento Menzem
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cesar Eduardo Jacintho Moritz
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Ronei Silveira Pinto
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management at Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Alvaro Reischak de Oliveira
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Billingsley HE, Canada JM, Dixon DL, Kirkman DL, Bohmke N, Rotelli B, Kadariya D, Markley R, Van Tassell BW, Celi FS, Abbate A, Carbone S. Midpoint of energy intake, non-fasting time and cardiorespiratory fitness in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and obesity. Int J Cardiol 2022; 355:23-27. [PMID: 35276244 PMCID: PMC9089330 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delayed time of evening meal is associated with favorable cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and obesity. It is unknown, however, if increasing daily non-fasting time or delaying the midpoint of energy intake may also be associated with CRF. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to examine whether a longer non-fasting time, delayed midpoint of energy intake, or both, are associated with greater CRF in patients with HFpEF and obesity. METHODS We measured peak oxygen consumption (VO2), a measure of CRF, in 32 patients with HFpEF and obesity with cardiopulmonary exercise testing, and dietary intake using a five-pass 24-h dietary recall. Participants were divided into groups by having lesser (<11.6) or greater (≥11.6) periods of non-fasting time than the median and similarly, with earlier (<2:15 PM) or later (≥2:15 PM) than median midpoint of energy intake. RESULTS Median non-fasting time was 11.6 [10.6-12.9] hours and midpoint of energy intake was 2:15 [1:04-3:00] PM. There were no differences in CRF between those with a shorter (<11.6) or longer (≥11.6) non-fasting time. Participants with a delayed midpoint of energy intake (≥2:15 PM) had greater peak VO2 and exercise time. Midpoint of energy intake (r = 0.444, P = 0.011) and time of last meal (r = 0.550, P = 0.001) displayed a positive association with peak VO2, but not non-fasting time nor time of first meal. CONCLUSIONS Delaying the midpoint of energy intake by postponing last meal is associated with better peak VO2 and exercise time in patients with HFpEF and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley E Billingsley
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, College of Humanities & Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America; VCU Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Justin M Canada
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Dave L Dixon
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America; Department of Pharmacotherapy and & Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Danielle L Kirkman
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, College of Humanities & Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America; VCU Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Natalie Bohmke
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, College of Humanities & Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America; VCU Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Brando Rotelli
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Dinesh Kadariya
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Roshanak Markley
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Benjamin W Van Tassell
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America; Department of Pharmacotherapy and & Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Francesco S Celi
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Antonio Abbate
- VCU Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America
| | - Salvatore Carbone
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Sciences, College of Humanities & Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America; VCU Pauley Heart Center, Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States of America.
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42
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Adipositas und Ernährung. DIABETOLOGE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11428-022-00890-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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43
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Palma-Morales M, Mateos A, Rodríguez J, Casuso RA, Huertas JR. Food made us humans: Recent genetic variability and its relevance 2 to the current distribution of macronutrients 3. Nutrition 2022; 101:111702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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44
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Gonzalez JT. Novel dietary approaches to appetite regulation, health and performance. J Physiol 2022; 600:1295-1297. [PMID: 35288934 DOI: 10.1113/jp282727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Javier T Gonzalez
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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45
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Effects of Intermittent Fasting on Cardiometabolic Health: An Energy Metabolism Perspective. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030489. [PMID: 35276847 PMCID: PMC8839160 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the effects of different types of intermittent fasting (IF) on human cardiometabolic health, with a focus on energy metabolism. First, we discuss the coordinated metabolic adaptations (energy expenditure, hormonal changes and macronutrient oxidation) occurring during a 72 h fast. We then discuss studies investigating the effects of IF on cardiometabolic health, energy expenditure and substrate oxidation. Finally, we discuss how IF may be optimized by combining it with exercise. In general, IF regimens improve body composition, ectopic fat, and classic cardiometabolic risk factors, as compared to unrestricted eating, especially in metabolically unhealthy participants. However, it is still unclear whether IF provides additional cardiometabolic benefits as compared to continuous daily caloric restriction (CR). Most studies found no additional benefits, yet some preliminary data suggest that IF regimens may provide cardiometabolic benefits in the absence of weight loss. Finally, although IF and continuous daily CR appear to induce similar changes in energy expenditure, IF regimens may differentially affect substrate oxidation, increasing protein and fat oxidation. Future tightly controlled studies are needed to unravel the underlying mechanisms of IF and its role in cardiometabolic health and energy metabolism.
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46
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Smith HA, Betts JA. Nutrient timing and metabolic regulation symposium review from "Novel dietary approaches to appetite regulation, health and performance (2021)". J Physiol 2022; 600:1299-1312. [PMID: 35038774 PMCID: PMC9305539 DOI: 10.1113/jp280756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily (circadian) rhythms coordinate our physiology and behaviour with regular environmental changes. Molecular clocks in peripheral tissues (e.g. liver, skeletal muscle and adipose) give rise to rhythms in macronutrient metabolism, appetite regulation and the components of energy balance such that our bodies can align the periodic delivery of nutrients with ongoing metabolic requirements. The timing of meals both in absolute terms (i.e. relative to clock time) and in relative terms (i.e. relative to other daily events) is therefore relevant to metabolism and health. Experimental manipulation of feeding–fasting cycles can advance understanding of the effect of absolute and relative timing of meals on metabolism and health. Such studies have extended the overnight fast by regular breakfast omission and revealed that morning fasting can alter the metabolic response to subsequent meals later in the day, whilst also eliciting compensatory behavioural responses (i.e. reduced physical activity). Similarly, restricting energy intake via alternate‐day fasting also has the potential to elicit a compensatory reduction in physical activity, and so can undermine weight‐loss efforts (i.e. to preserve body fat stores). Interrupting the usual overnight fast (and therefore also the usual sleep cycle) by nocturnal feeding has also been examined and further research is needed to understand the importance of this period for either nutritional intervention or nutritional withdrawal. In summary, it is important for dietary guidelines for human health to consider nutrient timing (i.e. when we eat) alongside the conventional focus on nutrient quantity and nutrient quality (i.e. how much we eat and what we eat).
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry A Smith
- Centre for Nutrition Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - James A Betts
- Centre for Nutrition Exercise and Metabolism, Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
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47
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Hofer SJ, Carmona‐Gutierrez D, Mueller MI, Madeo F. The ups and downs of caloric restriction and fasting: from molecular effects to clinical application. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e14418. [PMID: 34779138 PMCID: PMC8749464 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-associated diseases are rising to pandemic proportions, exposing the need for efficient and low-cost methods to tackle these maladies at symptomatic, behavioral, metabolic, and physiological levels. While nutrition and health are closely intertwined, our limited understanding of how diet precisely influences disease often precludes the medical use of specific dietary interventions. Caloric restriction (CR) has approached clinical application as a powerful, yet simple, dietary modulation that extends both life- and healthspan in model organisms and ameliorates various diseases. However, due to psychological and social-behavioral limitations, CR may be challenging to implement into real life. Thus, CR-mimicking interventions have been developed, including intermittent fasting, time-restricted eating, and macronutrient modulation. Nonetheless, possible side effects of CR and alternatives thereof must be carefully considered. We summarize key concepts and differences in these dietary interventions in humans, discuss their molecular effects, and shed light on advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian J Hofer
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesNAWI GrazUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
- BioHealth GrazGrazAustria
- BioTechMed GrazGrazAustria
| | | | - Melanie I Mueller
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesNAWI GrazUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Frank Madeo
- Institute of Molecular BiosciencesNAWI GrazUniversity of GrazGrazAustria
- BioHealth GrazGrazAustria
- BioTechMed GrazGrazAustria
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48
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Wang QJ, Guo Y, Zhang KH, Zhang L, Geng SX, Shan CH, Liu P, Zhu MQ, Jin QY, Liu ZY, Wang MZ, Li MY, Liu M, An L, Tian JH, Wu ZH. Night-Restricted Feeding Improves Gut Health by Synchronizing Microbe-Driven Serotonin Rhythm and Eating Activity-Driven Body Temperature Oscillations in Growing Rabbits. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:771088. [PMID: 34976857 PMCID: PMC8718905 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.771088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian misalignment of the gut microbiota caused by unusual eating times in adult animals is related to disease development. However, whether the composition and diurnal rhythm of gut microbiota can be optimized by synchronizing the window period of eating with natural eating habits to reduce the risk of diarrhea remains unclear, especially in growing animals. In this study, 108 5-week-old weaned rabbits (nocturnal animals) were randomly subjected to daytime feeding (DF) and night-restricted feeding (NRF). At age 12 weeks, six rabbits were selected from each group, and caecum and cecal contents, as well as serum samples were collected at 4-h intervals during 24 h. Overall, NRF was found to reduce the risk of diarrhea in growing rabbits, improved the diurnal rhythm and abundance of beneficial microorganisms, along with the production of beneficial metabolites, whereas reduced the abundance of potential pathogens (Synergistes, Desulfovibrio, and Alistipes). Moreover, NRF improved diurnal rhythm of tryptophan hydroxylase isoform 1 and serotonin. Furthermore, NRF strengthened the diurnal amplitude of body core temperature, and promoted the diurnal expression of intestinal clock genes (BMAL1, CLOCK, REV-ERBα, and PER1), and genes related to the regulation of the intestinal barrier (CLAUDIN-1), and intestinal epithelial cell self-proliferation and renewal (BMI1). In vitro simulation experiments further revealed that synchronization of microbial-driven serotonin rhythm and eating activity-driven body temperature oscillations, which are important zeitgebers, could promote the diurnal expression of clock genes and CLAUDIN-1 in rabbit intestinal epithelial cells (RIEC), and enhance RIEC proliferation. This is the first study to reveal that NRF reprograms the diurnal rhythm of the gut microbiome, promotes the diurnal expression of clock genes and tight junction genes via synchronization of microbial-driven serotonin rhythm and eating activity-driven body temperature oscillations, thereby improving intestinal health and reducing the risk of diarrhea in growing rabbits. Collectively, these results provide a new perspective for the healthy feeding and management of growing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke-Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Xia Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Hua Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Qi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiong-Yu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Mei-Zhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Yong Li
- National Rabbit Industry Technology System Qingdao Comprehensive Experimental Station, Qingdao, China
| | - Man Liu
- National Rabbit Industry Technology System Qingdao Comprehensive Experimental Station, Qingdao, China
| | - Lei An
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Hui Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhong-Hong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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49
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Ye YF, Zhang MX, Lin Z, Tang L. Is Intermittent Fasting Better Than Continuous Energy Restriction for Adults with Overweight and Obesity? Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:2813-2826. [PMID: 36134390 PMCID: PMC9484493 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s376409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
As a popular weight management intervention, intermittent fasting (IF) has been widely applied to the treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. This review describes the different forms and implementation protocols of IF and their effects on body weight, body composition, cardiometabolic risk factors and other diseases. The existing evidence suggests that IF is as effective as continuous energy restriction and may be a feasible and effective approach to weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fei Ye
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, People’s Republic of China
- Health Management Centre, Taizhou Hospital, Zhejiang University, Linhai, 317000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei-Xian Zhang
- Evidence-Based Medicine Center, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, 317000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi Lin
- Operating Rooms, Taizhou Hospital of Zhejiang Province Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, 317000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Leiwen Tang
- Nursing Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310016, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Leiwen Tang, Nursing Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 3 East Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310016, People’s Republic of China, Tel/Fax +86-571-86006438, Email
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50
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Wiechert M, Holzapfel C. Nutrition Concepts for the Treatment of Obesity in Adults. Nutrients 2021; 14:169. [PMID: 35011045 PMCID: PMC8747374 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity caused by a positive energy balance is a serious health burden. Studies have shown that obesity is the major risk factor for many diseases like type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary heart diseases, or various types of cancer. Therefore, the prevention and treatment of increased body weight are key. Different evidence-based treatment approaches considering weight history, body mass index (BMI) category, and co-morbidities are available: lifestyle intervention, formula diet, drugs, and bariatric surgery. For all treatment approaches, behaviour change techniques, reduction in energy intake, and increasing energy expenditure are required. Self-monitoring of diet and physical activity provides an effective behaviour change technique for weight management. Digital tools increase engagement rates for self-monitoring and have the potential to improve weight management. The objective of this narrative review is to summarize current available treatment approaches for obesity, to provide a selective overview of nutrition trends, and to give a scientific viewpoint for various nutrition concepts for weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Holzapfel
- Institute for Nutritional Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80992 Munich, Germany;
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