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Fajar S, Dwi SP, Nur IS, Wahyu AP, Sukamto S M, Winda AR, Nastiti W, Andri F, Firzan N. Zebrafish as a model organism for virus disease research: Current status and future directions. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33865. [PMID: 39071624 PMCID: PMC11282986 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish (Danio rerio) have emerged as valuable models for investigating viral infections, providing insights into viral pathogenesis, host responses, and potential therapeutic interventions. This review offers a comprehensive synthesis of research on viral infections using zebrafish models, focusing on the molecular mechanisms of viral action and host-virus interactions. Zebrafish models have been instrumental in elucidating the replication dynamics, tissue tropism, and immune evasion strategies of various viruses, including Chikungunya virus, Dengue virus, Herpes Simplex Virus type 1, and Influenza A virus. Additionally, studies utilizing zebrafish have evaluated the efficacy of antiviral compounds and natural agents against emerging viruses such as SARS-CoV-2, Zika virus, and Dengue virus. The optical transparency and genetic tractability of zebrafish embryos enable real-time visualization of viral infections, facilitating the study of viral spread and immune responses. Despite challenges such as temperature compatibility and differences in host receptors, zebrafish models offer unique advantages, including cost-effectiveness, high-throughput screening capabilities, and conservation of key immune pathways. Importantly, zebrafish models complement existing animal models, providing a platform for rapid evaluation of potential therapeutics and a deeper understanding of viral pathogenesis. This review underscores the significance of zebrafish research in advancing our understanding of viral diseases and highlights future research directions to combat infectious diseases effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofyantoro Fajar
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Sendi Priyono Dwi
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Mamada Sukamto S
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
| | | | - Wijayanti Nastiti
- Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Frediansyah Andri
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing (PRTPP), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Yogyakarta 55861, Indonesia
| | - Nainu Firzan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, 90245, Indonesia
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2
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Lee CY. Exploring Potential Intermediates in the Cross-Species Transmission of Influenza A Virus to Humans. Viruses 2024; 16:1129. [PMID: 39066291 PMCID: PMC11281536 DOI: 10.3390/v16071129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus (IAV) has been a major cause of several pandemics, underscoring the importance of elucidating its transmission dynamics. This review investigates potential intermediate hosts in the cross-species transmission of IAV to humans, focusing on the factors that facilitate zoonotic events. We evaluate the roles of various animal hosts, including pigs, galliformes, companion animals, minks, marine mammals, and other animals, in the spread of IAV to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea;
- Untreatable Infectious Disease Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
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3
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Tayebwa DS, Hyeroba D, Dunn CD, Dunay E, Richard JC, Biryomumaisho S, Acai JO, Goldberg TL. Viruses of free-roaming and hunting dogs in Uganda show elevated prevalence, richness and abundance across a gradient of contact with wildlife. J Gen Virol 2024; 105:002011. [PMID: 39045787 PMCID: PMC11316573 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.002011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) live with humans, frequently contact other animals and may serve as intermediary hosts for the transmission of viruses. Free-roaming dogs, which account for over 70% of the world's domestic dog population, may pose a particularly high risk in this regard. We conducted an epidemiological study of dog viromes in three locations in Uganda, representing low, medium and high rates of contact with wildlife, ranging from dogs owned specifically for traditional hunting in a biodiversity and disease 'hotspot' to pets in an affluent suburb. We quantified rates of contact between dogs and wildlife through owner interviews and conducted canine veterinary health assessments. We then applied broad-spectrum viral metagenomics to blood plasma samples, from which we identified 46 viruses, 44 of which were previously undescribed, in three viral families, Sedoreoviridae, Parvoviridae and Anelloviridae. All 46 viruses (100 %) occurred in the high-contact population of dogs compared to 63 % and 39 % in the medium- and low-contact populations, respectively. Viral prevalence ranged from 2.1 % to 92.0 % among viruses and was highest, on average, in the high-contact population (22.3 %), followed by the medium-contact (12.3 %) and low-contact (4.8 %) populations. Viral richness (number of viruses per dog) ranged from 0 to 27 and was markedly higher, on average, in the high-contact population (10.2) than in the medium-contact (5.7) or low-contact (2.3) populations. Viral richness was strongly positively correlated with the number of times per year that a dog was fed wildlife and negatively correlated with the body condition score, body temperature and packed cell volume. Viral abundance (cumulative normalized metagenomic read density) varied 124-fold among dogs and was, on average, 4.1-fold higher and 2.4-fold higher in the high-contact population of dogs than in the low-contact or medium-contact populations, respectively. Viral abundance was also strongly positively correlated with the number of times per year that a dog was fed wildlife, negatively correlated with packed cell volume and positively correlated with white blood cell count. These trends were driven by nine viruses in the family Anelloviridae, genus Thetatorquevirus, and by one novel virus in the family Sedoreoviridae, genus Orbivirus. The genus Orbivirus contains zoonotic viruses and viruses that dogs can acquire through ingestion of infected meat. Overall, our findings show that viral prevalence, richness and abundance increased across a gradient of contact between dogs and wildlife and that the health status of the dog modified viral infection. Other ecological, geographic and social factors may also have contributed to these trends. Our finding of a novel orbivirus in dogs with high wildlife contact supports the idea that free-roaming dogs may serve as intermediary hosts for viruses of medical importance to humans and other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickson S. Tayebwa
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacy Clinical and Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David Hyeroba
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacy Clinical and Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Christopher D. Dunn
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Emily Dunay
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Jordan C. Richard
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
| | - Savino Biryomumaisho
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacy Clinical and Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - James O. Acai
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacy Clinical and Comparative Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Tony L. Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1656 Linden Drive, Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, USA
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4
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Feoktistova S, Degtyarev E, Abramov I, Artemyev V, Osipova AV, Baratova IV, Kholodkova A, Rudev N, Volchkov P, Deviatkin A. The complete coding sequence of Influenza A/Unknown/Chelyabinsk/206/H7N4. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0031224. [PMID: 38767400 PMCID: PMC11237374 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00312-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
An influenza virus strain was obtained during a bird surveillance study in 2023 near Lake Chebarkul in the Chelyabinsk region, Russia. This complete coding genome sequence of the virus sampled from the Ural region significantly expands the knowledge about the spread of the H7N4 subtype of the influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Feoktistova
- Research Institute of Autoimmune and Orphan Diseases, Federal Research Center for Innovator and Emerging Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Moscow, Russia
| | - E Degtyarev
- Research Institute of Autoimmune and Orphan Diseases, Federal Research Center for Innovator and Emerging Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Moscow, Russia
| | - I Abramov
- Сenter for personalized medicine, The MCSC named after A.S.Loginov, Moscow, Russia
| | - V Artemyev
- Research Institute of Autoimmune and Orphan Diseases, Federal Research Center for Innovator and Emerging Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alena V Osipova
- Сenter for personalized medicine, The MCSC named after A.S.Loginov, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin NMRCO, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V Baratova
- Сenter for personalized medicine, The MCSC named after A.S.Loginov, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Kholodkova
- Research Institute of Autoimmune and Orphan Diseases, Federal Research Center for Innovator and Emerging Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Moscow, Russia
| | - N Rudev
- Research Institute of Autoimmune and Orphan Diseases, Federal Research Center for Innovator and Emerging Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Moscow, Russia
| | - P Volchkov
- Research Institute of Autoimmune and Orphan Diseases, Federal Research Center for Innovator and Emerging Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Moscow, Russia
- Сenter for personalized medicine, The MCSC named after A.S.Loginov, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Deviatkin
- Research Institute of Autoimmune and Orphan Diseases, Federal Research Center for Innovator and Emerging Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Moscow, Russia
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5
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Zhuang Y, Wang M, Liang L, Mao Y, Wang K, Yang S, Deng A, Zeng K, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Kang M, Li B, Zhang M, Ye S. First Known Human Death After Infection With the Avian Influenza A/H3N8 Virus: Guangdong Province, China, March 2023. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78:646-650. [PMID: 37555762 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report on a case of human infection with the H3N8 avian influenza virus. The patient had multiple myeloma and died of severe infection. Genome analysis showed multiple gene mutations and reassortments without mammalian-adaptive mutations. This suggests that avian influenza (A/H3N8) virus infection could be lethal for immunocompromised persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhuang
- Institute of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Man Wang
- General Office, Zhongshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhongshan, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Liang
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yunxia Mao
- Institute of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Zhongshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhongshan, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Kaibin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Field Epidemiology Training Program, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Department of Disinfection and Vector Control, Guangzhou Tianhe District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Shuhuan Yang
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Zhongshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhongshan, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Aiping Deng
- Institute of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Kewen Zeng
- Department of Prevention & Healthcare, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yingtao Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Guanting Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Min Kang
- Institute of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Baisheng Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Shinan Ye
- General Office, Zhongshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhongshan, Guangdong, P.R. China
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6
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Leong SL, Gras S, Grant EJ. Fighting flu: novel CD8 + T-cell targets are required for future influenza vaccines. Clin Transl Immunology 2024; 13:e1491. [PMID: 38362528 PMCID: PMC10867544 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza viruses continue to cause severe medical and financial complications annually. Although there are many licenced influenza vaccines, there are billions of cases of influenza infection every year, resulting in the death of over half a million individuals. Furthermore, these figures can rise in the event of a pandemic, as seen throughout history, like the 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic (50 million deaths) and the 1968 Hong Kong influenza pandemic (~4 million deaths). In this review, we have summarised many of the currently licenced influenza vaccines available across the world and current vaccines in clinical trials. We then briefly discuss the important role of CD8+ T cells during influenza infection and why future influenza vaccines should consider targeting CD8+ T cells. Finally, we assess the current landscape of known immunogenic CD8+ T-cell epitopes and highlight the knowledge gaps required to be filled for the design of rational future influenza vaccines that incorporate CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Liwei Leong
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
| | - Emma J Grant
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular ScienceLa Trobe UniversityBundooraVICAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery InstituteMonash UniversityClaytonVICAustralia
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7
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Trovão NS, Khan SM, Lemey P, Nelson MI, Cherry JL. Comparative evolution of influenza A virus H1 and H3 head and stalk domains across host species. mBio 2024; 15:e0264923. [PMID: 38078770 PMCID: PMC10886446 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02649-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE For decades, researchers have studied the rapid evolution of influenza A viruses for vaccine design and as a useful model system for the study of host/parasite evolution. By performing an exhaustive analysis of hemagglutinin protein (HA) sequences from 49 lineages independently evolving in birds, swine, canines, equines, and humans over the last century, our work uncovers surprising features of HA evolution. In particular, the canine H3 stalk, unlike human H3 and H1 stalk domains, is not evolving slowly, suggesting that evolution in the stalk domain is not universally constrained across all host species. Therefore, a broader multi-host perspective on HA evolution may be useful during the evaluation and design of stalk-targeted vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidia S Trovão
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sairah M Khan
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Philippe Lemey
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martha I Nelson
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua L Cherry
- Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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8
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Chestakova IV, van der Linden A, Bellido Martin B, Caliendo V, Vuong O, Thewessen S, Hartung T, Bestebroer T, Dekker J, Jonge Poerink B, Gröne A, Koopmans M, Fouchier R, van den Brand JMA, Sikkema RS. High number of HPAI H5 virus infections and antibodies in wild carnivores in the Netherlands, 2020-2022. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2270068. [PMID: 37842795 PMCID: PMC10732216 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2270068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
In October 2020, a new lineage of a clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI virus of the H5 subtype emerged in Europe, resulting in the largest global outbreak of HPAI to date, with unprecedented mortality in wild birds and poultry. The virus appears to have become enzootic in birds, continuously yielding novel HPAI virus variants. The recently increased abundance of infected birds worldwide increases the probability of bird-mammal contact, particularly in wild carnivores. Here, we performed molecular and serological screening of over 500 dead wild carnivores and sequencing of RNA positive materials. We show virological evidence for HPAI H5 virus infection in 0.8%, 1.4%, and 9.9% of animals tested in 2020, 2021, and 2022 respectively, with the highest proportion of positives in foxes, polecats and stone martens. We obtained near full genomes of 7 viruses and detected PB2 amino acid substitutions known to play a role in mammalian adaptation in three sequences. Infections were also found in without neurological signs or mortality. Serological evidence for infection was detected in 20% of the study population. These findings suggests that a high proportion of wild carnivores is infected but undetected in current surveillance programmes. We recommend increased surveillance in susceptible mammals, irrespective of neurological signs or encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Valentina Caliendo
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Oanh Vuong
- Department of Viroscience, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Thewessen
- Department of Viroscience, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tijmen Hartung
- Department of Viroscience, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasja Dekker
- Jasja Dekker Dierecologie B.V., Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andrea Gröne
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith M. A. van den Brand
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Reina S. Sikkema
- Department of Viroscience, ErasmusMC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Jang H, Matsuoka M, Freire M. Oral mucosa immunity: ultimate strategy to stop spreading of pandemic viruses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1220610. [PMID: 37928529 PMCID: PMC10622784 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1220610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Global pandemics are most likely initiated via zoonotic transmission to humans in which respiratory viruses infect airways with relevance to mucosal systems. Out of the known pandemics, five were initiated by respiratory viruses including current ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Striking progress in vaccine development and therapeutics has helped ameliorate the mortality and morbidity by infectious agents. Yet, organism replication and virus spread through mucosal tissues cannot be directly controlled by parenteral vaccines. A novel mitigation strategy is needed to elicit robust mucosal protection and broadly neutralizing activities to hamper virus entry mechanisms and inhibit transmission. This review focuses on the oral mucosa, which is a critical site of viral transmission and promising target to elicit sterile immunity. In addition to reviewing historic pandemics initiated by the zoonotic respiratory RNA viruses and the oral mucosal tissues, we discuss unique features of the oral immune responses. We address barriers and new prospects related to developing novel therapeutics to elicit protective immunity at the mucosal level to ultimately control transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesun Jang
- Genomic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Michele Matsuoka
- Genomic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Marcelo Freire
- Genomic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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10
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Olmos Liceaga D, Nunes SF, Saenz RA. Ex Vivo Experiments Shed Light on the Innate Immune Response from Influenza Virus. Bull Math Biol 2023; 85:115. [PMID: 37833614 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-023-01217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response is recognized as a key driver in controlling an influenza virus infection in a host. However, the mechanistic action of such innate response is not fully understood. Infection experiments on ex vivo explants from swine trachea represent an efficient alternative to animal experiments, as the explants conserved key characteristics of an organ from an animal. In the present work we compare three cellular automata models of influenza virus dynamics. The models are fitted to free virus and infected cells data from ex vivo swine trachea experiments. Our findings suggest that the presence of an immune response is necessary to explain the observed dynamics in ex vivo organ culture. Moreover, such immune response should include a refractory state for epithelial cells, and not just a reduced infection rate. Our results may shed light on how the immune system responds to an infection event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Olmos Liceaga
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Luis Encinas S/N, Col Centro, 83000, Hermosillo, SON, Mexico
| | - Sandro Filipe Nunes
- Cambridge Infectious Disease Consortium, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
- Animal Sciences and Technologies, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R &D, Pepparedsleden 1, SE-43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Roberto A Saenz
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Colima, Bernal Díaz del Castillo 340, Col Villas de San Sebastián, 28045, Colima, COL, Mexico.
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11
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Alfaro M, Hamel F, Patout F, Roques L. Adaptation in a heterogeneous environment II: to be three or not to be. J Math Biol 2023; 87:68. [PMID: 37814160 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-023-01996-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
We propose a model to describe the adaptation of a phenotypically structured population in a H-patch environment connected by migration, with each patch associated with a different phenotypic optimum, and we perform a rigorous mathematical analysis of this model. We show that the large-time behaviour of the solution (persistence or extinction) depends on the sign of a principal eigenvalue, [Formula: see text], and we study the dependency of [Formula: see text] with respect to H. This analysis sheds new light on the effect of increasing the number of patches on the persistence of a population, which has implications in agroecology and for understanding zoonoses; in such cases we consider a pathogenic population and the patches correspond to different host species. The occurrence of a springboard effect, where the addition of a patch contributes to persistence, or on the contrary the emergence of a detrimental effect by increasing the number of patches on the persistence, depends in a rather complex way on the respective positions in the phenotypic space of the optimal phenotypes associated with each patch. From a mathematical point of view, an important part of the difficulty in dealing with [Formula: see text], compared to [Formula: see text] or [Formula: see text], comes from the lack of symmetry. Our results, which are based on a fixed point theorem, comparison principles, integral estimates, variational arguments, rearrangement techniques, and numerical simulations, provide a better understanding of these dependencies. In particular, we propose a precise characterisation of the situations where the addition of a third patch increases or decreases the chances of persistence, compared to a situation with only two patches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Alfaro
- Univ. Rouen Normandie, LMRS, CNRS, Rouen, France
- INRAE, BioSP, 84914, Avignon, France
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12
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Wasik BR, Rothschild E, Voorhees IEH, Reedy SE, Murcia PR, Pusterla N, Chambers TM, Goodman LB, Holmes EC, Kile JC, Parrish CR. Understanding the divergent evolution and epidemiology of H3N8 influenza viruses in dogs and horses. Virus Evol 2023; 9:vead052. [PMID: 37692894 PMCID: PMC10484056 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vead052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-species virus transmission events can lead to dire public health emergencies in the form of epidemics and pandemics. One example in animals is the emergence of the H3N8 equine influenza virus (EIV), first isolated in 1963 in Miami, FL, USA, after emerging among horses in South America. In the early 21st century, the American lineage of EIV diverged into two 'Florida' clades that persist today, while an EIV transferred to dogs around 1999 and gave rise to the H3N8 canine influenza virus (CIV), first reported in 2004. Here, we compare CIV in dogs and EIV in horses to reveal their host-specific evolution, to determine the sources and connections between significant outbreaks, and to gain insight into the factors controlling their different evolutionary fates. H3N8 CIV only circulated in North America, was geographically restricted after the first few years, and went extinct in 2016. Of the two EIV Florida clades, clade 1 circulates widely and shows frequent transfers between the USA and South America, Europe and elsewhere, while clade 2 was globally distributed early after it emerged, but since about 2018 has only been detected in Central Asia. Any potential zoonotic threat of these viruses to humans can only be determined with an understanding of its natural history and evolution. Our comparative analysis of these three viral lineages reveals distinct patterns and rates of sequence variation yet with similar overall evolution between clades, suggesting epidemiological intervention strategies for possible eradication of H3N8 EIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Wasik
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Evin Rothschild
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ian E H Voorhees
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Stephanie E Reedy
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Pablo R Murcia
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, School of Infection and Immunity, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, Scotland
| | - Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine & Epidemiology, School Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Thomas M Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Science, Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Laura B Goodman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Public and Ecosystems Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - James C Kile
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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13
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Sandybayev N, Strochkov V, Beloussov V, Orkara S, Kydyrmanov A, Khan Y, Batanova Z, Kassenov M. Evaluation of a novel real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for identifying H3 equine influenza virus in Kazakhstan. Vet World 2023; 16:1682-1689. [PMID: 37766711 PMCID: PMC10521171 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1682-1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious disease that causes fever and upper respiratory tract inflammation. It is caused by influenza virus A, belonging to the Orthomyxoviridae family, with subtypes H3N8 and H7N7. This study presents data on the development of a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay using TaqMan probes to detect the H3 subtype of EI virus (EIV). Materials and Methods The evaluation of the developed RT-PCR assay involved five strains of EIV as positive controls and ten nasopharyngeal swab samples collected from horses. RNA was isolated using the GeneJet Viral DNA and RNA Purification Kit, and primers and probes were designed using the Integrated DNA Technology PrimerQuest Tool. The assay was optimized by investigating the annealing temperature, primer and probes concentrations, sensitivity, and specificity. Sequencing was performed using the Thermo Fisher 3130 Genetic Analyzer, and the evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method. Results The designed primers and probes, targeting the H3 gene, were found to be specific to the EIV. The RT-PCR assay was capable of detecting as low as 50 femtogram (f) or 3 × 103 copies of genomic RNA. No cross-reactions were observed with other respiratory viral and bacterial pathogens, indicating the high specificity of the assay. To evaluate its effectiveness, ten nasopharyngeal swab samples collected from farms in North Kazakhstan regions during disease monitoring were analyzed. The accuracy of the analysis was confirmed by comparing the results with those obtained from a commercial RT-PCR assay for EI identification. The developed RT-PCR assay exhibited high sensitivity and specificity for detecting the EIV. Conclusion The results demonstrate that the developed RT-PCR assay is suitable for diagnosing EI. This simple, highly sensitive, and specific assay for detecting H3 EIV can be a reliable tool for diagnosing and surveilling EI. Implementing this RT-PCR assay in veterinary practice will enhance and expedite the timely response to potential outbreaks of EI, thus positively impacting the overall epizootic well-being of EI in Kazakhstan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurlan Sandybayev
- Kazakhstan-Japan Innovation Centre, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, 050010 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Vitaliy Strochkov
- Kazakhstan-Japan Innovation Centre, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, 050010 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Shynggys Orkara
- Kazakhstan-Japan Innovation Centre, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, 050010 Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Aidyn Kydyrmanov
- Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan
| | - Yelizaveta Khan
- Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhanat Batanova
- Faculty of Veterinary, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan
| | - Markhabat Kassenov
- Laboratory of Virology, Kazakh Scientific Research Veterinary Institute, Almaty 050016, Kazakhstan
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14
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Chen P, Jin Z, Peng L, Zheng Z, Cheung YM, Guan J, Chen L, Huang Y, Fan X, Zhang Z, Shi D, Xie J, Chen R, Xiao B, Yip CH, Smith DK, Hong W, Liu Y, Li L, Wang J, Holmes EC, Lam TTY, Zhu H, Guan Y. Characterization of an Emergent Chicken H3N8 Influenza Virus in Southern China: a Potential Threat to Public Health. J Virol 2023; 97:e0043423. [PMID: 37289052 PMCID: PMC10308888 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00434-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although influenza A viruses of several subtypes have occasionally infected humans, to date only those of the H1, H2, and H3 subtypes have led to pandemics and become established in humans. The detection of two human infections by avian H3N8 viruses in April and May of 2022 raised pandemic concerns. Recent studies have shown the H3N8 viruses were introduced into humans from poultry, although their genesis, prevalence, and transmissibility in mammals have not been fully elucidated. Findings generated from our systematic influenza surveillance showed that this H3N8 influenza virus was first detected in chickens in July 2021 and then disseminated and became established in chickens over wider regions of China. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the H3 HA and N8 NA were derived from avian viruses prevalent in domestic ducks in the Guangxi-Guangdong region, while all internal genes were from enzootic poultry H9N2 viruses. The novel H3N8 viruses form independent lineages in the glycoprotein gene trees, but their internal genes are mixed with those of H9N2 viruses, indicating continuous gene exchange among these viruses. Experimental infection of ferrets with three chicken H3N8 viruses showed transmission through direct contact and inefficient transmission by airborne exposure. Examination of contemporary human sera detected only very limited antibody cross-reaction to these viruses. The continuing evolution of these viruses in poultry could pose an ongoing pandemic threat. IMPORTANCE A novel H3N8 virus with demonstrated zoonotic potential has emerged and disseminated in chickens in China. It was generated by reassortment between avian H3 and N8 virus(es) and long-term enzootic H9N2 viruses present in southern China. This H3N8 virus has maintained independent H3 and N8 gene lineages but continues to exchange internal genes with other H9N2 viruses to form novel variants. Our experimental studies showed that these H3N8 viruses were transmissible in ferrets, and serological data suggest that the human population lacks effective immunological protection against it. With its wide geographical distribution and continuing evolution in chickens, other spillovers to humans can be expected and might lead to more efficient transmission in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiwen Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU), Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Advanced Pathogen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziying Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Advanced Pathogen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Liuxia Peng
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU), Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zuoyi Zheng
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU), Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiu-Man Cheung
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jing Guan
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU), Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Advanced Pathogen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Liming Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU), Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiteng Huang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU), Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohui Fan
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zengfeng Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Dongmei Shi
- Advanced Pathogen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin Xie
- Advanced Pathogen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Rirong Chen
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU), Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Boheng Xiao
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU), Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chun Hung Yip
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Advanced Pathogen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - David K. Smith
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU), Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wenshan Hong
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU), Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lifeng Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU), Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Advanced Pathogen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU), Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Advanced Pathogen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tommy Tsan-Yuk Lam
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU), Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Advanced Pathogen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huachen Zhu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU), Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Advanced Pathogen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yi Guan
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Joint Institute of Virology (STU/HKU), Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases (SKLEID), School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Advanced Pathogen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong SAR, China
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15
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Abdelwhab EM, Mettenleiter TC. Zoonotic Animal Influenza Virus and Potential Mixing Vessel Hosts. Viruses 2023; 15:980. [PMID: 37112960 PMCID: PMC10145017 DOI: 10.3390/v15040980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae with a negative-sense, single-stranded segmented RNA genome. They infect a wide range of animals, including humans. From 1918 to 2009, there were four influenza pandemics, which caused millions of casualties. Frequent spillover of animal influenza viruses to humans with or without intermediate hosts poses a serious zoonotic and pandemic threat. The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic overshadowed the high risk raised by animal influenza viruses, but highlighted the role of wildlife as a reservoir for pandemic viruses. In this review, we summarize the occurrence of animal influenza virus in humans and describe potential mixing vessel or intermediate hosts for zoonotic influenza viruses. While several animal influenza viruses possess a high zoonotic risk (e.g., avian and swine influenza viruses), others are of low to negligible zoonotic potential (e.g., equine, canine, bat and bovine influenza viruses). Transmission can occur directly from animals, particularly poultry and swine, to humans or through reassortant viruses in "mixing vessel" hosts. To date, there are less than 3000 confirmed human infections with avian-origin viruses and less than 7000 subclinical infections documented. Likewise, only a few hundreds of confirmed human cases caused by swine influenza viruses have been reported. Pigs are the historic mixing vessel host for the generation of zoonotic influenza viruses due to the expression of both avian-type and human-type receptors. Nevertheless, there are a number of hosts which carry both types of receptors and can act as a potential mixing vessel host. High vigilance is warranted to prevent the next pandemic caused by animal influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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16
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Chen M, Lyu Y, Wu F, Zhang Y, Li H, Wang R, Liu Y, Yang X, Zhou L, Zhang M, Tong Q, Sun H, Pu J, Liu J, Sun Y. Increased public health threat of avian-origin H3N2 influenza virus caused by its evolution in dogs. eLife 2023; 12:e83470. [PMID: 37021778 PMCID: PMC10147381 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses in animal reservoirs repeatedly cross species barriers to infect humans. Dogs are the closest companion animals to humans, but the role of dogs in the ecology of influenza viruses is unclear. H3N2 avian influenza viruses were transmitted to dogs around 2006 and have formed stable lineages. The long-term epidemic of avian-origin H3N2 virus in canines offers the best models to investigate the effect of dogs on the evolution of influenza viruses. Here, we carried out a systematic and comparative identification of the biological characteristics of H3N2 canine influenza viruses (CIVs) isolated worldwide over 10 years. We found that, during adaptation in dogs, H3N2 CIVs became able to recognize the human-like SAα2,6-Gal receptor, showed gradually increased hemagglutination (HA) acid stability and replication ability in human airway epithelial cells, and acquired a 100% transmission rate via respiratory droplets in a ferret model. We also found that human populations lack immunity to H3N2 CIVs, and even preexisting immunity derived from the present human seasonal influenza viruses cannot provide protection against H3N2 CIVs. Our results showed that canines may serve as intermediates for the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to humans. Continuous surveillance coordinated with risk assessment for CIVs is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yanli Lyu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Fan Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Medical Centre, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Hongkui Li
- Liaoning Agricultural Development Service CenterShenyangChina
| | - Rui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yang Liu
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xinyu Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Liwei Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of GeorgiaAthensUnited States
| | - Qi Tong
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Honglei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Juan Pu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jinhua Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yipeng Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Avian Influenza and Other Major Poultry Diseases and Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
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17
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Raj S, Vishwakarma P, Saxena S, Kumar V, Khatri R, Kumar A, Singh M, Mishra S, Asthana S, Ahmed S, Samal S. Intradermal Immunization of Soluble Influenza HA Derived from a Lethal Virus Induces High Magnitude and Breadth of Antibody Responses and Provides Complete Protection In Vivo. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040780. [PMID: 37112692 PMCID: PMC10141624 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunogens mimicking the native-like structure of surface-exposed viral antigens are considered promising vaccine candidates. Influenza viruses are important zoonotic respiratory viruses with high pandemic potential. Recombinant soluble hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein-based protein subunit vaccines against Influenza have been shown to induce protective efficacy when administered intramuscularly. Here, we have expressed a recombinant soluble trimeric HA protein in Expi 293F cells and purified the protein derived from the Inf A/Guangdong-Maonan/ SWL1536/2019 virus which was found to be highly virulent in the mouse. The trimeric HA protein was found to be in the oligomeric state, highly stable, and the efficacy study in the BALB/c mouse challenge model through intradermal immunization with the prime-boost regimen conferred complete protection against a high lethal dose of homologous and mouse-adapted InfA/PR8 virus challenge. Furthermore, the immunogen induced high hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) titers and showed cross-protection against other Inf A and Inf B subtypes. The results are promising and warrant trimeric HA as a suitable vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Raj
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Preeti Vishwakarma
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Shikha Saxena
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Varun Kumar
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Ritika Khatri
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Mrityunjay Singh
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Surbhi Mishra
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Shailendra Asthana
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Shubbir Ahmed
- Centralized Core Research Facility (CCRF), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Sweety Samal
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad 121001, India
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18
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Mok CKP, Qin K. Mink infection with influenza A viruses: an ignored intermediate host? ONE HEALTH ADVANCES 2023; 1:5. [PMID: 37521532 PMCID: PMC10060132 DOI: 10.1186/s44280-023-00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Continuously emergence of human infection with avian influenza A virus poses persistent threat to public health, as illustrated in zoonotic H5N1/6 and H7N9 infections. The recent surge of infection to farmed mink by multiple subtypes of avian influenza A viruses in China highlights the role of mink in the ecology of influenza in this region. Serologic studies suggested that farmed mink in China are frequently infected with prevailing human (H3N2 and H1N1/pdm) and avian (H7N9, H5N6, and H9N2) influenza A viruses. Moreover, genetic analysis from the sequences of influenza viruses from mink showed that several strains acquired mammalian adaptive mutations compared to their avian counterparts. The transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from mink to human alerts us that mink may serve as an intermediate host or reservoir of some emerging pathogens. Considering the high susceptibility to different influenza A viruses, it is possible that mink in endemic regions may play a role as an "mixing vessel" for generating novel pandemic strain. Thus, enhanced surveillance of influenza viruses in mink should be urgently implemented for early warning of potential pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Ka Pun Mok
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, SAR Hong Kong, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, SAR Hong Kong, China
| | - Kun Qin
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), 100 Yingxin Street, Western District, 100052 Beijing, China
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19
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RT-LAMP as Diagnostic Tool for Influenza—A Virus Detection in Swine. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10030220. [PMID: 36977259 PMCID: PMC10051247 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10030220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Point-of-care diagnostic technologies are becoming more widely available for production species. Here, we describe the application of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) to detect the matrix (M) gene of influenza A virus in swine (IAV-S). M-specific LAMP primers were designed based on M gene sequences from IAV-S isolated in the USA between 2017 and 2020. The LAMP assay was incubated at 65 °C for 30 min, with the fluorescent signal read every 20 s. The assay’s limit of detection (LOD) was 20 M gene copies for direct LAMP of the matrix gene standard, and 100 M gene copies when using spiked extraction kits. The LOD was 1000 M genes when using cell culture samples. Detection in clinical samples showed a sensitivity of 94.3% and a specificity of 94.9%. These results show that the influenza M gene RT-LAMP assay can detect the presence of IAV in research laboratory conditions. With the appropriate fluorescent reader and heat block, the assay could be quickly validated as a low-cost, rapid, IAV-S screening tool for use on farms or in clinical diagnostic labs.
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Yin Y, Liu Y, Fen J, Liu K, Qin T, Chen S, Peng D, Liu X. Characterization of an H7N9 Influenza Virus Isolated from Camels in Inner Mongolia, China. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0179822. [PMID: 36809036 PMCID: PMC10100662 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01798-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The H7N9 subtype of influenza virus can infect birds and humans, causing great losses in the poultry industry and threatening public health worldwide. However, H7N9 infection in other mammals has not been reported yet. In the present study, one H7N9 subtype influenza virus, A/camel/Inner Mongolia/XL/2020 (XL), was isolated from the nasal swabs of camels in Inner Mongolia, China, in 2020. Sequence analyses revealed that the hemagglutinin cleavage site of the XL virus was ELPKGR/GLF, which is a low-pathogenicity molecular characteristic. The XL virus had similar mammalian adaptations to human-originated H7N9 viruses, such as the polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) Glu-to-Lys mutation at position 627 (E627K) mutation, but differed from avian-originated H7N9 viruses. The XL virus showed a higher SA-α2,6-Gal receptor-binding affinity and better mammalian cell replication than the avian H7N9 virus. Moreover, the XL virus had weak pathogenicity in chickens, with an intravenous pathogenicity index of 0.01, and intermediate virulence in mice, with a median lethal dose of 4.8. The XL virus replicated well and caused clear infiltration of inflammatory cells and increased inflammatory cytokines in the lungs of mice. Our data constitute the first evidence that the low-pathogenicity H7N9 influenza virus can infect camels and therefore poses a high risk to public health. IMPORTANCE H5 subtype avian influenza viruses can cause serious diseases in poultry and wild birds. On rare occasions, viruses can cause cross-species transmission to mammalian species, including humans, pigs, horses, canines, seals, and minks. The H7N9 subtype of the influenza virus can also infect both birds and humans. However, viral infection in other mammalian species has not been reported yet. In this study, we found that the H7N9 virus could infect camels. Notably, the H7N9 virus from camels had mammalian adaption molecular markers, including altered receptor-binding activity on the hemagglutinin protein and an E627K mutation on the polymerase basic protein 2 protein. Our findings indicated that the potential risk of camel-origin H7N9 virus to public health is of great concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuncong Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Juan Fen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaituo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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21
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Sun J, Wang N, Jiang Z, Li D, Zhao J, Li X, Gong L, Zhang C, He H, Su S, Zhang G, Veit M. Are companion animals overlooked intermediate hosts for the cross-species transmission of influenza viruses? J Infect 2023; 86:154-225. [PMID: 36521563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiumeng Sun
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Ningning Wang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Zhiwen Jiang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Dongyan Li
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Jin Zhao
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Lang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Chang Zhang
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China
| | - Haijian He
- Agricultural College, Jinhua Polytechnic, Jinhua 320017, China
| | - Shuo Su
- Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Sanya, China.
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China.
| | - Michael Veit
- Institute for Virology, Center for Infection Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Free University Berlin, Germany.
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22
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Huang J, Li K, Xiao S, Hu J, Yin Y, Zhang J, Li S, Wang W, Hong J, Zhao Z, Chen X, Liu Y, Shi J, Hu F, Ran X, Ge Y, Jiang H, Liu Z, Ward MP, Zhang Z. Global epidemiology of animal influenza infections with explicit virus subtypes until 2016: A spatio-temporal descriptive analysis. One Health 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
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23
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Pulit-Penaloza JA, Brock N, Jones J, Belser JA, Jang Y, Sun X, Thor S, Pappas C, Zanders N, Tumpey TM, Davis CT, Maines TR. Pathogenesis and transmission of human seasonal and swine-origin A(H1) influenza viruses in the ferret model. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:1452-1459. [PMID: 35537045 PMCID: PMC9176692 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2076615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) in the swine reservoir constantly evolve, resulting in expanding genetic and antigenic diversity of strains that occasionally cause infections in humans and pose a threat of emerging as a strain capable of human-to-human transmission. For these reasons, there is an ongoing need for surveillance and characterization of newly emerging strains to aid pandemic preparedness efforts, particularly for the selection of candidate vaccine viruses and conducting risk assessments. Here, we performed a parallel comparison of the pathogenesis and transmission of genetically and antigenically diverse swine-origin A(H1N1) variant (v) and A(H1N2)v, and human seasonal A(H1N1)pdm09 IAVs using the ferret model. Both groups of viruses were capable of replication in the ferret upper respiratory tract; however, variant viruses were more frequently isolated from the lower respiratory tract as compared to the human-adapted viruses. Regardless of virus origin, observed clinical signs of infection differed greatly between strains, with some viruses causing nasal discharge, sneezing and, in some instances, diarrhea in ferrets. The most striking difference between the viruses was the ability to transmit through the air. Human-adapted viruses were capable of airborne transmission between all ferret pairs. In contrast, only one out of the four tested variant viruses was able to transmit via the air as efficiently as the human-adapted viruses. Overall, this work highlights the need for sustained monitoring of emerging swine IAVs to identify strains of concern such as those that are antigenically different from vaccine strains and that possess adaptations required for efficient respiratory droplet transmission in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna A Pulit-Penaloza
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nicole Brock
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joyce Jones
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica A Belser
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yunho Jang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiangjie Sun
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sharmi Thor
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Claudia Pappas
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Natosha Zanders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - C Todd Davis
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taronna R Maines
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA
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24
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Banerjee S, Smith C, Geballe AP, Rothenburg S, Kitzman JO, Brennan G. Gene amplification acts as a molecular foothold to facilitate cross-species adaptation and evasion of multiple antiviral pathways. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac105. [PMID: 36483110 PMCID: PMC9724558 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-species spillover events are responsible for many of the pandemics in human history including COVID-19; however, the evolutionary mechanisms that enable these events are poorly understood. We have previously modeled this process using a chimeric vaccinia virus expressing the rhesus cytomegalovirus-derived protein kinase R (PKR) antagonist RhTRS1 in place of its native PKR antagonists: E3L and K3L (VACVΔEΔK + RhTRS1). Using this virus, we demonstrated that gene amplification of rhtrs1 occurred early during experimental evolution and was sufficient to fully rescue virus replication in partially resistant African green monkey (AGM) fibroblasts. Notably, this rapid gene amplification also allowed limited virus replication in otherwise completely non-permissive human fibroblasts, suggesting that gene amplification may act as a 'molecular foothold' to facilitate viral adaptation to multiple species. In this study, we demonstrate that there are multiple barriers to VACVΔEΔK + RhTRS1 replication in human cells, mediated by both PKR and ribonuclease L (RNase L). We experimentally evolved three AGM-adapted virus populations in human fibroblasts. Each population adapted to human cells bimodally, via an initial 10-fold increase in replication after only two passages followed by a second 10-fold increase in replication by passage 9. Using our Illumina-based pipeline, we found that some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which had evolved during the prior AGM adaptation were rapidly lost, while thirteen single-base substitutions and short indels increased over time, including two SNPs unique to human foreskin fibroblast (HFF)-adapted populations. Many of these changes were associated with components of the viral RNA polymerase, although no variant was shared between all three populations. Taken together, our results demonstrate that rhtrs1 amplification was sufficient to increase viral tropism after passage in an 'intermediate species' and subsequently enabled the virus to adopt different, species-specific adaptive mechanisms to overcome distinct barriers to viral replication in AGM and human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Banerjee
- †Current address for SB: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Adam P Geballe
- Departments of Human Genetics and Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA,Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Jacob O Kitzman
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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25
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Bao P, Liu Y, Zhang X, Fan H, Zhao J, Mu M, Li H, Wang Y, Ge H, Li S, Yang X, Cui Q, Chen R, Gao L, Sun Z, Gao L, Qiu S, Liu X, Horby PW, Li X, Fang L, Liu W. Human infection with a reassortment avian influenza A H3N8 virus: an epidemiological investigation study. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6817. [PMID: 36357398 PMCID: PMC9649012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A four-year-old boy developed recurrent fever and severe pneumonia in April, 2022. High-throughput sequencing revealed a reassortant avian influenza A-H3N8 virus (A/Henan/ZMD-22-2/2022(H3N8) with avian-origin HA and NA genes. The six internal genes were acquired from Eurasian lineage H9N2 viruses. Molecular substitutions analysis revealed the haemagglutin retained avian-like receptor binding specificity but that PB2 genes possessed sequence changes (E627K) associated with increased virulence and transmissibility in mammalian animal models. The patient developed respiratory failure, liver, renal, coagulation dysfunction and sepsis. Endotracheal intubation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation were administered. H3N8 RNA was detected from nasopharyngeal swab of a dog, anal swab of a cat, and environmental samples collected in the patient's house. The full-length HA sequences from the dog and cat were identical to the sequence from the patient. No influenza-like illness was developed and no H3N8 RNA was identified in family members. Serological testing revealed neutralizing antibody response against ZMD-22-2 virus in the patient and three family members. Our results suggest that a triple reassortant H3N8 caused severe human disease. There is some evidence of mammalian adaptation, possible via an intermediary mammalian species, but no evidence of person-to-person transmission. The potential threat from avian influenza viruses warrants continuous evaluation and mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengtao Bao
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894The Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Yang Liu
- grid.452891.3Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, 463000 China
| | - Xiaoai Zhang
- grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Hang Fan
- grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Zhumadian Second People’s Hospital, Zhumadian, 463000 China
| | - Mi Mu
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894The Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Shangcai Caizhou Hospital, Shangcai County, Zhumadian, 463800 China
| | - Yanhe Wang
- grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Honghan Ge
- grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Shuang Li
- grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Xin Yang
- grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Qianqian Cui
- grid.410749.f0000 0004 0577 6238Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, China
| | - Rui Chen
- grid.452891.3Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, 463000 China
| | - Liang Gao
- grid.452891.3Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, 463000 China
| | - Zhihua Sun
- grid.452891.3Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, 463000 China
| | - Lizhen Gao
- grid.452891.3Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, 463000 China
| | - Shuang Qiu
- grid.452891.3Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, 463000 China
| | - Xuchun Liu
- grid.452891.3Zhumadian Central Hospital, Zhumadian, 463000 China
| | - Peter W. Horby
- grid.4991.50000 0004 1936 8948Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xiubin Li
- grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894The Eighth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100091 China ,grid.414252.40000 0004 1761 8894The Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - Liqun Fang
- grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071 China
| | - Wei Liu
- grid.410740.60000 0004 1803 4911State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071 China ,grid.186775.a0000 0000 9490 772XSchool of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032 China
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26
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Banerjee S, Smith C, Geballe A, Rothenburg S, Kitzman JO, Brennan G. Gene amplification acts as a molecular foothold to facilitate cross-species adaptation and evasion of multiple antiviral pathways. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.06.06.494757. [PMID: 35702158 PMCID: PMC9196108 DOI: 10.1101/2022.06.06.494757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cross-species spillover events are responsible for many of the pandemics in human history including COVID-19; however, the evolutionary mechanisms that enable these events are poorly understood. We have previously modeled this process using a chimeric vaccinia virus expressing the rhesus cytomegalovirus-derived PKR antagonist RhTRS1 in place of its native PKR antagonists; E3L and K3L (VACVΔEΔK+RhTRS1). Using this virus, we demonstrated that gene amplification of rhtrs1 occurred early during experimental evolution and was sufficient to fully rescue virus replication in partially resistant African green monkey (AGM) fibroblasts. Notably, this rapid gene amplification also allowed limited virus replication in otherwise completely non-permissive human fibroblasts, suggesting that gene amplification may act as a "molecular foothold" to facilitate viral adaptation to multiple species. In this study, we demonstrate that there are multiple barriers to VACVΔEΔK+RhTRS1 replication in human cells, mediated by both PKR and RNase L. We experimentally evolved three AGM-adapted virus populations in human fibroblasts. Each population adapted to human cells bimodally, via an initial 10-fold increase in replication after only two passages followed by a second 10-fold increase in replication by passage nine. Using our Illumina-based pipeline, we found that some SNPs which had evolved during the prior AGM adaptation were rapidly lost, while 13 single-base substitutions and short indels increased over time, including two SNPs unique to HFF adapted populations. Many of these changes were associated with components of the viral RNA polymerase, although no variant was shared between all three populations. Taken together, our results demonstrate that rhtrs1 amplification was sufficient to increase viral tropism after passage in an "intermediate species" and subsequently enabled the virus to adopt different, species-specific adaptive mechanisms to overcome distinct barriers to viral replication in AGM and human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Banerjee
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Cathy Smith
- Departments of Human Genetics and Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Adam Geballe
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, 98109 USA
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Stefan Rothenburg
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jacob O Kitzman
- Departments of Human Genetics and Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Greg Brennan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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27
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da Silva DBB, de Oliveira Santos KC, Benega MA, de Paiva TM. Differentiation of influenza B lineages circulating in different regions of Brazil, 2014 – 2016, using molecular assay. Vaccine X 2022; 12:100220. [PMID: 36246545 PMCID: PMC9558098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2022.100220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Two antigenically and genetically distinct lineages of influenza B viruses (B/Victoria and B/Yamagata) have been co-circulating worldwide since 2002. Virological surveillance is essential to differentiate between both lineages with a view to the annual updating of the B component for the trivalent or quadrivalent influenza vaccine composition. Methods The samples analyzed in the present study were collected by influenza sentinel units located in the Southeast, Midwest, North, and Northeast regions of Brazil, part of the National Influenza Virus Surveillance Network, coordinated by the Ministry of Health of Brazil. A total of 870 influenza B positive samples by reverse transcription real – time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), collected during 2014, 2015, and 2016 influenza seasons, were submitted to the influenza B lineage genotyping panel for characterization as B/Yamagata or Victoria lineages using RT-qPCR. Results Of the 197 samples analyzed in 2014, a total of 160 (81 %) corresponded to the B/Yamagata lineage, 19 (10 %) to the B/Victoria lineage, and 18 (9 %) to indeterminate lineages. Of the 190 samples analyzed in 2015, a total of 124 (65 %) corresponded to the B/Yamagata lineage; 55 (29 %) to the B/Victoria lineage, whereas 11 (6 %) were of indeterminate lineages. Of the 483 samples analyzed in 2016, a total of 297 (62 %) corresponded to the B /Victoria lineage; 174 (36 %) to the B/Yamagata lineage and 12 (2 %) to indeterminate lineages. This cross-sectional study revealed influenza B virus (IBV) infection in all age groups, and among them, the highest prevalence was observed in individuals between 11 and 49 years of age Our findings demonstrate the match between influenza B virus lineages recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the trivalent vaccine composition to be used in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) and the predominant circulating viruses during the 2014, 2015, and 2016 seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Margarete Aparecida Benega
- Respiratory Virus Laboratory/NDR/VC, Institute Adolfo Lutz, Brazil/Nacional Influenza Centre/World Health Organization
| | - Terezinha Maria de Paiva
- Respiratory Virus Laboratory/NDR/VC, Institute Adolfo Lutz, Brazil/Nacional Influenza Centre/World Health Organization
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28
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Nogales A, Steel J, Liu WC, Lowen AC, Rodriguez L, Chiem K, Cox A, García-Sastre A, Albrecht RA, Dewhurst S, Martínez-Sobrido L. Mutation L319Q in the PB1 Polymerase Subunit Improves Attenuation of a Candidate Live-Attenuated Influenza A Virus Vaccine. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0007822. [PMID: 35583364 PMCID: PMC9241597 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00078-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) remain emerging threats to human public health. Live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) are one of the most effective prophylactic options to prevent disease caused by influenza infections. However, licensed LAIV remain restricted for use in 2- to 49-year-old healthy and nonpregnant people. Therefore, development of LAIV with increased safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy is highly desired. The U.S.-licensed LAIV is based on the master donor virus (MDV) A/Ann Arbor/6/60 H2N2 backbone, which was generated by adaptation of the virus to growth at low temperatures. Introducing the genetic signature of the U.S. MDV into the backbone of other IAV strains resulted in varying levels of attenuation. While the U.S. MDV mutations conferred an attenuated phenotype to other IAV strains, the same amino acid changes did not significantly attenuate the pandemic A/California/04/09 H1N1 (pH1N1) strain. To attenuate pH1N1, we replaced the conserved leucine at position 319 with glutamine (L319Q) in PB1 and analyzed the in vitro and in vivo properties of pH1N1 viruses containing either PB1 L319Q alone or in combination with the U.S. MDV mutations using two animal models of influenza infection and transmission, ferrets and guinea pigs. Our results demonstrated that L319Q substitution in the pH1N1 PB1 alone or in combination with the mutations of the U.S. MDV resulted in reduced pathogenicity (ferrets) and transmission (guinea pigs), and an enhanced temperature sensitive phenotype. These results demonstrate the feasibility of generating an attenuated MDV based on the backbone of a contemporary pH1N1 IAV strain. IMPORTANCE Vaccination represents the most effective strategy to reduce the impact of seasonal IAV infections. Although LAIV are superior in inducing protection and sterilizing immunity, they are not recommended for many individuals who are at high risk for severe disease. Thus, development of safer and more effective LAIV are needed. A concern with the current MDV used to generate the U.S.-licensed LAIV is that it is based on a virus isolated in 1960. Moreover, mutations that confer the temperature-sensitive, cold-adapted, and attenuated phenotype of the U.S. MDV resulted in low level of attenuation in the contemporary pandemic A/California/04/09 H1N1 (pH1N1). Here, we show that introduction of PB1 L319Q substitution, alone or in combination with the U.S. MDV mutations, resulted in pH1N1 attenuation. These findings support the development of a novel LAIV MDV based on a contemporary pH1N1 strain as a medical countermeasure against currently circulating H1N1 IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Nogales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Animal Health Research Centre (CISA), Centro Nacional Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA, CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - John Steel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Wen-Chun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Anice C. Lowen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Laura Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios, Madrid, Spain
| | - Kevin Chiem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Andrew Cox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Randy A. Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephen Dewhurst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Whitlock F, Murcia PR, Newton JR. A Review on Equine Influenza from a Human Influenza Perspective. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061312. [PMID: 35746783 PMCID: PMC9229935 DOI: 10.3390/v14061312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) have a main natural reservoir in wild birds. IAVs are highly contagious, continually evolve, and have a wide host range that includes various mammalian species including horses, pigs, and humans. Furthering our understanding of host-pathogen interactions and cross-species transmissions is therefore essential. This review focuses on what is known regarding equine influenza virus (EIV) virology, pathogenesis, immune responses, clinical aspects, epidemiology (including factors contributing to local, national, and international transmission), surveillance, and preventive measures such as vaccines. We compare EIV and human influenza viruses and discuss parallels that can be drawn between them. We highlight differences in evolutionary rates between EIV and human IAVs, their impact on antigenic drift, and vaccine strain updates. We also describe the approaches used for the control of equine influenza (EI), which originated from those used in the human field, including surveillance networks and virological analysis methods. Finally, as vaccination in both species remains the cornerstone of disease mitigation, vaccine technologies and vaccination strategies against influenza in horses and humans are compared and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fleur Whitlock
- Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (F.W.); (P.R.M.)
- Equine Infectious Disease Surveillance (EIDS), Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Pablo R. Murcia
- Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Garscube Estate, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (F.W.); (P.R.M.)
| | - J. Richard Newton
- Equine Infectious Disease Surveillance (EIDS), Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
- Correspondence:
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Uribe M, Rodríguez-Posada ME, Ramirez-Nieto GC. Molecular Evidence of Orthomyxovirus Presence in Colombian Neotropical Bats. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:845546. [PMID: 35558106 PMCID: PMC9087557 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.845546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Orthomyxoviridae family includes the genera Influenzavirus, Isavirus, Quaranjavirus, and Thogotovirus. In turn, Influenzavirus can be classified into four types: α, β, γ, and δ (Formerly A, B, C, and D), from which Alphainfluenzavirus (AIV) has the broadest host range, including birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians. Additionally, AIV has shown global epidemiological relevance owing to its pandemic potential. The epidemiological relevance of Chiropteran due to its multiple functional characteristics makes them ideal reservoirs for many viral agents. Recently, new influenza-like subtypes have been reported in Neotropical bats, but little is known about the relevance of bats as natural reservoirs of influenza viruses. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine the presence of AIV and new influenza-like subtypes in South American bats. For a better understanding of the drivers and interactions between AIV and bats, we used molecular assays with different gene targets (i.e., M, NP, and PB1) to identify AIV in New World bats. A housekeeping gene (CytB) PCR was used to check for nucleic acid preservation and to demonstrate the bat-origin of the samples. A total of 87 free-living bats belonging to 25 different species of the families Phyllostomidae and Vespertilionidae were collected in Casanare, Colombia. As a result, this study found seven AIV-positive bat species, three of them reported for the first time as AIV prone hosts. Neither of the AIV-like analyzed samples were positive for H17N10/H18/N11 subtypes. Although additional information is needed, the presence of a completely new or divergent AIV subtype in neotropical bats cannot be discarded. Collectively, the results presented here expand the epidemiological knowledge and distribution of AIV in neotropical free-ranging bats and emphasize the need to continue studying these viruses to establish the role they could play as a threat to animal and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Uribe
- Microbiología y Epidemiologia Research Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia.,CIBAV Research Group, Veterinary Medicine School, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Miguel E Rodríguez-Posada
- Research Center Fundación Reserva Natural La Palmita, Grupo de Investigaciones Territoriales Parael uso y Conservación de la Biodiversidad, Trinidad, Colombia
| | - Gloria C Ramirez-Nieto
- Microbiología y Epidemiologia Research Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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Yao Q, Mai W, Lian Y, Zhang M, Yao Q, Huang C, Ge Y, Zhao Z. Emergence and Evolution of Novel Canine-Avian Reassortant H3N2 Influenza A Viruses in Duck in Leizhou Peninsula, China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:857800. [PMID: 35479631 PMCID: PMC9037141 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.857800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian-to-mammal transmission and mammalian adaptation of avian influenza virus (AIV) are threats to public health and of great concern. The H3 subtype of influenza virus has low pathogenicity and is widely distributed in humans, canines, equines and avians. In 2018–2019, we isolated six H3N2 subtype influenza viruses from 329 samples acquired from ducks on the Leizhou Peninsula, China, as part of an ongoing virus surveillance program. All viruses were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing with subsequent genetic comparison and phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that reassortment of these viruses has occurred among different hosts and subtypes. Some of the H3 AIV isolates have similar genes as subtypes H5 and H7 of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs). Most importantly, one strain of H3N2 virus is a novel reassortant influenza virus containing HA and PB2 segments from canine H3N2 virus. The time of most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) data indicated that this reassortant H3N2 virus might have emerged in 2011–2018. The findings suggest that the viruses studied here have undergone multiple reassortment events. Our results provide a framework for understanding the molecular basis of host-range shifts of influenza viruses and we should pay more attention to canine which lived with avian together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiucheng Yao
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wenhong Mai
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuexiao Lian
- Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengdi Zhang
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qiang Yao
- China Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Caiyun Huang
- Central People's Hospital of Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ye Ge
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
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Nogales A, Chiem K, Breen M, DeDiego ML, Parrish CR, Martínez-Sobrido L. Generation and Characterization of Single-Cycle Infectious Canine Influenza A Virus (sciCIV) and Its Use as Vaccine Platform. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2465:227-255. [PMID: 35118625 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2168-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) infect a broad range of hosts, including multiple avian and mammalian species. The frequent emergence of novel IAV strains in different hosts, including in humans, results in the need for vigilance and ongoing development of new approaches to fighting or prevent those infections. Canine influenza is a contagious respiratory disease in dogs caused by two subtypes of IAV, the equine-origin H3N8 canine influenza virus (CIV), and the avian-origin H3N2 CIV. A novel approach to influenza vaccination involves single-cycle infectious influenza A viruses (sciIAVs), which are defective for an essential viral gene. They are propagated in complementing cell lines which provide the missing gene in trans. As sciIAV cannot complete their replication cycle in regular cells they are limited to a single round of viral replication. Because of their safety profile and ability to express foreign antigens inside infected cells, sciIAVs have served both as live-attenuated vaccines and as vaccine vectors for the expression of heterologous antigens. Here, we describe experimental procedures for the generation of a single-cycle infectious CIV (sciCIV), where the viral hemagglutinin (HA) gene was exchanged for the gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP). Complementation of the viral HA protein is provided in trans by stable HA-expressing cell lines. Methods for the in vitro characterization of HA deficient but GFP-expressing sciCIV (sciCIV ΔHA/GFP) are described, as well as its use as a potential vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Nogales
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), INIA-CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Kevin Chiem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Michael Breen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marta L DeDiego
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Chiem K, Nogales A, Martinez-Sobrido L. Generation, Characterization, and Applications of Influenza A Reporter Viruses. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2524:249-268. [PMID: 35821477 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2453-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Secondary experimental procedures such as immunostaining have been utilized to study wild-type influenza A viruses (IAV) but are inadequate to rapidly determine the virus in infected cells or for the high-throughput screening (HTS) of antivirals or neutralizing antibodies. Reverse genetics approaches have allowed the generation of recombinant IAV expressing bioluminescent (BL) reporters or fluorescent proteins (FPs). These approaches can easily track viral infections in cultured cells and in validated animal models of infection using in vivo imaging systems (IVIS). Here, we describe the experimental procedures to generate recombinant monomeric (m)Cherry-expressing influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (PR8-mCherry) H1N1 by altering the non-structural (NS) vRNA segment and its use in mCherry-based microneutralization assays to assess antivirals and neutralizing antibodies. The experimental procedures could be used for the generation of other recombinant influenza virus types (e.g., influenza B) or IAV subtypes (e.g., H3N2) expressing mCherry or other BL reporters or FPs from the NS or other vRNA segment. These recombinant reporter-expressing viruses represent an excellent toolbox for the identification of prophylactics or therapeutics for the treatment of influenza viral infections in HTS settings as well as to study different aspects related with the biology of influenza viruses and/or its interaction with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Chiem
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Aitor Nogales
- Center for Animal Health Research, INIA-CISA/CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Department of Internal Research, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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34
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Influenza A and D Viruses in Non-Human Mammalian Hosts in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122411. [PMID: 34960680 PMCID: PMC8706448 DOI: 10.3390/v13122411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the prevalence and current knowledge of influenza A virus (IAV) and influenza D virus (IDV) in non-human mammalian hosts in Africa. PubMed, Google Scholar, Wiley Online Library and World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE-WAHIS) were searched for studies on IAV and IDV from 2000 to 2020. Pooled prevalence and seroprevalences were estimated using the quality effects meta-analysis model. The estimated pooled prevalence and seroprevalence of IAV in pigs in Africa was 1.6% (95% CI: 0-5%) and 14.9% (95% CI: 5-28%), respectively. The seroprevalence of IDV was 87.2% (95% CI: 24-100%) in camels, 9.3% (95% CI: 0-24%) in cattle, 2.2% (95% CI: 0-4%) in small ruminants and 0.0% (95% CI: 0-2%) in pigs. In pigs, H1N1 and H1N1pdm09 IAVs were commonly detected. Notably, the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus was also detected in pigs. Other subtypes detected serologically and/or virologically included H3N8 and H7N7 in equids, H1N1, and H3N8 and H5N1 in dogs and cats. Furthermore, various wildlife animals were exposed to different IAV subtypes. For prudent mitigation of influenza epizootics and possible human infections, influenza surveillance efforts in Africa should not neglect non-human mammalian hosts. The impact of IAV and IDV in non-human mammalian hosts in Africa deserves further investigation.
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Koçmar T, Çağlayan E, Rayaman E, Nagata K, Turan K. Human sorting nexin 2 protein interacts with Influenza A virus PA protein and has a negative regulatory effect on the virus replication. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:497-510. [PMID: 34817777 PMCID: PMC8611637 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06906-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Background Replication of the influenza A viruses occurs in the cells through the viral RdRP consisting of PB1, PB2, and PA. Several cellular proteins are involved in these processes. This study aims to reveal the interaction between human SNX2 protein and the PA protein and the effects of the SNX2 on the virus replication. Results To identify potential host interacting proteins to the PA, yeast two-hybrid assay was carried out with HEK293 cell cDNA library and the PA as a bait. We focused on SNX2 protein, which interacts with the PA in the yeast cells. By using the co-immunoprecipitation assays, it has been demonstrated that the amino-terminal part of the PA was important for binding to the SNX2. Immunolocalization of the proteins in HeLa cells supported this interaction. Knockdown of the SNX2 with siRNA in the cells resulted in a significant increase in both viral transcripts and virus growth. However, the increase of SNX2 in transfected cells didn’t cause a significant change in the viral RdRP activity in minireplicon assay. This may suggest that the negative effect of SNX2 on the virus replication could be saturated with its authentic intra-cellular amount. Conclusions This study revealed that the SNX2 and PA protein interact with each other in both yeast and HEK293 cells, and the SNX2 has a negative regulatory function on the virus replication. However, more knowledge is required to elucidate the action mechanism of the SNX2 on the influenza A virus replication at the molecular level. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11033-021-06906-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğba Koçmar
- Institute of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Çağlayan
- University of Health Sciences Kartal Koşuyolu High Speciality Educational and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erkan Rayaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kyosuke Nagata
- Department of Infection Biology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kadir Turan
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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West J, Röder J, Matrosovich T, Beicht J, Baumann J, Mounogou Kouassi N, Doedt J, Bovin N, Zamperin G, Gastaldelli M, Salviato A, Bonfante F, Kosakovsky Pond S, Herfst S, Fouchier R, Wilhelm J, Klenk HD, Matrosovich M. Characterization of changes in the hemagglutinin that accompanied the emergence of H3N2/1968 pandemic influenza viruses. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009566. [PMID: 34555124 PMCID: PMC8491938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutinin (HA) of A/H3N2 pandemic influenza viruses (IAVs) of 1968 differed from its inferred avian precursor by eight amino acid substitutions. To determine their phenotypic effects, we studied recombinant variants of A/Hong Kong/1/1968 virus containing either human-type or avian-type amino acids in the corresponding positions of HA. The precursor HA displayed receptor binding profile and high conformational stability typical for duck IAVs. Substitutions Q226L and G228S, in addition to their known effects on receptor specificity and replication, marginally decreased HA stability. Substitutions R62I, D63N, D81N and N193S reduced HA binding avidity. Substitutions R62I, D81N and A144G promoted viral replication in human airway epithelial cultures. Analysis of HA sequences revealed that substitutions D63N and D81N accompanied by the addition of N-glycans represent common markers of avian H3 HA adaptation to mammals. Our results advance understanding of genotypic and phenotypic changes in IAV HA required for avian-to-human adaptation and pandemic emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna West
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Juliane Röder
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Jana Beicht
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jan Baumann
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Jennifer Doedt
- Institute of Virology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nicolai Bovin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gianpiero Zamperin
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Michele Gastaldelli
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Annalisa Salviato
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Bonfante
- Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Sergei Kosakovsky Pond
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ron Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jochen Wilhelm
- Institute of Lung Health (ILH), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
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Khan A, Mushtaq MH, Muhammad J, Ahmed B, Khan EA, Khan A, Zakki SA, Altaf E, Haq I, Saleem A, Warraich MA, Ahmed N, Rabaan AA. Global epidemiology of Equine Influenza viruses; "A possible emerging zoonotic threat in future" an extensive systematic review with evidence. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e246591. [PMID: 34468519 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.246591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There are different opinions around the World regarding the zoonotic capability of H3N8 equine influenza viruses. In this report, we have tried to summarize the findings of different research and review articles from Chinese, English, and Mongolian Scientific Literature reporting the evidence for equine influenza virus infections in human beings. Different search engines i.e. CNKI, PubMed, ProQuest, Chongqing Database, Mongol Med, and Web of Knowledge yielded 926 articles, of which 32 articles met the inclusion criteria for this review. Analyzing the epidemiological and Phylogenetic data from these articles, we found a considerable experimental and observational evidence of H3N8 equine influenza viruses infecting human being in different parts of the World in the past. Recently published articles from Pakistan and China have highlighted the emerging threat and capability of equine influenza viruses for an epidemic in human beings in future. In this review article we have summarized the salient scientific reports published on the epidemiology of equine influenza viruses and their zoonotic aspect. Additionally, several recent developments in the start of 21st century, including the transmission and establishment of equine influenza viruses in different animal species i.e. camels and dogs, and presumed encephalopathy associated to influenza viruses in horses, have documented the unpredictable nature of equine influenza viruses. In sum up, several reports has highlighted the unpredictable nature of H3N8 EIVs highlighting the need of continuous surveillance for H3N8 in equines and humans in contact with them for novel and threatening mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khan
- The University of Haripur, Department of Public Health & Nutrition, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - M H Mushtaq
- The University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - J Muhammad
- The University of Haripur, Department of Microbiology, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - B Ahmed
- Nanjing Medical University, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - E A Khan
- Lady Reading Hospital Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - A Khan
- Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - S A Zakki
- The University of Haripur, Department of Public Health & Nutrition, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - E Altaf
- The University of Haripur, Department of Public Health & Nutrition, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - I Haq
- The University of Haripur, Department of Public Health & Nutrition, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - A Saleem
- The University of Haripur, Department of Microbiology, Haripur, Pakistan
| | - M A Warraich
- Marketing Rennes School of Business, Rennes, France
| | - N Ahmed
- Centre of Excellence in Molecular Biology, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A A Rabaan
- Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
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Delgado-Hernández B, Mugica L, Acosta M, Pérez F, Montano DDLN, Abreu Y, Ayala J, Percedo MI, Alfonso P. Knowledge, Attitudes, and Risk Perception Toward Avian Influenza Virus Exposure Among Cuban Hunters. Front Public Health 2021; 9:644786. [PMID: 34368040 PMCID: PMC8342762 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.644786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical step for decreasing zoonotic disease threats is to have a good understanding of the associated risks. Hunters frequently handle potentially infected birds, so they are more at risk of being exposed to zoonotic avian pathogens, including avian influenza viruses (AIVs). The objective of the current study was to gain a better understanding of Cuban hunters' general hunting practices, focusing on their knowledge and risk perception on avian influenza. An anonymous and voluntary semi-structured questionnaire was designed and applied to 398 hunters. Multiple correspondence analyses found relationships with potential exposure of AIVs to people and domestic animals. The main associated risks factors identified were not taking the annual flu vaccine (60.1%) and not cleaning hunting knives (26.3%); Direct contact with water (32.1%), cleaning wild birds at home (33.2%); receiving assistance during bird cleaning (41.9%), keeping poultry at home (56.5%) and feeding domestic animals with wild bird leftovers (30.3%) were also identified as significant risk factors. The lack of use of some protective measures reported by hunters had no relationship with their awareness on avian influenza, which may imply a lack of such knowledge. The results evidenced that more effective risk communication strategies about the consequences of AIVs infecting human or other animals, and the importance of reducing such risks, are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Delgado-Hernández
- Epidemiology Group, National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Collaborating Center for the Reduction of the Risk of Disaster in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas, Cuba
| | - Lourdes Mugica
- Bird Ecology Group, Biology Faculty, Havana University, Vedado, Cuba
| | - Martin Acosta
- Bird Ecology Group, Biology Faculty, Havana University, Vedado, Cuba
| | - Frank Pérez
- Epidemiology Group, National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Collaborating Center for the Reduction of the Risk of Disaster in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas, Cuba.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Granma, Bayamo, Cuba
| | - Damarys de Las Nieves Montano
- Epidemiology Group, National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Collaborating Center for the Reduction of the Risk of Disaster in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas, Cuba
| | - Yandy Abreu
- Epidemiology Group, National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Collaborating Center for the Reduction of the Risk of Disaster in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas, Cuba
| | - Joel Ayala
- Epidemiology Group, National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Collaborating Center for the Reduction of the Risk of Disaster in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas, Cuba
| | - María Irian Percedo
- Epidemiology Group, National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Collaborating Center for the Reduction of the Risk of Disaster in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas, Cuba
| | - Pastor Alfonso
- Epidemiology Group, National Center for Animal and Plant Health (CENSA), World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Collaborating Center for the Reduction of the Risk of Disaster in Animal Health, San José de las Lajas, Cuba
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Animal Models Utilized for the Development of Influenza Virus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070787. [PMID: 34358203 PMCID: PMC8310120 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models have been an important tool for the development of influenza virus vaccines since the 1940s. Over the past 80 years, influenza virus vaccines have evolved into more complex formulations, including trivalent and quadrivalent inactivated vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, and subunit vaccines. However, annual effectiveness data shows that current vaccines have varying levels of protection that range between 40–60% and must be reformulated every few years to combat antigenic drift. To address these issues, novel influenza virus vaccines are currently in development. These vaccines rely heavily on animal models to determine efficacy and immunogenicity. In this review, we describe seasonal and novel influenza virus vaccines and highlight important animal models used to develop them.
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Jensen A, Simões EAF, Bohn Christiansen C, Graff Stensballe L. Respiratory syncytial virus and influenza hospitalizations in Danish children 2010-2016. Vaccine 2021; 39:4126-4134. [PMID: 34116876 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To pave the way for universal or risk factor-based vaccination strategies, the present study aimed to describe the epidemiology and compare risk factors for hospitalization associated with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza virus infections in Danish children. METHODS National register-based cohort study among 403,422 Danish children born 2010-2016. RESULTS Prior asthma hospitalization, number of children in the household, chronic disease and maternal history of asthma hospitalization were the most important risk factors for both RSV and influenza hospitalization. The incidence of influenza increased at school start. CONCLUSIONS Our findings enable targeted vaccination programs for high-risk children with asthma-like disease, chronic disease, siblings in the household, or maternal history of asthma hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Jensen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Eric A F Simões
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Center for Global Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Claus Bohn Christiansen
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Microbiology, Labmedicin Skåne, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lone Graff Stensballe
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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41
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Gultom M, Licheri M, Laloli L, Wider M, Strässle M, V'kovski P, Steiner S, Kratzel A, Thao TTN, Probst L, Stalder H, Portmann J, Holwerda M, Ebert N, Stokar-Regenscheit N, Gurtner C, Zanolari P, Posthaus H, Schuller S, Vicente-Santos A, Moreira-Soto A, Corrales-Aguilar E, Ruggli N, Tekes G, von Messling V, Sawatsky B, Thiel V, Dijkman R. Susceptibility of Well-Differentiated Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures from Domestic and Wild Animals to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:1811-1820. [PMID: 34152956 PMCID: PMC8237902 DOI: 10.3201/eid2707.204660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally, and the number of worldwide cases continues to rise. The zoonotic origins of SARS-CoV-2 and its intermediate and potential spillback host reservoirs, besides humans, remain largely unknown. Because of ethical and experimental constraints and more important, to reduce and refine animal experimentation, we used our repository of well-differentiated airway epithelial cell (AEC) cultures from various domesticated and wildlife animal species to assess their susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. We observed that SARS-CoV-2 replicated efficiently only in monkey and cat AEC culture models. Whole-genome sequencing of progeny viruses revealed no obvious signs of nucleotide transitions required for SARS-CoV-2 to productively infect monkey and cat AEC cultures. Our findings, together with previous reports of human-to-animal spillover events, warrant close surveillance to determine the potential role of cats, monkeys, and closely related species as spillback reservoirs for SARS-CoV-2.
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Infection-Associated Mechanisms of Neuro-Inflammation and Neuro-Immune Crosstalk in Chronic Respiratory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115699. [PMID: 34071807 PMCID: PMC8197882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive airway diseases are characterized by airflow obstruction and airflow limitation as well as chronic airway inflammation. Especially bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) cause considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide, can be difficult to treat, and ultimately lack cures. While there are substantial knowledge gaps with respect to disease pathophysiology, our awareness of the role of neurological and neuro-immunological processes in the development of symptoms, the progression, and the outcome of these chronic obstructive respiratory diseases, is growing. Likewise, the role of pathogenic and colonizing microorganisms of the respiratory tract in the development and manifestation of asthma and COPD is increasingly appreciated. However, their role remains poorly understood with respect to the underlying mechanisms. Common bacteria and viruses causing respiratory infections and exacerbations of chronic obstructive respiratory diseases have also been implicated to affect the local neuro-immune crosstalk. In this review, we provide an overview of previously described neuro-immune interactions in asthma, COPD, and respiratory infections that support the hypothesis of a neuro-immunological component in the interplay between chronic obstructive respiratory diseases, respiratory infections, and respiratory microbial colonization.
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43
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Kovalenko G, Galat M, Ishchenko L, Halka I. Serological Evidence for Influenza A Viruses Among Domestic Dogs and Cats in Kyiv, Ukraine. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2021; 21:483-489. [PMID: 33877900 PMCID: PMC8252905 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) are zoonotic pathogens that can cause significant illness in wild and domestic animals, and humans. IAV can infect a broad range of avian and mammalian species, depending on subtype, and avian IAV can be moved over relatively long distances by migratory birds. Although spillover infections from wildlife or domestic animals to humans are an important part of the transmission cycle that can drive outbreaks, the relevance of companion animals, specifically dogs and cats, is not fully understood. A novel pandemic H1N1 reassortant (H1N1pdm09) emerged from swine in 2009, infecting humans, and wild and domestic animals worldwide. During a 2016 human influenza outbreak in Kyiv, subtype H1N1pdm09 predominated and was associated with severe disease and deaths; however, H3N2 and influenza B viruses were also detected. No case of avian influenza in humans was detected. To investigate potential involvement of companion animals, animals in a veterinary hospital (116 cats and 88 dogs) were randomly selected, and sera were tested using a commercially available IAV nucleoprotein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Twelve of 203 serum samples were positive for influenza antibodies (5.7% of dogs and 6.08% cats). These are the first data to demonstrate influenza A infection of pets in Ukraine, highlighting the potential risk of infection of companion animals from close contact with humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganna Kovalenko
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.,University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage, Alaska, USA
| | - Maryna Galat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Lyudmila Ishchenko
- Ukrainian Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Agricultural Products, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Ihor Halka
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
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44
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Xie X, Pang M, Liang S, Lin Y, Zhao Y, Qiu D, Liu J, Dong Y, Liu Y. Cellular microRNAs influence replication of H3N2 canine influenza virus in infected cells. Vet Microbiol 2021; 257:109083. [PMID: 33894663 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to play important regulatory roles in host-virus interactions. Avian-origin H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) has emerged as the most prevalent subtype among dogs in Asia since 2007. To evaluate the roles of host miRNAs in H3N2 CIV infection, here, miRNA profiles obtained from primary canine bronchiolar epithelial cells (CBECs) and canine alveolar macrophages (CAMCs) were compared between infected and mock-infected cells with the H3N2 CIV JS/10. It was found that the expressions of cfa-miR-125b and cfa-miR-151, which have been reported to be associated with innate immunity and inflammatory response, were significantly decreased in CIV-infected canine primary cells. Bioinformatics prediction indicated that 5' seed regions of the two miRNAs are partially complementary to the mRNAs of nucleoprotein (NP) and non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of JS/10. As determined by virus titration, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting, overexpression of the two miRNAs inhibited CIV replication in cell culture, while their inhibition facilitated this replication, suggesting that the two miRNAs could act as negative regulators of CIV replication. Our findings support the notion that some cellular miRNAs can influence the outcome of virus infection, which helps to elucidate the resistance of host cells to viral infection and to clarify the pathogenesis of H3N2 CIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Maoda Pang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Shan Liang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yanbing Zhao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Dong Qiu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Provincial Animal Disease Control Center, Nanjing, 210036, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuhao Dong
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Replication-Competent ΔNS1 Influenza A Viruses Expressing Reporter Genes. Viruses 2021; 13:v13040698. [PMID: 33920517 PMCID: PMC8072579 DOI: 10.3390/v13040698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The influenza A virus (IAV) is able to infect multiple mammalian and avian species, and in humans IAV is responsible for annual seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics of respiratory disease with significant health and economic impacts. Studying IAV involves laborious secondary methodologies to identify infected cells. Therefore, to circumvent this requirement, in recent years, multiple replication-competent infectious IAV expressing traceable reporter genes have been developed. These IAVs have been very useful for in vitro and/or in vivo studies of viral replication, identification of neutralizing antibodies or antivirals, and in studies to evaluate vaccine efficacy, among others. In this report, we describe, for the first time, the generation and characterization of two replication-competent influenza A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 H1N1 (PR8) viruses where the viral non-structural protein 1 (NS1) was substituted by the monomeric (m)Cherry fluorescent or the NanoLuc luciferase (Nluc) proteins. The ΔNS1 mCherry was able to replicate in cultured cells and in Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1 (STAT1) deficient mice, although at a lower extent than a wild-type (WT) PR8 virus expressing the same mCherry fluorescent protein (WT mCherry). Notably, expression of either reporter gene (mCherry or Nluc) was detected in infected cells by fluorescent microscopy or luciferase plate readers, respectively. ΔNS1 IAV expressing reporter genes provide a novel approach to better understand the biology and pathogenesis of IAV, and represent an excellent tool to develop new therapeutic approaches against IAV infections.
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46
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Identification of amino acid residues required for inhibition of host gene expression by influenza A/Viet Nam/1203/2004 H5N1 PA-X. J Virol 2021; 96:e0040821. [PMID: 33853954 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00408-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PA-X is a non-structural protein of influenza A virus (IAV), which is encoded by the polymerase acidic (PA) N-terminal region that contains a C-terminal +1 frameshifted sequence. IAV PA-X protein modulates virus-induced host innate immune responses and viral pathogenicity via suppression of host gene expression or cellular shutoff, through cellular mRNA cleavage. Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) of the H5N1 subtype naturally infect different avian species, they have an enormous economic impact in the poultry farming, and they also have zoonotic and pandemic potential, representing a risk to human public health. In the present study, we describe a novel bacteria-based approach to identify amino acid residues in the PA-X protein of the HPAIV A/Viet Nam/1203/2004 H5N1 that are important for its ability to inhibit host protein expression or cellular shutoff activity. Identified PA-X mutants displayed a reduced shutoff activity as compared to that of the wild-type (WT) A/Viet Nam/1203/2004 H5N1 PA-X protein. Notably, this new bacteria-based screening allowed us to identify amino acid residues widely distributed over the entire N-terminal region of PA-X. Furthermore, we found that some of the residues affecting A/Viet Nam/1203/2004 H5N1 PA-X host shutoff activity also affect PA polymerase activity in a minigenome assay. This information could be used for the rational design of new and more effective compounds with antiviral activity against IAV. Moreover, our results demonstrate the feasibility of using this bacteria-based approach to identify amino acid residues important for the activity of viral proteins to inhibit host gene expression. IMPORTANCE Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) continue to pose a huge threat to global animal and human health. Despite of the limited genome size of Influenza A virus (IAV), the virus encodes eight main viral structural proteins and multiple accessory non-structural proteins, depending on the IAV type, subtype or strain. One of the IAV accessory proteins, PA-X, is encoded by the polymerase acidic (PA) protein and is involved in pathogenicity through the modulation of IAV-induced host inflammatory and innate immune responses. However, the molecular mechanism(s) of IAV PA-X regulation of the host immune response is not well understood. In this work, we used, for the first time, a bacteria-based approach for the identification of amino acids important for the ability of IAV PA-X to induce host shutoff activity and describe novel residues relevant for its ability to inhibit host gene expression, and their contribution in PA polymerase activity.
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Roy A, Guo F, Singh B, Gupta S, Paul K, Chen X, Sharma NR, Jaishee N, Irwin DM, Shen Y. Base Composition and Host Adaptation of the SARS-CoV-2: Insight From the Codon Usage Perspective. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:548275. [PMID: 33889134 PMCID: PMC8057303 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.548275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been spreading rapidly all over the world and has raised grave concern globally. The present research aims to conduct a robust base compositional analysis of SARS-CoV-2 to reveal adaptive intricacies to the human host. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed a complex interplay of various factors including compositional constraint, natural selection, length of viral coding sequences, hydropathicity, and aromaticity of the viral gene products that are operational to codon usage patterns, with compositional bias being the most crucial determinant. UpG and CpA dinucleotides were found to be highly preferred whereas, CpG dinucleotide was mostly avoided in SARS-CoV-2, a pattern consistent with the human host. Strict avoidance of the CpG dinucleotide might be attributed to a strategy for evading a human immune response. A lower degree of adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 to the human host, compared to Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus and SARS-CoV, might be indicative of its milder clinical severity and progression contrasted to SARS and MERS. Similar patterns of enhanced adaptation between viral isolates from intermediate and human hosts, contrasted with those isolated from the natural bat reservoir, signifies an indispensable role of the intermediate host in transmission dynamics and spillover events of the virus to human populations. The information regarding avoided codon pairs in SARS-CoV-2, as conferred by the present analysis, promises to be useful for the design of vaccines employing codon pair deoptimization based synthetic attenuated virus engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Fucheng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bhupender Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Shelly Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Karan Paul
- Department of Biochemistry, DAV University, Jalandhar, India
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Neeta Raj Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Nishika Jaishee
- Department of Botany, St Joseph's College, Darjeeling, India
| | - David M Irwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yongyi Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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McKellar J, Rebendenne A, Wencker M, Moncorgé O, Goujon C. Mammalian and Avian Host Cell Influenza A Restriction Factors. Viruses 2021; 13:522. [PMID: 33810083 PMCID: PMC8005160 DOI: 10.3390/v13030522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat of a new influenza pandemic is real. With past pandemics claiming millions of lives, finding new ways to combat this virus is essential. Host cells have developed a multi-modular system to detect incoming pathogens, a phenomenon called sensing. The signaling cascade triggered by sensing subsequently induces protection for themselves and their surrounding neighbors, termed interferon (IFN) response. This response induces the upregulation of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), including antiviral effectors, establishing an antiviral state. As well as the antiviral proteins induced through the IFN system, cells also possess a so-called intrinsic immunity, constituted of antiviral proteins that are constitutively expressed, creating a first barrier preceding the induction of the interferon system. All these combined antiviral effectors inhibit the virus at various stages of the viral lifecycle, using a wide array of mechanisms. Here, we provide a review of mammalian and avian influenza A restriction factors, detailing their mechanism of action and in vivo relevance, when known. Understanding their mode of action might help pave the way for the development of new influenza treatments, which are absolutely required if we want to be prepared to face a new pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe McKellar
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Antoine Rebendenne
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Mélanie Wencker
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, INSERM/CNRS/UCBL1/ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France;
| | - Olivier Moncorgé
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Caroline Goujon
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, CEDEX 5, 34293 Montpellier, France; (J.M.); (A.R.)
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Wyżewski Z, Świtlik W, Mielcarska MB, Gregorczyk-Zboroch KP. The Role of Bcl-xL Protein in Viral Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041956. [PMID: 33669408 PMCID: PMC7920434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bcl-xL represents a family of proteins responsible for the regulation of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Due to its anti-apoptotic activity, Bcl-xL co-determines the viability of various virally infected cells. Their survival may determine the effectiveness of viral replication and spread, dynamics of systemic infection, and viral pathogenesis. In this paper, we have reviewed the role of Bcl-xL in the context of host infection by eight different RNA and DNA viruses: hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza A virus (IAV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1), Maraba virus (MRBV), Schmallenberg virus (SBV) and coronavirus (CoV). We have described an influence of viral infection on the intracellular level of Bcl-xL and discussed the impact of Bcl-xL-dependent cell survival control on infection-accompanying pathogenic events such as tissue damage or oncogenesis. We have also presented anti-viral treatment strategies based on the pharmacological regulation of Bcl-xL expression or activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Wyżewski
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw, 01-815 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48 728-208-338
| | - Weronika Świtlik
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Matylda Barbara Mielcarska
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.M.); (K.P.G.-Z.)
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Liu Y, Fu C, Ye S, Liang Y, Qi Z, Yao C, Wang Z, Wang J, Cai S, Tang S, Chen Y, Li S. The inactivated vaccine of reassortant H3N2 canine influenza virus based on internal gene cassette from PR8 is safe and effective. Vet Microbiol 2021; 254:108997. [PMID: 33524810 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.108997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Canine influenza (CI) is a contagious respiratory disease in dogs, which poses a threat to canine health. A safe, high-yield vaccine seed virus is critical for CI vaccine development. We developed a PR8-based reassortant H3N2 canine influenza virus (RT CIV) using the reverse genetic method and evaluated its yield in canine kidney epithelial (MDCK) cells, Vero cells, and specific pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos. Mice and dogs were infected with RT CIV, and the pathogenicity was evaluated. The viral titers of RT CIV increased in MDCK cells, Vero cells, and SPF chicken embryos; the HA yield in SPF chicken embryos increased 4-fold. However, RT CIV was not lethal to mice, and it showed similar virulence as wild-type CIV. RT CIV also showed minimal pathogenicity in dogs, which manifested as mild fever and rhinorrhea for the first two days post-infection. Thus, RT CIV carrying the internal gene cassette from PR8 showed almost no pathogenicity in dogs. And the reassortant virus inactivated vaccine could provide complete protection against H3N2 CIV. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the pathogenicity of PR8-based reassortant H3N2 CIV in dogs. These studies are relevant for developing a high-yield and safe CI vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Cheng Fu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Shaotang Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yingxin Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhonghe Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Congwen Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ji Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Siqi Cai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shiyu Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shoujun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Technological Engineering Research Center for Pet, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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