1
|
Headley CA, Gautam S, Olmo-Fontanez A, Garcia-Vilanova A, Dwivedi V, Schami A, Weintraub S, Tsao PS, Torrelles JB, Turner J. Mitochondrial Transplantation Promotes Protective Effector and Memory CD4 + T Cell Response During Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection and Diminishes Exhaustion and Senescence in Elderly CD4 + T cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2401077. [PMID: 39039808 PMCID: PMC11423092 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202401077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), is a major global health concern, particularly affecting those with weakened immune systems, including the elderly. CD4+ T cell response is crucial for immunity against M.tb, but chronic infections and aging can lead to T cell exhaustion and senescence, worsening TB disease. Mitochondrial dysfunction, prevalent in aging and chronic diseases, disrupts cellular metabolism, increases oxidative stress, and impairs T-cell functions. This study investigates the effect of mitochondrial transplantation (mito-transfer) on CD4+ T cell differentiation and function in aged mouse models and human CD4+ T cells from elderly individuals. Mito-transfer in naïve CD4+ T cells is found to promote protective effector and memory T cell generation during M.tb infection in mice. Additionally, it improves elderly human T cell function by increasing mitochondrial mass and altering cytokine production, thereby reducing markers of exhaustion and senescence. These findings suggest mito-transfer as a novel approach to enhance aged CD4+ T cell functionality, potentially benefiting immune responses in the elderly and chronic TB patients. This has broader implications for diseases where mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to T-cell exhaustion and senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colwyn A Headley
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Shalini Gautam
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Angelica Olmo-Fontanez
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Andreu Garcia-Vilanova
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Alyssa Schami
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Susan Weintraub
- Department of Biochemistry & Structural Biology, UT health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Philip S Tsao
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
- Internaltional Center for the Advancement of Research & Education (I•CARE), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Joanne Turner
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
- Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cooper SK, Ackart DF, Lanni F, Henao-Tamayo M, Anderson GB, Podell BK. Heterogeneity in immune cell composition is associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis replication at the granuloma level. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1427472. [PMID: 39253081 PMCID: PMC11381408 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1427472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The control of bacterial growth is key to the prevention and treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Granulomas represent independent foci of the host immune response that present heterogeneous capacity for control of bacterial growth. At the whole tissue level, B cells and CD4 or CD8 T cells have an established role in immune protection against TB. Immune cells interact within each granuloma response, but the impact of granuloma immune composition on bacterial replication remains unknown. Here we investigate the associations between immune cell composition, including B cell, CD4, and CD8 T cells, and the state of replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) within the granuloma. A measure of ribosomal RNA synthesis, the RS ratio®, represents a proxy measure of Mtb replication at the whole tissue level. We adapted the RS ratio through use of in situ hybridization, to identify replicating and non-replicating Mtb within each designated granuloma. We applied a regression model to characterize the associations between immune cell populations and the state of Mtb replication within each respective granuloma. In the evaluation of nearly 200 granulomas, we identified heterogeneity in both immune cell composition and proportion of replicating bacteria. We found clear evidence of directional associations between immune cell composition and replicating Mtb. Controlling for vaccination status and endpoint post-infection, granulomas with lower CD4 or higher CD8 cell counts are associated with a higher percent of replicating Mtb. Conversely, changes in B cell proportions were associated with little change in Mtb replication. This study establishes heterogeneity across granulomas, demonstrating that certain immune cell types are differentially associated with control of Mtb replication. These data suggest that evaluation at the granuloma level may be imperative to identifying correlates of immune protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Cooper
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Phoenix Immune Mechanisms of Protection Against Tuberculosis Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - David Forrest Ackart
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Phoenix Immune Mechanisms of Protection Against Tuberculosis Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Faye Lanni
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Phoenix Immune Mechanisms of Protection Against Tuberculosis Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Marcela Henao-Tamayo
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Phoenix Immune Mechanisms of Protection Against Tuberculosis Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - G Brooke Anderson
- Phoenix Immune Mechanisms of Protection Against Tuberculosis Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Brendan K Podell
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Phoenix Immune Mechanisms of Protection Against Tuberculosis Center, Seattle, WA, United States
- Consortium for Applied Microbial Metrics, Aurora, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Paddar MA, Wang F, Trosdal ES, Hendrix E, He Y, Salemi M, Mudd M, Jia J, Duque TLA, Javed R, Phinney B, Deretic V. Noncanonical roles of ATG5 and membrane atg8ylation in retromer assembly and function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.10.602886. [PMID: 39026874 PMCID: PMC11257513 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.10.602886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
ATG5 is one of the core autophagy proteins with additional functions such as noncanonical membrane atg8ylation, which among a growing number of biological outputs includes control of tuberculosis in animal models. Here we show that ATG5 associates with retromer's core components VPS26, VPS29 and VPS35 and modulates retromer function. Knockout of ATG5 blocked trafficking of a key glucose transporter sorted by the retromer, GLUT1, to the plasma membrane. Knockouts of other genes essential for membrane atg8ylation, of which ATG5 is a component, affected GLUT1 sorting, indicating that membrane atg8ylation as a process affects retromer function and endosomal sorting. The contribution of membrane atg8ylation to retromer function in GLUT1 sorting was independent of canonical autophagy. These findings expand the scope of membrane atg8ylation to specific sorting processes in the cell dependent on the retromer and its known interactors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masroor Ahmad Paddar
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Fulong Wang
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Einar S Trosdal
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Emily Hendrix
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Yi He
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Michelle Salemi
- Proteomics Core Facility, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michal Mudd
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jingyue Jia
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Thabata L A Duque
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ruheena Javed
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Brett Phinney
- Proteomics Core Facility, UC Davis Genome Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Vojo Deretic
- Autophagy, Inflammation and Metabolism Center of Biochemical Research Excellence
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, 915 Camino de Salud, NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Lead Contact
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumari N, Sharma R, Ali J, Chandra G, Singh S, Krishnan MY. The use of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra-infected immunocompetent mice as an in vivo model of persisters. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2024; 145:102479. [PMID: 38262199 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2024.102479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Persistence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is one of the challenges to successful treatment of tuberculosis (TB). In vitro models of non-replicating Mtb are used to test the efficacy of new molecules against Mtb persisters. The H37Ra strain is attenuated for growth in macrophages and mice. We validated H37Ra-infected immunocompetent mice for testing anti-TB molecules against slow/non-replicating Mtb in vivo. Swiss mice were infected intravenously with H37Ra and monitored for CFU burden and histopathology for a period of 12 weeks. The bacteria multiplied at a slow pace reaching a maximum load of ∼106 in 8-12 weeks depending on the infection dose, accompanied by time and dose-dependent histopathological changes in the lungs. Surprisingly, four-weeks of treatment with isoniazid-rifampicin-ethambutol-pyrazinamide combination caused only 0.4 log10 and 1 log10 reduction in CFUs in lungs and spleen respectively. The results show that ∼40 % of the H37Ra bacilli in lungs are persisters after 4 weeks of anti-TB therapy. Isoniazid/rifampicin monotherapy also showed similar results. A combination of bedaquiline and isoniazid reduced the CFU counts to <200 (limit of detection), compared to ∼5000 CFUs by isoniazid alone. The study demonstrates an in vivo model of Mtb persisters for testing new leads using a BSL-2 strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Kumari
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 031, India
| | - Romil Sharma
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Juned Ali
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 031, India
| | - Gyan Chandra
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 031, India
| | - Sarika Singh
- Toxicology and Experimental Medicine Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Manju Y Krishnan
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector-10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fröhlich E. Animals in Respiratory Research. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2903. [PMID: 38474149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The respiratory barrier, a thin epithelial barrier that separates the interior of the human body from the environment, is easily damaged by toxicants, and chronic respiratory diseases are common. It also allows the permeation of drugs for topical treatment. Animal experimentation is used to train medical technicians, evaluate toxicants, and develop inhaled formulations. Species differences in the architecture of the respiratory tract explain why some species are better at predicting human toxicity than others. Some species are useful as disease models. This review describes the anatomical differences between the human and mammalian lungs and lists the characteristics of currently used mammalian models for the most relevant chronic respiratory diseases (asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary fibrosis, and tuberculosis). The generation of animal models is not easy because they do not develop these diseases spontaneously. Mouse models are common, but other species are more appropriate for some diseases. Zebrafish and fruit flies can help study immunological aspects. It is expected that combinations of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo (mammalian and invertebrate) models will be used in the future for drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ferdosnejad K, Zamani MS, Soroush E, Fateh A, Siadat SD, Tarashi S. Tuberculosis and lung cancer: metabolic pathways play a key role. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38305273 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2024.2308522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Despite the fact that some cases of tuberculosis (TB) are undiagnosed and untreated, it remains a serious global public health issue. In the diagnosis, treatment, and control of latent and active TB, there may be a lack of effectiveness. An understanding of metabolic pathways can be fundamental to treat latent TB infection and active TB disease. Rather than targeting Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the control strategies aim to strengthen host responses to infection and reduce chronic inflammation by effectively enhancing host resistance to infection. The pathogenesis and progression of TB are linked to several metabolites and metabolic pathways, and they are potential targets for host-directed therapies. Additionally, metabolic pathways can contribute to the progression of lung cancer in patients with latent or active TB. A comprehensive metabolic pathway analysis is conducted to highlight lung cancer development in latent and active TB. The current study aimed to emphasize the association between metabolic pathways of tumor development in patients with latent and active TB. Health control programs around the world are compromised by TB and lung cancer due to their special epidemiological and clinical characteristics. Therefore, presenting the importance of lung cancer progression through metabolic pathways occurring upon TB infection can open new doors to improving control of TB infection and active TB disease while stressing that further evaluations are required to uncover this correlation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erfan Soroush
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Tarashi
- Microbiology Research Center (MRC), Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Headley CA, Gautam S, Olmo-Fontanez A, Garcia-Vilanova A, Dwivedi V, Schami A, Weintraub S, Tsao PS, Torrelles JB, Turner J. Mitochondrial Transplantation promotes protective effector and memory CD4 + T cell response during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and diminishes exhaustion and senescence in elderly CD4 + T cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.24.577036. [PMID: 38328206 PMCID: PMC10849707 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.24.577036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), remains a significant health concern worldwide, especially in populations with weakened or compromised immune systems, such as the elderly. Proper adaptive immune function, particularly a CD4+ T cell response, is central to host immunity against M.tb. Chronic infections, such as M.tb, as well as aging promote T cell exhaustion and senescence, which can impair immune control and promote progression to TB disease. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to T cell dysfunction, both in aging and chronic infections and diseases. Mitochondrial perturbations can disrupt cellular metabolism, enhance oxidative stress, and impair T-cell signaling and effector functions. This study examined the impact of mitochondrial transplantation (mito-transfer) on CD4+ T cell differentiation and function using aged mouse models and human CD4+ T cells from elderly individuals. Our study revealed that mito-transfer in naïve CD4+ T cells promoted the generation of protective effector and memory CD4+ T cells during M.tb infection in mice. Further, mito-transfer enhanced the function of elderly human T cells by increasing their mitochondrial mass and modulating cytokine production, which in turn reduced exhaustion and senescence cell markers. Our results suggest that mito-transfer could be a novel strategy to reestablish aged CD4+ T cell function, potentially improving immune responses in the elderly and chronic TB patients, with a broader implication for other diseases where mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to T cell exhaustion and senescence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colwyn A. Headley
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Shalini Gautam
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Angelica Olmo-Fontanez
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Andreu Garcia-Vilanova
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Alyssa Schami
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Susan Weintraub
- Department of Biochemistry & Structural Biology, UT health San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Philip S. Tsao
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305
| | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
- Internaltional Center for the Advancement of Research & Education (I•CARE), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Joanne Turner
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dwivedi V, Gautam S, Beamer G, Stromberg PC, Headley CA, Turner J. IL-10 Modulation Increases Pyrazinamide's Antimycobacterial Efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Mice. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:412-420. [PMID: 37279084 PMCID: PMC10580111 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms to shorten the duration of tuberculosis (TB) treatment include new drug formulations or schedules and the development of host-directed therapies (HDTs) that better enable the host immune system to eliminate Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Previous studies have shown that pyrazinamide, a first-line antibiotic, can also modulate immune function, making it an attractive target for combinatorial HDT/antibiotic therapy, with the goal to accelerate clearance of M. tuberculosis. In this study, we assessed the value of anti-IL-10R1 as an HDT along with pyrazinamide and show that short-term anti-IL-10R1 blockade during pyrazinamide treatment enhanced the antimycobacterial efficacy of pyrazinamide, resulting in faster clearance of M. tuberculosis in mice. Furthermore, 45 d of pyrazinamide treatment in a functionally IL-10-deficient environment resulted in sterilizing clearance of M. tuberculosis. Our data suggest that short-term IL-10 blockade with standard TB drugs has the potential to improve clinical outcome by reducing the treatment duration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Varun Dwivedi
- Disease Intervention & Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Shalini Gautam
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Gillian Beamer
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Paul C. Stromberg
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State Institute, Columbus, OH
| | - Colwyn A. Headley
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Joanne Turner
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
B cells promote granulomatous inflammation during chronic Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011187. [PMID: 36888692 PMCID: PMC9994760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study reveals that in chronic TB, the B cell-deficient μMT strain, relative to wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice, displays in the lungs lower levels of inflammation that are associated with decreased CD4+ T cell proliferation, diminished Th1 response, and enhanced levels of interleukin (IL)-10. The latter result raises the possibility that B cells may restrict lung expression of IL-10 in chronic TB. These observations are recapitulated in WT mice depleted for B cells using anti-CD20 antibodies. IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) blockade reverses the phenotypes of decreased inflammation and attenuated CD4+ T cell responses in B cell-depleted mice. Together, these results suggest that in chronic murine TB, B cells, by virtue of their capacity to restrict expression of the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive IL-10 in the lungs, promote the development of a robust protective Th1 response, thereby optimizing anti-TB immunity. This vigorous Th1 immunity and restricted IL-10 expression may, however, allow the development of inflammation to a level that can be detrimental to the host. Indeed, decreased lung inflammation observed in chronically infected B cell-deficient mice, which exhibit augmented lung IL-10 levels, is associated with a survival advantage relative to WT animals. Collectively, the results reveal that in chronic murine TB, B cells play a role in modulating the protective Th1 immunity and the anti-inflammatory IL-10 response, which results in augmentation of lung inflammation that can be host-detrimental. Intriguingly, in tuberculous human lungs, conspicuous B cell aggregates are present in close proximity to tissue-damaging lesions manifesting necrosis and cavitation, suggesting the possibility that in human TB, B cells may contribute to the development of exacerbated pathology that is known to promote transmission. Since transmission is a major hindrance to TB control, investigating into whether B cells can shape the development of severe pulmonic pathological responses in tuberculous individuals is warranted.
Collapse
|
10
|
Liang Y, Li X, Yang Y, Xiao L, Liang Y, Mi J, Xue Y, Gong W, Wang L, Wang J, Zhang J, Shi Y, Peng B, Chen X, Zhao W, Wu X. Preventive effects of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA vaccines on the mouse model with latent tuberculosis infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1110843. [PMID: 36860878 PMCID: PMC9968874 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1110843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background About a quarter of the world's population with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) are the main source of active tuberculosis. Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) cannot effectively control LTBI individuals from developing diseases. Latency-related antigens can induce T lymphocytes of LTBI individuals to produce higher IFN-γ levels than tuberculosis patients and normal subjects. Herein, we firstly compared the effects of M. tuberculosis (MTB) ag85ab and 7 latent DNA vaccines on clearing latent MTB and preventing its activation in the mouse LTBI model. Methods A mouse LTBI model was established, and then immunized respectively with PBS, pVAX1 vector, Vaccae vaccine, ag85ab DNA and 7 kinds of latent DNAs (including rv1733c, rv2660c, rv1813c, rv2029c, rv2628, rv2659c and rv3407) for three times. The mice with LTBI were injected with hydroprednisone to activate the latent MTB. Then, the mice were sacrificed for the bacterial count, histopathological examination, and immunological evaluation. Results Using chemotherapy made the MTB latent in the infected mice, and then using hormone treatment reactivated the latent MTB, indicating that the mouse LTBI model was successfully established. After the mouse LTBI model was immunized with the vaccines, the lung colony-forming units (CFUs) and lesion degree of mice in all vaccines group were significantly decreased than those in the PBS group and vector group (P<0.0001, P<0.05). These vaccines could induce antigen-specific cellular immune responses. The number of IFN-γ effector T cells spots secreted by spleen lymphocytes in the ag85ab DNA group was significantly increased than those in the control groups (P<0.05). In the splenocyte culture supernatant, IFN-γ and IL-2 levels in the ag85ab, rv2029c, and rv2659c DNA groups significantly increased (P<0.05), and IL-17A levels in ag85ab and rv2659c DNA groups also significantly increased (P<0.05). Compared with the PBS and vector groups, the proportion of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells in spleen lymphocytes of ag85ab, rv2660c, rv2029c, and rv3407 DNA groups were significantly reduced (P<0.05). Conclusions MTB ag85ab and 7 kinds of latent DNA vaccines showed immune preventive efficacies on a mouse model of LTBI, especially the rv2659c, and rv1733c DNA. Our findings will provide candidates for the development of new multi-stage vaccines against TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,Department of Respiration, Hengdong People’s Hospital, Hengyang, China
| | - Yourong Yang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Respiration, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yumei Liang
- Department of Pathology, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Mi
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Xue
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenping Gong
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Junxian Zhang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchang Shi
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bizhen Peng
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weiguo Zhao
- Department of Respiration, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Weiguo Zhao, ; Xueqiong Wu,
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, the Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Weiguo Zhao, ; Xueqiong Wu,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Dormancy: How to Fight a Hidden Danger. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122334. [PMID: 36557586 PMCID: PMC9784227 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Both latent and active TB infections are caused by a heterogeneous population of mycobacteria, which includes actively replicating and dormant bacilli in different proportions. Dormancy substantially affects M. tuberculosis drug tolerance and TB clinical management due to a significant decrease in the metabolic activity of bacilli, which leads to the complexity of both the diagnosis and the eradication of bacilli. Most diagnostic approaches to latent infection deal with a subpopulation of active M. tuberculosis, underestimating the contribution of dormant bacilli and leading to limited success in the fight against latent TB. Moreover, active TB appears not only as a primary form of infection but can also develop from latent TB, when resuscitation from dormancy is followed by bacterial multiplication, leading to disease progression. To win against latent infection, the identification of the Achilles' heel of dormant M. tuberculosis is urgently needed. Regulatory mechanisms and metabolic adaptation to growth arrest should be studied using in vitro and in vivo models that adequately imitate latent TB infection in macroorganisms. Understanding the mechanisms underlying M. tuberculosis dormancy and resuscitation may provide clues to help control latent infection, reduce disease severity in patients, and prevent pathogen transmission in the population.
Collapse
|
12
|
Ncube P, Bagheri B, Goosen WJ, Miller MA, Sampson SL. Evidence, Challenges, and Knowledge Gaps Regarding Latent Tuberculosis in Animals. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1845. [PMID: 36144447 PMCID: PMC9503773 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis and other Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) pathogens that cause domestic animal and wildlife tuberculosis have received considerably less attention than M. tuberculosis, the primary cause of human tuberculosis (TB). Human TB studies have shown that different stages of infection can exist, driven by host-pathogen interactions. This results in the emergence of heterogeneous subpopulations of mycobacteria in different phenotypic states, which range from actively replicating (AR) cells to viable but slowly or non-replicating (VBNR), viable but non-culturable (VBNC), and dormant mycobacteria. The VBNR, VBNC, and dormant subpopulations are believed to underlie latent tuberculosis (LTB) in humans; however, it is unclear if a similar phenomenon could be happening in animals. This review discusses the evidence, challenges, and knowledge gaps regarding LTB in animals, and possible host-pathogen differences in the MTBC strains M. tuberculosis and M. bovis during infection. We further consider models that might be adapted from human TB research to investigate how the different phenotypic states of bacteria could influence TB stages in animals. In addition, we explore potential host biomarkers and mycobacterial changes in the DosR regulon, transcriptional sigma factors, and resuscitation-promoting factors that may influence the development of LTB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Samantha Leigh Sampson
- DSI/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie Van Zijl Dr, Parow, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gong W, Liang Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Xue Y, Mi J, Li P, Wang X, Wang L, Wu X. Prediction of Th1 and Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Epitopes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Evaluation of Their Potential in the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in a Mouse Model and in Humans. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0143822. [PMID: 35938824 PMCID: PMC9430503 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01438-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is the primary source of tuberculosis (TB) but there is no suitable detection method to distinguish LTBI from active tuberculosis (ATB). In this study, five antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis belonging to LTBI and regions of difference (RDs) were selected to predict Th1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes. The immunodominant Th1 and CTL peptides were identified in mouse models, and their performance in distinguishing LTBI from ATB was determined in mice and humans. Ten Th1 and ten CTL immunodominant peptides were predicted and synthesized in vitro. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot assay results showed that the combination of five Th1 peptides (area under the curve [AUC] = 1, P < 0.0001; sensitivity = 100% and specificity = 93.33%), the combination of seven CTL peptides (AUC = 1, P < 0.0001; 100 and 95.24%), and the combination of four peptide pools (AUC = 1, P < 0.0001; sensitivity = 100% and specificity = 91.67%) could significantly discriminate mice with LTBI from mice with ATB or uninfected controls (UCs). The combined peptides or peptide pools induced significantly different cytokine levels between the three groups, improving their ability to differentiate ATB from LTBI. Furthermore, it was found that pool 2 could distinguish patients with ATB from UCs (AUC = 0.6728, P = 0.0041; sensitivity = 72.58% and specificity = 59.46%). The combination of Th1 and CTL immunodominant peptides derived from LTBI-RD antigens might be a promising strategy for diagnosing ATB and LTBI in mice and patients with ATB and uninfected controls. IMPORTANCE Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is a challenging problem in preventing, diagnosing, and treating tuberculosis (TB). The innate and adaptive immune responses are essential for eliminating or killing the mycobacteria. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present and display mycobacterium peptides on their surfaces, and recognition between T cells and APCs is based on some essential peptides rather than the full-length protein. Therefore, the selection of candidate antigens and the prediction and screening of potential immunodominant peptides have become a key to designing a new generation of TB diagnostic biomarkers. This study is the first to report that the combination of Th1 and CTL immunodominant peptides derived from LTBI-RD antigens can distinguish LTBI from active TB (ATB) in animals and ATB patients from uninfected individuals. These findings provide a novel insight for discovering potential biomarkers for the differential diagnosis of ATB and LTBI in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenping Gong
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yinping Liu
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Xue
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Mi
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Pengchuan Li
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoou Wang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xueqiong Wu
- Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory/Beijing Key Laboratory of New Techniques of Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment, Senior Department of Tuberculosis, The Eighth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Therapeutic Effect of Subunit Vaccine AEC/BC02 on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Post-Chemotherapy Relapse Using a Latent Infection Murine Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050825. [PMID: 35632581 PMCID: PMC9145927 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is an infectious disease that presents a major threat to human health. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only licensed TB vaccine, is ineffective against latent TB infection, necessitating the development of further TB drugs or therapeutic vaccines. Herein, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of a novel subunit vaccine AEC/BC02 after chemotherapy in a spontaneous Mtb relapse model. Immunotherapy followed 4 weeks of treatment with isoniazid and rifapentine, and bacterial loads in organs, pathological changes, and adaptive immune characteristics were investigated. The results showed slowly increased bacterial loads in the spleen and lungs of mice inoculated with AEC/BC02 with significantly lower loads than those of the control groups. Pathological scores for the liver, spleen, and lungs decreased accordingly. Moreover, AEC/BC02 induced antigen-specific IFN-γ-secreting or IL-2-secreting cellular immune responses, which decreased with the number of immunizations and times. Obvious Ag85b- and EC-specific IgG were observed in mice following the treatment with AEC/BC02, indicating a significant Th1-biased response. Taken together, these data suggest that AEC/BC02 immunotherapy post-chemotherapy may shorten future TB treatment.
Collapse
|
15
|
Saito K, Mishra S, Warrier T, Cicchetti N, Mi J, Weber E, Jiang X, Roberts J, Gouzy A, Kaplan E, Brown CD, Gold B, Nathan C. Oxidative damage and delayed replication allow viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis to go undetected. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabg2612. [PMID: 34818059 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abg2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kohta Saito
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Saurabh Mishra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Thulasi Warrier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Nico Cicchetti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Jianjie Mi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Elaina Weber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Xiuju Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Julia Roberts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Alexandre Gouzy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ellen Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Christopher D Brown
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Ben Gold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Carl Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Su H, Lin K, Tiwari D, Healy C, Trujillo C, Liu Y, Ioerger TR, Schnappinger D, Ehrt S. Genetic models of latent tuberculosis in mice reveal differential influence of adaptive immunity. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20210332. [PMID: 34269789 PMCID: PMC8289691 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection has been limited by the lack of a suitable mouse model. We discovered that transient depletion of biotin protein ligase (BPL) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxB2) results in latent infections during which Mtb cannot be detected but that relapse in a subset of mice. The immune requirements for Mtb control during latency, and the frequency of relapse, were strikingly different depending on how latency was established. TrxB2 depletion resulted in a latent infection that required adaptive immunity for control and reactivated with high frequency, whereas latent infection after BPL depletion was independent of adaptive immunity and rarely reactivated. We identified immune signatures of T cells indicative of relapse and demonstrated that BCG vaccination failed to protect mice from TB relapse. These reproducible genetic latency models allow investigation of the host immunological determinants that control the latent state and offer opportunities to evaluate therapeutic strategies in settings that mimic aspects of latency and TB relapse in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Kan Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Divya Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Claire Healy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Carolina Trujillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Thomas R. Ioerger
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Dirk Schnappinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Sabine Ehrt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Endsley JJ, Huante MB, Naqvi KF, Gelman BB, Endsley MA. Advancing our understanding of HIV co-infections and neurological disease using the humanized mouse. Retrovirology 2021; 18:14. [PMID: 34134725 PMCID: PMC8206883 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00559-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized mice have become an important workhorse model for HIV research. Advances that enabled development of a human immune system in immune deficient mouse strains have aided new basic research in HIV pathogenesis and immune dysfunction. The small animal features facilitate development of clinical interventions that are difficult to study in clinical cohorts, and avoid the high cost and regulatory burdens of using non-human primates. The model also overcomes the host restriction of HIV for human immune cells which limits discovery and translational research related to important co-infections of people living with HIV. In this review we emphasize recent advances in modeling bacterial and viral co-infections in the setting of HIV in humanized mice, especially neurological disease, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV co-infections. Applications of current and future co-infection models to address important clinical and research questions are further discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janice J Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
| | - Matthew B Huante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Kubra F Naqvi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Benjamin B Gelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Mark A Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ji W, Qin L, Tao L, Zhu P, Liang R, Zhou G, Chen S, Zhang W, Yang H, Duan G, Jin Y. Neonatal Murine Model of Coxsackievirus A2 Infection for the Evaluation of Antiviral Therapeutics and Vaccination. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:658093. [PMID: 34122374 PMCID: PMC8192712 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.658093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus (CV) A2 has emerged as an important etiological agent in the pathogen spectrum of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). The symptoms of CVA2 infections are generally mild, but worsen rapidly in some people, posing a serious threat to children’s health. However, compared with enterovirus 71 detected frequently in fatal cases, limited attention has been paid to CVA2 infections because of its benign clinical course. In the present study, we identified three CVA2 strains from HFMD infections and used the cell-adapted CVA2 strain HN202009 to inoculate 5-day-old BALB/c mice intramuscularly. These mice developed remarkably neurological symptoms such as ataxia, hind-limb paralysis, and death. Histopathological determination showed neuronophagia, pulmonary hemorrhage, myofiberlysis and viral myocarditis. Viral replication was detected in multiple organs and tissues, and CVA2 exhibited strong tropism to muscle tissue. The severity of illness was associated with abnormally high levels of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor α, and monocyte chemotactic protein 1, although the blockade of these proinflammatory cytokines had no obvious protection. We also tested whether an experimental formaldehyde-inactivated CVA2 vaccine could induce protective immune response in adult mice. The CVA2 antisera from the vaccinated mice were effective against CVA2 infection. Moreover, the inactivated CVA2 vaccine could successfully generate immune protection in neonatal mice. Our results indicated that the neonatal mouse model could be a useful tool to study CVA2 infection and to develop CVA2 vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wangquan Ji
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Luwei Qin
- Henan Province Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ling Tao
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Peiyu Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruonan Liang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guangyuan Zhou
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weiguo Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pathak L, Gayan S, Pal B, Talukdar J, Bhuyan S, Sandhya S, Yeger H, Baishya D, Das B. Coronavirus Activates an Altruistic Stem Cell-Mediated Defense Mechanism that Reactivates Dormant Tuberculosis: Implications in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1255-1268. [PMID: 33887214 PMCID: PMC8054533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We postulate that similar to bacteria, adult stem cells may also exhibit an altruistic defense mechanism to protect their niche against external threat. Herein, we report mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)–based altruistic defense against a mouse model of coronavirus, murine hepatitis virus-1 (MHV-1) infection of lung. MHV-1 infection led to reprogramming of CD271+ MSCs in the lung to an enhanced stemness phenotype that exhibits altruistic behavior, as per previous work in human embryonic stem cells. The reprogrammed MSCs exhibited transient expansion for 2 weeks, followed by apoptosis and expression of stemness genes. The conditioned media of the reprogrammed MSCs exhibited direct antiviral activity in an in vitro model of MHV-1–induced toxicity to type II alveolar epithelial cells by increasing their survival/proliferation and decreasing viral load. Thus, the reprogrammed MSCs can be identified as altruistic stem cells (ASCs), which exert a unique altruistic defense against MHV-1. In a mouse model of MSC-mediated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) dormancy, MHV-1 infection in the lung exhibited 20-fold lower viral loads than the MTB-free control mice on the third week of viral infection, and exhibited six-fold increase of ASCs, thereby enhancing the altruistic defense. Notably, these ASCs exhibited intracellular replication of MTB, and their extracellular release. Animals showed tuberculosis reactivation, suggesting that dormant MTB may exploit ASCs for disease reactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lekhika Pathak
- Department of Stem Cell and Infectious Diseases, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
| | - Sukanya Gayan
- Department of Stem Cell and Infectious Diseases, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
| | - Bidisha Pal
- Department of Stem Cell and Infectious Diseases, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India; Department of Stem Cell and Infection, Thoreau Lab for Global Health, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts
| | - Joyeeta Talukdar
- Department of Stem Cell and Infectious Diseases, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
| | - Seema Bhuyan
- Department of Stem Cell and Infectious Diseases, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
| | - Sorra Sandhya
- Department of Stem Cell and Infectious Diseases, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
| | - Herman Yeger
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Debabrat Baishya
- Department of Stem Cell and Infectious Diseases, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India; Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, India
| | - Bikul Das
- Department of Stem Cell and Infectious Diseases, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India; Department of Stem Cell and Infection, Thoreau Lab for Global Health, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yang HJ, Wang D, Wen X, Weiner DM, Via LE. One Size Fits All? Not in In Vivo Modeling of Tuberculosis Chemotherapeutics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:613149. [PMID: 33796474 PMCID: PMC8008060 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.613149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global health problem despite almost universal efforts to provide patients with highly effective chemotherapy, in part, because many infected individuals are not diagnosed and treated, others do not complete treatment, and a small proportion harbor Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains that have become resistant to drugs in the standard regimen. Development and approval of new drugs for TB have accelerated in the last 10 years, but more drugs are needed due to both Mtb's development of resistance and the desire to shorten therapy to 4 months or less. The drug development process needs predictive animal models that recapitulate the complex pathology and bacterial burden distribution of human disease. The human host response to pulmonary infection with Mtb is granulomatous inflammation usually resulting in contained lesions and limited bacterial replication. In those who develop progressive or active disease, regions of necrosis and cavitation can develop leading to lasting lung damage and possible death. This review describes the major vertebrate animal models used in evaluating compound activity against Mtb and the disease presentation that develops. Each of the models, including the zebrafish, various mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, and non-human primates provides data on number of Mtb bacteria and pathology resolution. The models where individual lesions can be dissected from the tissue or sampled can also provide data on lesion-specific bacterial loads and lesion-specific drug concentrations. With the inclusion of medical imaging, a compound's effect on resolution of pathology within individual lesions and animals can also be determined over time. Incorporation of measurement of drug exposure and drug distribution within animals and their tissues is important for choosing the best compounds to push toward the clinic and to the development of better regimens. We review the practical aspects of each model and the advantages and limitations of each in order to promote choosing a rational combination of them for a compound's development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Jeong Yang
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Decheng Wang
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.,Institute of Infection and Inflammation, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Xin Wen
- Medical College, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China.,Institute of Infection and Inflammation, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, China
| | - Danielle M Weiner
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States.,Tuberculosis Imaging Program, DIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Laura E Via
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States.,Tuberculosis Imaging Program, DIR, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shen BJ, Lo WC, Lin HH. Global burden of tuberculosis attributable to cancer in 2019: Global, regional, and national estimates. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2021; 55:266-272. [PMID: 33789827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is an independent risk factor for tuberculosis (TB). The global burden of incident TB attributable to cancer has never been explored. We aimed to evaluate the cancer-attributable burden of TB. METHODS We estimated the population attributable fraction (PAF) by Levin's formula. The cancer prevalence rates were derived from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. The relative risk of TB in cancer patients was estimated by using the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. The global burden of incidence TB attributable to cancer was the weighted sum of PAFs multiplied by the incidence of TB retrieved from the World Health Organization. RESULTS Worldwide, the total of incident TB cases attributable to cancer was 115,478 cases with a 95% confidence interval (CI), 110,482-123,007, in 2019. The global PAF of TB due to cancer was 1.85% (95% CI, 1.77-1.97%). The three countries with the highest PAFs were Greenland (7.77%), Canada (7.75%), and the United States of America (6.79%), while the three countries with the highest attributable TB cases due to cancer were China (25,240), India (21,629), and Indonesia (13,917). Cancer of respiratory system contributed to 60,257 of TB cases. CONCLUSIONS This study comprehensively explored the impact of cancer on the global burden of TB. Efforts to reduce cancer risk, delay the occurrence of cancer, or treat latent TB infection in the cancer population could potentially reduce the burden of TB and rely on formulating integrated strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Jie Shen
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Radiation Oncology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan; School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Cheng Lo
- Master Program in Applied Molecular Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Ho Lin
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ritter K, Rousseau J, Hölscher C. The Role of gp130 Cytokines in Tuberculosis. Cells 2020; 9:E2695. [PMID: 33334075 PMCID: PMC7765486 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection substantially depend on a delicate balance within cytokine networks. Thus, immunosuppressive therapy by cytokine blockers, as successfully used in the management of various chronic inflammatory diseases, is often connected with an increased risk for tuberculosis (TB) reactivation. Hence, identification of alternative therapeutics which allow the treatment of inflammatory diseases without compromising anti-mycobacterial immunity remains an important issue. On the other hand, in the context of novel therapeutic approaches for the management of TB, host-directed adjunct therapies, which combine administration of antibiotics with immunomodulatory drugs, play an increasingly important role, particularly to reduce the duration of treatment. In both respects, cytokines/cytokine receptors related to the common receptor subunit gp130 may serve as promising target candidates. Within the gp130 cytokine family, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-11 and IL-27 are most explored in the context of TB. This review summarizes the differential roles of these cytokines in protection and immunopathology during Mtb infection and discusses potential therapeutic implementations with respect to the aforementioned approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Ritter
- Infection Immunology, Research Centre Borstel, D-23845 Borstel, Germany; (K.R.); (J.R.)
| | - Jasmin Rousseau
- Infection Immunology, Research Centre Borstel, D-23845 Borstel, Germany; (K.R.); (J.R.)
| | - Christoph Hölscher
- Infection Immunology, Research Centre Borstel, D-23845 Borstel, Germany; (K.R.); (J.R.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck-Riems, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ivanyi J. Tuberculosis vaccination needs to avoid 'decoy' immune reactions. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 126:102021. [PMID: 33254012 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.102021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Current search for a new effective vaccine against tuberculosis involves selected antigens, vectors and adjuvants. These are being evaluated usually by their booster inoculation following priming with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. The purpose of this article is to point out, that despite being attenuated of virulence, priming with BCG may still involve immune mechanisms, which are not favourable for protection against active disease. It is postulated, that the responsible 'decoy' constituents selected during the evolution of pathogenic tubercle bacilli may be involved in the evasion from bactericidal host resistance and stimulate immune responses of a cytokine phenotype, which lead to the transition from latent closed granulomas to reactivation with infectious lung cavities. The decoy mechanisms appear as favourable for most infected subjects but leading in a minority of cases to pathology which can effectively transmit the infection. It is proposed that construction and development of new vaccine candidates could benefit from avoiding decoy-type immune mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Ivanyi
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Guy's Campus of Kings College London, SE1, 1UL, United kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Böhme J, Martinez N, Li S, Lee A, Marzuki M, Tizazu AM, Ackart D, Frenkel JH, Todd A, Lachmandas E, Lum J, Shihui F, Ng TP, Lee B, Larbi A, Netea MG, Basaraba R, van Crevel R, Newell E, Kornfeld H, Singhal A. Metformin enhances anti-mycobacterial responses by educating CD8+ T-cell immunometabolic circuits. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5225. [PMID: 33067434 PMCID: PMC7567856 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19095-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) have a lower risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, progression from infection to tuberculosis (TB) disease, TB morality and TB recurrence, when being treated with metformin. However, a detailed mechanistic understanding of these protective effects is lacking. Here, we use mass cytometry to show that metformin treatment expands a population of memory-like antigen-inexperienced CD8+CXCR3+ T cells in naive mice, and in healthy individuals and patients with T2D. Metformin-educated CD8+ T cells have increased (i) mitochondrial mass, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty acid oxidation; (ii) survival capacity; and (iii) anti-mycobacterial properties. CD8+ T cells from Cxcr3-/- mice do not exhibit this metformin-mediated metabolic programming. In BCG-vaccinated mice and guinea pigs, metformin enhances immunogenicity and protective efficacy against M. tuberculosis challenge. Collectively, these results demonstrate an important function of CD8+ T cells in metformin-derived host metabolic-fitness towards M. tuberculosis infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Böhme
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Nuria Martinez
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Shamin Li
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138648, Singapore
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, USA
| | - Andrea Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Mardiana Marzuki
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Anteneh Mehari Tizazu
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - David Ackart
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80525-1601, USA
| | - Jessica Haugen Frenkel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80525-1601, USA
| | - Alexandra Todd
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80525-1601, USA
| | - Ekta Lachmandas
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Josephine Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Foo Shihui
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Tze Pin Ng
- Gerontology Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Department of Psychological Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Randall Basaraba
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80525-1601, USA
| | - Reinout van Crevel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Evan Newell
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138648, Singapore
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109-1024, USA
| | - Hardy Kornfeld
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Amit Singhal
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138648, Singapore.
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute (THSTI), Faridabad, Haryana, India.
- Infectious Disease Horizontal Technology Centre (ID HTC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 138648, Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zebrafish Embryo Model for Assessment of Drug Efficacy on Mycobacterial Persisters. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00801-20. [PMID: 32778551 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00801-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis continues to kill millions of people each year. The main difficulty in eradication of the disease is the prolonged duration of treatment, which takes at least 6 months. Persister cells have long been associated with failed treatment and disease relapse because of their phenotypical, though transient, tolerance to drugs. By targeting these persisters, the duration of treatment could be shortened, leading to improved tuberculosis treatment and a reduction in transmission. The unique in vivo environment drives the generation of persisters; however, appropriate in vivo mycobacterial persister models enabling optimized drug screening are lacking. To set up a persister infection model that is suitable for this, we infected zebrafish embryos with in vitro-starved Mycobacterium marinum In vitro starvation resulted in a persister-like phenotype with the accumulation of stored neutral lipids and concomitant increased tolerance to ethambutol. However, these starved wild-type M. marinum organisms rapidly lost their persister phenotype in vivo To prolong the persister phenotype in vivo, we subsequently generated and analyzed mutants lacking functional resuscitation-promoting factors (Rpfs). Interestingly, the ΔrpfAB mutant, lacking two Rpfs, established an infection in vivo, whereas a nutrient-starved ΔrpfAB mutant did maintain its persister phenotype in vivo This mutant was, after nutrient starvation, also tolerant to ethambutol treatment in vivo, as would be expected for persisters. We propose that this zebrafish embryo model with ΔrpfAB mutant bacteria is a valuable addition for drug screening purposes and specifically screens to target mycobacterial persisters.
Collapse
|
26
|
Li J, Zhao A, Tang J, Wang G, Shi Y, Zhan L, Qin C. Tuberculosis vaccine development: from classic to clinical candidates. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:1405-1425. [PMID: 32060754 PMCID: PMC7223099 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has been in use for nearly 100 years and is the only licensed TB vaccine. While BCG provides protection against disseminated TB in infants, its protection against adult pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is variable. To achieve the ambitious goal of eradicating TB worldwide by 2050, there is an urgent need to develop novel TB vaccines. Currently, there are more than a dozen novel TB vaccines including prophylactic and therapeutic at different stages of clinical research. This literature review provides an overview of the clinical status of candidate TB vaccines and discusses the challenges and future development trends of novel TB vaccine research in combination with the efficacy of evaluation of TB vaccines, provides insight for the development of safer and more efficient vaccines, and may inspire new ideas for the prevention of TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junli Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Model, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
- Tuberculosis Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihua Zhao
- Division of Tuberculosis Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Tang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Model, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
- Tuberculosis Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhi Wang
- Division of Tuberculosis Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Shi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Model, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
- Tuberculosis Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingjun Zhan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Model, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.
- Tuberculosis Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuan Qin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PUMC), Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Model, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.
- Tuberculosis Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Schrader SM, Vaubourgeix J, Nathan C. Biology of antimicrobial resistance and approaches to combat it. Sci Transl Med 2020; 12:eaaz6992. [PMID: 32581135 PMCID: PMC8177555 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz6992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Insufficient development of new antibiotics and the rising resistance of bacteria to those that we have are putting the world at risk of losing the most widely curative class of medicines currently available. Preventing deaths from antimicrobial resistance (AMR) will require exploiting emerging knowledge not only about genetic AMR conferred by horizontal gene transfer or de novo mutations but also about phenotypic AMR, which lacks a stably heritable basis. This Review summarizes recent advances and continuing limitations in our understanding of AMR and suggests approaches for combating its clinical consequences, including identification of previously unexploited bacterial targets, new antimicrobial compounds, and improved combination drug regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Schrader
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Julien Vaubourgeix
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Carl Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Preclinical Evidence of Nanomedicine Formulation to Target Mycobacterium tuberculosis at Its Bone Marrow Niche. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050372. [PMID: 32414000 PMCID: PMC7281663 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One-third of the world’s population is estimated to be latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Recently, we found that dormant Mtb hides in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) post-chemotherapy in mice model and in clinical subjects. It is known that residual Mtb post-chemotherapy may be responsible for increased relapse rates. However, strategies for Mtb clearance post-chemotherapy are lacking. In this study, we engineered and formulated novel bone-homing PEGylated liposome nanoparticles (BTL-NPs) which actively targeted the bone microenvironment leading to Mtb clearance. Targeting of BM-resident Mtb was carried out through bone-homing liposomes tagged with alendronate (Ald). BTL characterization using TEM and DLS showed that the size of bone-homing isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RIF) BTLs were 100 ± 16.3 nm and 84 ± 18.4 nm, respectively, with the encapsulation efficiency of 69.5% ± 4.2% and 70.6% ± 4.7%. Further characterization of BTLs, displayed by sustained in vitro release patterns, increased in vivo tissue uptake and enhanced internalization of BTLs in RAW cells and CD271+BM-MSCs. The efficacy of isoniazid (INH)- and rifampicin (RIF)-loaded BTLs were shown using a mice model where the relapse rate of the tuberculosis was decreased significantly in targeted versus non-targeted groups. Our findings suggest that BTLs may play an important role in developing a clinical strategy for the clearance of dormant Mtb post-chemotherapy in BM cells.
Collapse
|
29
|
Huante MB, Saito TB, Nusbaum RJ, Naqvi KF, Chauhan S, Hunter RL, Actor JK, Rudra JS, Endsley MA, Lisinicchia JG, Gelman BB, Endsley JJ. Small Animal Model of Post-chemotherapy Tuberculosis Relapse in the Setting of HIV Co-infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:150. [PMID: 32373548 PMCID: PMC7176873 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis relapse following drug treatment of active disease is an important global public health problem due to the poorer clinical outcomes and increased risk of drug resistance development. Concurrent infection with HIV, including in those receiving anti-retroviral therapy (ART), is an important risk factor for relapse and expansion of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) isolates. A greater understanding of the HIV-associated factors driving TB relapse is important for development of interventions that support immune containment and complement drug therapy. We employed the humanized mouse to develop a new model of post-chemotherapy TB relapse in the setting of HIV infection. Paucibacillary TB infection was observed following treatment with Rifampin and Isoniazid and subsequent infection with HIV-1 was associated with increased Mtb burden in the post-drug phase. Organized granulomas were observed during development of acute TB and appeared to resolve following TB drug therapy. At relapse, granulomatous pathology in the lung was infrequent and mycobacteria were most often observed in the interstitium and at sites of diffuse inflammation. Compared to animals with HIV mono-infection, higher viral replication was observed in the lung and liver, but not in the periphery, of animals with post-drug TB relapse. The results demonstrate a potential role for the humanized mouse as an experimental model of TB relapse in the setting of HIV. Long term, the model could facilitate discovery of disease mechanisms and development of clinical interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Huante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Tais B Saito
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Rebecca J Nusbaum
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kubra F Naqvi
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Sadhana Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Robert L Hunter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jeffrey K Actor
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jai S Rudra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Mark A Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Joshua G Lisinicchia
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Benjamin B Gelman
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Janice J Endsley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Flynn JL. At the Interface of Microbiology and Immunology. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 204:1413-1417. [PMID: 32152209 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2090001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- JoAnne L Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious global public health challenge that results in significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. TB is caused by infection with the bacilli Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), which has evolved a wide variety of strategies in order to thrive within its host. Understanding the complex interactions between M. tuberculosis and host immunity can inform the rational design of better TB vaccines and therapeutics. This chapter covers innate and adaptive immunity against M. tuberculosis infection, including insights on bacterial immune evasion and subversion garnered from animal models of infection and human studies. In addition, this chapter discusses the immunology of the TB granuloma, TB diagnostics, and TB comorbidities. Finally, this chapter provides a broad overview of the current TB vaccine pipeline.
Collapse
|
32
|
Tomasicchio M, Davids M, Pooran A, Theron G, Smith L, Semple L, Meldau R, Hapgood JP, Dheda K. The Injectable Contraceptive Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Attenuates Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific Host Immunity Through the Glucocorticoid Receptor. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1329-1337. [PMID: 30452655 PMCID: PMC6452311 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of the widely used progestin-only injectable contraceptives, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and norethisterone acetate (NET-A), on host susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are unknown. Methods We recruited human immunodeficiency virus–uninfected females, not taking any contraceptives, from Cape Town, South Africa, to evaluate the effect of MPA, NET-A, and dexamethasone on Mtb containment in monocyte-derived macrophages co-incubated with purified protein derivative (PPD)–driven peripheral blood–derived effector cells. Results MPA (P < .005) and dexamethasone (P < .01), but not NET-A, significantly attenuated Mtb containment in Mtb-infected macrophages co-cultured with PPD-driven effector cells at physiologically relevant concentrations and in a dose-dependent manner. Antagonizing the glucocorticoid receptor with mifepristone (RU486) abrogated the reduction in Mtb containment. In PPD-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, MPA and dexamethasone, but not NET-A, upregulated (median [interquartile range]) regulatory T cells (5.3% [3.1%–18.2%]; P < .05), reduced CD4+ T-cell interferon-γ (21% [0.5%–28%]; P < .05) and granzyme B production (12.6% [7%–13.5%]; P < .05), and reduced CD8+ perforin activity (2.2% [0.1%–7%]; P < .05). RU486 reversed regulatory T-cell up-regulation and the inhibitory effect on Th1 and granzyme/perforin-related pathways. Conclusions MPA, but not NET-A, subverts mycobacterial containment in vitro and downregulates pathways associated with protective CD8+- and CD4+-related host immunity via the glucocorticoid receptor. These data potentially inform the selection and use of injectable contraceptives in tuberculosis-endemic countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tomasicchio
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Malika Davids
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Anil Pooran
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Grant Theron
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town.,Department of Science and Technology, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University
| | - Liezel Smith
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Lynn Semple
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Richard Meldau
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town
| | - Janet Patricia Hapgood
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, South Africa.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Keertan Dheda
- Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, Division of Pulmonology and UCT Lung Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town.,Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa.,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yeware A, Agrawal S, Sarkar D. A high content screening assay for identifying inhibitors against active and dormant state intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 164:105687. [PMID: 31415793 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The antitubercular drug development pipeline could start with an in vitro investigation of several compounds to examine their effect on active and dormant state Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, in vitro screening of dormant state bacilli cannot provide enough information on the simultaneous effect of a compound on the host. Therefore, we developed a live cell fluorescence based screening protocol by utilizing the high content system for determining the effect of inhibitors against active and dormant state intracellular mycobacteria. THP-1 macrophages infected with an actively growing and hypoxia derived dormant Mtb culture were standardized to develop the screening protocol. The signal to noise ratio and the Z' factor of this assay were found to be 7.5-29 and 0.6-0.8, respectively, which confirm the robustness of the protocol. The protocol was then validated with standard inhibitors. This newly developed drug screening assay offers an easy, safe, image based high content screening tool to search for novel antitubercular inhibitors against both active and dormant state intracellular mycobacteria. Therefore, this assay could fill in the gap between in vitro and in vivo latent tuberculosis drug screening programs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amar Yeware
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Combi Chem-Bio Resource Center, Organic Chemistry Division, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sonia Agrawal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Combi Chem-Bio Resource Center, Organic Chemistry Division, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Dhiman Sarkar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India; Combi Chem-Bio Resource Center, Organic Chemistry Division, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, Maharashtra, India.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Salina EG, Grigorov AS, Bychenko OS, Skvortsova YV, Mamedov IZ, Azhikina TL, Kaprelyants AS. Resuscitation of Dormant "Non-culturable" Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is Characterized by Immediate Transcriptional Burst. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:272. [PMID: 31428590 PMCID: PMC6689984 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Under unfavorable conditions such as host immune responses and environmental stresses, human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis may acquire the dormancy phenotype characterized by "non-culturability" and a substantial decrease of metabolic activity and global transcription rates. Here, we found that the transition of M. tuberculosis from the dormant "non-culturable" (NC) cells to fully replicating population in vitro occurred not earlier than 7 days after the start of the resuscitation process, with predominant resuscitation over this time interval evidenced by shortening apparent generation time up to 2.8 h at the beginning of resuscitation. The early resuscitation phase was characterized by constant, albeit low, incorporation of radioactive uracil, indicating de novo transcription immediately after the removal of the stress factor, which resulted in significant changes of the M. tuberculosis transcriptional profile already after the first 24 h of resuscitation. This early response included transcriptional upregulation of genes encoding enzymes of fatty acid synthase system type I (FASI) and type II (FASII) responsible for fatty acid/mycolic acid biosynthesis, and regulatory genes, including whiB6 encoding a redox-sensing transcription factor. The second resuscitation phase took place 4 days after the resuscitation onset, i.e., still before the start of active cell division, and included activation of central metabolism genes encoding NADH dehydrogenases, ATP-synthases, and ribosomal proteins. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that the resuscitation of dormant NC M. tuberculosis is characterized by immediate activation of de novo transcription followed by the upregulation of genes controlling key metabolic pathways and then, cell multiplication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena G Salina
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem S Grigorov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oksana S Bychenko
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yulia V Skvortsova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilgar Z Mamedov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana L Azhikina
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Arseny S Kaprelyants
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Synergistic Efficacy of β-Lactam Combinations against Mycobacterium abscessus Pulmonary Infection in Mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00614-19. [PMID: 31109979 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00614-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium abscessus is an emerging pathogen capable of causing invasive pulmonary infections in patients with chronic lung diseases. These infections are difficult to treat, necessitating prolonged multidrug therapy, which is further complicated by extensive intrinsic and acquired resistance exhibited by clinical M. abscessus isolates. Therefore, development of novel treatment regimens effective against drug-resistant strains is crucial. Prior studies have demonstrated synergistic efficacy of several β-lactams against M. abscessus in vitro; however, these combinations have never been tested in an animal model of M. abscessus pulmonary disease. We utilized a recently developed murine system of sustained M. abscessus lung infection delivered via an aerosol route to test the bactericidal efficacy of four novel dual β-lactam combinations and one β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combination. All five of the novel combinations exhibited synergy and resulted in at least 6-log10 reductions in bacterial burden in the lungs of mice at 4 weeks compared to untreated controls (P = 0.038).
Collapse
|
36
|
A new model for chronic and reactivation tuberculosis: Infection with genetically attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice with polar susceptibility. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 113:130-138. [PMID: 30514495 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
TB infection in mice develops relatively rapidly which interferes with experimental dissection of immune responses and lung pathology features that differ between genetically susceptible and resistant hosts. Earlier we have shown that the M. tuberculosis strain lacking four of five Rpf genes (ΔACDE) is seriously attenuated for growth in vivo. Using this strain, we assessed key parameters of lung pathology, immune and inflammatory responses in chronic and reactivation TB infections in highly susceptible I/St and more resistant B6 mice. ΔACDE mycobacteria progressively multiplied only in I/St lungs, whilst in B6 lung CFU counts decreased with time. Condensed TB foci apeared in B6 lungs at week 4 of infection, whilst in I/St their formation was delayed. At the late phase of infection, in I/St lungs TB foci fused resulting in extensive pneumonia, whereas in B6 lungs pathology was limited to condensed foci. Macrophage and neutrophil populations characteristically differed between I/St and B6 mice at early and late stages of infection: more neutrophils accumulated in I/St and more macrophages in B6 lungs. The expression level of chemokine genes involved in neutrophil influx was higher in I/St compared to B6 lungs. B6 lung cells produced more IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-11 at the early and late phases of infection. Overall, using a new mouse model of slow TB progression, we demonstrate two important features of ineffective infection control underlined by shifts in lung inflammation: delay in early granuloma formation and fusion of granulomas resulting in consolidated pneumonia late in the infectious course.
Collapse
|
37
|
Lindenstrøm T, Moguche A, Damborg M, Agger EM, Urdahl K, Andersen P. T Cells Primed by Live Mycobacteria Versus a Tuberculosis Subunit Vaccine Exhibit Distinct Functional Properties. EBioMedicine 2017; 27:27-39. [PMID: 29249639 PMCID: PMC5828549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite inducing strong T cell responses, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection fails to elicit protective immune memory. As such latently infected or successfully treated Tuberculosis (TB) patients are not protected against recurrent disease. Here, using a mouse model of aerosol Mtb infection, we show that memory immunity to H56/CAF01 subunit vaccination conferred sustained protection in contrast to the transient natural immunity conferred by Mtb infection. Loss of protection to re-infection in natural Mtb memory was temporally linked to an accelerated differentiation of ESAT-6- and to a lesser extent, Ag85B-specific CD4 T cells in both the lung parenchyma and vasculature. This phenotype was characterized by high KLRG1 expression and low, dual production of IFN-γ and TNF. In contrast, H56/CAF01 vaccination elicited cells that expressed low levels of KLRG1 with copious expression of IL-2 and IL-17A. Co-adoptive transfer studies revealed that H56/CAF01 induced memory CD4 T cells efficiently homed into the lung parenchyma of mice chronically infected with Mtb. In comparison, natural Mtb infection- and BCG vaccine-induced memory CD4 T cells exhibited a poor ability to home into the lung parenchyma. These studies suggest that impaired lung migratory capacity is an inherent trait of the terminally differentiated memory responses primed by mycobacteria/mycobacterial vectors. Differentiation state of M. tuberculosis (Mtb)-specific CD4 memory T cells differ depending on their initial priming Live mycobacteria prime fully differentiated CD4 memory T cells with lower lung homing capacity than subunit vaccination Lung parenchymal Mtb memory CD4 T cells produce fewer & less cytokines, express more KLRG1 and cannot sustain protection
People latently infected with M. tuberculosis or successfully treated for Tuberculosis are not protected against recurrent disease, even in the presence of strong T cell responses. Here, using a well-established mouse model, we show that in contrast to subunit vaccination, live mycobacteria prime CD4 T cells that are highly differentiated, have an inferior lung homing capacity and show impaired function once in the parenchyma leading to lack of sustained protection against challenge. This indicates a central shortcoming of natural immunity that needs to be addressed in order to develop improved vaccines against TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lindenstrøm
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark.
| | | | - Mie Damborg
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
| | - Else Marie Agger
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
| | - Kevin Urdahl
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Seattle, USA
| | - Peter Andersen
- Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Statens Serum Institut, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Crouser ED, White P, Caceres EG, Julian MW, Papp AC, Locke LW, Sadee W, Schlesinger LS. A Novel In Vitro Human Granuloma Model of Sarcoidosis and Latent Tuberculosis Infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:487-498. [PMID: 28598206 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0321oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many aspects of pathogenic granuloma formation are poorly understood, requiring new relevant laboratory models that represent the complexity (genetics and diversity) of human disease. To address this need, we developed an in vitro model of granuloma formation using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from patients with active sarcoidosis, latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI), or normal healthy control subjects. PBMCs were incubated for 7 days with uncoated polystyrene beads or beads coated with purified protein derivative (PPD) or human serum albumin. In response to PPD-coated beads, PBMCs from donors with sarcoidosis and LTBI formed robust multicellular aggregates resembling granulomas, displaying a typical T-helper cell type 1 immune response, as assessed by cytokine analyses. In contrast, minimal PBMC aggregation occurred when control PBMCs were incubated with PPD-coated beads, whereas the response to uncoated beads was negligible in all groups. Sarcoidosis PBMCs responded to human serum albumin-coated beads with modest cellular aggregation and inflammatory cytokine release. Whereas the granuloma-like aggregates formed in response to PPD-coated beads were similar for sarcoidosis and LTBI, molecular profiles differed significantly. mRNA expression patterns revealed distinct pathways engaged in early granuloma formation in sarcoidosis and LTBI, and they resemble molecular patterns reported in diseased human tissues. This novel in vitro human granuloma model is proposed as a tool to investigate mechanisms of early granuloma formation and for preclinical drug discovery research of human granulomatous disorders. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01857401).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elliott D Crouser
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Peter White
- 2 Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Evelyn Guirado Caceres
- 3 Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, and
| | - Mark W Julian
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Audrey C Papp
- 4 Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Landon W Locke
- 3 Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, and
| | - Wolfgang Sadee
- 4 Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- 3 Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, and
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Veatch AV, Kaushal D. Opening Pandora's Box: Mechanisms of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Resuscitation. Trends Microbiol 2017; 26:145-157. [PMID: 28911979 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) characteristically causes an asymptomatic infection. While this latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is not contagious, reactivation to active tuberculosis disease (TB) causes the patient to become infectious. A vaccine has existed for TB for a century, while drug treatments have been available for over 70 years; despite this, TB remains a major global health crisis. Understanding the factors which allow the bacillus to control responses to host stress and mechanisms leading to latency are critical for persistence. Similarly, molecular switches which respond to reactivation are important. Recently, research in the field has sought to focus on reactivation, employing system-wide approaches and animal models. Here, we describe the current work that has been done to elucidate the mechanisms of reactivation and stop reactivation in its tracks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley V Veatch
- Divisions of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Divisions of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Li F, Kang H, Li J, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Dannenberg AM, Liu X, Niu H, Ma L, Tang R, Han X, Gan C, Ma X, Tan J, Zhu B. Subunit Vaccines Consisting of Antigens from Dormant and Replicating Bacteria Show Promising Therapeutic Effect against Mycobacterium Bovis BCG Latent Infection. Scand J Immunol 2017; 85:425-432. [PMID: 28426145 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To screen effective antigens as therapeutic subunit vaccines against Mycobacterium latent infection, we did bioinformatics analysis and literature review to identify effective antigens and evaluated the immunogenicity of five antigens highly expressed in dormant bacteria, which included Rv2031c (HspX), Rv2626c (Hrp1), Rv2007c (FdxA), Rv1738 and Rv3130c. Then, several fusion proteins such as Rv2007c-Rv2626c (F6), Rv2031c-Rv1738-Rv1733c (H83), ESAT6-Rv1738-Rv2626c (LT40), ESAT6-Ag85B-MPT64<190-198> -Mtb8.4 (EAMM), and EAMM-Rv2626c (LT70) were constructed and their therapeutic effects were evaluated in pulmonary Mycobacterium bovis Bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG) - latently infected rabbit or mouse models. The results showed that EAMM and F6 plus H83 had therapeutic effect against BCG latent infection in the rabbit model, respectively, and that the combination of EAMM with F6 plus H83 significantly reduced the bacterial load. In addition, the fusion proteins LT40 and LT70 consisting of multistage antigens showed promising therapeutic effects in the mouse model. We conclude that subunit vaccines consisting of both latency and replicating-associated antigens show promising therapeutic effects in BCG latent infection animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Li
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - H Kang
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - J Li
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - D Zhang
- Institute of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A M Dannenberg
- Departments of Environmental Health Sciences, Epidemiology, Molecular Microbiology and Immunologyand Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - X Liu
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - H Niu
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - L Ma
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - R Tang
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - X Han
- Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - C Gan
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - X Ma
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - J Tan
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - B Zhu
- Gansu Key Lab of Evidence Based Medicine and Clinical Transfer Medicine & Lanzhou Center for Tuberculosis Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhan L, Tang J, Sun M, Qin C. Animal Models for Tuberculosis in Translational and Precision Medicine. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:717. [PMID: 28522990 PMCID: PMC5415616 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a health threat to the global population. Anti-TB drugs and vaccines are key approaches for TB prevention and control. TB animal models are basic tools for developing biomarkers of diagnosis, drugs for therapy, vaccines for prevention and researching pathogenic mechanisms for identification of targets; thus, they serve as the cornerstone of comparative medicine, translational medicine, and precision medicine. In this review, we discuss the current use of TB animal models and their problems, as well as offering perspectives on the future of these models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of HealthBeijing, China.,Institution of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Centre for Tuberculosis, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging InfectiousBeijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical DiseasesBeijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Model, State Administration of Traditional Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of HealthBeijing, China.,Institution of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Centre for Tuberculosis, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging InfectiousBeijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical DiseasesBeijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Model, State Administration of Traditional Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of HealthBeijing, China.,Institution of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Centre for Tuberculosis, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging InfectiousBeijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical DiseasesBeijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Model, State Administration of Traditional Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Ministry of HealthBeijing, China.,Institution of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Centre for Tuberculosis, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging InfectiousBeijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical DiseasesBeijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Human Diseases Animal Model, State Administration of Traditional Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gold B, Nathan C. Targeting Phenotypically Tolerant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 5:10.1128/microbiolspec.TBTB2-0031-2016. [PMID: 28233509 PMCID: PMC5367488 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.tbtb2-0031-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While the immune system is credited with averting tuberculosis in billions of individuals exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the immune system is also culpable for tempering the ability of antibiotics to deliver swift and durable cure of disease. In individuals afflicted with tuberculosis, host immunity produces diverse microenvironmental niches that support suboptimal growth, or complete growth arrest, of M. tuberculosis. The physiological state of nonreplication in bacteria is associated with phenotypic drug tolerance. Many of these host microenvironments, when modeled in vitro by carbon starvation, complete nutrient starvation, stationary phase, acidic pH, reactive nitrogen intermediates, hypoxia, biofilms, and withholding streptomycin from the streptomycin-addicted strain SS18b, render M. tuberculosis profoundly tolerant to many of the antibiotics that are given to tuberculosis patients in clinical settings. Targeting nonreplicating persisters is anticipated to reduce the duration of antibiotic treatment and rate of posttreatment relapse. Some promising drugs to treat tuberculosis, such as rifampin and bedaquiline, only kill nonreplicating M. tuberculosisin vitro at concentrations far greater than their minimal inhibitory concentrations against replicating bacilli. There is an urgent demand to identify which of the currently used antibiotics, and which of the molecules in academic and corporate screening collections, have potent bactericidal action on nonreplicating M. tuberculosis. With this goal, we review methods of high-throughput screening to target nonreplicating M. tuberculosis and methods to progress candidate molecules. A classification based on structures and putative targets of molecules that have been reported to kill nonreplicating M. tuberculosis revealed a rich diversity in pharmacophores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Gold
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065
| | - Carl Nathan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10065
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Li CW, Lee YL, Chen BS. Genetic-and-Epigenetic Interspecies Networks for Cross-Talk Mechanisms in Human Macrophages and Dendritic Cells during MTB Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:124. [PMID: 27803888 PMCID: PMC5067469 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Mtb is one of the oldest human pathogens, and evolves mechanisms implied in human evolution. The lungs are the first organ exposed to aerosol-transmitted Mtb during gaseous exchange. Therefore, the guards of the immune system in the lungs, such as macrophages (Mϕs) and dendritic cells (DCs), are the most important defense against Mtb infection. There have been several studies discussing the functions of Mϕs and DCs during Mtb infection, but the genome-wide pathways and networks are still incomplete. Furthermore, the immune response induced by Mϕs and DCs varies. Therefore, we analyzed the cross-talk genome-wide genetic-and-epigenetic interspecies networks (GWGEINs) between Mϕs vs. Mtb and DCs vs. Mtb to determine the varying mechanisms of both the host and pathogen as it relates to Mϕs and DCs during early Mtb infection. First, we performed database mining to construct candidate cross-talk GWGEIN between human cells and Mtb. Then we constructed dynamic models to characterize the molecular mechanisms, including intraspecies gene/microRNA (miRNA) regulation networks (GRNs), intraspecies protein-protein interaction networks (PPINs), and the interspecies PPIN of the cross-talk GWGEIN. We applied a system identification method and a system order detection scheme to dynamic models to identify the real cross-talk GWGEINs using the microarray data of Mϕs, DCs and Mtb. After identifying the real cross-talk GWGEINs, the principal network projection (PNP) method was employed to construct host-pathogen core networks (HPCNs) between Mϕs vs. Mtb and DCs vs. Mtb during infection process. Thus, we investigated the underlying cross-talk mechanisms between the host and the pathogen to determine how the pathogen counteracts host defense mechanisms in Mϕs and DCs during Mtb H37Rv early infection. Based on our findings, we propose Rv1675c as a potential drug target because of its important defensive role in Mϕs. Furthermore, the membrane essential proteins v1098c, and Rv1696 (or cytoplasm for Rv0667), in Mtb could also be potential drug targets because of their important roles in Mtb survival in both cell types. We also propose the drugs Lopinavir, TMC207, ATSM, and GTSM as potential therapeutic treatments for Mtb infection since they target the above potential drug targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Li
- Laboratory of Control and Systems Biology, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Lin Lee
- Laboratory of Control and Systems Biology, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Sen Chen
- Laboratory of Control and Systems Biology, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lipworth S, Hammond RJH, Baron VO, Hu Y, Coates A, Gillespie SH. Defining dormancy in mycobacterial disease. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 99:131-142. [PMID: 27450015 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a threat to global health and recent attempts to shorten therapy have not succeeded mainly due to cases of clinical relapse. This has focussed attention on the importance of "dormancy" in tuberculosis. There are a number of different definitions of the term and a similar multiplicity of different in vitro and in vivo models. The danger with this is the implicit assumption of equivalence between the terms and models, which will make even more difficult to unravel this complex conundrum. In this review we summarise the main models and definitions and their impact on susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We also suggest a potential nomenclature for debate. Dormancy researchers agree that factors underpinning this phenomenon are complex and nuanced. If we are to make progress we must agree the terms to be used and be consistent in using them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Lipworth
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Biomedical Science Building, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9TF, United Kingdom
| | - R J H Hammond
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Biomedical Science Building, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9TF, United Kingdom
| | - V O Baron
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Biomedical Science Building, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9TF, United Kingdom
| | - Yanmin Hu
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London SW17 ORE, United Kingdom
| | - A Coates
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London SW17 ORE, United Kingdom
| | - S H Gillespie
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, Biomedical Science Building, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9TF, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Nguyen L. Antibiotic resistance mechanisms in M. tuberculosis: an update. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:1585-604. [PMID: 27161440 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1727-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of tuberculosis (TB) has been a therapeutic challenge because of not only the naturally high resistance level of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to antibiotics but also the newly acquired mutations that confer further resistance. Currently standardized regimens require patients to daily ingest up to four drugs under direct observation of a healthcare worker for a period of 6-9 months. Although they are quite effective in treating drug susceptible TB, these lengthy treatments often lead to patient non-adherence, which catalyzes for the emergence of M. tuberculosis strains that are increasingly resistant to the few available anti-TB drugs. The rapid evolution of M. tuberculosis, from mono-drug-resistant to multiple drug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and most recently totally drug-resistant strains, is threatening to make TB once again an untreatable disease if new therapeutic options do not soon become available. Here, I discuss the molecular mechanisms by which M. tuberculosis confers its profound resistance to antibiotics. This knowledge may help in developing novel strategies for weakening drug resistance, thus enhancing the potency of available antibiotics against both drug susceptible and resistant M. tuberculosis strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liem Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Evangelopoulos D, da Fonseca JD, Waddell SJ. Understanding anti-tuberculosis drug efficacy: rethinking bacterial populations and how we model them. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 32:76-80. [PMID: 25809760 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis still remains a global health emergency, claiming 1.5 million lives in 2013. The bacterium responsible for this disease, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), has successfully survived within hostile host environments, adapting to immune defence mechanisms, for centuries. This has resulted in a disease that is challenging to treat, requiring lengthy chemotherapy with multi-drug regimens. One explanation for this difficulty in eliminating M.tb bacilli in vivo is the disparate action of antimicrobials on heterogeneous populations of M.tb, where mycobacterial physiological state may influence drug efficacy. In order to develop improved drug combinations that effectively target diverse mycobacterial phenotypes, it is important to understand how such subpopulations of M.tb are formed during human infection. We review here the in vitro and in vivo systems used to model M.tb subpopulations that may persist during drug therapy, and offer aspirations for future research in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon J Waddell
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PX, UK
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhan L, Tang J, Lin S, Xu Y, Xu Y, Qin C. Prophylactic Use of Ganoderma lucidum Extract May Inhibit Mycobacterium tuberculosis Replication in a New Mouse Model of Spontaneous Latent Tuberculosis Infection. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1490. [PMID: 26779146 PMCID: PMC4705449 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A mouse model of spontaneous latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) that mimics LTBI in humans is valuable for drug/vaccine development and the study of tuberculosis. However, most LTBI mouse models require interventions, and a spontaneous LTBI mouse model with a low bacterial load is difficult to establish. In this study, mice were IV-inoculated with 100 CFU Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, and a persistent LTBI was established with low bacterial loads (0.5~1.5log10 CFU in the lung; < 4log10 CFU in the spleen). Histopathological changes in the lung and spleen were mild during the first 20 weeks post-inoculation. The model was used to demonstrate the comparative effects of prophylactic and therapeutic administration of Ganoderma lucidum extract (spores and spores lipid) in preventing H37Rv replication in both lung and spleen. H37Rv was inhibited with prophylactic use of G. lucidum extract relative to that of the untreated control and therapy groups, and observed in the spleen and lung as early as post-inoculation week 3 and week 5 respectively. H37Rv infection in the therapy group was comparable to that of the untreated control mice. No significant mitigation of pathological changes was observed in either the prophylactic or therapeutic group. Our results suggest that this new LTBI mouse model is an efficient tool of testing anti-tuberculosis drug, the use of G. lucidum extract prior to M. tuberculosis infection may protect the host against bacterial replication to some extent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases and Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center Beijing, China
| | - Jun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases and Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center Beijing, China
| | - Shuzhu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases and Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center Beijing, China
| | - Yanfeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases and Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center Beijing, China
| | - Yuhuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases and Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Human Diseases and Comparative Medicine, Ministry of Health, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Our understanding of the host-pathogen relationship in tuberculosis (TB) can help guide drug discovery in at least two ways. First, the recognition that host immunopathology affects lesional TB drug distribution means that pharmacokinetic evaluation of drug candidates needs to move beyond measurements of drug levels in blood, whole lungs, or alveolar epithelial lining fluid to include measurements in specific types of lesions. Second, by restricting the replication of M. tuberculosis (Mtb) subpopulations in latent TB infection and in active disease, the host immune response puts Mtb into a state associated with phenotypic tolerance to TB drugs selected for their activity against replicating Mtb. This has spurred a major effort to conduct high throughput screens in vitro for compounds that can kill Mtb when it is replicating slowly if at all. Each condition used in vitro to slow Mtb's replication and thereby model the phenotypically drug-tolerant state has advantages and disadvantages. Lead candidates emerging from such in vitro studies face daunting challenges in the design of proof-of-concept studies in animal models. Moreover, some non-replicating subpopulations of Mtb fail to resume replication when plated on agar, although their viability is demonstrable by other means. There is as yet no widely replicated assay in which to screen compounds for their ability to kill this 'viable but non-culturable' subpopulation. Despite these hurdles, drugs that can kill slowly replicating or non-replicating Mtb may offer our best hope for treatment-shortening combination chemotherapy of TB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carl Nathan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Baer CE, Rubin EJ, Sassetti CM. New insights into TB physiology suggest untapped therapeutic opportunities. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:327-43. [PMID: 25703570 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The current regimens used to treat tuberculosis are largely comprised of serendipitously discovered drugs that are combined based on clinical experience. Despite curing millions, these drug regimens are limited by the long course of therapy, the emergence of resistance, and the persistent tissue damage that remains after treatment. The last two decades have produced only a single new drug but have represented a renaissance in our understanding of the physiology of tuberculosis infection. The advent of mycobacterial genetics, sophisticated immunological methods, and imaging technologies have transformed our understanding of bacterial physiology as well as the contribution of the host response to disease outcome. Specific alterations in bacterial metabolism, heterogeneity in bacterial state, and drug penetration all limit the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy. This review summarizes these new biological insights and discusses strategies to exploit them for the rational development of more effective therapeutics. Three general strategies are discussed. First, our emerging insight into bacterial physiology suggests new pathways that might be targeted to accelerate therapy. Second, we explore whether the concept of genetic synergy can be used to design effective combination therapies. Finally, we outline possible approaches to modulate the host response to accentuate antibiotic efficacy. These biology-driven strategies promise to produce more effective therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina E Baer
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Flynn JL, Gideon HP, Mattila JT, Lin PL. Immunology studies in non-human primate models of tuberculosis. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:60-73. [PMID: 25703552 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-human primates, primarily macaques, have been used to study tuberculosis for decades. However, in the last 15 years, this model has been refined substantially to allow careful investigations of the immune response and host-pathogen interactions in Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Low-dose challenge with fully virulent strains in cynomolgus macaques result in the full clinical spectrum seen in humans, including latent and active infection. Reagents from humans are usually cross-reactive with macaques, further facilitating the use of this model system to study tuberculosis. Finally, macaques develop the spectrum of granuloma types seen in humans, providing a unique opportunity to investigate bacterial and host factors at the local (lung and lymph node) level. Here, we review the past decade of immunology and pathology studies in macaque models of tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JoAnne L Flynn
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|