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Kirk NM, Liang Y, Ly H. Pathogenesis and virulence of coronavirus disease: Comparative pathology of animal models for COVID-19. Virulence 2024; 15:2316438. [PMID: 38362881 PMCID: PMC10878030 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2316438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Animal models that can replicate clinical and pathologic features of severe human coronavirus infections have been instrumental in the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics. The goal of this review is to summarize our current understanding of the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the pathologic features that can be observed in several currently available animal models. Knowledge gained from studying these animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection can help inform appropriate model selection for disease modelling as well as for vaccine and therapeutic developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie M. Kirk
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Yuying Liang
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
| | - Hinh Ly
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN, USA
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2
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Al-Momani H, Aolaymat I. Proton pump inhibitors and gastrointestinal symptoms among patients with COVID-19 infection. Ann Med 2024; 56:2355581. [PMID: 38823421 PMCID: PMC11146260 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2355581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The administration of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is anticipated to elevate an individual's susceptibility to enteric infections as a result of altering the gut flora. The influence of PPIs on the clinical manifestation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still uncertain. This study aims to investigate the impact of PPI usage on the clinical manifestation of COVID-19, namely its gastrointestinal symptoms. METHODS This is a cross-sectional cohort study involving COVID-19 patients. Patients were interviewed using a predesigned questionnaire that asked about their demographics, clinical manifestations of COVID-19 infection, and the extent and type of PPIs in use. PPI usage was confirmed by reviewing patients' electronic medical records. The primary outcome was to establish any association between the use of PPI and the symptoms and clinical presentation of COVID-19. RESULTS Out of a total of 254 participants, 69 (27.2%) were considered PPI users. Patients who were on PPI medications reported a significantly lower rate of myalgia (27.5% vs 51.9%; p = 0.0006) and heartburn (5.7% vs 15.6%; p = 0.03) but had a significantly higher rate of abdominal pain (27.5% vs 13.5%; p = 0.001) and diarrhoea (28.9% vs 14.5%, p = 0.02) when compared to those who were not using PPIs. Patients on PPIs were also shown to have significantly higher odds of developing diarrhoea (OR 2.0, 95% CI: 1.08 to 3.93, p = 0.02) and abdominal pain (OR 2.0, 95% CI: 1.22 to 3.93, p = 0.03), but a lower risk of developing myalgia (OR 0.5, 95% CI: 0.3 to 0.9, p = 0.02) when compared to non-PPI users. CONCLUSION This study shows that the use of PPIs could impact COVID-19 clinical presentation toward more gastrointestinal manifestations. Further studies investigating the link between other acid suppression medications and COVID-19 manifestations and severity should be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafez Al-Momani
- Department of Microbiology, Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Medical School, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Iman Aolaymat
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry, Medical School, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
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Baker CN, Duso D, Kothapalli N, Hart T, Casey S, Cookenham T, Kummer L, Hvizdos J, Lanzer K, Vats P, Shanbhag P, Bell I, Tighe M, Travis K, Szaba F, Bedard O, Oberding N, Ward JM, Adams MD, Lutz C, Bradrick SS, Reiley WW, Rosenthal N. Characterization of Collaborative Cross mouse founder strain CAST/EiJ as a novel model for lethal COVID-19. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4675061. [PMID: 39149485 PMCID: PMC11326417 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4675061/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) have expanded the viral host range beyond primates, and a limited range of other mammals, to mice, affording the opportunity to exploit genetically diverse mouse panels to model the broad range of responses to infection in patient populations. Here we surveyed responses to VOC infection in genetically diverse Collaborative Cross (CC) founder strains. Infection of wild-derived CC founder strains produced a broad range of viral burden, disease susceptibility and survival, whereas most other strains were resistant to disease despite measurable lung viral titers. In particular, CAST/EiJ, a wild-derived strain, developed high lung viral burdens, more severe lung pathology than seen in other CC strains, and a dysregulated cytokine profile resulting in morbidity and mortality. These inbred mouse strains may serve as a valuable platform to evaluate therapeutic countermeasures against severe COVID-19 and other coronavirus pandemics in the future.
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Zheng HY, Song TZ, Zheng YT. Immunobiology of COVID-19: Mechanistic and therapeutic insights from animal models. Zool Res 2024; 45:747-766. [PMID: 38894519 PMCID: PMC11298684 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2024.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The distribution of the immune system throughout the body complicates in vitro assessments of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) immunobiology, often resulting in a lack of reproducibility when extrapolated to the whole organism. Consequently, developing animal models is imperative for a comprehensive understanding of the pathology and immunology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. This review summarizes current progress related to COVID-19 animal models, including non-human primates (NHPs), mice, and hamsters, with a focus on their roles in exploring the mechanisms of immunopathology, immune protection, and long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as their application in immunoprevention and immunotherapy of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Differences among these animal models and their specific applications are also highlighted, as no single model can fully encapsulate all aspects of COVID-19. To effectively address the challenges posed by COVID-19, it is essential to select appropriate animal models that can accurately replicate both fatal and non-fatal infections with varying courses and severities. Optimizing animal model libraries and associated research tools is key to resolving the global COVID-19 pandemic, serving as a robust resource for future emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Tian-Zhang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Yong-Tang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Evolution & Animal Models, KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650107, China. E-mail:
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5
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Song IW, Washington M, Leynes C, Hsu J, Rayavara K, Bae Y, Haelterman N, Chen Y, Jiang MM, Drelich A, Tat V, Lanza DG, Lorenzo I, Heaney JD, Tseng CTK, Lee B, Marom R. Generation of a humanized mAce2 and a conditional hACE2 mouse models permissive to SARS-COV-2 infection. Mamm Genome 2024; 35:113-121. [PMID: 38488938 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-024-10033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains a public health concern and a subject of active research effort. Development of pre-clinical animal models is critical to study viral-host interaction, tissue tropism, disease mechanisms, therapeutic approaches, and long-term sequelae of infection. Here, we report two mouse models for studying SARS-CoV-2: A knock-in mAce2F83Y,H353K mouse that expresses a mouse-human hybrid form of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor under the endogenous mouse Ace2 promoter, and a Rosa26 conditional knock-in mouse carrying the human ACE2 allele (Rosa26hACE2). Although the mAce2F83Y,H353K mice were susceptible to intranasal inoculation with SARS-CoV-2, they did not show gross phenotypic abnormalities. Next, we generated a Rosa26hACE2;CMV-Cre mouse line that ubiquitously expresses the human ACE2 receptor. By day 3 post infection with SARS-CoV-2, Rosa26hACE2;CMV-Cre mice showed significant weight loss, a variable degree of alveolar wall thickening and reduced survival rates. Viral load measurements confirmed inoculation in lung and brain tissues of infected Rosa26hACE2;CMV-Cre mice. The phenotypic spectrum displayed by our different mouse models translates to the broad range of clinical symptoms seen in the human patients and can serve as a resource for the community to model and explore both treatment strategies and long-term consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Wen Song
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Megan Washington
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Carolina Leynes
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jason Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Kempaiah Rayavara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Yangjin Bae
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nele Haelterman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yuqing Chen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ming-Ming Jiang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Vivian Tat
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Denise G Lanza
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Isabel Lorenzo
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jason D Heaney
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chien-Te Kent Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Brendan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ronit Marom
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Drelich AK, Rayavara K, Hsu J, Saenkham-Huntsinger P, Judy BM, Tat V, Ksiazek TG, Peng BH, Tseng CTK. Characterization of Unique Pathological Features of COVID-Associated Coagulopathy: Studies with AC70 hACE2 Transgenic Mice Highly Permissive to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011777. [PMID: 38913740 PMCID: PMC11226087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-associated coagulopathy seemly plays a key role in post-acute sequelae of SARS- CoV-2 infection. However, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are poorly understood, largely due to the lack of suitable animal models that recapitulate key clinical and pathological symptoms. Here, we fully characterized AC70 line of human ACE2 transgenic (AC70 hACE2 Tg) mice for SARS-CoV-2 infection. We noted that this model is highly permissive to SARS-CoV-2 with values of 50% lethal dose and infectious dose as ~ 3 and ~ 0.5 TCID50 of SARS-CoV-2, respectively. Mice infected with 105 TCID50 of SARS-CoV-2 rapidly succumbed to infection with 100% mortality within 5 days. Lung and brain were the prime tissues harboring high viral titers, accompanied by histopathology. However, viral RNA and inflammatory mediators could be detectable in other organs, suggesting the nature of a systemic infection. Lethal challenge of AC70 hACE2 Tg mice caused acute onset of leukopenia, lymphopenia, along with an increased neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR). Importantly, infected animals recapitulated key features of COVID-19-associated coagulopathy. SARS-CoV-2 could induce the release of circulating neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), along with activated platelet/endothelium marker. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-platelet factor-4 (PF4) antibody revealed profound platelet aggregates especially within blocked veins of the lungs. We showed that acute SARS-CoV-2 infection triggered a hypercoagulable state coexisting with ill-regulated fibrinolysis. Finally, we highlighted the potential role of Annexin A2 (ANXA2) in fibrinolytic failure. ANXA2 is a calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein that forms a heterotertrameric complexes localized at the extracellular membranes with two S100A10 small molecules acting as a co-receptor for tissue-plasminogen activator (t-PA), tightly involved in cell surface fibrinolysis. Thus, our results revealing elevated IgG type anti-ANXA2 antibody production, downregulated de novo ANXA2/S100A10 synthesis, and reduced ANXA2/S100A10 association in infected mice, this protein might serve as druggable targets for development of antithrombotic and/or anti-fibrinolytic agents to attenuate pathogenesis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra K. Drelich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kempaiah Rayavara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jason Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Panatda Saenkham-Huntsinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Barbara M. Judy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vivian Tat
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Thomas G. Ksiazek
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bi-Hung Peng
- Neurosciences, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chien-Te K. Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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7
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De Meyer A, Meuleman P. Preclinical animal models to evaluate therapeutic antiviral antibodies. Antiviral Res 2024; 225:105843. [PMID: 38548022 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Despite the availability of effective preventative vaccines and potent small-molecule antiviral drugs, effective non-toxic prophylactic and therapeutic measures are still lacking for many viruses. The use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies in an antiviral context could fill this gap and provide effective virus-specific medical interventions. In order to develop these therapeutic antibodies, preclinical animal models are of utmost importance. Due to the variability in viral pathogenesis, immunity and overall characteristics, the most representative animal model for human viral infection differs between virus species. Therefore, throughout the years researchers sought to find the ideal preclinical animal model for each virus. The most used animal models in preclinical research include rodents (mice, ferrets, …) and non-human primates (macaques, chimpanzee, ….). Currently, antibodies are tested for antiviral efficacy against a variety of viruses including different hepatitis viruses, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and rabies virus. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge about the preclinical animal models that are used for the evaluation of therapeutic antibodies for the abovementioned viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amse De Meyer
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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8
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Westberg M, Su Y, Zou X, Huang P, Rustagi A, Garhyan J, Patel PB, Fernandez D, Wu Y, Hao C, Lo CW, Karim M, Ning L, Beck A, Saenkham-Huntsinger P, Tat V, Drelich A, Peng BH, Einav S, Tseng CTK, Blish C, Lin MZ. An orally bioavailable SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitor exhibits improved affinity and reduced sensitivity to mutations. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadi0979. [PMID: 38478629 PMCID: PMC11193659 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adi0979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) main protease (Mpro) such as nirmatrelvir (NTV) and ensitrelvir (ETV) have proven effective in reducing the severity of COVID-19, but the presence of resistance-conferring mutations in sequenced viral genomes raises concerns about future drug resistance. Second-generation oral drugs that retain function against these mutants are thus urgently needed. We hypothesized that the covalent hepatitis C virus protease inhibitor boceprevir (BPV) could serve as the basis for orally bioavailable drugs that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 Mpro more efficiently than existing drugs. Performing structure-guided modifications of BPV, we developed a picomolar-affinity inhibitor, ML2006a4, with antiviral activity, oral pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic efficacy similar or superior to those of NTV. A crucial feature of ML2006a4 is a derivatization of the ketoamide reactive group that improves cell permeability and oral bioavailability. Last, ML2006a4 was found to be less sensitive to several mutations that cause resistance to NTV or ETV and occur in the natural SARS-CoV-2 population. Thus, anticipatory design can preemptively address potential resistance mechanisms to expand future treatment options against coronavirus variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Westberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University; 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University; 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yichi Su
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xinzhi Zou
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pinghan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Arjun Rustagi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jaishree Garhyan
- Stanford In Vitro Biosafety Level 3 Service Center, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Puja Bhavesh Patel
- Stanford In Vitro Biosafety Level 3 Service Center, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel Fernandez
- Program in Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Macromolecular Structure Knowledge Center, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chenzhou Hao
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Chieh-Wen Lo
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Marwah Karim
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lin Ning
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aimee Beck
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Vivian Tat
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Bi-Hung Peng
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Shirit Einav
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Chien-Te K. Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Catherine Blish
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Michael Z. Lin
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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9
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Yue J, Cao J, Liu L, Yin L, Li M. Clinical characteristics of 4,520 paediatric patients infected with the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant, in Xi'an, China. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1325562. [PMID: 38464898 PMCID: PMC10920270 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1325562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has broad tissue tropism and high transmission, which are likely to perpetuate the pandemic. The study aim to analyze the clinicopathogenic characteristics in paediatric patients. Methods In this single-centre study, we retrospectively included all confirmed cases infected by SARS-CoV-2 infection at Xi'an Children's Hospital, China, from 1 December to 31 December 2022. The demographic, clinical, laboratory, and radiological features of the patients were analysed. Results A total of 4,520 paediatric patients with SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant infections were included. Of these, 3,861 (85.36%) were outpatients, 659 (14.64%) were hospitalised patients, and nine patients (0.20%) died. Of the nine patients who died, five were diagnosed with acute necrotising encephalopathy (ANE). The most common symptoms were fever in 4,275 (94.59%) patients, cough in 1,320 (29.20%) patients, convulsions in 610 (13.50%) patients, vomiting in 410 (9.07%) patients, runny nose/coryza in 277 (6.13%) patients, hoarseness of voice in 273 (6.04%) patients. A blood cell analysis showed a slight elevation of monocytes (mean: 11.14 ± 0.07%). The main diagnoses for both outpatients and inpatients were respiratory infection with multisystem manifestations. Conclusions A high incidence of convulsions is a typical characteristic of children infected with SARS-CoV-2. Five of the nine COVID-19 fatalities were associated with ANE. This indicates that nervous system damage in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection is more significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Yue
- Department of Emergency, Xi’an Children's Hospital (Xi'an Jiaotong University Affiliated Children’s Hospital), Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an Tus-Children’s Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Emergency, Xi’an Children's Hospital (Xi'an Jiaotong University Affiliated Children’s Hospital), Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Yin
- Department of Emergency, Xi’an Children's Hospital (Xi'an Jiaotong University Affiliated Children’s Hospital), Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Department of Emergency, Xi’an Children's Hospital (Xi'an Jiaotong University Affiliated Children’s Hospital), Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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10
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Liu G, Zhang M, Wu B, Zhang C, Wang Y, Han X, Wang R, Li L, Wei Y, Sun Y, Cao X, Wang Y, Li Y, Li M, Zhao G, Ke Y, Guo Z, Yin Q, Sun Y. A highly susceptible hACE2-transgenic mouse model for SARS-CoV-2 research. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1348405. [PMID: 38389533 PMCID: PMC10883650 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1348405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Several animal models have been used to assist the development of vaccines and therapeutics since the COVID-19 outbreak. Due to the lack of binding affinity of mouse angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2) to the S protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), increasing the susceptibility of mice to SARS-CoV-2 infection was considered in several ways. Here, we generated a COVID-19 mouse model expressing human ACE2 (hACE2) under the control of the CAG promoter. Overexpression of hACE2 did not pose a significant effect on weight growth. After SARS-CoV-2 inoculation, mice showed obvious viral replication and production of inflammation within 7 days, with a gradual decrease in body weight until death. Virological testing found that the virus can replicate in the respiratory system, small intestine, and brain. Additionally, this mouse model was applied to compare two antibody drug candidates, the anti-RBD antibody (MW06) and the mouse CD24-conjugated anti-RBD antibody (mCD24-MW06). Differences in antiviral effects between these two antibodies can be demonstrated in this mouse model when a challenge dose that invalidates the anti-RBD antibody treatment was used. This study provided a new mouse model for studying SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and evaluating potential interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baolei Wu
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yan Wang
- SPF (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Baoding, China
| | - Xuelian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongjuan Wang
- Beijing Kohnoor Science & Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- SPF (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Baoding, China
| | - Yuwei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yali Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Public Health School, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Xiangwen Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Public Health School, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yalan Li
- Beijing Kohnoor Science & Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Public Health School, Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Yuehua Ke
- Department of Bacteriology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Zhendong Guo
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Qi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yansong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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11
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Bruter AV, Varlamova EA, Okulova YD, Tatarskiy VV, Silaeva YY, Filatov MA. Genetically modified mice as a tool for the study of human diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:135. [PMID: 38236499 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Modeling a human disease is an essential part of biomedical research. The recent advances in the field of molecular genetics made it possible to obtain genetically modified animals for the study of various diseases. Not only monogenic disorders but also chromosomal and multifactorial disorders can be mimicked in lab animals due to genetic modification. Even human infectious diseases can be studied in genetically modified animals. An animal model of a disease enables the tracking of its pathogenesis and, more importantly, to test new therapies. In the first part of this paper, we review the most common DNA modification technologies and provide key ideas on specific technology choices according to the task at hand. In the second part, we focus on the application of genetically modified mice in studying human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra V Bruter
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "National Medical Research Center of Oncology Named After N.N. Blokhin" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Research Institute of Carcinogenesis, Moscow, Russia, 115478
| | - Ekaterina A Varlamova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334
- Federal State Budgetary Institution "National Medical Research Center of Oncology Named After N.N. Blokhin" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Research Institute of Carcinogenesis, Moscow, Russia, 115478
| | - Yulia D Okulova
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - Victor V Tatarskiy
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - Yulia Y Silaeva
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334
| | - Maxim A Filatov
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, 119334.
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12
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Yu B, Drelich A, Hsu J, Tat V, Peng BH, Wei Q, Wang J, Wang H, Wages J, Mendelsohn AR, Larrick JW, Tseng CT. Protective Efficacy of Novel Engineered Human ACE2-Fc Fusion Protein Against Pan-SARS-CoV-2 Infection In Vitro and in Vivo. J Med Chem 2023; 66:16646-16657. [PMID: 38100534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Enduring occurrence of severe COVID-19 for unvaccinated, aged, or immunocompromised individuals remains an urgent need. Soluble human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has been used as a decoy receptor to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection, which is limited by moderate affinity. We describe an engineered, high-affinity ACE2 that is consistently effective in tissue cultures in neutralizing all strains tested, including Delta and Omicron. We also found that treatment of AC70 hACE2 transgenic mice with hACE2-Fc receptor decoys effectively reduced viral infection, attenuated tissue histopathology, and delayed the onset of morbidity and mortality caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. We believe that using this ACE2-Fc protein would be less likely to promote the escape mutants of SARS-CoV-2 as frequently as did those neutralizing antibody therapies. Together, our results emphasize the suitability of our newly engineered hACE2-Fc fusion protein for further development as a potent antiviral agent against Pan-SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yu
- Larix Bioscience LLC, Sunnyvale, California 94089, United States
| | - Aleksandra Drelich
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jason Hsu
- Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Vivian Tat
- Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Bi-Hung Peng
- Neuroscience, Cell Biology & Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Qisheng Wei
- Larix Bioscience LLC, Sunnyvale, California 94089, United States
| | - Jianming Wang
- Larix Bioscience LLC, Sunnyvale, California 94089, United States
| | - Hong Wang
- Larix Bioscience LLC, Sunnyvale, California 94089, United States
| | - John Wages
- Larix Bioscience LLC, Sunnyvale, California 94089, United States
| | | | - James W Larrick
- Larix Bioscience LLC, Sunnyvale, California 94089, United States
| | - Chien-Te Tseng
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Disease, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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13
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Zumbrun EE, Zak SE, Lee ED, Bowling PA, Ruiz SI, Zeng X, Koehler JW, Delp KL, Bakken RR, Hentschel SS, Bloomfield HA, Ricks KM, Clements TL, Babka AM, Dye JM, Herbert AS. SARS-CoV-2 Aerosol and Intranasal Exposure Models in Ferrets. Viruses 2023; 15:2341. [PMID: 38140582 PMCID: PMC10747480 DOI: 10.3390/v15122341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. Animal models are extremely helpful for testing vaccines and therapeutics and for dissecting the viral and host factors that contribute to disease severity and transmissibility. Here, we report the assessment and comparison of intranasal and small particle (~3 µm) aerosol SARS-CoV-2 exposure in ferrets. The primary endpoints for analysis were clinical signs of disease, recovery of the virus in the upper respiratory tract, and the severity of damage within the respiratory tract. This work demonstrated that ferrets were productively infected with SARS-CoV-2 following either intranasal or small particle aerosol exposure. SARS-CoV-2 infection of ferrets resulted in an asymptomatic disease course following either intranasal or small particle aerosol exposure, with no clinical signs, significant weight loss, or fever. In both aerosol and intranasal ferret models, SARS-CoV-2 replication, viral genomes, and viral antigens were detected within the upper respiratory tract, with little to no viral material detected in the lungs. The ferrets exhibited a specific IgG immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 full spike protein. Mild pathological findings included inflammation, necrosis, and edema within nasal turbinates, which correlated to positive immunohistochemical staining for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Environmental sampling was performed following intranasal exposure of ferrets, and SARS-CoV-2 genomic material was detected on the feeders and nesting areas from days 2-10 post-exposure. We conclude that both intranasal and small particle aerosol ferret models displayed measurable parameters that could be utilized for future studies, including transmission studies and testing SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E. Zumbrun
- Division of Virology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.E.Z.); (R.R.B.); (S.S.H.); (J.M.D.); (A.S.H.)
| | - Samantha E. Zak
- Division of Virology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.E.Z.); (R.R.B.); (S.S.H.); (J.M.D.); (A.S.H.)
| | - Eric D. Lee
- Division of Pathology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.D.L.); (X.Z.); (H.A.B.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Philip A. Bowling
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Sara I. Ruiz
- Division of Bacteriology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Xiankun Zeng
- Division of Pathology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.D.L.); (X.Z.); (H.A.B.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Jeffrey W. Koehler
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.W.K.); (K.L.D.); (K.M.R.); (T.L.C.)
| | - Korey L. Delp
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.W.K.); (K.L.D.); (K.M.R.); (T.L.C.)
| | - Russel R. Bakken
- Division of Virology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.E.Z.); (R.R.B.); (S.S.H.); (J.M.D.); (A.S.H.)
| | - Shannon S. Hentschel
- Division of Virology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.E.Z.); (R.R.B.); (S.S.H.); (J.M.D.); (A.S.H.)
| | - Holly A. Bloomfield
- Division of Pathology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.D.L.); (X.Z.); (H.A.B.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Keersten M. Ricks
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.W.K.); (K.L.D.); (K.M.R.); (T.L.C.)
| | - Tamara L. Clements
- Diagnostic Systems Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (J.W.K.); (K.L.D.); (K.M.R.); (T.L.C.)
| | - April M. Babka
- Division of Pathology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (E.D.L.); (X.Z.); (H.A.B.); (A.M.B.)
| | - John M. Dye
- Division of Virology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.E.Z.); (R.R.B.); (S.S.H.); (J.M.D.); (A.S.H.)
| | - Andrew S. Herbert
- Division of Virology, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Disease, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; (S.E.Z.); (R.R.B.); (S.S.H.); (J.M.D.); (A.S.H.)
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14
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Zhang W, Golynker I, Brosh R, Fajardo A, Zhu Y, Wudzinska AM, Ordoñez R, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos AM, Carrau L, Damani-Yokota P, Yeung ST, Khairallah C, Vela Gartner A, Chalhoub N, Huang E, Ashe HJ, Khanna KM, Maurano MT, Kim SY, tenOever BR, Boeke JD. Mouse genome rewriting and tailoring of three important disease loci. Nature 2023; 623:423-431. [PMID: 37914927 PMCID: PMC10632133 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06675-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) help us to understand human pathologies and develop new therapies, yet faithfully recapitulating human diseases in mice is challenging. Advances in genomics have highlighted the importance of non-coding regulatory genome sequences, which control spatiotemporal gene expression patterns and splicing in many human diseases1,2. Including regulatory extensive genomic regions, which requires large-scale genome engineering, should enhance the quality of disease modelling. Existing methods set limits on the size and efficiency of DNA delivery, hampering the routine creation of highly informative models that we call genomically rewritten and tailored GEMMs (GREAT-GEMMs). Here we describe 'mammalian switching antibiotic resistance markers progressively for integration' (mSwAP-In), a method for efficient genome rewriting in mouse embryonic stem cells. We demonstrate the use of mSwAP-In for iterative genome rewriting of up to 115 kb of a tailored Trp53 locus, as well as for humanization of mice using 116 kb and 180 kb human ACE2 loci. The ACE2 model recapitulated human ACE2 expression patterns and splicing, and notably, presented milder symptoms when challenged with SARS-CoV-2 compared with the existing K18-hACE2 model, thus representing a more human-like model of infection. Finally, we demonstrated serial genome writing by humanizing mouse Tmprss2 biallelically in the ACE2 GREAT-GEMM, highlighting the versatility of mSwAP-In in genome writing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Zhang
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ilona Golynker
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ran Brosh
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alvaro Fajardo
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yinan Zhu
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aleksandra M Wudzinska
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Raquel Ordoñez
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - André M Ribeiro-Dos-Santos
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lucia Carrau
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Stephen T Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Antonio Vela Gartner
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Noor Chalhoub
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily Huang
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hannah J Ashe
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kamal M Khanna
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew T Maurano
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sang Yong Kim
- Department of Pathology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin R tenOever
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jef D Boeke
- Institute for Systems Genetics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
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15
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Li J, Wang J, Wang H. Emerging Landscape of Preclinical Models for Studying COVID-19 Neurologic Diseases. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2023; 6:1323-1339. [PMID: 37854617 PMCID: PMC10580392 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.3c00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) and has globally infected 768 million people and caused over 6 million deaths. COVID-19 primarily affects the respiratory system but increasing reports of neurologic symptoms associated with COVID-19 have been reported in the literature. The exact mechanism behind COVID-19 neurologic pathophysiology remains poorly understood due to difficulty quantifying clinical neurologic symptoms in humans and correlating them to findings in human post-mortem samples and animal models. Thus, robust preclinical experimental models for COVID-19 neurologic manifestations are urgently needed. Here, we review recent advances in in vitro, in vivo, and other models and technologies for studying COVID-19 including primary cell cultures, pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons and organoids, rodents, nonhuman primates, 3D bioprinting, artificial intelligence, and multiomics. We specifically focus our discussion on the contribution, recent advancements, and limitations these preclinical models have on furthering our understanding of COVID-19's neuropathic physiology. We also discuss these models' roles in the screening and development of therapeutics, vaccines, antiviral drugs, and herbal medicine, and on future opportunities for COVID-19 neurologic research and clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Li
- Department
of Neurology, Indiana University School
of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Jing Wang
- Department
of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University
of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Hu Wang
- Institute
of Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore 21215, United States
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16
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Sha A, Liu Y, Hao H. Current state-of-the-art and potential future therapeutic drugs against COVID-19. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1238027. [PMID: 37691829 PMCID: PMC10485263 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1238027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) continues to endanger human health, and its therapeutic drugs are under intensive research and development. Identifying the efficacy and toxicity of drugs in animal models is helpful for further screening of effective medications, which is also a prerequisite for drugs to enter clinical trials. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) invades host cells mainly by the S protein on its surface. After the SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome is injected into the cells, M protein will help assemble and release new viruses. RdRp is crucial for virus replication, assembly, and release of new virus particles. This review analyzes and discusses 26 anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs based on their mechanism of action, effectiveness and safety in different animal models. We propose five drugs to be the most promising to enter the next stage of clinical trial research, thus providing a reference for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailong Sha
- School of Teacher Education, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiyan Hao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing, China
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17
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Elder E, Bangalore Revanna C, Johansson C, Wallin RPA, Sjödahl J, Winqvist O, Mirazimi A. Protective immunity induced by an inhaled SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine. Vaccine 2023:S0264-410X(23)00684-9. [PMID: 37353452 PMCID: PMC10242152 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Targeting the site of infection is a promising strategy for improving vaccine effectivity. To date, licensed COVID-19 vaccines have been administered intramuscularly despite the fact that SARS-CoV-2 is a respiratory virus. Here, we aim to induce local protective mucosal immune responses with an inhaled subunit vaccine candidate, ISR52, based on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 protein. When tested in a lethal challenge hACE2 transgenic SARS-CoV-2 mouse model, intranasal and intratracheal administration of ISR52 provided superior protection against severe infection, compared to the subcutaneous injection of the vaccine. Interestingly for a protein-based vaccine, inhaled ISR52 elicited both CD4 and CD8 T-cell Spike-specific responses that were maintained for at least 6 months in wild-type mice. Induced IgG and IgA responses cross-reacting with several SARS- CoV-2 variants of concern were detected in the lung and in serum and protected animals displayed neutralizing antibodies. Based on our results, we are developing ISR52 as a dry powder formulation for inhalation, that does not require cold-chain distribution or the use of needle administration, for evaluation in a Phase I/II clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ali Mirazimi
- National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden; Clinical Microbiology, LABMED, Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
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18
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Clever S, Volz A. Mouse models in COVID-19 research: analyzing the adaptive immune response. Med Microbiol Immunol 2023; 212:165-183. [PMID: 35661253 PMCID: PMC9166226 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-022-00735-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 causing the COVID-19 pandemic, resulted in a major necessity for scientific countermeasures. Investigations revealing the exact mechanisms of the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis provide the basis for the development of therapeutic measures and protective vaccines against COVID-19. Animal models are inevitable for infection and pre-clinical vaccination studies as well as therapeutic testing. A well-suited animal model, mimicking the pathology seen in human COVID-19 patients, is an important basis for these investigations. Several animal models were already used during SARS-CoV-2 studies with different clinical outcomes after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we give an overview of different animal models used in SARS-CoV-2 infection studies with a focus on the mouse model. Mice provide a well-established animal model for laboratory use and several different mouse models have been generated and are being used in SARS-CoV-2 studies. Furthermore, the analysis of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells during infection and in vaccination studies in mice is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Clever
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Asisa Volz
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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19
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Verma AK, Zheng J, Meyerholz DK, Perlman S. SARS-CoV-2 infection of sustentacular cells disrupts olfactory signaling pathways. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e160277. [PMID: 36378534 PMCID: PMC9869979 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.160277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of olfactory function has been commonly reported in SARS-CoV-2 infections. Recovery from anosmia is not well understood. Previous studies showed that sustentacular cells, and occasionally olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in the olfactory epithelium (OE), are infected in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients and experimental animals. Here, we show that SARS-CoV-2 infection of sustentacular cells induces inflammation characterized by infiltration of myeloid cells to the olfactory epithelium and variably increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines. We observed widespread damage to, and loss of cilia on, OSNs, accompanied by downregulation of olfactory receptors and signal transduction molecules involved in olfaction. A consequence of OSN dysfunction was a reduction in the number of neurons in the olfactory bulb expressing tyrosine hydroxylase, consistent with reduced synaptic input. Resolution of the infection, inflammation, and olfactory dysfunction occurred over 3-4 weeks following infection in most but not all animals. We also observed similar patterns of OE infection and anosmia/hyposmia in mice infected with other human coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. Together, these results define the downstream effects of sustentacular cell infection and provide insight into olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19-associated anosmia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and
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20
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Brumeanu TD, Vir P, Karim AF, Kar S, Benetiene D, Lok M, Greenhouse J, Putmon-Taylor T, Kitajewski C, Chung KK, Pratt KP, Casares SA. Human-Immune-System (HIS) humanized mouse model (DRAGA: HLA-A2.HLA-DR4.Rag1KO.IL-2RγcKO.NOD) for COVID-19. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022; 18:2048622. [PMID: 35348437 PMCID: PMC9225593 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2048622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a Human Immune System (HIS)-humanized mouse model ("DRAGA": HLA-A2.HLA-DR4.Rag1KO.IL-2 RγcKO.NOD) for COVID-19 research. DRAGA mice express transgenically HLA-class I and class-II molecules in the mouse thymus to promote human T cell development and human B cell Ig-class switching. When infused with human hematopoietic stem cells from cord blood reconstitute a functional human immune system, as well as human epi/endothelial cells in lung and upper respiratory airways expressing the human ACE2 receptor for SARS-CoV-2. The DRAGA mice were able to sustain SARS-CoV-2 infection for at least 25 days. Infected mice showed replicating virus in the lungs, deteriorating clinical condition, and human-like lung immunopathology including human lymphocyte infiltrates, microthrombi and pulmonary sequelae. Among the intra-alveolar and peri-bronchiolar lymphocyte infiltrates, human lung-resident (CD103+) CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were sequestered in epithelial (CD326+) lung niches and secreted granzyme B and perforin, suggesting anti-viral cytotoxic activity. Infected mice also mounted human IgG antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins. Hence, HIS-DRAGA mice showed unique advantages as a surrogate in vivo human model for studying SARS-CoV-2 immunopathological mechanisms and testing the safety and efficacy of candidate vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodor-D. Brumeanu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pooja Vir
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ahmad Faisal Karim
- Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sofia A. Casares
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Infectious Diseases Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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21
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Jha A, Barker D, Lew J, Manoharan V, van Kessel J, Haupt R, Toth D, Frieman M, Falzarano D, Kodihalli S. Efficacy of COVID-HIGIV in animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16956. [PMID: 36216961 PMCID: PMC9549041 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In late 2019 the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus emerged in China and quickly spread into a worldwide pandemic. It has caused millions of hospitalizations and deaths, despite the use of COVID-19 vaccines. Convalescent plasma and monoclonal antibodies emerged as major therapeutic options for treatment of COVID-19. We have developed an anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin intravenous (Human) (COVID-HIGIV), a potential improvement from using convalescent plasma. In this report the efficacy of COVID-HIGIV was evaluated in hamster and mouse models of SARS-CoV-2 infection. COVID-HIGIV treatment in both mice and hamsters significantly reduced the viral load in the lungs. Among COVID-HIGIV treated animals, infection-related body weight loss was reduced and the animals regained their baseline body weight faster than the PBS controls. In hamsters, COVID-HIGIV treatment reduced infection-associated lung pathology including lung inflammation, and pneumocyte hypertrophy in the lungs. These results support ongoing trials for outpatient treatment with COVID-HIGIV for safety and efficacy evaluation (NCT04910269, NCT04546581).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruni Jha
- Research and Development, Emergent BioSolutions, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Douglas Barker
- Research and Development, Emergent BioSolutions, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jocelyne Lew
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Vinoth Manoharan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jill van Kessel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Robert Haupt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Derek Toth
- Research and Development, Emergent BioSolutions, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Matthew Frieman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Shantha Kodihalli
- Research and Development, Emergent BioSolutions, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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22
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Wei X, Rong N, Liu J. Prospects of animal models and their application in studies on adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:993754. [PMID: 36189203 PMCID: PMC9523127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.993754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune response induced by SARS-CoV-2 plays a key role in the antiviral process and can protect the body from the threat of infection for a certain period of time. However, owing to the limitations of clinical studies, the antiviral mechanisms, protective thresholds, and persistence of the immune memory of adaptive immune responses remain unclear. This review summarizes existing research models for SARS-CoV-2 and elaborates on the advantages of animal models in simulating the clinical symptoms of COVID-19 in humans. In addition, we systematically summarize the research progress on the SARS-CoV-2 adaptive immune response and the remaining key issues, as well as the application and prospects of animal models in this field. This paper provides direction for in-depth analysis of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 mechanism of the adaptive immune response and lays the foundation for the development and application of vaccines and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wei
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jiangning Liu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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23
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Yang S, Cao L, Xu W, Xu T, Zheng B, Ji Y, Huang S, Liu L, Du J, Peng H, Zhang H, Chen J, Ke B, Zheng H, Deng X, Li C, Guo D. Comparison of model-specific histopathology in mouse models of COVID-19. J Med Virol 2022; 94:3605-3612. [PMID: 35355296 PMCID: PMC9088385 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been identified as the causative agent of the current coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Development of animal models that parallel the clinical and pathologic features of disease are highly essential to understanding the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the development of therapeutics and prophylactics. Several mouse models that express the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) have been created, including transgenic and knock-in strains, and viral vector-mediated delivery of hACE2. However, the comparative pathology of these mouse models infected with SARS-CoV-2 are unknown. Here, we perform systematic comparisons of the mouse models including K18-hACE2 mice, KI-hACE2 mice, Ad5-hACE2 mice and CAG-hACE2 mice, which revealed differences in the distribution of lesions and the characteristics of pneumonia induced. Based on these observations, the hACE2 mouse models meet different needs of SARS-CoV-2 researches. The similarities or differences among the model-specific pathologies may help in better understanding the pathogenic process of SARS-CoV-2 infection and aiding in the development of effective medications and prophylactic treatments for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidi Yang
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of MedicineShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongShenzhenChina
| | - Liu Cao
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of MedicineShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongShenzhenChina
| | - Wenting Xu
- Department of Pathology, The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital of China Welfare Institute (IPMCH)Shanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Tiefeng Xu
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of MedicineShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongShenzhenChina
| | - Birong Zheng
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of MedicineShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongShenzhenChina
| | - Yanxi Ji
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of MedicineShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongShenzhenChina
| | - Siyao Huang
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of MedicineShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongShenzhenChina
| | - Lihong Liu
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of MedicineShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongShenzhenChina
| | - Jie Du
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of MedicineShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongShenzhenChina
| | - Hong Peng
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of MedicineShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongShenzhenChina
| | - Huan Zhang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong ProvinceGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Jingdiao Chen
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong ProvinceGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Bixia Ke
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong ProvinceGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Huanying Zheng
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong ProvinceGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Xiaoling Deng
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Guangdong ProvinceGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Chunmei Li
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of MedicineShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongShenzhenChina
| | - Deyin Guo
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of MedicineShenzhen Campus of Sun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangdongShenzhenChina
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24
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Development of transgenic models susceptible and resistant to SARS-CoV-2 infection in FVB background mice. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272019. [PMID: 35881617 PMCID: PMC9321403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is currently spreading globally. To overcome the COVID-19 pandemic, preclinical evaluations of vaccines and therapeutics using K18-hACE2 and CAG-hACE2 transgenic mice are ongoing. However, a comparative study on SARS-CoV-2 infection between K18-hACE2 and CAG-hACE2 mice has not been published. In this study, we compared the susceptibility and resistance to SARS-CoV-2 infection between two strains of transgenic mice, which were generated in FVB background mice. K18-hACE2 mice exhibited severe weight loss with definitive lethality, but CAG-hACE2 mice survived; and differences were observed in the lung, spleen, cerebrum, cerebellum, and small intestine. A higher viral titer was detected in the lungs, cerebrums, and cerebellums of K18-hACE2 mice than in the lungs of CAG-hACE2 mice. Severe pneumonia was observed in histopathological findings in K18-hACE2, and mild pneumonia was observed in CAG-hACE2. Atrophy of the splenic white pulp and reduction of spleen weight was observed, and hyperplasia of goblet cells with villi atrophy of the small intestine was observed in K18-hACE2 mice compared to CAG-hACE2 mice. These results indicate that K18-hACE2 mice are relatively susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and that CAG-hACE2 mice are resistant to SARS-CoV-2. Based on these lineage-specific sensitivities, we suggest that K18-hACE2 mouse is suitable for highly susceptible model of SARS-CoV-2, and CAG-hACE2 mouse is suitable for mild susceptible model of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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25
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Battulin NR, Serov OL. Creation of transgenic mice susceptible to coronaviruses: a platform for studying viral pathogenesis and testing vaccines. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2022; 26:402-408. [PMID: 35864938 PMCID: PMC9260647 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-22-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, coronaviruses have caused three epidemics: SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV2, with the first two having a very high lethality of about 10 and 26 %, respectively. The last outbreak of coronavirus infection caused by SARS-CoV2 in 2019 in China has swept the entire planet and is still spreading. The source of these viruses in humans are animals: bats, Himalayan civets, and camels. The genomes of MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 are highly similar. It has been established that coronavirus infection (SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2) occurs through the viral protein S interaction with the lung epithelium – angiotensin-converting enzyme receptor 2 (ACE2) – due to which the virus enters the cells. The most attractive model for studying the development of these diseases is a laboratory mouse, which, however, is resistant to coronavirus infection. The resistance is explained by the difference in the amino acid composition of mouse Ace2 and human ACE2 proteins. Therefore, to create mice susceptible to SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV2 coronaviruses, the human ACE2 gene is transferred into their genome. The exogenous DNA of the constructs is inserted into the recipient genome randomly and with a varying number of copies. Based on this technology, lines of transgenic mice susceptible to intranasal coronavirus infection have been created. In addition, the use of the technology of targeted genome modification using CRISPR/Cas9 made it possible to create lines of transgenic animals with the insertion of the human ACE2 gene under the control of the endogenous murine Ace2 gene promoter. This “humanization” of the Ace2 gene makes it possible to obtain animals susceptible to infection with coronaviruses. Thus, transgenic animals that simulate coronavirus infections and are potential platforms for testing vaccines have now been created.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. R. Battulin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk State University
| | - O. L. Serov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk State University
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26
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Dedoni S, Avdoshina V, Camoglio C, Siddi C, Fratta W, Scherma M, Fadda P. K18- and CAG-hACE2 Transgenic Mouse Models and SARS-CoV-2: Implications for Neurodegeneration Research. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134142. [PMID: 35807384 PMCID: PMC9268291 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a global pandemic that might lead to very serious consequences. Notably, mental status change, brain confusion, and smell and taste disorders along with neurological complaints have been reported in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, human brain tissue autopsies from COVID-19 patients show the presence of SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion, which correlates with the manifestation of meningitis, encephalitis, leukocyte infiltration, and neuronal damage. The olfactory mucosa has been suggested as a way of entry into the brain. SARS-CoV-2 infection is also known to provoke a hyper-inflammatory reaction with an exponential increase in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines leading to systemic responses, even in the absence of direct infection of brain cells. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the entry receptor of SARS-CoV-2, has been extensively demonstrated to be present in the periphery, neurons, and glial cells in different brain regions. To dissect the details of neurological complications and develop therapies helping COVID-19 survivors regain pre-infection quality of life, the development of robust clinical models is highly warranted. Several human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) transgenic mouse models have been developed and used for antiviral drug screening and vaccine development, as well as for better understanding of the molecular pathogenetic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we summarize recent results from the studies involving two such mouse models, namely K18- and CAG-hACE2 transgenics, to evaluate the direct and indirect impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Dedoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy; (C.C.); (C.S.); (W.F.); (P.F.)
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Valeria Avdoshina
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA;
| | - Chiara Camoglio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy; (C.C.); (C.S.); (W.F.); (P.F.)
| | - Carlotta Siddi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy; (C.C.); (C.S.); (W.F.); (P.F.)
| | - Walter Fratta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy; (C.C.); (C.S.); (W.F.); (P.F.)
| | - Maria Scherma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy; (C.C.); (C.S.); (W.F.); (P.F.)
- Correspondence: (S.D.); (M.S.)
| | - Paola Fadda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Sardinia, Italy; (C.C.); (C.S.); (W.F.); (P.F.)
- Institute of Neuroscience-Cagliari, National Research Council, 00185 Rome, Italy
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27
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Tiwari S, Goel G, Kumar A. Natural and genetically-modified animal models to investigate pulmonary and extrapulmonary manifestations of COVID-19. Int Rev Immunol 2022; 43:13-32. [PMID: 35757923 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2022.2089666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), a pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a primarily respiratory tract disease. Suitable animal models for COVID-19 are required to study various aspects of pathogenesis, drug discovery, effective and safe vaccine development. Several laboratory animals including, non-human primates, hamsters, ferrets, transgenic mice, and zebrafish, have been used and proven their significance experimentally. Currently available animal models of SARS-CoV-2 can be broadly classified into two categories 1) natural animal models 2) genetically-modified that exhibit different degrees of susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2, tissue damage in respiratory and other organ systems. Not all the available animal models mimic COVID-19-like phenotype completely. Therefore, understanding various aspects of COVID-19 requires different animal models. In this review article, we provide an update on the immune response and clinical manifestations observed in naturally occurring and genetically-modified animals of COVID-19. We then review the transmission, viral replication, lung pathology, immunological aspects, and extrapulmonary phenotypes observed in various animal models. In the end, we put forth our perspective on the anticipated uses, disadvantages, and limitations of each type of animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Tiwari
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Garima Goel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, India
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28
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Fisher T, Gluck A, Narayanan K, Kuroda M, Nachshon A, Hsu JC, Halfmann PJ, Yahalom-Ronen Y, Tamir H, Finkel Y, Schwartz M, Weiss S, Tseng CTK, Israely T, Paran N, Kawaoka Y, Makino S, Stern-Ginossar N. Parsing the role of NSP1 in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110954. [PMID: 35671758 PMCID: PMC9133101 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) leads to shutoff of protein synthesis, and nsp1, a central shutoff factor in coronaviruses, inhibits cellular mRNA translation. However, the diverse molecular mechanisms employed by nsp1 as well as its functional importance are unresolved. By overexpressing various nsp1 mutants and generating a SARS-CoV-2 mutant, we show that nsp1, through inhibition of translation and induction of mRNA degradation, targets translated cellular mRNA and is the main driver of host shutoff during infection. The propagation of nsp1 mutant virus is inhibited exclusively in cells with intact interferon (IFN) pathway as well as in vivo, in hamsters, and this attenuation is associated with stronger induction of type I IFN response. Therefore, although nsp1's shutoff activity is broad, it plays an essential role, specifically in counteracting the IFN response. Overall, our results reveal the multifaceted approach nsp1 uses to shut off cellular protein synthesis and uncover nsp1's explicit role in blocking the IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Fisher
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Avi Gluck
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Krishna Narayanan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1019, USA
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Aharon Nachshon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jason C Hsu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1019, USA
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Yfat Yahalom-Ronen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Hadas Tamir
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Yaara Finkel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michal Schwartz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shay Weiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Chien-Te K Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1019, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1019, USA
| | - Tomer Israely
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Nir Paran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel.
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA; Department of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan.
| | - Shinji Makino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1019, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1019, USA.
| | - Noam Stern-Ginossar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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29
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Badeti S, Jiang Q, Naghizadeh A, Tseng HC, Bushkin Y, Marras SAE, Nisa A, Tyagi S, Chen F, Romanienko P, Yehia G, Evans D, Lopez-Gonzalez M, Alland D, Russo R, Gause W, Shi L, Liu D. Development of a novel human CD147 knock-in NSG mouse model to test SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:88. [PMID: 35690792 PMCID: PMC9187929 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00822-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An animal model that can mimic the SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans is critical to understanding the rapidly evolving SARS-CoV-2 virus and for development of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to combat emerging mutants. Studies show that the spike proteins of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 bind to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2, a well-recognized, functional receptor for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) to mediate viral entry. Several hACE2 transgenic (hACE2Tg) mouse models are being widely used, which are clearly invaluable. However, the hACE2Tg mouse model cannot fully explain: (1) low expression of ACE2 observed in human lung and heart, but lung or heart failure occurs frequently in severe COVID-19 patients; (2) low expression of ACE2 on immune cells, but lymphocytopenia occurs frequently in COVID-19 patients; and (3) hACE2Tg mice do not mimic the natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Moreover, one of most outstanding features of coronavirus infection is the diversity of receptor usage, which includes the newly proposed human CD147 (hCD147) as a possible co-receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry. It is still debatable whether CD147 can serve as a functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection or entry. RESULTS Here we successfully generated a hCD147 knock-in mouse model (hCD147KI) in the NOD-scid IL2Rgammanull (NSG) background. In this hCD147KI-NSG mouse model, the hCD147 genetic sequence was placed downstream of the endogenous mouse promoter for mouse CD147 (mCD147), which creates an in vivo model that may better recapitulate physiological expression of hCD147 proteins at the molecular level compared to the existing and well-studied K18-hACE2-B6 (JAX) model. In addition, the hCD147KI-NSG mouse model allows further study of SARS-CoV-2 in the immunodeficiency condition which may assist our understanding of this virus in the context of high-risk populations in immunosuppressed states. Our data show (1) the human CD147 protein is expressed in various organs (including bronchiolar epithelial cells) in hCD147KI-NSG mice by immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry; (2) hCD147KI-NSG mice are marginally sensitive to SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to WT-NSG littermates characterized by increased viral copies by qRT-PCR and moderate body weight decline compared to baseline; (3) a significant increase in leukocytes in the lungs of hCD147KI-NSG mice, compared to infected WT-NSG mice. CONCLUSIONS hCD147KI-NSG mice are more sensitive to COVID-19 infection compared to WT-NSG mice. The hCD147KI-NSG mouse model can serve as an additional animal model for further interrogation whether CD147 serve as an independent functional receptor or accessory receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saiaditya Badeti
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Ave., CC-H1218, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- School of Graduate Studies, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Qingkui Jiang
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Alireza Naghizadeh
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Ave., CC-H1218, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Hsiang-Chi Tseng
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Ave., CC-H1218, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Yuri Bushkin
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Salvatore A E Marras
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Annuurun Nisa
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Sanjay Tyagi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Ave., CC-H1218, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Peter Romanienko
- Genome Editing Shared Resources, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Ghassan Yehia
- Genome Editing Shared Resources, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Deborah Evans
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Ave., CC-H1218, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Moises Lopez-Gonzalez
- Regional Bio-Containment Laboratory, Center for COVID-19 Response and Pandemic Preparedness (CCRP2), Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - David Alland
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Riccardo Russo
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - William Gause
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Ave., CC-H1218, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Lanbo Shi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
| | - Dongfang Liu
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, 205 S. Orange Ave., CC-H1218, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
- School of Graduate Studies, Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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30
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Matsunaga A, Tsuzuki S, Morioka S, Ohmagari N, Ishizaka Y. Long COVID: current status in Japan and knowledge about its molecular background. Glob Health Med 2022; 4:83-93. [PMID: 35586759 PMCID: PMC9066464 DOI: 10.35772/ghm.2022.01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Even after recovering from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), patients can experience prolonged complaints, referred to as "long COVID". Similar to reports in Caucasians, a follow-up study in Japan revealed that fatigue, dyspnea, cough, anosmia/dysgeusia, and dyssomnia are common symptoms. Although the precise mode of long COVID remains elusive, multiple etiologies such as direct organ damage by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), autoimmunity, prolonged inflammatory reactions, and psychiatric impairment seem to be involved. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 is neurotropic, and viral RNA and proteins are continuously detectable in multiple organs, including the brain. Viral proteins exert a number of different toxic effects on cells, suggesting that persistent infection is a key element for understanding long COVID. Here, we first reviewed the current status of long COVID in Japan, and then summarized literature that help us understand the molecular background of the symptoms. Finally, we discuss the feasibility of vaccination as a treatment for patients with long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Matsunaga
- Department of Intractable Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Tsuzuki
- AMR Clinical Reference Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Morioka
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Ohmagari
- Disease Control and Prevention Center, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukihito Ishizaka
- Department of Intractable Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Badeti S, Jiang Q, Naghizadeh A, Tseng HC, Bushkin Y, Marras SAE, Nisa A, Tyagi S, Chen F, Romanienko P, Yehia G, Evans D, Lopez-Gonzalez M, Alland D, Russo R, Gause W, Shi L, Liu D. Development of a Novel Human CD147 Knock-in NSG Mouse Model to Test SARS-CoV-2 Viral Infection. RESEARCH SQUARE 2022:rs.3.rs-1431484. [PMID: 35475172 PMCID: PMC9040682 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1431484/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background: An animal model that can mimic the SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans is critical to understanding the rapidly evolving SARS-CoV-2 virus and for development of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to combat emerging mutants. Studies show that the spike proteins of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 bind to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2, a well-recognized, functional receptor for SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) to mediate viral entry. Several hACE2 transgenic (hACE2Tg) mouse models are being widely used, which are clearly invaluable. However, the hACE2Tg mouse model cannot fully explain: 1) low expression of ACE2 observed in human lung and heart, but lung or heart failure occurs frequently in severe COVID-19 patients; 2) low expression of ACE2 on immune cells, but lymphocytopenia occurs frequently in COVID-19 patients; and 3) hACE2Tg mice do not mimic the natural course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Moreover, one of most outstanding features of coronavirus infection is the diversity of receptor usage, which includes the newly proposed human CD147 (hCD147) as a possible co-receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry. It is still debatable whether CD147 can serve as a functional receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection or entry. Results: Here we successfully generated a hCD147 knock-in mouse model (hCD147KI) in the NOD- scid IL2Rgamma null (NSG) background. In this hCD147KI-NSG mouse model, the hCD147 genetic sequence was placed downstream of the endogenous mouse promoter for mouse CD147 (mCD147), which creates an in vivo model that may better recapitulate physiological expression of hCD147 proteins at the molecular level compared to the existing and well-studied K18-hACE2-B6 (JAX) model. In addition, the hCD147KI-NSG mouse model allows further study of SARS-CoV-2 in the immunodeficiency condition which may assist our understanding of this virus in the context of high-risk populations in immunosuppressed states. Our data show 1) the human CD147 protein is expressed in various organs (including bronchiolar epithelial cells) in hCD147KI-NSG mice by immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry; 2) hCD147KI-NSG mice are marginally sensitive to SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to WT-NSG littermates characterized by increased viral copies by qRT-PCR and moderate body weight decline compared to baseline; 3) a significant increase in leukocytes in the lungs of hCD147KI-NSG mice, compared to infected WT-NSG mice. Conclusions: hCD147KI-NSG mice are more sensitive to COVID-19 infection compared to WT-NSG mice. The hCD147KI-NSG mouse model can serve as an additional animal model for further interrogation whether CD147 serve as an independent functional receptor or accessory receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fei Chen
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
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32
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Fisher T, Gluck A, Narayanan K, Kuroda M, Nachshon A, Hsu JC, Halfmann PJ, Yahalom-Ronen Y, Finkel Y, Schwartz M, Weiss S, Tseng CTK, Israely T, Paran N, Kawaoka Y, Makino S, Stern-Ginossar N. Parsing the role of NSP1 in SARS-CoV-2 infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.03.14.484208. [PMID: 35313595 PMCID: PMC8936099 DOI: 10.1101/2022.03.14.484208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the cause of the ongoing coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) pandemic. Despite its urgency, we still do not fully understand the molecular basis of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and its ability to antagonize innate immune responses. SARS-CoV-2 leads to shutoff of cellular protein synthesis and over-expression of nsp1, a central shutoff factor in coronaviruses, inhibits cellular gene translation. However, the diverse molecular mechanisms nsp1 employs as well as its functional importance in infection are still unresolved. By overexpressing various nsp1 mutants and generating a SARS-CoV-2 mutant in which nsp1 does not bind ribosomes, we untangle the effects of nsp1. We uncover that nsp1, through inhibition of translation and induction of mRNA degradation, is the main driver of host shutoff during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, we find the propagation of nsp1 mutant virus is inhibited specifically in cells with intact interferon (IFN) response as well as in-vivo , in infected hamsters, and this attenuation is associated with stronger induction of type I IFN response. This illustrates that nsp1 shutoff activity has an essential role mainly in counteracting the IFN response. Overall, our results reveal the multifaceted approach nsp1 uses to shut off cellular protein synthesis and uncover the central role it plays in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, explicitly through blockage of the IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Fisher
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- T. Fisher, A. Gluck, K. Narayanan, and K. Makoto contributed equally to the studies
| | - Avi Gluck
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
- T. Fisher, A. Gluck, K. Narayanan, and K. Makoto contributed equally to the studies
| | - Krishna Narayanan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1019, USA
- T. Fisher, A. Gluck, K. Narayanan, and K. Makoto contributed equally to the studies
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
- T. Fisher, A. Gluck, K. Narayanan, and K. Makoto contributed equally to the studies
| | - Aharon Nachshon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Jason C. Hsu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1019, USA
| | - Peter J. Halfmann
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - Yfat Yahalom-Ronen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Yaara Finkel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Michal Schwartz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Shay Weiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Chien-Te K. Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1019, USA
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1019, USA
| | - Tomer Israely
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Nir Paran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness Ziona 74100, Israel
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53711, USA
- Department of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 108-8639 Tokyo, Japan
- The Research Center for Global Viral Diseases, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Research Institute, 162-8655 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Makino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1019, USA
- Department of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 108-8639 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noam Stern-Ginossar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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33
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Aghamirza Moghim Aliabadi H, Eivazzadeh‐Keihan R, Beig Parikhani A, Fattahi Mehraban S, Maleki A, Fereshteh S, Bazaz M, Zolriasatein A, Bozorgnia B, Rahmati S, Saberi F, Yousefi Najafabadi Z, Damough S, Mohseni S, Salehzadeh H, Khakyzadeh V, Madanchi H, Kardar GA, Zarrintaj P, Saeb MR, Mozafari M. COVID-19: A systematic review and update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e115. [PMID: 35281790 PMCID: PMC8906461 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the rapid onset of the COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in the world in 2019, extensive studies have been conducted to unveil the behavior and emission pattern of the virus in order to determine the best ways to diagnosis of virus and thereof formulate effective drugs or vaccines to combat the disease. The emergence of novel diagnostic and therapeutic techniques considering the multiplicity of reports from one side and contradictions in assessments from the other side necessitates instantaneous updates on the progress of clinical investigations. There is also growing public anxiety from time to time mutation of COVID-19, as reflected in considerable mortality and transmission, respectively, from delta and Omicron variants. We comprehensively review and summarize different aspects of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19. First, biological characteristics of COVID-19 were explained from diagnosis standpoint. Thereafter, the preclinical animal models of COVID-19 were discussed to frame the symptoms and clinical effects of COVID-19 from patient to patient with treatment strategies and in-silico/computational biology. Finally, the opportunities and challenges of nanoscience/nanotechnology in identification, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19 were discussed. This review covers almost all SARS-CoV-2-related topics extensively to deepen the understanding of the latest achievements (last updated on January 11, 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Aghamirza Moghim Aliabadi
- Protein Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of Medical BiotechnologyBiotechnology Research CenterPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
- Advance Chemical Studies LaboratoryFaculty of ChemistryK. N. Toosi UniversityTehranIran
| | | | - Arezoo Beig Parikhani
- Department of Medical BiotechnologyBiotechnology Research CenterPasteur InstituteTehranIran
| | | | - Ali Maleki
- Department of ChemistryIran University of Science and TechnologyTehranIran
| | | | - Masoume Bazaz
- Department of Medical BiotechnologyBiotechnology Research CenterPasteur InstituteTehranIran
| | | | | | - Saman Rahmati
- Department of Medical BiotechnologyBiotechnology Research CenterPasteur InstituteTehranIran
| | - Fatemeh Saberi
- Department of Medical BiotechnologySchool of Advanced Technologies in MedicineShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Zeinab Yousefi Najafabadi
- Department of Medical BiotechnologySchool of Advanced Technologies in MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- ImmunologyAsthma & Allergy Research InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Shadi Damough
- Department of Medical BiotechnologyBiotechnology Research CenterPasteur InstituteTehranIran
| | - Sara Mohseni
- Non‐metallic Materials Research GroupNiroo Research InstituteTehranIran
| | | | - Vahid Khakyzadeh
- Department of ChemistryK. N. Toosi University of TechnologyTehranIran
| | - Hamid Madanchi
- School of MedicineSemnan University of Medical SciencesSemnanIran
- Drug Design and Bioinformatics UnitDepartment of Medical BiotechnologyBiotechnology Research CenterPasteur Institute of IranTehranIran
| | - Gholam Ali Kardar
- Department of Medical BiotechnologySchool of Advanced Technologies in MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- ImmunologyAsthma & Allergy Research InstituteTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Payam Zarrintaj
- School of Chemical EngineeringOklahoma State UniversityStillwaterOklahomaUSA
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer TechnologyFaculty of ChemistryGdańsk University of TechnologyGdańskPoland
| | - Masoud Mozafari
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative MedicineIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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34
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Ghanam AR, Bryant WB, Miano JM. Of mice and human-specific long noncoding RNAs. Mamm Genome 2022; 33:281-292. [PMID: 35106622 PMCID: PMC8806012 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-022-09943-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The number of human LncRNAs has now exceeded all known protein-coding genes. Most studies of human LncRNAs have been conducted in cell culture systems where various mechanisms of action have been worked out. On the other hand, efforts to elucidate the function of human LncRNAs in an in vivo setting have been limited. In this brief review, we highlight some strengths and weaknesses of studying human LncRNAs in the mouse. Special consideration is given to bacterial artificial chromosome transgenesis and genome editing. The integration of these technical innovations offers an unprecedented opportunity to complement and extend the expansive literature of cell culture models for the study of human LncRNAs. Two different examples of how BAC transgenesis and genome editing can be leveraged to gain insight into human LncRNA regulation and function in mice are presented: the random integration of a vascular cell-enriched LncRNA and a targeted approach for a new LncRNA immediately upstream of the ACE2 gene, which encodes the receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent underlying the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr R Ghanam
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd, CL-3060, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - William B Bryant
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd, CL-3060, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Joseph M Miano
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, 1460 Laney Walker Blvd, CL-3060, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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35
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Bednash JS, Kagan VE, Englert JA, Farkas D, Tyurina YY, Tyurin VA, Samovich SN, Farkas L, Elhance A, Johns F, Lee H, Cheng L, Majumdar A, Jones D, Mejia OR, Ruane-Foster M, Londino JD, Mallampalli RK, Robinson RT. Syrian hamsters as a model of lung injury with SARS-CoV-2 infection: Pathologic, physiologic, and detailed molecular profiling. Transl Res 2022; 240:1-16. [PMID: 34740873 PMCID: PMC8562047 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common complication of severe COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection. Knowledge of molecular mechanisms driving host responses to SARS-CoV-2 is limited by the lack of reliable preclinical models of COVID-19 that recapitulate human illness. Further, existing COVID-19 animal models are not characterized as models of experimental acute lung injury (ALI) or ARDS. Acknowledging differences in experimental lung injury in animal models and human ARDS, here we systematically evaluate a model of experimental acute lung injury as a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Syrian golden hamsters. Following intranasal inoculation, hamsters demonstrate acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, viral pneumonia, and systemic illness but survive infection with clearance of virus. Hamsters exposed to SARS-CoV-2 exhibited key features of experimental ALI, including histologic evidence of lung injury, increased pulmonary permeability, acute inflammation, and hypoxemia. RNA sequencing of lungs indicated upregulation of inflammatory mediators that persisted after infection clearance. Lipidomic analysis demonstrated significant differences in hamster phospholipidome with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Lungs infected with SARS-CoV-2 showed increased apoptosis and ferroptosis. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters exhibit key features of experimental lung injury supporting their use as a preclinical model of COVID-19 ARDS.
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Key Words
- ards, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- ali, acute lung injury
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 2019
- sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2
- ace2, angiotensin converting enzyme 2
- bal, bronchoalveolar lavage
- ifit, inf-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats
- ifn, interferon
- ihc, immunohistochemistry
- il, interleukin
- mpo, myeloperoxidase
- ngs, next generation sequencing
- opls-da, orthogonal projection of latent structures - discriminate analysis
- pc, phosphatidylcholine
- pe, phosphatidylethanolamine
- pfu, plaque forming unit
- pla2, phospholipase a2
- tfrc, transferrin receptor protein 1
- vip, variable importance in projection
- voc, variant of concern
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Bednash
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua A Englert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Daniela Farkas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yulia Y Tyurina
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Vladimir A Tyurin
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Svetlana N Samovich
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Laszlo Farkas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ajit Elhance
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Finny Johns
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Hyunwook Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lijun Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Abhishek Majumdar
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Daniel Jones
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Oscar Rosas Mejia
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Marisa Ruane-Foster
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - James D Londino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Rama K Mallampalli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Richard T Robinson
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
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36
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Saravanan UB, Namachivayam M, Jeewon R, Huang JD, Durairajan SSK. Animal models for SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 pathogenesis, transmission and therapeutic evaluation. World J Virol 2022; 11:40-56. [PMID: 35117970 PMCID: PMC8788210 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v11.i1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need to develop animal models to alleviate vaccine and drug development difficulties against zoonotic viral infections. The coronavirus family, which includes severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, crossed the species barrier and infected humans, causing a global outbreak in the 21st century. Because humans do not have pre-existing immunity against these viral infections and with ethics governing clinical trials, animal models are therefore being used in clinical studies to facilitate drug discovery and testing efficacy of vaccines. The ideal animal models should reflect the viral replication, clinical signs, and pathological responses observed in humans. Different animal species should be tested to establish an appropriate animal model to study the disease pathology, transmission and evaluation of novel vaccine and drug candidates to treat coronavirus disease 2019. In this context, the present review summarizes the recent progress in developing animal models for these two pathogenic viruses and highlights the utility of these models in studying SARS-associated coronavirus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udhaya Bharathy Saravanan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur 610005, India
| | - Mayurikaa Namachivayam
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Tiruvarur 610005, India
| | - Rajesh Jeewon
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Mauritius, Reduit 80837, Mauritius
| | - Jian-Dong Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong Province, China
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Park JG, Pino PA, Akhter A, Alvarez X, Torrelles JB, Martinez-Sobrido L. Animal Models of COVID-19: Transgenic Mouse Model. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2452:259-289. [PMID: 35554912 PMCID: PMC9563002 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2111-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, and rapidly spread throughout the world, threatening global public health. An animal model is a valuable and a crucial tool that allows understanding of nature in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and its associated COVID-19 disease. Here we introduce detailed protocols of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease using C57BL/6 (B6) transgenic mice expressing the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) from the human cytokeratin 18 promoter (K18 hACE2). To mimic natural SARS-CoV-2 infection, K18 hACE2 transgenic mice are infected intranasally under anesthesia. Upon infection, viral pathogenesis is determined by monitoring changes in body weight (morbidity) and monitoring survival (mortality), cytokine/chemokine responses, gross-lung pathology, histopathology, and viral replication in tissues. The presence of the virus and viral replication is evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and viral titrations, respectively, from the upper (nasal turbinate) and the lower (lungs) respiratory tracts, and nervous system (brain). Also, the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is measured by cytokine/chemokine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) from lung, spleen and brain homogenates to characterize the cytokine storm that hallmarks as one of the major causes of death caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. This small rodent animal model based on the use of K18 hACE2 transgenic mice represents an excellent option to understand the pathogenicity of natural SARS-CoV-2 strains and its recently described Variants of Concern (VoC), and will be applicable to the identification and characterization of prophylactic (vaccine) and therapeutic (antiviral and/or neutralizing monoclonal antibodies) strategies for the prevention or treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection or its associated COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Gyu Park
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Paula A Pino
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Anwari Akhter
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Disease Intervention & Prevention and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Cavallieri F, Sellner J, Zedde M, Moro E. Neurologic complications of coronavirus and other respiratory viral infections. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 189:331-358. [PMID: 36031313 PMCID: PMC9418023 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-91532-8.00004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In humans, several respiratory viruses can have neurologic implications affecting both central and peripheral nervous system. Neurologic manifestations can be linked to viral neurotropism and/or indirect effects of the infection due to endothelitis with vascular damage and ischemia, hypercoagulation state with thrombosis and hemorrhages, systemic inflammatory response, autoimmune reactions, and other damages. Among these respiratory viruses, recent and huge attention has been given to the coronaviruses, especially the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic started in 2020. Besides the common respiratory symptoms and the lung tropism of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), neurologic manifestations are not rare and often present in the severe forms of the infection. The most common acute and subacute symptoms and signs include headache, fatigue, myalgia, anosmia, ageusia, sleep disturbances, whereas clinical syndromes include mainly encephalopathy, ischemic stroke, seizures, and autoimmune peripheral neuropathies. Although the pathogenetic mechanisms of COVID-19 in the various acute neurologic manifestations are partially understood, little is known about long-term consequences of the infection. These consequences concern both the so-called long-COVID (characterized by the persistence of neurological manifestations after the resolution of the acute viral phase), and the onset of new neurological symptoms that may be linked to the previous infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Cavallieri
- Neurology Unit, Neuromotor and Rehabilitation Department, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy,Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Johann Sellner
- Department of Neurology, Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, Mistelbach, Austria,Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Marialuisa Zedde
- Neurology Unit, Neuromotor and Rehabilitation Department, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Elena Moro
- Division of Neurology, CHU of Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, Grenoble, France,Correspondence to: Elena Moro, Service de neurologie, CHU de Grenoble (Hôpital Nord), Boulevard de la Chantourne, 38043 La Tronche, France. Tel: + 33-4-76-76-94-52, Fax: +33-4-76-76-56-31
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Frazzini S, Amadori M, Turin L, Riva F. SARS CoV-2 infections in animals, two years into the pandemic. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2503-2517. [PMID: 36207554 PMCID: PMC9543933 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In December 2019, several cases of pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus, later identified as SARS-CoV-2, were detected in the Chinese city of Wuhan. Due to its rapid worldwide spread, on 11 March 2020 the World Health Organization declared a pandemic state. Since this new virus is genetically similar to the coronaviruses of bats, SARS-CoV-2 was hypothesized to have a zoonotic origin. Within a year of the appearance of SARS-CoV-2, several cases of infection were also reported in animals, suggesting human-to-animal and animal-to-animal transmission among mammals. Natural infection has been found in companion animals as well as captive animals such as lions, tigers, and gorillas. Among farm animals, so far, minks have been found to be susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, whereas not all the relevant studies agree on the susceptibility of pigs. Experimental infections have documented the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 of further animal species, including mice, hamsters, cats, dogs, ferrets, raccoon dogs, cattle, and non-human primates. Experimental infections have proven crucial for clarifying the role of animals in transmission and developing models for viral pathogenesis and immunotherapy. On the whole, this review aims to update and critically revise the current information on natural and experimental SARS-CoV-2 infections in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Frazzini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Lauretta Turin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Riva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine (DIMEVET), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Onaolapo A, Onaolapo O. COVID-19, the Brain, and the Future: Is Infection by the Novel Coronavirus a Harbinger of Neurodegeneration? CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:818-829. [PMID: 34951374 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666211222162811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The possible impact of viral infections on the development or pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders remains largely unknown. However, there have been reports associating the influenza virus pandemic and long-term infection with the Japanese encephalitis virus with the development of post-encephalitic Parkinsonism or von Economo encephalitis. In the last one year plus, there has been a worldwide pandemic arising from infection with the novel coronavirus or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 which causes a severe acute respiratory syndrome that has become associated with central nervous system symptoms or complications. Its possible central nervous system involvement is in line with emerging scientific evidence which shows that the human respiratory coronaviruses can enter the brain, infect neural cells, persist in the brain, and cause activation of myelin-reactive T cells. Currently, there is a dearth of scientific information on the acute or possible long-term impact of infection with SARS-CoV-2 on the development of dementias and/or neurodegenerative diseases. This is not unrelated to the fact that the virus is 'new', and its effects on humans are still being studied. This narrative review examines extant literature for the impact of corona virus infections on the brain; as it considers the possibility that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) could increase the risk for the development of neurodegenerative diseases or hasten their progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adejoke Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience Unit, Neurobiology Subdivision Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State. Nigeria
| | - Olakunle Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience Unit, Neuropharmacology Subdivision, Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State. Nigeria
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Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and seasonal influenza viruses are co-circulating in the human population. However, only a few cases of viral co-infection with these two viruses have been documented in humans with some people having severe disease and others mild disease. In order to examine this phenomenon, ferrets were co-infected with SARS-CoV-2 and human seasonal influenza A viruses (IAVs) (H1N1 or H3N2) and were compared to animals that received each virus alone. Ferrets were either immunologically naïve to both viruses or vaccinated with the 2019-2020 split-inactivated influenza virus vaccine. Co-infected naive ferrets lost significantly more body weight than ferrets infected with each virus alone and induced more severe inflammation in both the nose and lungs than ferrets single-infected with each virus. Co-infected naïve animals had predominantly higher IAV titers than SARS-CoV-2 titers, and IAVs efficiently transmitted to the co-housed ferrets by direct contact. Comparatively, SARS-CoV-2 failed to transmit to the ferrets that co-housed with co-infected ferrets by direct contact. Moreover, vaccination significantly reduced IAVs virus titers and shortened the viral shedding, but did not completely block influenza virus direct contact transmission. Notably, vaccination significantly ameliorated the influenza associated disease by protecting vaccinated animals from severe morbidity after IAV single infection or IAV and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection, suggesting that seasonal influenza virus vaccination is pivotal to prevent severe disease induced by IAVs and SARS-CoV-2 co-infection during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Importance
Influenza A viruses cause severe morbidity and mortality during each influenza virus season. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the human population offers the opportunity to potential co-infections of both viruses. The development of useful animal models to asses pathogenesis, transmission, and viral evolution of these viruses as the co-infect a host is of critical importance for the development of vaccines and therapeutics. The ability to prevent the most severe effects of viral co-infections can be studied using effect co-infection ferret models described in this report.
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42
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Ku M, Authié P, Bourgine M, Anna F, Noirat A, Moncoq F, Vesin B, Nevo F, Lopez J, Souque P, Blanc C, Fert I, Chardenoux S, Lafosse L, Cussigh D, Hardy D, Nemirov K, Guinet F, Langa Vives F, Majlessi L, Charneau P. Brain cross-protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants by a lentiviral vaccine in new transgenic mice. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e14459. [PMID: 34647691 PMCID: PMC8646827 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines already in use or in clinical development may have reduced efficacy against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. In addition, although the neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2 is well established, the vaccine strategies currently developed have not taken into account protection of the central nervous system. Here, we generated a transgenic mouse strain expressing the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, and displaying unprecedented brain permissiveness to SARS-CoV-2 replication, in addition to high permissiveness levels in the lung. Using this stringent transgenic model, we demonstrated that a non-integrative lentiviral vector, encoding for the spike glycoprotein of the ancestral SARS-CoV-2, used in intramuscular prime and intranasal boost elicits sterilizing protection of lung and brain against both the ancestral virus, and the Gamma (P.1) variant of concern, which carries multiple vaccine escape mutations. Beyond induction of strong neutralizing antibodies, the mechanism underlying this broad protection spectrum involves a robust protective T-cell immunity, unaffected by the recent mutations accumulated in the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min‐Wen Ku
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Pierre Authié
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Maryline Bourgine
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - François Anna
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Amandine Noirat
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Fanny Moncoq
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Benjamin Vesin
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Fabien Nevo
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Jodie Lopez
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Philippe Souque
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Catherine Blanc
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Ingrid Fert
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Sébastien Chardenoux
- Plate‐Forme Centre d'Ingénierie Génétique Murine CIGMInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - llta Lafosse
- Plate‐Forme Centre d'Ingénierie Génétique Murine CIGMInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Delphine Cussigh
- Plate‐Forme Centre d'Ingénierie Génétique Murine CIGMInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - David Hardy
- Experimental Neuropatholgy UnitInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Kirill Nemirov
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Françoise Guinet
- Lymphocytes and Immunity UnitImmunology DepartmentInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Francina Langa Vives
- Plate‐Forme Centre d'Ingénierie Génétique Murine CIGMInstitut PasteurParisFrance
| | - Laleh Majlessi
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
| | - Pierre Charneau
- Virology DepartmentInstitut Pasteur‐TheraVectys Joint LabParisFrance
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Butowt R, von Bartheld CS. Anosmia in COVID-19: Underlying Mechanisms and Assessment of an Olfactory Route to Brain Infection. Neuroscientist 2021; 27:582-603. [PMID: 32914699 PMCID: PMC7488171 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420956905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent months it has emerged that the novel coronavirus-responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic-causes reduction of smell and taste in a large fraction of patients. The chemosensory deficits are often the earliest, and sometimes the only signs in otherwise asymptomatic carriers of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The reasons for the surprisingly early and specific chemosensory dysfunction in COVID-19 are now beginning to be elucidated. In this hypothesis review, we discuss implications of the recent finding that the prevalence of smell and taste dysfunction in COVID-19 patients differs between populations, possibly because of differences in the spike protein of different virus strains or because of differences in the host proteins that enable virus entry, thus modifying infectivity. We review recent progress in defining underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of the virus-induced anosmia, with a focus on the emerging crucial role of sustentacular cells in the olfactory epithelium. We critically examine the current evidence whether and how the SARS-CoV-2 virus can follow a route from the olfactory epithelium in the nose to the brain to achieve brain infection, and we discuss the prospects for using the smell and taste dysfunctions seen in COVID-19 as an early and rapid diagnostic screening tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Butowt
- Department of Molecular Cell Genetics, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Department of Anatomy, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Christopher S. von Bartheld
- Center of Biomedical Research Excellence in Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
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44
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Bakhtazad A, Garmabi B, Joghataei MT. Neurological manifestations of coronavirus infections, before and after COVID-19: a review of animal studies. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:864-884. [PMID: 34727365 PMCID: PMC8561685 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-01014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This virus, which was first identified in December 2019 in China, has resulted in a yet ongoing viral pandemic. Coronaviridae could potentially cause several disorders in a wide range of hosts such as birds and mammals. Although infections caused by this family of viruses are predominantly limited to the respiratory tract, Betacoronaviruses are potentially able to invade the central nervous system (CNS) as well as many other organs, thereby inducing neurological damage ranging from mild to lethal in both animals and humans. Over the past two decades, three novel CoVs, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, emerging from animal reservoirs have exhibited neurotropic properties causing severe and even fatal neurological diseases. The pathobiology of these neuroinvasive viruses has yet to be fully known. Both clinical features of the previous CoV epidemics (SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV) and lessons from animal models used in studying neurotropic CoVs, especially SARS and MERS, constitute beneficial tools in comprehending the exact mechanisms of virus implantation and in illustrating pathogenesis and virus dissemination pathways in the CNS. Here, we review the animal research which assessed CNS infections with previous more studied neurotropic CoVs to demonstrate how experimental studies with appliable animal models can provide scientists with a roadmap in the CNS impacts of SARS-CoV-2. Indeed, animal studies can finally help us discover the underlying mechanisms of damage to the nervous system in COVID-19 patients and find novel therapeutic agents in order to reduce mortality and morbidity associated with neurological complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Bakhtazad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center (CMRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, 1449614535 Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Garmabi
- School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Haft-Tir Sq, University Blv, 3614773947 Shahroud, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center (CMRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, 1449614535 Tehran, Iran
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45
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Bi Z, Hong W, Yang J, Lu S, Peng X. Animal models for SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathology. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:548-568. [PMID: 34909757 PMCID: PMC8662225 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the etiology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Current variants including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Lambda increase the capacity of infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2, which might disable the in-used therapies and vaccines. The COVID-19 has now put an enormous strain on health care system all over the world. Therefore, the development of animal models that can capture characteristics and immune responses observed in COVID-19 patients is urgently needed. Appropriate models could accelerate the testing of therapeutic drugs and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we aim to summarize the current animal models for SARS-CoV-2 infection, including mice, hamsters, nonhuman primates, and ferrets, and discuss the details of transmission, pathology, and immunology induced by SARS-CoV-2 in these animal models. We hope this could throw light to the increased usefulness in fundamental studies of COVID-19 and the preclinical analysis of vaccines and therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Bi
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Weiqi Hong
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug TargetState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyNational Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- National Kunming High‐level Biosafety Primate Research CenterInstitute of Medical BiologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeYunnanChina
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- National Kunming High‐level Biosafety Primate Research CenterInstitute of Medical BiologyChinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeYunnanChina
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46
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Renn M, Bartok E, Zillinger T, Hartmann G, Behrendt R. Animal models of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic interventions. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107931. [PMID: 34171328 PMCID: PMC8219947 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Infections of the Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 continue to spread around the globe, causing Coronavirus Disease (COVID)-19. Infected people are at risk of developing acute interstitial pneumonia, which can result in lethal complications, particularly in patients with pre-existing co-morbidities. Novel prophylactic and therapeutic interventions are urgently needed to limit the infection-associated health risk for the population and to contain the pandemic. Animal models are indispensable to assessing the efficacy and safety of potential new antivirals, vaccines, and other innovative therapies, such as nucleic acid agonists of innate immune sensing receptors. In this review, we provide an overview of the commonly used animal models to study SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, including a summary of their susceptibility to infection, the spectrum of symptoms elicited, and the potential for drug development in each model. We hope that this review will help researchers to decide on the right model organism to quickly address their specific scientific questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Renn
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Mildred Scheel School of Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Medical Faculty, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva Bartok
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Unit of Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Thomas Zillinger
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rayk Behrendt
- Institute for Immunology, Technische Universität Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, 01307 Dresden, Germany.
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Wan D, Du T, Hong W, Chen L, Que H, Lu S, Peng X. Neurological complications and infection mechanism of SARS-COV-2. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:406. [PMID: 34815399 PMCID: PMC8609271 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00818-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, SARS-CoV-2 has caused a global pandemic and threatened many lives. Although SARS-CoV-2 mainly causes respiratory diseases, growing data indicate that SARS-CoV-2 can also invade the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) causing multiple neurological diseases, such as encephalitis, encephalopathy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, meningitis, and skeletal muscular symptoms. Despite the increasing incidences of clinical neurological complications of SARS-CoV-2, the precise neuroinvasion mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 have not been fully established. In this review, we primarily describe the clinical neurological complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 and discuss the potential mechanisms through which SARS-CoV-2 invades the brain based on the current evidence. Finally, we summarize the experimental models were used to study SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion. These data form the basis for studies on the significance of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wan
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatricts, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Tingfu Du
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China
| | - Weiqi Hong
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatricts, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Li Chen
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatricts, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Haiying Que
- Laboratory of Aging Research and Cancer Drug Target, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatricts, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, 610041, Chengdu, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Shuaiyao Lu
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China.
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- National Kunming High-level Biosafety Primate Research Center, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular, Biology and Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Medical Primate Research Center, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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48
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Xu G, Li Y, Zhang S, Peng H, Wang Y, Li D, Jin T, He Z, Tong Y, Qi C, Wu G, Dong K, Gou J, Liu Y, Xiao T, Qu J, Li L, Liu L, Zhao P, Zhang Z, Yuan J. SARS-CoV-2 promotes RIPK1 activation to facilitate viral propagation. Cell Res 2021; 31:1230-1243. [PMID: 34663909 PMCID: PMC8522117 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-021-00578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is the ongoing global pandemic that poses substantial challenges to public health worldwide. A subset of COVID-19 patients experience systemic inflammatory response, known as cytokine storm, which may lead to death. Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) is an important mediator of inflammation and cell death. Here, we examined the interaction of RIPK1-mediated innate immunity with SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found evidence of RIPK1 activation in human COVID-19 lung pathological samples, and cultured human lung organoids and ACE2 transgenic mice infected by SARS-CoV-2. Inhibition of RIPK1 using multiple small-molecule inhibitors reduced the viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in human lung organoids. Furthermore, therapeutic dosing of the RIPK1 inhibitor Nec-1s reduced mortality and lung viral load, and blocked the CNS manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 in ACE2 transgenic mice. Mechanistically, we found that the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2, NSP12, a highly conserved central component of coronaviral replication and transcription machinery, promoted the activation of RIPK1. Furthermore, NSP12 323L variant, encoded by the SARS-CoV-2 C14408T variant first detected in Lombardy, Italy, that carries a Pro323Leu amino acid substitution in NSP12, showed increased ability to activate RIPK1. Inhibition of RIPK1 downregulated the transcriptional induction of proinflammatory cytokines and host factors including ACE2 and EGFR that promote viral entry into cells. Our results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 may have an unexpected and unusual ability to hijack the RIPK1-mediated host defense response to promote its own propagation and that inhibition of RIPK1 may provide a therapeutic option for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xu
- Institute of Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Li
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengyuan Zhang
- Institute of Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Haoran Peng
- Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunyun Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dekang Li
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd, Pudong, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Taijie Jin
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuohao He
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilun Tong
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd, Pudong, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunting Qi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Guowei Wu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd, Pudong, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kangyun Dong
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd, Pudong, Shanghai, China
| | - Jizhou Gou
- Department for Pathology, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tongyang Xiao
- Institute of Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanshan, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanshan, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute of Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Junying Yuan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Rd, Pudong, Shanghai, China.
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49
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Jergović M, Coplen CP, Uhrlaub JL, Nikolich-Žugich J. Immune response to COVID-19 in older adults. J Heart Lung Transplant 2021; 40:1082-1089. [PMID: 34140221 PMCID: PMC8111884 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the third highly pathogenic coronavirus to emerge in the human population in last two decades. SARS-CoV-2 spread from Wuhan, China, across the globe, causing an unprecedented public healthcare crisis. The virus showed remarkable age dependent pathology, with symptoms resembling common cold in most adults and children while causing more severe respiratory distress and significant mortality in older and frail humans. Even before the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak infectious diseases represented one of the major causes of death of older adults. Loss of immune function and reduced protection from infectious agents with age - immunosenescence - is a result of complex mechanisms affecting production and maintenance of immune cells as well as the initiation, maintenance and termination of properly directed immune responses. Here we briefly discuss the current knowledge on how this process affects age-dependent outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mladen Jergović
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, Arizona; University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, Arizona.
| | - Christopher P Coplen
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, Arizona; University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jennifer L Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, Arizona; University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, Arizona; University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, Arizona
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50
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Knight AC, Montgomery SA, Fletcher CA, Baxter VK. Mouse Models for the Study of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Comp Med 2021; 71:383-397. [PMID: 34610856 PMCID: PMC8594264 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-21-000031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mice are an invaluable resource for studying virus-induced disease. They are a small, genetically modifiable animal for which a large arsenal of genetic and immunologic tools is available for evaluation of pathogenesis and potential vaccines and therapeutics. SARS-CoV-2, the betacoronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, does not naturally replicate in wild-type mice, due to structural differences between human and mouse ACE2, the primary receptor for SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells. However, several mouse strains have been developed that allow for SARS-CoV-2 replication and clinical disease. Two broad strategies have primarily been deployed for developing mouse strains susceptible to COVID-19-like disease: adding in the human ACE2 gene and adapting the virus to the mouse ACE2 receptor. Both approaches result in mice that develop several of the clinical and pathologic hallmarks of COVID-19, including acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute lung injury. In this review, we describe key acute pulmonary and extrapulmonary pathologic changes seen in COVID-19 patients that mouse models of SARS-CoV-2 infection ideally replicate, the essential development of mouse models for the study of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome and the basis of many of the models of COVID-19, and key clinical and pathologic features of currently available mouse models of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Key Words
- aav, adeno-associated virus
- ace2, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- ali, acute lung injury
- ards, acute respiratory distress syndrome
- covid-19, coronavirus disease 19
- dad, diffuse alveolar damage
- dpi, days postinfection
- dpp4, dipeptidyl peptidase 4
- hace2, human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- mace2, mouse angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- mers, middle eastern respiratory syndrome
- mers-cov, middle eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- sars, severe acute respiratory syndrome
- sars-cov, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- sars-cov-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey C Knight
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Stephanie A Montgomery
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Craig A Fletcher
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Victoria K Baxter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Division of Comparative Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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