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Liu D, Tian Z, Tusong K, Mamat H, Luo Y. Expression, purification and characterization of CTP synthase PyrG in Staphylococcusaureus. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 221:106520. [PMID: 38833752 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) presents a significant challenge in both nosocomial and community settings due to its pathogenicity. The emergence of drug-resistant strains exacerbates S. aureus infections, leading to increased mortality rates. PyrG, a member of the cytidine triphosphate (CTP) synthase family, serves as a crucial therapeutic target against S. aureus due to the pivotal role of CTP in cellular metabolism. However, the structural and mechanistic details of S. aureus PyrG remains unknown. Here, we successfully expressed and purified monomeric PyrG. Mutational experiments were conducted based on the results of molecular docking. Based on the results of the molecular docking, we carried out mutation experiments and found that Q386A dramatically decreased the CTP synthase activity compared to the wild-type protein, while Y54A almost completely abolished the activity. Exposure of S. aureus to the kinase inhibitor crizotinib increased expression of gene pyrG. Our results identify the two key sites on PyrG for the CTP synthase activity, and present PyrG gene expression increased during the treatment of crizotinib, which may eventually provide valuable guidance for the development of new drugs against S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafeng Liu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Lavender Conservation and Utilization, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining, 835000, Xinjiang, China; School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, Fujian, China.
| | - Zhu Tian
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Lavender Conservation and Utilization, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining, 835000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kuerban Tusong
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Lavender Conservation and Utilization, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining, 835000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hayrinsa Mamat
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Lavender Conservation and Utilization, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining, 835000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yihan Luo
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Lavender Conservation and Utilization, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Yili Normal University, Yining, 835000, Xinjiang, China
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2
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Chen S, Ye J, Lin Y, Chen W, Huang S, Yang Q, Qian H, Gao S, Hua C. Crucial Roles of RSAD2/viperin in Immunomodulation, Mitochondrial Metabolism and Autoimmune Diseases. Inflammation 2024:10.1007/s10753-024-02076-5. [PMID: 38909344 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-02076-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are typically characterized by aberrant activation of immune system that leads to excessive inflammatory reactions and tissue damage. Nevertheless, precise targeted and efficient therapies are limited. Thus, studies into novel therapeutic targets for the management of autoimmune diseases are urgently needed. Radical S-adenosyl methionine domain-containing 2 (RSAD2) is an interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) renowned for the antiviral properties of the protein it encodes, named viperin. An increasing number of studies have underscored the new roles of RSAD2/viperin in immunomodulation and mitochondrial metabolism. Previous studies have shown that there is a complex interplay between RSAD2/vipeirn and mitochondria and that binding of the iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster is necessary for the involvement of viperin in mitochondrial metabolism. Viperin influences the proliferation and development of immune cells as well as inflammation via different signaling pathways. However, the function of RSAD2/viperin varies in different studies and a comprehensive overview of this emerging theme is lacking. This review will describe the characteristics of RSAD2/viperin, decipher its function in immunometabolic processes, and clarify the crosstalk between RSAD2/viperin and mitochondria. Furthermore, we emphasize the crucial roles of RSAD2 in autoimmune diseases and its potential application value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyan Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, School of Biomedical Engineering, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Jiani Ye
- School of the 2nd Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Yinfang Lin
- School of the 1st Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Wenxiu Chen
- School of the 1st Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Shenghao Huang
- School of the 2nd Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Qianru Yang
- School of the 1st Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Hengrong Qian
- School of the 2nd Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Sheng Gao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
| | - Chunyan Hua
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, 325035, China.
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3
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Ouyang P, Li Y, Wei W, Li Q, Liu J, MaYang, Li S, Zhou Y, Chen D, Geng Y, Huang X. Preparation and evaluation of microencapsulated delivery system of recombinant interferon alpha protein from rainbow trout. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:132872. [PMID: 38942671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Diseases caused by viruses pose a significant risk to the health of aquatic animals, for which there are presently no efficacious remedies. Interferon (IFN) serving as an antiviral agent, is frequently employed in clinical settings. Due to the unique living conditions of aquatic animals, traditional injection of interferon is cumbersome, time-consuming and labor-intensive. This study aimed to prepare IFN microcapsules through emulsion technique by using resistant starch (RS) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS). Optimization was achieved using the Box-Behnken design (BBD) response surface technique, followed by the creation of microcapsules through emulsification. With RS at a concentration of 1.27 %, a water‑oxygen ratio of 3.3:7.4, CaCl2 at 13.67 %, CMCS at 1.04 %, the rate of encapsulation can escalate to 80.92 %. Rainbow trout infected with Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and common carp infected with Spring vireemia (SVCV) exhibited a relative survival rate (RPS) of 65 % and 60 % after treated with IFN microcapsules, respectively. Moreover, the microcapsules effectively reduced the serum AST levels and enhanced the expression of IFNα, IRF3, ISG15, MX1, PKR and Viperin in IHNV-infected rainbow trout and SVCV-infected carp. In conclusion, this integrated IFN microcapsule showed potential as an antiviral agent for treatment of viral diseases in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ouyang
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yankai Li
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenyan Wei
- Chengdu Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiunan Li
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiaxing Liu
- Chengdu Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - MaYang
- Chengdu Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuhan Li
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongheng Zhou
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Geng
- Department of Basic Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, Sichuan, China.
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Davila KMS, Nelli RK, Mora-Díaz JC, Sang Y, Miller LC, Giménez-Lirola LG. Transcriptome Analysis in Air-Liquid Interface Porcine Respiratory Epithelial Cell Cultures Reveals That the Betacoronavirus Porcine Encephalomyelitis Hemagglutinating Virus Induces a Robust Interferon Response to Infection. Viruses 2024; 16:939. [PMID: 38932231 PMCID: PMC11209522 DOI: 10.3390/v16060939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus (PHEV) replicates in the upper respiratory tract and tonsils of pigs. Using an air-liquid interface porcine respiratory epithelial cells (ALI-PRECs) culture system, we demonstrated that PHEV disrupts respiratory epithelia homeostasis by impairing ciliary function and inducing antiviral, pro-inflammatory cytokine, and chemokine responses. This study explores the mechanisms driving early innate immune responses during PHEV infection through host transcriptome analysis. Total RNA was collected from ALI-PRECs at 24, 36, and 48 h post inoculation (hpi). RNA-seq analysis was performed using an Illumina Hiseq 600 to generate 100 bp paired-end reads. Differential gene expression was analyzed using DeSeq2. PHEV replicated actively in ALI-PRECs, causing cytopathic changes and progressive mucociliary disruption. Transcriptome analysis revealed downregulation of cilia-associated genes such as CILK1, DNAH11, LRRC-23, -49, and -51, and acidic sialomucin CD164L2. PHEV also activated antiviral signaling pathways, significantly increasing the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (RSAD2, MX1, IFIT, and ISG15) and chemokine genes (CCL5 and CXCL10), highlighting inflammatory regulation. This study contributes to elucidating the molecular mechanisms of the innate immune response to PHEV infection of the airway epithelium, emphasizing the critical roles of the mucociliary, interferon, and chemokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M. Sarlo Davila
- Infectious Bacterial Disease Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA;
| | - Rahul K. Nelli
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (R.K.N.); (J.C.M.-D.)
| | - Juan C. Mora-Díaz
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (R.K.N.); (J.C.M.-D.)
| | - Yongming Sang
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA;
| | - Laura C. Miller
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Luis G. Giménez-Lirola
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (R.K.N.); (J.C.M.-D.)
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5
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Kamel R, Aman R, Mahfouz MM. Viperin-like proteins interfere with RNA viruses in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1385169. [PMID: 38895613 PMCID: PMC11185175 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1385169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Plant viruses cause substantial losses in crop yield and quality; therefore, devising new, robust strategies to counter viral infections has important implications for agriculture. Virus inhibitory protein endoplasmic reticulum-associated interferon-inducible (Viperin) proteins are conserved antiviral proteins. Here, we identified a set of Viperin and Viperin-like proteins from multiple species and tested whether they could interfere with RNA viruses in planta. Our data from transient and stable overexpression of these proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana reveal varying levels of interference against the RNA viruses tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), and potato virus x (PVX). Harnessing the potential of these proteins represents a novel avenue in plant antiviral approaches, offering a broader and more effective spectrum for application in plant biotechnology and agriculture. Identifying these proteins opens new avenues for engineering a broad range of resistance to protect crop plants against viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Magdy M. Mahfouz
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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Liang Y, Liang Y, Wang Q, Li Q, Huang Y, Li R, Pan X, Lie L, Xu H, Han Z, Liu H, Wen Q, Zhou C, Ma L, Zhou X. Viperin inhibits interferon-γ production to promote Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival by disrupting TBK1-IKKε-IRF3-axis and JAK-STAT signaling. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:897-913. [PMID: 38625657 PMCID: PMC11106103 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-024-01873-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN As an interferon-inducible protein, Viperin has broad-spectrum antiviral effects and regulation of host immune responses. We aim to investigate how Viperin regulates interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production in macrophages to control Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. METHODS We use Viperin deficient bone-marrow-derived macrophage (BMDM) to investigate the effects and machines of Viperin on Mtb infection. RESULTS Viperin inhibited IFN-γ production in macrophages and in the lung of mice to promote Mtb survival. Further insight into the mechanisms of Viperin-mediated regulation of IFN-γ production revealed the role of TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), the TAK1-dependent inhibition of NF-kappa B kinase-epsilon (IKKε), and interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Inhibition of the TBK1-IKKε-IRF3 axis restored IFN-γ production reduced by Viperin knockout in BMDM and suppressed intracellular Mtb survival. Moreover, Viperin deficiency activated the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway, which promoted IFN-γ production and inhibited Mtb infection in BMDM. Additionally, a combination of the anti-TB drug INH treatment in the absence of Viperin resulted in further IFN-γ production and anti-TB effect. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the involvement of TBK1-IKKε-IRF3 axis and JAK-STAT signaling pathways in Viperin-suppressed IFN-γ production in Mtb infected macrophages, and identifies a novel mechanism of Viperin on negatively regulating host immune response to Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China (Southern Medical University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Liang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China (Southern Medical University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China (Southern Medical University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianna Li
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China (Southern Medical University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingqi Huang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China (Southern Medical University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Li
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China (Southern Medical University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxin Pan
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China (Southern Medical University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linmiao Lie
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China (Southern Medical University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China (Southern Medical University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyu Han
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China (Southern Medical University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China (Southern Medical University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wen
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China (Southern Medical University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoying Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China (Southern Medical University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China (Southern Medical University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xinying Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China (Southern Medical University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China.
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Kreimendahl S, Pernas L. Metabolic immunity against microbes. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:496-508. [PMID: 38030541 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites, remodel the metabolism of their host to acquire the nutrients they need to proliferate. Thus, host cells are often perceived as mere exploitable nutrient pools during infection. Mounting reports challenge this perception and instead suggest that host cells can actively reprogram their metabolism to the detriment of the microbial invader. In this review, we present metabolic mechanisms that host cells use to defend against pathogens. We highlight the contribution of domesticated microbes to host defenses and discuss examples of host-pathogen arms races that are derived from metabolic conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lena Pernas
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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8
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Hayderi A, Kumawat AK, Shavva VS, Dreifaldt M, Sigvant B, Petri MH, Kragsterman B, Olofsson PS, Sirsjö A, Ljungberg LU. RSAD2 is abundant in atherosclerotic plaques and promotes interferon-induced CXCR3-chemokines in human smooth muscle cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8196. [PMID: 38589444 PMCID: PMC11001978 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58592-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In atherosclerotic lesions, monocyte-derived macrophages are major source of interferon gamma (IFN-γ), a pleotropic cytokine known to regulate the expression of numerous genes, including the antiviral gene RSAD2. While RSAD2 was reported to be expressed in endothelial cells of human carotid lesions, its significance for the development of atherosclerosis remains utterly unknown. Here, we harnessed publicly available human carotid atherosclerotic data to explore RSAD2 in lesions and employed siRNA-mediated gene-knockdown to investigate its function in IFN-γ-stimulated human aortic smooth muscle cells (hAoSMCs). Silencing RSAD2 in IFN-γ-stimulated hAoSMCs resulted in reduced expression and secretion of key CXCR3-chemokines, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11. Conditioned medium from RSAD2-deficient hAoSMCs exhibited diminished monocyte attraction in vitro compared to conditioned medium from control cells. Furthermore, RSAD2 transcript was elevated in carotid lesions where it was expressed by several different cell types, including endothelial cells, macrophages and smooth muscle cells. Interestingly, RSAD2 displayed significant correlations with CXCL10 (r = 0.45, p = 0.010) and CXCL11 (r = 0.53, p = 0.002) in human carotid lesions. Combining our findings, we uncover a novel role for RSAD2 in hAoSMCs, which could potentially contribute to monocyte recruitment in the context of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assim Hayderi
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Ashok K Kumawat
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Vladimir S Shavva
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mats Dreifaldt
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Vascular Surgery, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Sigvant
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Centre for Clinical Research and Education, Region Värmland, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Marcelo H Petri
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Vascular Surgery, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Björn Kragsterman
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Surgery, Västmanlands Hospital Västerås, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Peder S Olofsson
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Bioelectronic Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Allan Sirsjö
- School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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9
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Wang F, Shang Y. Radical S-adenosyl methionine domain-containing 2, a potential target of D-tryptophan in asthma treatment, regulates T helper cell type 1/2 balance. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 129:111581. [PMID: 38310765 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Asthma is a common chronic respiratory disease. D-tryptophan (D-TRP) can inhibit allergic airway inflammation and T helper cell type 2 (Th2) immune response. RNA-sequencing results have indicated that radical S-adenosyl methionine domain-containing 2 (RSAD2) might be a potential molecular target of D-TRP in asthma treatment. Herein, we established a mouse model of asthma using ovalbumin (OVA) via intraperitoneal injection and inhalational challenge. Gain- and loss-of-function studies of RSAD2 were performed in mice following the intratracheal delivery of lentiviral vectors (3 × 106 TU/mL). Naïve CD-4+ T cells were isolated from the spleen and used to explore the effects of RSAD2 on Th2 cell differentiation. RSAD2 expression was higher in the asthma group than in the control group. RSAD2 knockdown alleviated inflammatory cell infiltration and reduced the number of goblet cells. Low RSAD2 expression decreased the levels of IgE, IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP, and it reduced the number of inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. RSAD2 silencing suppressed Th2-related cytokine levels (such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13) and increased Th1-related cytokine levels (such as IFN-γ). Additionally, RSAD2 knockdown inhibited the phosphorylation of JAK1, JAK3, and STAT6, and downregulated GATA-3 expression. RSAD2 overexpression increased inflammatory cell infiltration and mucus secretion in the lung tissues of mice pretreated with D-TRP. D-TRP pretreatment reduced OVA-specific IgE content and IL-4 and IL-5 levels, and it increased the IFN-γ levels; however, RSAD2 overexpression reversed these effects. In conclusion, RSAD2 knockdown can mitigate OVA-induced asthma by regulating the Th2 immune response via JAK/STAT6 pathway inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Yunxiao Shang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
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10
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Vouillon A, Barthelemy J, Lebeau L, Nisole S, Savini G, Lévêque N, Simonin Y, Garcia M, Bodet C. Skin tropism during Usutu virus and West Nile virus infection: an amplifying and immunological role. J Virol 2024; 98:e0183023. [PMID: 38088560 PMCID: PMC10805065 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01830-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Usutu virus (USUV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are closely related emerging arboviruses belonging to the Flavivirus genus and posing global public health concerns. Although human infection by these viruses is mainly asymptomatic, both have been associated with neurological disorders such as encephalitis and meningoencephalitis. Since USUV and WNV are transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito, the skin represents the initial site of virus inoculation and provides the first line of host defense. Although some data on the early stages of WNV skin infection are available, very little is known about USUV. Herein, USUV-skin resident cell interactions were characterized. Using primary human keratinocytes and fibroblasts, an early replication of USUV during the first 24 hours was shown in both skin cells. In human skin explants, a high viral tropism for keratinocytes was observed. USUV infection of these models induced type I and III interferon responses associated with upregulated expression of various interferon-stimulated genes as well as pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine genes. Among the four USUV lineages studied, the Europe 2 strain replicated more efficiently in skin cells and induced a higher innate immune response. In vivo, USUV and WNV disseminated quickly from the inoculation site to distal cutaneous tissues. In addition, viral replication and persistence in skin cells were associated with an antiviral response. Taken together, these results provide a better understanding of the pathophysiology of the early steps of USUV infection and suggest that the skin constitutes a major amplifying organ for USUV and WNV infection.IMPORTANCEUsutu virus (USUV) and West Nile virus (WNV) are closely related emerging Flaviviruses transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. Since they are directly inoculated within the upper skin layers, the interactions between the virus and skin cells are critical in the pathophysiology of USUV and WNV infection. Here, during the early steps of infection, we showed that USUV can efficiently infect two human resident skin cell types at the inoculation site: the epidermal keratinocytes and the dermal fibroblasts, leading to the induction of an antiviral innate immune response. Moreover, following cutaneous inoculation, we demonstrated that both viruses can rapidly spread, replicate, and persist in all distal cutaneous tissues in mice, a phenomenon associated with a generalized skin inflammatory response. These results highlight the key amplifying and immunological role of the skin during USUV and WNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axelle Vouillon
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC), Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jonathan Barthelemy
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections (PCCEI), University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, Montpellier, France
| | - Lucie Lebeau
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Giovanni Savini
- Department of Virology, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise (IZS-Teramo), Teramo, Italy
| | - Nicolas Lévêque
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC), Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Yannick Simonin
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic and Emerging Infections (PCCEI), University of Montpellier, INSERM, EFS, Montpellier, France
| | - Magali Garcia
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC), Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Laboratoire de Virologie et Mycobactériologie, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Charles Bodet
- Laboratoire Inflammation Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines (LITEC), Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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Lu X, Yi M, Hu Z, Yang T, Zhang W, Marsh ENG, Jia K. Feedback loop regulation between viperin and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus through competing protein degradation pathways. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.09.574905. [PMID: 38260481 PMCID: PMC10802422 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.09.574905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Viperin is an antiviral protein that exhibits a remarkably broad spectrum of antiviral activity. Viperin-like proteins are found all kingdoms of life, suggesting it is an ancient component of the innate immune system. However, viruses have developed strategies to counteract viperin's effects. Here, we describe a feedback loop between viperin and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), a common fish pathogen. We show that Lateolabrax japonicus viperin (Ljviperin) is induced by both IFN-independent and IFN-dependent pathways, with the C-terminal domain of Ljviperin being important for its anti-VHSV activity. Ljviperin exerts an antiviral effect by binding both the nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (P) of VHSV and induces their degradation through the autophagy pathway, which is an evolutionarily conserved antiviral mechanism. However, counteracting viperin's activity, N protein targets and degrades transcription factors that up-regulate Ljviperin expression, interferon regulatory factor (IRF) 1 and IRF9, through ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Together, our results reveal a previously unknown feedback loop between viperin and virus, providing potential therapeutic targets for VHSV prevention. Importance Viral hemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS) is a contagious disease caused by the viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), which poses a threat to over 80 species of marine and freshwater fish. Currently, there are no effective treatments available for this disease. Understanding the mechanisms of VHSV-host interaction is crucial for preventing viral infections. Here, we found that, as an ancient antiviral protein, viperin degrades the N and P proteins of VHSV through the autophagy pathway. Additionally, the N protein also impacts the biological functions of IRF1 and IRF9 through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, leading to the suppression of viperin expression. Therefore, the N protein may serve as a potential virulence factor for the development of VHSV vaccines and screening of antiviral drugs. Our research will serve as a valuable reference for the development of strategies to prevent VHSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Sciences and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 519082, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 519082, China
| | - Meisheng Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Sciences and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 519082, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 519082, China
| | - Zhe Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Sciences and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 519082, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 519082, China
| | - Taoran Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Sciences and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 519082, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 519082, China
| | - Wanwan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Sciences and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 519082, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 519082, China
| | - E. Neil G. Marsh
- Departments of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Kuntong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Southern Marine Sciences and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 519082, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 519082, China
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12
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Shanaka KASN, Jung S, Madushani KP, Kim MJ, Lee J. Viperin mutation is linked to immunity, immune cell dynamics, and metabolic alteration during VHSV infection in zebrafish. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1327749. [PMID: 38173722 PMCID: PMC10763233 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1327749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Viperin is a prominent antiviral protein found in animals. The primary function of Viperin is the production of 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-cytidine triphosphate (ddhCTP), an inhibitory nucleotide involved in viral RNA synthesis. Studies in mammalian models have suggested that ddhCTP interferes with metabolic proteins. However, this hypothesis has yet to be tested in teleost. In this study, the role of Viperin in regulating metabolic alterations during viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection was tested. When infected with VHSV, viperin -/- fish showed considerably higher mortality rates. VHSV copy number and the expression of the NP gene were significantly increased in viperin -/- fish. Metabolic gene analysis revealed significant differences in soda, hif1a, fasn, and acc expression, indicating their impact on metabolism. Cholesterol analysis in zebrafish larvae during VHSV infection showed significant upregulation of cholesterol production without Viperin. In vitro analysis of ZF4 cells suggested a considerable reduction in lipid production and a significant upregulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation with the overexpression of viperin. Neutrophil and macrophage recruitment were significantly modulated in viperin -/- fish compared to the wild-type (WT) fish. Thus, we have demonstrated that Viperin plays a role in interfering with metabolic alterations during VHSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. A. S. N. Shanaka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
- Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumi Jung
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
- Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - K. P. Madushani
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Jin Kim
- Bioresource Industrialization Center, Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
- Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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13
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Sravanthi M, Sebastian R, Krishnaswamy N, Mahadappa P, Dechamma HJ, Umapathi V, Sanyal A. Production of polyclonal viperin antisera using N-terminal deleted recombinant bovine viperin. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:2827-2834. [PMID: 36112063 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2120890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Viperin, also known as radical S-adenosyl methionine domain-containing protein (RSAD2) is a multifunctional interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) that is activated during the viral infections. Viperin belongs to S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) superfamily of enzymes known to catalyze radical-mediated reactions and viperin inhibits a wide range of DNA and RNA viruses through its broad range of activity. The present study reports cloning and expression of bovine viperin in a bacterial expression system. PCR-based site-directed mutagenesis was carried out for deletion of N-terminal 1-70 amino acid containing amphipathic helix of viperin that interferes in protein expression and purification. The resultant truncated viperin protein was expressed in Escherichia coli, BL-21(DE3) competent cells and purified using nickel charged affinity column. The truncated 54 kDa protein was confirmed by western blot using human RSAD2 as a probe. Further, in house, hyperimmune serum was raised against the truncated viperin in the rabbit and the reactivity was confirmed by western blot using mammalian expression vector construct of viperin transfected in Baby Hamster kidney (BHK) cells and in MDBK cells infected with Foot and Mouth disease Asia I virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mannem Sravanthi
- Foot and Mouth Disease Research Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Renjith Sebastian
- Foot and Mouth Disease Research Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Narayanan Krishnaswamy
- Foot and Mouth Disease Research Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Priyanka Mahadappa
- Foot and Mouth Disease Research Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - H J Dechamma
- Foot and Mouth Disease Research Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - V Umapathi
- Foot and Mouth Disease Research Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Aniket Sanyal
- Foot and Mouth Disease Research Laboratory, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
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14
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Culbertson EM, Levin TC. Eukaryotic CD-NTase, STING, and viperin proteins evolved via domain shuffling, horizontal transfer, and ancient inheritance from prokaryotes. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002436. [PMID: 38064485 PMCID: PMC10732462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals use a variety of cell-autonomous innate immune proteins to detect viral infections and prevent replication. Recent studies have discovered that a subset of mammalian antiviral proteins have homology to antiphage defense proteins in bacteria, implying that there are aspects of innate immunity that are shared across the Tree of Life. While the majority of these studies have focused on characterizing the diversity and biochemical functions of the bacterial proteins, the evolutionary relationships between animal and bacterial proteins are less clear. This ambiguity is partly due to the long evolutionary distances separating animal and bacterial proteins, which obscures their relationships. Here, we tackle this problem for 3 innate immune families (CD-NTases [including cGAS], STINGs, and viperins) by deeply sampling protein diversity across eukaryotes. We find that viperins and OAS family CD-NTases are ancient immune proteins, likely inherited since the earliest eukaryotes first arose. In contrast, we find other immune proteins that were acquired via at least 4 independent events of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from bacteria. Two of these events allowed algae to acquire new bacterial viperins, while 2 more HGT events gave rise to distinct superfamilies of eukaryotic CD-NTases: the cGLR superfamily (containing cGAS) that has since diversified via a series of animal-specific duplications and a previously undefined eSMODS superfamily, which more closely resembles bacterial CD-NTases. Finally, we found that cGAS and STING proteins have substantially different histories, with STING protein domains undergoing convergent domain shuffling in bacteria and eukaryotes. Overall, our findings paint a picture of eukaryotic innate immunity as highly dynamic, where eukaryotes build upon their ancient antiviral repertoires through the reuse of protein domains and by repeatedly sampling a rich reservoir of bacterial antiphage genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward M. Culbertson
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Biological Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tera C. Levin
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Biological Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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15
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Huang L, Zhu X, Kuang J, Li B, Yu Q, Liu M, Li B, Guo H, Li P. Molecular and functional characterization of viperin in golden pompano, Trachinotus ovatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109098. [PMID: 37758099 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The radical S-adenosyl methionine domain-containing protein 2 (RSAD2), also known as viperin, plays a momentous and multifaceted role in antiviral immunity. However, the function of viperin is uninvestigated in golden pompano, Trachinotus ovatus. In the present study, a viperin homolog, named To-viperin, was cloned and characterized from golden pompano, and its role in response to grouper iridovirus (SGIV) and nervous necrosis virus (NNV) infection was investigated. The whole open reading frame (ORF) of To-viperin was composed of 1050 bp and encoded a polypeptide of 349 amino acids with 70.66%-83.51% identity with the known viperin homologs from other fish species. A variable N-terminal domain, a highly conserved C-terminal domain, and a conserved middle radical SAM domain (aa 61-271) with the three-cysteine motif CxxCxxC was found in To-viperin sequence. Expression analysis showed that To-viperin was constitutively expressed in all tested organs and was located mainly in the ER of golden pompano cells. Treatments with SGIV, poly I: C, or NNV could induce the up-regulation of viperin to varying degrees. The ectopic expression of To-viperin in vitro significantly reduced the viral titer of SGIV and NNV. Furthermore, To-viperin overexpression enhanced the expression of IFNc, IRF3, and ISG15 genes as well as, to a lesser extent, the IL-6 gene. In summary, our results suggested that the function of viperin is likely to be conserved in fish specise, as observed in other vertebrates, shedding light on the evolutionary conservation of viperin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology (GERCFT), Guangxi Academy of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, PR China
| | - Jihui Kuang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology (GERCFT), Guangxi Academy of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, PR China; School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, PR China
| | - Bohuan Li
- School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, PR China
| | - Qing Yu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology (GERCFT), Guangxi Academy of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, PR China
| | - Mingzhu Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology (GERCFT), Guangxi Academy of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, PR China
| | - Bingzheng Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology (GERCFT), Guangxi Academy of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, PR China; College of Food Science and Quality Engineering, Nanning University, Nanning, PR China
| | - Hui Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, PR China.
| | - Pengfei Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biotechnology and Modern Ecological Aquaculture, Guangxi Engineering Research Center for Fishery Major Diseases Control and Efficient Healthy Breeding Industrial Technology (GERCFT), Guangxi Academy of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, PR China; School of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, PR China; College of Food Science and Quality Engineering, Nanning University, Nanning, PR China.
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16
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Roberts I, Wright Muelas M, Taylor JM, Davison AS, Winder CL, Goodacre R, Kell DB. Quantitative LC-MS study of compounds found predictive of COVID-19 severity and outcome. Metabolomics 2023; 19:87. [PMID: 37853293 PMCID: PMC10584727 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in December 2019 multiple metabolomics studies have proposed predictive biomarkers of infection severity and outcome. Whilst some trends have emerged, the findings remain intangible and uninformative when it comes to new patients. OBJECTIVES In this study, we accurately quantitate a subset of compounds in patient serum that were found predictive of severity and outcome. METHODS A targeted LC-MS method was used in 46 control and 95 acute COVID-19 patient samples to quantitate the selected metabolites. These compounds included tryptophan and its degradation products kynurenine and kynurenic acid (reflective of immune response), butyrylcarnitine and its isomer (reflective of energy metabolism) and finally 3',4'-didehydro-3'-deoxycytidine, a deoxycytidine analogue, (reflective of host viral defence response). We subsequently examine changes in those markers by disease severity and outcome relative to those of control patients' levels. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Finally, we demonstrate the added value of the kynurenic acid/tryptophan ratio for severity and outcome prediction and highlight the viral detection potential of ddhC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivayla Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Centre for Metabolomics Research (CMR), Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Marina Wright Muelas
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Centre for Metabolomics Research (CMR), Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joseph M Taylor
- Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospitals Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew S Davison
- Liverpool Clinical Laboratories, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Metabolic Medicine, Royal Liverpool University Hospitals Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Catherine L Winder
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Centre for Metabolomics Research (CMR), Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Centre for Metabolomics Research (CMR), Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Centre for Metabolomics Research (CMR), Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Chemitorvet, 2000, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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Husso A, Pessa-Morikawa T, Koistinen VM, Kärkkäinen O, Kwon HN, Lahti L, Iivanainen A, Hanhineva K, Niku M. Impacts of maternal microbiota and microbial metabolites on fetal intestine, brain, and placenta. BMC Biol 2023; 21:207. [PMID: 37794486 PMCID: PMC10552303 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01709-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The maternal microbiota modulates fetal development, but the mechanisms of these earliest host-microbe interactions are unclear. To investigate the developmental impacts of maternal microbial metabolites, we compared full-term fetuses from germ-free and specific pathogen-free mouse dams by gene expression profiling and non-targeted metabolomics. RESULTS In the fetal intestine, critical genes mediating host-microbe interactions, innate immunity, and epithelial barrier were differentially expressed. Interferon and inflammatory signaling genes were downregulated in the intestines and brains of the fetuses from germ-free dams. The expression of genes related to neural system development and function, translation and RNA metabolism, and regulation of energy metabolism were significantly affected. The gene coding for the insulin-degrading enzyme (Ide) was most significantly downregulated in all tissues. In the placenta, genes coding for prolactin and other essential regulators of pregnancy were downregulated in germ-free dams. These impacts on gene expression were strongly associated with microbially modulated metabolite concentrations in the fetal tissues. Aryl sulfates and other aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands, the trimethylated compounds TMAO and 5-AVAB, Glu-Trp and other dipeptides, fatty acid derivatives, and the tRNA nucleobase queuine were among the compounds strongly associated with gene expression differences. A sex difference was observed in the fetal responses to maternal microbial status: more genes were differentially regulated in male fetuses than in females. CONCLUSIONS The maternal microbiota has a major impact on the developing fetus, with male fetuses potentially more susceptible to microbial modulation. The expression of genes important for the immune system, neurophysiology, translation, and energy metabolism are strongly affected by the maternal microbial status already before birth. These impacts are associated with microbially modulated metabolites. We identified several microbial metabolites which have not been previously observed in this context. Many of the potentially important metabolites remain to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksi Husso
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Pessa-Morikawa
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ville Mikael Koistinen
- Food Sciences Unit, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Afekta Technologies Ltd., Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Kärkkäinen
- Afekta Technologies Ltd., Kuopio, Finland
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hyuk Nam Kwon
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- School of Biological Sciences and Basic-Clinical Convergence Research Institute, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44610, South Korea
| | - Leo Lahti
- Department of Computing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Iivanainen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kati Hanhineva
- Food Sciences Unit, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Afekta Technologies Ltd., Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikael Niku
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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18
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Premraj A, Aleyas AG, Nautiyal B, Rasool TJ. Viperin from the dromedary camel: First report of an antiviral interferon-responsive gene from camelids. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 147:104754. [PMID: 37295628 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Viral infections activate pattern recognition receptors in the host, triggering an innate immune response that involves the production of interferons, which, in turn, stimulates the expression of antiviral effector genes. Viperin is one of the most highly induced interferon-stimulated genes and displays broad antiviral activity, especially against tick-borne viruses. Of late, camelid-borne zoonotic viruses have been on the rise in the Arabian Peninsula, but research into camelid antiviral effector genes has been limited. This is the first report of an interferon-responsive gene from the mammalian suborder Tylopoda to which modern camels belong. From camel kidney cells treated with dsRNA mimetic, we cloned viperin cDNA encoding 361 amino acid protein. Sequence analysis of camel viperin reveals high levels of amino acid conservation, particularly within the RSAD domain. Compared to kidney, the relative mRNA expression of viperin was higher in blood, lung, spleen, lymph nodes, and intestines. The in-vitro expression of viperin was induced by poly(I:C) and interferon treatment in camel kidney cell lines. Viperin expression was subdued in camel kidney cells infected with the camelpox virus during the early stages of infection, suggesting possible suppression by the virus. Overexpression of camel viperin through transient transfection significantly enhanced the resistance of cultured camel kidney cell lines to infection with camelpox virus. Research into the role of viperin in host immunity against emerging viral pathogens of camels will provide insight into novel mechanisms of antiviral activity of the protein, viral immune evasion strategies, and enable the development of better antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Premraj
- Camel Biotechnology Center, Presidential Camels & Camel Racing Affairs Centre, Department of the President's Affairs, PO Box 17292, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abi George Aleyas
- Camel Biotechnology Center, Presidential Camels & Camel Racing Affairs Centre, Department of the President's Affairs, PO Box 17292, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Binita Nautiyal
- Camel Biotechnology Center, Presidential Camels & Camel Racing Affairs Centre, Department of the President's Affairs, PO Box 17292, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Thaha Jamal Rasool
- Camel Biotechnology Center, Presidential Camels & Camel Racing Affairs Centre, Department of the President's Affairs, PO Box 17292, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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19
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Culbertson EM, Levin TC. Eukaryotic antiviral immune proteins arose via convergence, horizontal transfer, and ancient inheritance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.27.546753. [PMID: 37425898 PMCID: PMC10327000 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.27.546753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Animals use a variety of cell-autonomous innate immune proteins to detect viral infections and prevent replication. Recent studies have discovered that a subset of mammalian antiviral proteins have homology to anti-phage defense proteins in bacteria, implying that there are aspects of innate immunity that are shared across the Tree of Life. While the majority of these studies have focused on characterizing the diversity and biochemical functions of the bacterial proteins, the evolutionary relationships between animal and bacterial proteins are less clear. This ambiguity is partly due to the long evolutionary distances separating animal and bacterial proteins, which obscures their relationships. Here, we tackle this problem for three innate immune families (CD-NTases [including cGAS], STINGs, and Viperins) by deeply sampling protein diversity across eukaryotes. We find that Viperins and OAS family CD-NTases are truly ancient immune proteins, likely inherited since the last eukaryotic common ancestor and possibly longer. In contrast, we find other immune proteins that arose via at least four independent events of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from bacteria. Two of these events allowed algae to acquire new bacterial viperins, while two more HGT events gave rise to distinct superfamilies of eukaryotic CD-NTases: the Mab21 superfamily (containing cGAS) which has diversified via a series of animal-specific duplications, and a previously undefined eSMODS superfamily, which more closely resembles bacterial CD-NTases. Finally, we found that cGAS and STING proteins have substantially different histories, with STINGs arising via convergent domain shuffling in bacteria and eukaryotes. Overall, our findings paint a picture of eukaryotic innate immunity as highly dynamic, where eukaryotes build upon their ancient antiviral repertoires through the reuse of protein domains and by repeatedly sampling a rich reservoir of bacterial anti-phage genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tera C. Levin
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Biological Sciences
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20
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Kembou-Ringert JE, Steinhagen D, Thompson KD, Daly JM, Adamek M. Immune responses to Tilapia lake virus infection: what we know and what we don't know. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1240094. [PMID: 37622112 PMCID: PMC10445761 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1240094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is a novel contagious pathogen associated with a lethal disease affecting and decimating tilapia populations on several continents across the globe. Fish viral diseases, such as Tilapia lake virus disease (TiLVD), represent a serious threat to tilapia aquaculture. Therefore, a better understanding of the innate immune responses involved in establishing an antiviral state can help shed light on TiLV disease pathogenesis. Moreover, understanding the adaptive immune mechanisms involved in mounting protection against TiLV could greatly assist in the development of vaccination strategies aimed at controlling TiLVD. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on the immune responses following TiLV infection. After describing the main pathological findings associated with TiLVD, both the innate and adaptive immune responses and mechanisms to TiLV infection are discussed, in both disease infection models and in vitro studies. In addition, our work, highlights research questions, knowledge gaps and research areas in the immunology of TiLV infection where further studies are needed to better understand how disease protection against TiLV is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Japhette E. Kembou-Ringert
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dieter Steinhagen
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kim D. Thompson
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Janet M. Daly
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Mikolaj Adamek
- Fish Disease Research Unit, Institute for Parasitology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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21
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Wang XF, Zhang X, Ma W, Li J, Wang X. Host cell restriction factors of equine infectious anemia virus. Virol Sin 2023; 38:485-496. [PMID: 37419416 PMCID: PMC10436108 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) is a member of the lentivirus genus in the Retroviridae family and is considered an animal model for HIV/AIDS research. An attenuated EIAV vaccine, which was successfully developed in the 1970s by classical serial passage techniques, is the first and only lentivirus vaccine that has been widely used to date. Restriction factors are cellular proteins that provide an early line of defense against viral replication and spread by interfering with various critical steps in the viral replication cycle. However, viruses have evolved specific mechanisms to overcome these host barriers through adaptation. The battle between the viruses and restriction factors is actually a natural part of the viral replication process, which has been well studied in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). EIAV has the simplest genome composition of all lentiviruses, making it an intriguing subject for understanding how the virus employs its limited viral proteins to overcome restriction factors. In this review, we summarize the current literature on the interactions between equine restriction factors and EIAV. The features of equine restriction factors and the mechanisms by which the EIAV counteract the restriction suggest that lentiviruses employ diverse strategies to counteract innate immune restrictions. In addition, we present our insights on whether restriction factors induce alterations in the phenotype of the attenuated EIAV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiangmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Weiwei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Jiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Xiaojun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
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22
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Safi R, Sánchez-Álvarez M, Bosch M, Demangel C, Parton RG, Pol A. Defensive-lipid droplets: Cellular organelles designed for antimicrobial immunity. Immunol Rev 2023; 317:113-136. [PMID: 36960679 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Microbes have developed many strategies to subvert host organisms, which, in turn, evolved several innate immune responses. As major lipid storage organelles of eukaryotes, lipid droplets (LDs) are an attractive source of nutrients for invaders. Intracellular viruses, bacteria, and protozoan parasites induce and physically interact with LDs, and the current view is that they "hijack" LDs to draw on substrates for host colonization. This dogma has been challenged by the recent demonstration that LDs are endowed with a protein-mediated antibiotic activity, which is upregulated in response to danger signals and sepsis. Dependence on host nutrients could be a generic "Achilles' heel" of intracellular pathogens and LDs a suitable chokepoint harnessed by innate immunity to organize a front-line defense. Here, we will provide a brief overview of the state of the conflict and discuss potential mechanisms driving the formation of the 'defensive-LDs' functioning as hubs of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Safi
- Lipid Trafficking and Disease Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Sánchez-Álvarez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (IIB), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Bosch
- Lipid Trafficking and Disease Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Caroline Demangel
- Immunobiology and Therapy Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1224, Paris, France
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis (CMM), University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Albert Pol
- Lipid Trafficking and Disease Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Hüsler D, Stauffer P, Hilbi H. Tapping lipid droplets: A rich fat diet of intracellular bacterial pathogens. Mol Microbiol 2023; 120:194-209. [PMID: 37429596 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are dynamic and versatile organelles present in most eukaryotic cells. LDs consist of a hydrophobic core of neutral lipids, a phospholipid monolayer coat, and a variety of associated proteins. LDs are formed at the endoplasmic reticulum and have diverse roles in lipid storage, energy metabolism, membrane trafficking, and cellular signaling. In addition to their physiological cellular functions, LDs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases, including metabolic disorders, cancer, and infections. A number of intracellular bacterial pathogens modulate and/or interact with LDs during host cell infection. Members of the genera Mycobacterium, Legionella, Coxiella, Chlamydia, and Salmonella exploit LDs as a source of intracellular nutrients and membrane components to establish their distinct intracellular replicative niches. In this review, we focus on the biogenesis, interactions, and functions of LDs, as well as on their role in lipid metabolism of intracellular bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Hüsler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pia Stauffer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hubert Hilbi
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Wei KH, Lin IT, Chowdhury K, Lim KL, Liu KT, Ko TM, Chang YM, Yang KC, Lai SL(B. Comparative single-cell profiling reveals distinct cardiac resident macrophages essential for zebrafish heart regeneration. eLife 2023; 12:e84679. [PMID: 37498060 PMCID: PMC10411971 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish exhibit a robust ability to regenerate their hearts following injury, and the immune system plays a key role in this process. We previously showed that delaying macrophage recruitment by clodronate liposome (-1d_CL, macrophage-delayed model) impairs neutrophil resolution and heart regeneration, even when the infiltrating macrophage number was restored within the first week post injury (Lai et al., 2017). It is thus intriguing to learn the regenerative macrophage property by comparing these late macrophages vs. control macrophages during cardiac repair. Here, we further investigate the mechanistic insights of heart regeneration by comparing the non-regenerative macrophage-delayed model with regenerative controls. Temporal RNAseq analyses revealed that -1d_CL treatment led to disrupted inflammatory resolution, reactive oxygen species homeostasis, and energy metabolism during cardiac repair. Comparative single-cell RNAseq profiling of inflammatory cells from regenerative vs. non-regenerative hearts further identified heterogeneous macrophages and neutrophils, showing alternative activation and cellular crosstalk leading to neutrophil retention and chronic inflammation. Among macrophages, two residential subpopulations (hbaa+ Mac and timp4.3+ Mac 3) were enriched only in regenerative hearts and barely recovered after +1d_CL treatment. To deplete the resident macrophage without delaying the circulating macrophage recruitment, we established the resident macrophage-deficient model by administrating CL earlier at 8 d (-8d_CL) before cryoinjury. Strikingly, resident macrophage-deficient zebrafish still exhibited defects in revascularization, cardiomyocyte survival, debris clearance, and extracellular matrix remodeling/scar resolution without functional compensation from the circulating/monocyte-derived macrophages. Our results characterized the diverse function and interaction between inflammatory cells and identified unique resident macrophages prerequisite for zebrafish heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Hsuan Wei
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical CenterTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - I-Ting Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Kaushik Chowdhury
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Khai Lone Lim
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Kuan-Ting Liu
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Tai-Ming Ko
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Department of Biological Science & Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Yao-Ming Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Kai-Chien Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of MedicineTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Shih-Lei (Ben) Lai
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical CenterTaipeiTaiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
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25
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Herrera-Moro Huitron L, De Jesús-González LA, Martínez-Castillo M, Ulloa-Aguilar JM, Cabello-Gutierrez C, Helguera-Repetto C, Garcia-Cordero J, León Juárez M. Multifaceted Nature of Lipid Droplets in Viral Interactions and Pathogenesis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1851. [PMID: 37513023 PMCID: PMC10386712 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Once regarded as inert organelles with limited and ill-defined roles, lipid droplets (LDs) have emerged as dynamic entities with multifaceted functions within the cell. Recent research has illuminated their pivotal role as primary energy reservoirs in the form of lipids, capable of being metabolized to meet cellular energy demands. Their high dynamism is underscored by their ability to interact with numerous cellular organelles, notably the endoplasmic reticulum (the site of LD genesis) and mitochondria, which utilize small LDs for energy production. Beyond their contribution to cellular bioenergetics, LDs have been associated with viral infections. Evidence suggests that viruses can co-opt LDs to facilitate their infection cycle. Furthermore, recent discoveries highlight the role of LDs in modulating the host's immune response. Observations of altered LD levels during viral infections suggest their involvement in disease pathophysiology, potentially through production of proinflammatory mediators using LD lipids as precursors. This review explores these intriguing aspects of LDs, shedding light on their multifaceted nature and implications in viral interactions and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Herrera-Moro Huitron
- Laboratorio de Virología Perinatal y Diseño Molecular de Antígenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | | | - Macario Martínez-Castillo
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 11340, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Ulloa-Aguilar
- Laboratorio de Virología Perinatal y Diseño Molecular de Antígenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Carlos Cabello-Gutierrez
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), Departamento de Investigación en Virología y Micología, Calzada de Tlalpan 4502, Belisario Domínguez, Tlalpan 14080, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Helguera-Repetto
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
| | - Julio Garcia-Cordero
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Cinvestav, Av. IPN# 2508, Mexico City 07360, Mexico
| | - Moisés León Juárez
- Laboratorio de Virología Perinatal y Diseño Molecular de Antígenos y Biomarcadores, Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City 11000, Mexico
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26
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Hardy A, Bakshi S, Furnon W, MacLean O, Gu Q, Varjak M, Varela M, Aziz MA, Shaw AE, Pinto RM, Cameron Ruiz N, Mullan C, Taggart AE, Da Silva Filipe A, Randall RE, Wilson SJ, Stewart ME, Palmarini M. The Timing and Magnitude of the Type I Interferon Response Are Correlated with Disease Tolerance in Arbovirus Infection. mBio 2023; 14:e0010123. [PMID: 37097030 PMCID: PMC10294695 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00101-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Infected hosts possess two alternative strategies to protect themselves against the negative impact of virus infections: resistance, used to abrogate virus replication, and disease tolerance, used to avoid tissue damage without controlling viral burden. The principles governing pathogen resistance are well understood, while less is known about those involved in disease tolerance. Here, we studied bluetongue virus (BTV), the cause of bluetongue disease of ruminants, as a model system to investigate the mechanisms of virus-host interactions correlating with disease tolerance. BTV induces clinical disease mainly in sheep, while cattle are considered reservoirs of infection, rarely exhibiting clinical symptoms despite sustained viremia. Using primary cells from multiple donors, we show that BTV consistently reaches higher titers in ovine cells than cells from cattle. The variable replication kinetics of BTV in sheep and cow cells were mostly abolished by abrogating the cell type I interferon (IFN) response. We identified restriction factors blocking BTV replication, but both the sheep and cow orthologues of these antiviral genes possess anti-BTV properties. Importantly, we demonstrate that BTV induces a faster host cell protein synthesis shutoff in primary sheep cells than cow cells, which results in an earlier downregulation of antiviral proteins. Moreover, by using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), we also show a more pronounced expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) in BTV-infected cow cells than sheep cells. Our data provide a new perspective on how the type I IFN response in reservoir species can have overall positive effects on both virus and host evolution. IMPORTANCE The host immune response usually aims to inhibit virus replication in order to avoid cell damage and disease. In some cases, however, the infected host avoids the deleterious effects of infection despite high levels of viral replication. This strategy is known as disease tolerance, and it is used by animal reservoirs of some zoonotic viruses. Here, using a virus of ruminants (bluetongue virus [BTV]) as an experimental system, we dissected virus-host interactions in cells collected from species that are susceptible (sheep) or tolerant (cow) to disease. We show that (i) virus modulation of the host antiviral type I interferon (IFN) responses, (ii) viral replication kinetics, and (iii) virus-induced cell damage differ in tolerant and susceptible BTV-infected cells. Understanding the complex virus-host interactions in disease tolerance can allow us to disentangle the critical balance between protective and damaging host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Hardy
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Siddharth Bakshi
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Wilhelm Furnon
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar MacLean
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Quan Gu
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Margus Varjak
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mariana Varela
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Muhamad Afiq Aziz
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew E. Shaw
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Rute Maria Pinto
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Cameron Ruiz
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Catrina Mullan
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Aislynn E. Taggart
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Da Silva Filipe
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Richard E. Randall
- School of Biology, Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, United Kingdom
| | - Sam J. Wilson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Meredith E. Stewart
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Palmarini
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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27
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Mayo-Muñoz D, Pinilla-Redondo R, Birkholz N, Fineran PC. A host of armor: Prokaryotic immune strategies against mobile genetic elements. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112672. [PMID: 37347666 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Prokaryotic adaptation is strongly influenced by the horizontal acquisition of beneficial traits via mobile genetic elements (MGEs), such as viruses/bacteriophages and plasmids. However, MGEs can also impose a fitness cost due to their often parasitic nature and differing evolutionary trajectories. In response, prokaryotes have evolved diverse immune mechanisms against MGEs. Recently, our understanding of the abundance and diversity of prokaryotic immune systems has greatly expanded. These defense systems can degrade the invading genetic material, inhibit genome replication, or trigger abortive infection, leading to population protection. In this review, we highlight these strategies, focusing on the most recent discoveries. The study of prokaryotic defenses not only sheds light on microbial evolution but also uncovers novel enzymatic activities with promising biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mayo-Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Genetics Otago, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Rafael Pinilla-Redondo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Section of Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nils Birkholz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Genetics Otago, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Bioprotection Aotearoa, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Peter C Fineran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Genetics Otago, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Bioprotection Aotearoa, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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28
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Guo J, Huang W, Zhao X, Ji N, Chen K, Shi Y, Feng J, Zou J, Wang J. The expanded ISG12 family in zebrafish: ISG12.1 suppresses virus replication via targeting viral phosphoprotein. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:104672. [PMID: 36822549 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes (ISGs) play important roles in restricting the replication of viruses. However, the functions of many ISGs have not been investigated in fish. In this study, eight isg12 homologs (termed isg12.1-8) were identified in zebrafish and all contain a typical ISG12 family domain rich of hydrophobic amino acid residues. Isg12.1-7 were significantly induced in the ZF4 cells by poly(I:C) and IFNφ1, and in the kidney and spleen after infection with spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). In the EPC cells, overexpression of isg12.1 inhibited SVCV replication. Further, it was found that zebrafish ISG12.1 interacted with SVCV phosphoprotein (SVCV-P) and promoted SVCV-P degradation which could be attenuated by 3-MA and CQ (autophagy inhibitors). Our results indicate that zebrafish ISG12.1 restricts viral replication by targeting viral phosphoprotein for degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Wenji Huang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Ning Ji
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Kangyong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yanjie Shi
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jianhua Feng
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266200, China.
| | - Junya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Qin N, Li M, Zhang H, Li F, Guo X, Wu M, Zhang Q, Tang T, Liu F. Single von Willebrand factor C-domain protein confers host defense against white spot syndrome virus by functioning as a pattern recognition receptor in Macrobrachium nipponense. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124520. [PMID: 37085073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
The single von Willebrand factor C-domain proteins (SVWCs), also known as Vago, are primarily found in arthropods. Their expression was induced by nutritional status, bacterial and viral infections. Despite the prominence of SVWCs in antiviral immunity, the detailed molecular mechanisms remain poorly explained. SVWC has been proposed to elicit antiviral activities through its function as an interferon analog. In contrast, herein, we illustrate that an SVWC homolog from Macrobrachium nipponense (MnSVWC) confers host defense against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and covert mortality nodavirus (CMNV) as a pattern recognition receptor (PRR). qRT-PCR analyses demonstrated that the expression of MnSVWC was enhanced upon WSSV infection in all detected tissues, including gills, nerve cords, and hemocytes. Coating WSSV with recombinant MnSVWC (rMnSVWC) promoted the phagocytic activity of hemocytes and subsequent clearance of invasive WSSV from the prawn. On the other hand, the knockdown of MnSVWC with RNAi improved the proliferation ability of WSSV and CMNV in the prawn. Analysis of ELISA and Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) showed that rMnSVWC could bind WSSV by interacting with the vesicle proteins VP26 and VP28. Co-IP analysis verified the interaction between MnSVWC and calmodulin, which implies a vesicle protein-SVWC-calmodulin-clathrin-dependent mechanism underlying the hemocyte-mediated phagocytosis against WSSV. Subsequently, MnSVWC was recognized to activate the expression of transcription factor STAT and an interferon-stimulating gene Viperin, illustrating its involvement in modulating humoral immunity via activation of the JAK/STAT pathway after WSSV infection. These findings indicate that MnSVWC could bind to WSSV as a PRR and participate in the promotion of hemocyte-mediated phagocytosis and the activation of the JAK/STAT pathway in prawns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China; Department of Immunology, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi 046000, China
| | - Muyi Li
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Han Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Feifei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Xinrui Guo
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Mengjia Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Qingli Zhang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ting Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Fengsong Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Application, College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
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30
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Pawlak JB, Hsu JCC, Xia H, Han P, Suh HW, Grove TL, Morrison J, Shi PY, Cresswell P, Laurent-Rolle M. CMPK2 restricts Zika virus replication by inhibiting viral translation. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011286. [PMID: 37075076 PMCID: PMC10150978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses continue to emerge as global health threats. There are currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved antiviral treatments for flaviviral infections. Therefore, there is a pressing need to identify host and viral factors that can be targeted for effective therapeutic intervention. Type I interferon (IFN-I) production in response to microbial products is one of the host's first line of defense against invading pathogens. Cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 2 (CMPK2) is a type I interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) that exerts antiviral effects. However, the molecular mechanism by which CMPK2 inhibits viral replication is unclear. Here, we report that CMPK2 expression restricts Zika virus (ZIKV) replication by specifically inhibiting viral translation and that IFN-I- induced CMPK2 contributes significantly to the overall antiviral response against ZIKV. We demonstrate that expression of CMPK2 results in a significant decrease in the replication of other pathogenic flaviviruses including dengue virus (DENV-2), Kunjin virus (KUNV) and yellow fever virus (YFV). Importantly, we determine that the N-terminal domain (NTD) of CMPK2, which lacks kinase activity, is sufficient to restrict viral translation. Thus, its kinase function is not required for CMPK2's antiviral activity. Furthermore, we identify seven conserved cysteine residues within the NTD as critical for CMPK2 antiviral activity. Thus, these residues may form an unknown functional site in the NTD of CMPK2 contributing to its antiviral function. Finally, we show that mitochondrial localization of CMPK2 is required for its antiviral effects. Given its broad antiviral activity against flaviviruses, CMPK2 is a promising potential pan-flavivirus inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna B. Pawlak
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Jack Chun-Chieh Hsu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Hongjie Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Patrick Han
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Hee-Won Suh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Engineering and Applied Science, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Tyler L. Grove
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Juliet Morrison
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Institute for Drug Discovery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter Cresswell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Maudry Laurent-Rolle
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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Zhu M, Lv J, Wang W, Guo R, Zhong C, Antia A, Zeng Q, Li J, Liu Q, Zhou J, Zhu X, Fan B, Ding S, Li B. CMPK2 is a host restriction factor that inhibits infection of multiple coronaviruses in a cell-intrinsic manner. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002039. [PMID: 36930652 PMCID: PMC10058120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) comprise a group of important human and animal pathogens. Despite extensive research in the past 3 years, the host innate immune defense mechanisms against CoVs remain incompletely understood, limiting the development of effective antivirals and non-antibody-based therapeutics. Here, we performed an integrated transcriptomic analysis of porcine jejunal epithelial cells infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and identified cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 2 (CMPK2) as a potential host restriction factor. CMPK2 exhibited modest antiviral activity against PEDV infection in multiple cell types. CMPK2 transcription was regulated by interferon-dependent and interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1)-dependent pathways post-PEDV infection. We demonstrated that 3'-deoxy-3',4'-didehydro-cytidine triphosphate (ddhCTP) catalysis by Viperin, another interferon-stimulated protein, was essential for CMPK2's antiviral activity. Both the classical catalytic domain and the newly identified antiviral key domain of CMPK2 played crucial roles in this process. Together, CMPK2, viperin, and ddhCTP suppressed the replication of several other CoVs of different genera through inhibition of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activities. Our results revealed a previously unknown function of CMPK2 as a restriction factor for CoVs, implying that CMPK2 might be an alternative target of interfering with the viral polymerase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiahuang Lv
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- College of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University College of Veterinary Medicine, Nyingchi, Tibet, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongli Guo
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunyan Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Biological Engineering Department, Southwest Guizhou Vocational and Technical College for Nationalities, Xingyi, China
| | - Avan Antia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Qiru Zeng
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jizong Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qingtao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinzhu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baochao Fan
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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32
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Synthesis of a putative ddhCTP metabolite ddhC-homocysteine. Tetrahedron Lett 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2023.154423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
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Suzuki Y. Interferon-induced restriction of Chikungunya virus infection. Antiviral Res 2023; 210:105487. [PMID: 36657882 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an enveloped RNA virus that causes Chikungunya fever (CHIKF), which is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitos. Although CHIKVF had been regarded as an endemic disease in limited regions of Africa and Asia, the recent global reemergence of CHIKV heightened awareness of this infectious disease, and CHIKV infection is currently considered an increasing threat to public health. However, no specific drug or licensed vaccine is available for CHIKV infection. As seen in other RNA virus infections, CHIKV triggers the interferon (IFN) response that plays a central role in host defense against pathogens. Experimental evidence has demonstrated that control of CHIVK replication by the IFN response is achieved by antiviral effector molecules called interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), whose expressions are upregulated by IFN stimulation. This review details the molecular basis of the IFN-mediated suppression of CHIKV, particularly the ISGs restricting CHIKV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youichi Suzuki
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki, Japan.
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34
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Chinthapatla R, Sotoudegan M, Srivastava P, Anderson TK, Moustafa I, Passow K, Kennelly S, Moorthy R, Dulin D, Feng J, Harki D, Kirchdoerfer R, Cameron C, Arnold J. Interfering with nucleotide excision by the coronavirus 3'-to-5' exoribonuclease. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:315-336. [PMID: 36546762 PMCID: PMC9841423 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Some of the most efficacious antiviral therapeutics are ribonucleos(t)ide analogs. The presence of a 3'-to-5' proofreading exoribonuclease (ExoN) in coronaviruses diminishes the potency of many ribonucleotide analogs. The ability to interfere with ExoN activity will create new possibilities for control of SARS-CoV-2 infection. ExoN is formed by a 1:1 complex of nsp14 and nsp10 proteins. We have purified and characterized ExoN using a robust, quantitative system that reveals determinants of specificity and efficiency of hydrolysis. Double-stranded RNA is preferred over single-stranded RNA. Nucleotide excision is distributive, with only one or two nucleotides hydrolyzed in a single binding event. The composition of the terminal basepair modulates excision. A stalled SARS-CoV-2 replicase in complex with either correctly or incorrectly terminated products prevents excision, suggesting that a mispaired end is insufficient to displace the replicase. Finally, we have discovered several modifications to the 3'-RNA terminus that interfere with or block ExoN-catalyzed excision. While a 3'-OH facilitates hydrolysis of a nucleotide with a normal ribose configuration, this substituent is not required for a nucleotide with a planar ribose configuration such as that present in the antiviral nucleotide produced by viperin. Design of ExoN-resistant, antiviral ribonucleotides should be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukesh Chinthapatla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mohamad Sotoudegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Pankaj Srivastava
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Thomas K Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ibrahim M Moustafa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kellan T Passow
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Samantha A Kennelly
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ramkumar Moorthy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David Dulin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joy Y Feng
- Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Daniel A Harki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Robert N Kirchdoerfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Craig E Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jamie J Arnold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Feng Y, Tang F, Li S, Wu D, Liu Q, Li H, Zhang X, Liu Z, Zhang L, Feng H. Mannose-modified erythrocyte membrane-encapsulated chitovanic nanoparticles as a DNA vaccine carrier against reticuloendothelial tissue hyperplasia virus. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1066268. [PMID: 36776397 PMCID: PMC9910308 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1066268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The erythrocyte membranes used in nanovaccines include high membrane stability, long circulation life, adaptability and extremely good bio compatibility. Nanoparticles encapsulated by erythrocyte membranes are widely used as ideal drug delivery vehicles because of their high drug loading, long circulation time, and excellent biocompatibility. The mannose modification of delivery materials can help target mannose receptors (MRs) to deliver antigens to antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Methods In this study, the antigen gene gp90 of avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) was encapsulated with carboxymethyl chitosan (CS) to obtain CSgp90 nanoparticles, which were coated with mannose-modied fowl erythrocyte membranes to yield CS-gp90@M-M nanoparticles. The physicochemical characterization and immune response of the CS-gp90@M-M nanoparticles were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Results CS-gp90@M-M nanoparticles were rapidly phagocytized in vitro by macrophages to induce the production of cytokines and nitric oxide. In vivo, CS-gp90@M-M nanoparticles increased cytokine levels, the CD4+/8+ ratio, REV-specific antibodies in the peripheral blood of chicks, and the mRNA levels of immune-related genes in the spleen and bursa of immunized chicks. CS-gp90@M-M nanoparticles could be targeted to lymphoid organs to prolong the retention time of the nanoparticles at the injection site and lymphatic organs, leading to a strong, sustained immune response. Moreover, the CS-gp90@M-M nano-vaccine showed a lasting immunoprotective effect and improved the body weight of chicks after the challenge. Conclusion Overall, CS-gp90@M-M nanoparticles can be used in vaccine designs as an effective delivery carrier with immune response-enhancing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Feng
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Southwest-Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Tang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Southwest-Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sheng Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Southwest-Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Daiyan Wu
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Southwest-Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Southwest-Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hangyu Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Southwest-Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinnan Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Southwest-Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ziwei Liu
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Southwest-Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linzi Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Southwest-Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haibo Feng
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education and Sichuan Province for Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Animal Genetic Resource Reservation and Utilization, Southwest-Minzu University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Haibo Feng,
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36
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Hardy A, Kever L, Frunzke J. Antiphage small molecules produced by bacteria - beyond protein-mediated defenses. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:92-106. [PMID: 36038409 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial populations face the constant threat of viral predation exerted by bacteriophages ('phages'). In response, bacteria have evolved a wide range of defense mechanisms against phage challenges. Yet the vast majority of antiphage defense systems described until now are mediated by proteins or RNA complexes acting at the single-cell level. Here, we review small molecule-based defense strategies against phage infection, with a focus on the antiphage molecules described recently. Importantly, inhibition of phage infection by excreted small molecules has the potential to protect entire bacterial communities, highlighting the ecological significance of these antiphage strategies. Considering the immense repertoire of bacterial metabolites, we envision that the list of antiphage small molecules will be further expanded in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aël Hardy
- Institute of Bio- und Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Larissa Kever
- Institute of Bio- und Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Julia Frunzke
- Institute of Bio- und Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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Zhou X, Xu H, Li Q, Wang Q, Liu H, Huang Y, Liang Y, Lie L, Han Z, Chen Y, Huang Y, Zhou W, Wen Q, Zhou C, Hu S, Ma L. Viperin deficiency promotes dendritic cell activation and function via NF-kappaB activation during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:27-41. [PMID: 36315280 PMCID: PMC9902321 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01638-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES AND DESIGN Dendritic cells (DCs) are one of the key immune cells in bridging innate and adaptive immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Interferons (IFNs) play important roles in regulating DC activation and function. Virus-inhibitory protein, endoplasmic reticulum-associated, interferon-inducible (Viperin) is one of the important IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), and elicits host defense against infection. METHODS We investigated the effects and mechanisms of Viperin on DC activation and function using Viperin deficient bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) during Mtb infection. RESULTS Viperin deficiency enhanced phagocytic activity and increased clearance of Mtb in DCs, produced higher abundance of NO, cytokine including interleukin-12 (IL-12), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1β, IL-6 and chemokine including CXCL1, CXCL2 and CXCL10, elevated MHC I, MHC II and co-stimulatory molecules expression, and enhanced CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Mechanistically, Viperin deficiency promoted DC activation and function through NF-κB p65 activation. NF-κB p65 inhibitor prevented cytokine and chemokine production, and co-stimulatory molecules expression promoted by Viperin deficiency. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Mtb induced Viperin expression could impair the activation of host defense function of DCs and DC-T cell cross talk during Mtb infection. This research may provide a potential target for future HDT in TB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Hui Xu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Qianna Li
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Honglin Liu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Yingqi Huang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Yao Liang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Linmiao Lie
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Zhenyu Han
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Yaoxin Chen
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Yulan Huang
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Wenle Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Qian Wen
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Chaoying Zhou
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Shengfeng Hu
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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Siniperca chuatsi Rhabdovirus (SCRV)-Induced Key Pathways and Major Antiviral Genes in Fish Cells. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122464. [PMID: 36557717 PMCID: PMC9788611 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish rhabdoviruses, including Siniperca chuatsi rhabdovirus (SCRV), are epidemic pathogens that harm fish aquaculture. To clarify the interactions between SCRV and its host and explore antiviral targets, the present study performed transcriptome analysis in a cultured S. chuatsi skin cell line (SCSC) after SCRV infection at 3, 12, 24, and 36 h post-infection (hpi). Comparison with control obtained 38, 353, 896, and 1452 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the detected time points, respectively. Further analysis of the Go terms and KEGG pathways revealed the key pathways "Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction" and "interferon related pathways" in SCSC cells responding to SCRV infection. The significantly up-regulated genes in the pathways were also verified by qPCR. Furthermore, gene cloning and overexpression revealed that five interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) IFI4407, IFI35, Viperin, IFIT1, and IFIT5 had the ability to inhibit SCRV replication in FHM (Fathead minnow) cells, especially an inhibition efficiency more than 50% was observed in IFI35 overexpressed cells. In summary, current study revealed the main innate immune pathways in S. chuatsi cells induced by SCRV infection and the major ISGs of S. chuatsi in controlling SCRV replication.
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Shanaka KASN, Jung S, Madushani KP, Wijerathna HMSM, Neranjan Tharuka MD, Kim MJ, Lee J. Generation of viperin-knockout zebrafish by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome engineering and the effect of this mutation under VHSV infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:672-681. [PMID: 36309322 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Viperin is an important virus-induced protein in animals that negatively participates in RNA viral replication and transcription. The reactive machinery of viperin suggests that it produces a regulatory molecule ddhCTP, which may affect immune regulation. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern of viperin in larval and adult stages of zebrafish by whole-mount in situ hybridization and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). To elucidate the function of viperin, we generated a zebrafish knockout model using the CRISPR/Cas9 method and evaluated the mutation's effects under viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infections. In zebrafish larvae, viperin was expressed in the brain region, eye, and pharynx, which was confirmed by cryosectioning. In adult zebrafish, blood cells showed the highest levels of viperin expression. In 5 dpf fish challenged with VHSV, the expression of the viral NP protein was significantly enhanced in viperin-/- compared to wild-type fish. In vitro VHSV propagation analysis indicated comparatively higher levels of virus propagation in viperin-/- fish. Mortality analysis confirmed higher mortality rates, and interferon gene expression analysis showed a strong upregulation of interferon (ifn)φ1 and 3 gene in viperin-/- fish infected with VHSV. This study describes the successful generation of a viperin-knockout model and the role of viperin during VHSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A S N Shanaka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self, Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumi Jung
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self, Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - K P Madushani
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self, Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - H M S M Wijerathna
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self, Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - M D Neranjan Tharuka
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self, Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Jin Kim
- Nakdonggang National Institute of Biological Resources, Sangju-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 37242, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju Self, Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea.
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40
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Comparative Study on Immune Function of the Head and Trunk Kidney in Rainbow Trout Responding to IHNV Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122663. [PMID: 36560667 PMCID: PMC9788286 DOI: 10.3390/v14122663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A teleost's kidney was divided into head kidney and trunk kidney. The head kidney is an important lymphatic organ, while the trunk kidney mainly performs osmotic pressure regulation and excretion functions. Previous studies have shown that the teleost's head kidney exerts a strong immune response against pathogen invasion, while the mechanism of immune response in the trunk kidney is still rarely reported. Therefore, in this study, we established an Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) immersion infection model to compare the similarities and differences of immune response mechanisms between the head kidney and trunk kidney against viral infection. The results showed that IHNV infection causes severe tissue damage and inflammatory reaction in the head and trunk kidney, triggers a series of interferon cascade reactions, and produces strong immune response. In addition, the transcriptome data showed that the head kidney and trunk kidney had similar immune response mechanisms, which showed that the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway were activated. In conclusion, despite functional differentiation, the teleost's trunk kidney still has a strong immune response, especially the interferon-stimulated genes, which have stronger immune response in the trunk kidney than in the head kidney when responding to IHNV infection. This study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the teleost immune system and enriches the theory of kidney immunity in teleosts.
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41
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Bikard D. How has microbiology changed 200 years after Pasteur's birth? C R Biol 2022; 345:21-33. [PMID: 36852594 DOI: 10.5802/crbiol.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The last two centuries have seen major scientific and technological advances that have turned the field of microbiology upside down. If Louis Pasteur came out of his vault to celebrate his two hundredth birthday with us, would he recognize the field of study of which he was one of the founders? Are the objectives of the discipline still the same? What is the influence of new technologies on our scientific approach? What are the new horizons and future challenges?
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Gillis TD, Bearne SL. Effects of the 5'-Triphosphate Metabolites of Ribavirin, Sofosbuvir, Vidarabine, and Molnupiravir on CTP Synthase Catalysis and Filament Formation: Implications for Repurposing Antiviral Agents against SARS-CoV-2. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200399. [PMID: 36184568 PMCID: PMC9538051 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Repurposing of antiviral drugs affords a rapid and effective strategy to develop therapies to counter pandemics such as COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 replication is closely linked to the metabolism of cytosine-containing nucleotides, especially cytidine-5'-triphosphate (CTP), such that the integrity of the viral genome is highly sensitive to intracellular CTP levels. CTP synthase (CTPS) catalyzes the rate-limiting step for the de novo biosynthesis of CTP. Hence, it is of interest to know the effects of the 5'-triphosphate (TP) metabolites of repurposed antiviral agents on CTPS activity. Using E. coli CTPS as a model enzyme, we show that ribavirin-5'-TP is a weak allosteric activator of CTPS, while sofosbuvir-5'-TP and adenine-arabinofuranoside-5'-TP are both substrates. β-d-N4 -Hydroxycytidine-5'-TP is a weak competitive inhibitor relative to CTP, but induces filament formation by CTPS. Alternatively, sofosbuvir-5'-TP prevented CTP-induced filament formation. These results reveal the underlying potential for repurposed antivirals to affect the activity of a critical pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthetic enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Gillis
- Dalhousie UniversityDepartment of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology5850 College St.Tupper Medical Building, 9JB3H 4R2HalifaxCANADA
| | - Stephen L. Bearne
- Dalhousie UniversityBiochemistry & Molecular Biology5850 College StreetTupper Medical BuildingB3H 4R2HalifaxCANADA
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43
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King CR, Mehle A. Retasking of canonical antiviral factors into proviral effectors. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 56:101271. [PMID: 36242894 PMCID: PMC10090225 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Under constant barrage by viruses, hosts have evolved a plethora of antiviral effectors and defense mechanisms. To survive, viruses must adapt to evade or subvert these defenses while still capturing cellular resources to fuel their replication cycles. Large-scale studies of the antiviral activities of cellular proteins and processes have shown that different viruses are controlled by distinct subsets of antiviral genes. The remaining antiviral genes are either ineffective in controlling infection, or in some cases, actually promote infection. In these cases, classically defined antiviral factors are retasked by viruses to enhance viral replication. This creates a more nuanced picture revealing the contextual nature of antiviral activity. The same protein can exert different effects on replication, depending on multiple factors, including the host, the target cells, and the specific virus infecting it. Here, we review numerous examples of viruses hijacking canonically antiviral proteins and retasking them for proviral purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cason R King
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Andrew Mehle
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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44
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Sun RH, Chen KW, Wang Q, Huang ZY, Wang BC, Shi ZC, Ji W. Blood brain barrier permeability and immune function of brain in rainbow trout responding to IHNV infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 135:104482. [PMID: 35760220 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) is often associated with blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Mammals have developed complicated and efficient immune strategies to protect the BBB. However, the immune defense of brain and BBB permeability changes are not well-understood in teleost during virus invading. In this study, we constructed an infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) immersion infected rainbow trout model. After IHNV infection, pathological changes occurred in the brain, and MPO and ROS activities were significantly increased. In addition, the expression levels of BBB permeability-related genes were also changed. Transcriptome analysis showed that immune-related genes and signaling pathways in the brain were activated after IHNV infection. These results showed that the permeability of BBB increased significantly after IHNV infection, thus activating immune related factors and cells to enter the CNS through blood circulation to resist pathogenic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Han Sun
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Kai-Wei Chen
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Huang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bing-Chao Wang
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ze-Chao Shi
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, China
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicines, College of Fisheries, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Chinthapatla R, Sotoudegan M, Anderson T, Moustafa IM, Passow KT, Kennelly SA, Moorthy R, Dulin D, Feng JY, Harki DA, Kirchdoerfer R, Cameron CE, Arnold JJ. Interfering with nucleotide excision by the coronavirus 3'-to-5' exoribonuclease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.08.11.503614. [PMID: 35982684 PMCID: PMC9387131 DOI: 10.1101/2022.08.11.503614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Some of the most efficacious antiviral therapeutics are ribonucleos(t)ide analogs. The presence of a 3'-to-5' proofreading exoribonuclease (ExoN) in coronaviruses diminishes the potency of many ribonucleotide analogs. The ability to interfere with ExoN activity will create new possibilities for control of SARS-CoV-2 infection. ExoN is formed by a 1:1 complex of nsp14 and nsp10 proteins. We have purified and characterized ExoN using a robust, quantitative system that reveals determinants of specificity and efficiency of hydrolysis. Double-stranded RNA is preferred over single-stranded RNA. Nucleotide excision is distributive, with only one or two nucleotides hydrolyzed in a single binding event. The composition of the terminal basepair modulates excision. A stalled SARS-CoV-2 replicase in complex with either correctly or incorrectly terminated products prevents excision, suggesting that a mispaired end is insufficient to displace the replicase. Finally, we have discovered several modifications to the 3'-RNA terminus that interfere with or block ExoN-catalyzed excision. While a 3'-OH facilitates hydrolysis of a nucleotide with a normal ribose configuration, this substituent is not required for a nucleotide with a planar ribose configuration such as that present in the antiviral nucleotide produced by viperin. Design of ExoN-resistant, antiviral ribonucleotides should be feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukesh Chinthapatla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Mohamad Sotoudegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Thomas Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Ibrahim M. Moustafa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kellan T. Passow
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Samantha A. Kennelly
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Ramkumar Moorthy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - David Dulin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and LaserLaB Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Junior Research Group 2, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Joy Y. Feng
- Gilead Sciences, Inc, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | - Daniel A. Harki
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Robert Kirchdoerfer
- Department of Biochemistry and Institute of Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Craig E. Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jamie J. Arnold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Reslan A, Haddad JG, Desprès P, Bascands JL, Gadea G. High Glucose Induces in HK2 Kidney Cells an IFN–Dependent ZIKV Antiviral Status Fueled by Viperin. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071577. [PMID: 35884880 PMCID: PMC9313244 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne flavivirus that rapidly became a major medical concern worldwide. We have recently reported that a high glucose level decreases the rate of Zika virus (ZIKV) replication with an impact on human kidney HK-2 cell survival. However, the mechanisms by which cells cultured in a high glucose medium inhibit ZIKV growth remain unclear. Viperin belongs to interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) and its expression is highly up-regulated upon viral infection, leading to antiviral activity against a variety of viruses, including flaviviruses. As such, viperin has been shown to be a major actor involved in the innate immune response against Zika virus (ZIKV). Our present study aims to further characterize the involvement of viperin in ZIKV growth inhibition under high glucose concentration (HK-2HGC). We show for the first time that endogenous viperin is over-expressed in HK-2 cells cultured under high glucose concentration (HK-2HGC), which is associated with ZIKV growth inhibition. Viperin knockdown in HK-2HGC rescues ZIKV growth. In addition, our results emphasize that up-regulated viperin in HK-2HGC leads to ZIKV growth inhibition through the stimulation of IFN-β production. In summary, our work provides new insights into the ZIKV growth inhibition mechanism observed in HK-2 cells cultured in a high glucose environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alawiya Reslan
- Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, 94791 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; (A.R.); (J.G.H.); (P.D.)
- Unité Mixte Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1188, 94791 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - Juliano G. Haddad
- Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, 94791 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; (A.R.); (J.G.H.); (P.D.)
| | - Philippe Desprès
- Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, 94791 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; (A.R.); (J.G.H.); (P.D.)
| | - Jean-Loup Bascands
- Unité Mixte Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1188, 94791 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France
- Correspondence: (J.-L.B.); (G.G.); Tel.: +262-262-938-806 (G.G.)
| | - Gilles Gadea
- Unité Mixte Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Plateforme Technologique CYROI, Université de la Réunion, INSERM U1187, CNRS UMR 9192, IRD UMR 249, 94791 Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion, France; (A.R.); (J.G.H.); (P.D.)
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, IRCM, F-34298 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: (J.-L.B.); (G.G.); Tel.: +262-262-938-806 (G.G.)
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Antiviral Effect of Polyphenolic Substances in Geranium wilfordii Maxim against HSV-2 Infection Using in vitro and in silico Approaches. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7953728. [PMID: 35646147 PMCID: PMC9132656 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7953728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infestation was the most widespread STD (sexually transmitted diseases) among humans and was the leading cause of infectious recurrent genital herpes. Existing therapies against HSV-2 did incompletely restrain the comeback of activated HSV-2 infestation. Geranium wilfordii Maxim had long been used as traditional Chinese medicine for treating the diseases owing to its anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects. Herein, the study was designed to investigate the antiviral activity of G.wilfordii and its potential effect in regulating the host's immune response. Methods To identify the stage of infection at which the compounds inhibited HSV-2, we performed virucidal, therapeutic, and prophylactic assays. The antiviral efficacy was evaluated by the analysis of viral components HSV-2 gD and VP16. The antiviral activities of these compounds were also evaluated by phenotypic analysis, such as cell proliferation and apoptosis. Molecular docking studies on candidate compounds were done to indicate binding interactions between the compounds and adopted compound targets. Results Quercetin, corilagin, and geraniin inhibited the replication of HSV-2, with geraniin showing greater TI. The obtained IC50 value of quercetin was 204.7 μM and TI (IC50/EC50) was 5.1, whereas the obtained IC50 value of corilagin was 118.0 μg/ml and TI was 4.05. Geraniin exhibited prominent antiviral activity with an IC50 of 212.4 μM and an EC50 of 18.37 μM, resulting in a therapeutic index (TI) of 11.56. Geraniin showed important in vitro virucidal activity through blocking viral attachment. Compared with the virus group, the apoptosis rates in quercetin-, corilagin-, and geraniin-treated groups were significantly decreased (p < 0.001).The expressions at the transcription genes of virus own replication key factors (including HSV-2 gD and VP16) and cytokines (including TBK1) of infected cells treated with quercetin, corilagin, and geraniin were inhibited. The in silico approaches demonstrated a high number of potential strong intermolecular interactions as hydrogen bonds between geraniin, corilagin, and the activity site of HSV-2 gD. Molecular docking studies demonstrated the effects of corilagin by targeting TBK1. Conclusions Together, these results highlighted the importance of G.wilfordii treatment in HSV-2 infection and underscored its therapeutic potential. However, additional in vitro and in vivo research was required to validate our findings.
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Li X, Feng Y, Liu W, Tan L, Sun Y, Song C, Liao Y, Xu C, Ren T, Ding C, Qiu X. A Role for the Chicken Interferon-Stimulated Gene CMPK2 in the Host Response Against Virus Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:874331. [PMID: 35633731 PMCID: PMC9132166 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.874331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection can lead to the production of interferon, which activates the JAK/STAT pathway and induces the expression of multiple downstream interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) to achieve their antiviral function. Cytidine/uridine monophosphate kinase 2 (CMPK2) gene has been identified as an ISG in human and fish, and is also known as a rate-limiting enzyme in mitochondria to maintain intracellular UTP/CTP levels, which is necessary for de novo mitochondrial DNA synthesis. By mining previous microarray data, it was found that both Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) and Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) infection can lead to the significant upregulation of chicken CMPK2 gene. However, little is known about the function of CMPK2 gene in chickens. In the present study, the open reading frame (ORF) of chicken CMPK2 (chCMPK2) was cloned from DF-1, a chicken embryo fibroblasts cell line, and subjected to further analysis. Sequence analysis showed that chCMPK2 shared high similarity in amino acid with CMPK2 sequences from all the other species, especially reptiles. A thymidylate kinase (TMK) domain was identified in the C-terminus of chCMPK2, which is highly conserved among all species. In vitro, AIV infection induced significant increases in chCMPK2 expression in DF-1, HD11, and the chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEF), while obvious increase only detected in DF-1 cells and CEF cells after NDV infection. In vivo, the expression levels of chCMPK2 were up-regulated in several tissues from AIV infected chickens, especially the brain, spleen, bursa, kidney, intestine, heart and thymus, and notable increase of chCMPK2 was detected in the bursa, kidney, duodenum, lung, heart, and thymus during NDV infection. Here, using MDA5 and IFN-β knockdown cells, we demonstrated that as a novel ISG, chCMPK2 could be regulated by the MDA5/IFN-β pathway. The high expression level of exogenous chCMPK2 displayed inhibitory effects on AIV and NDV as well as reduced viral RNA in infected cells. We further demonstrated that Asp135, a key site on the TMK catalytic domain, was identified as critical for the antiviral activities of chCMPK2. Taken together, these data demonstrated that chCMPK2 is involved in the chicken immune system and may play important roles in host anti-viral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyi Feng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Tan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenggang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tao Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chan Ding
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
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GTP-Dependent Regulation of CTP Synthase: Evolving Insights into Allosteric Activation and NH3 Translocation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050647. [PMID: 35625575 PMCID: PMC9138612 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytidine-5′-triphosphate (CTP) synthase (CTPS) is the class I glutamine-dependent amidotransferase (GAT) that catalyzes the last step in the de novo biosynthesis of CTP. Glutamine hydrolysis is catalyzed in the GAT domain and the liberated ammonia is transferred via an intramolecular tunnel to the synthase domain where the ATP-dependent amination of UTP occurs to form CTP. CTPS is unique among the glutamine-dependent amidotransferases, requiring an allosteric effector (GTP) to activate the GAT domain for efficient glutamine hydrolysis. Recently, the first cryo-electron microscopy structure of Drosophila CTPS was solved with bound ATP, UTP, and, notably, GTP, as well as the covalent adduct with 6-diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine. This structural information, along with the numerous site-directed mutagenesis, kinetics, and structural studies conducted over the past 50 years, provide more detailed insights into the elaborate conformational changes that accompany GTP binding at the GAT domain and their contribution to catalysis. Interactions between GTP and the L2 loop, the L4 loop from an adjacent protomer, the L11 lid, and the L13 loop (or unique flexible “wing” region), induce conformational changes that promote the hydrolysis of glutamine at the GAT domain; however, direct experimental evidence on the specific mechanism by which these conformational changes facilitate catalysis at the GAT domain is still lacking. Significantly, the conformational changes induced by GTP binding also affect the assembly and maintenance of the NH3 tunnel. Hence, in addition to promoting glutamine hydrolysis, the allosteric effector plays an important role in coordinating the reactions catalyzed by the GAT and synthase domains of CTPS.
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Konishi K, Yamaji T, Sakuma C, Kasai F, Endo T, Kohara A, Hanada K, Osada N. Whole-Genome Sequencing of Vero E6 (VERO C1008) and Comparative Analysis of Four Vero Cell Sublines. Front Genet 2022; 13:801382. [PMID: 35391802 PMCID: PMC8981525 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.801382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Vero cell line is an immortalized cell line established from kidney epithelial cells of the African green monkey. A variety of Vero sublines have been developed and can be classified into four major cell lineages. In this study, we determined the whole-genome sequence of Vero E6 (VERO C1008), which is one of the most widely used cell lines for the proliferation and isolation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoVs), and performed comparative analysis among Vero JCRB0111, Vero CCL-81, Vero 76, and Vero E6. Analysis of the copy number changes and loss of heterozygosity revealed that these four sublines share a large deletion and loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 12, which harbors type I interferon and CDKN2 gene clusters. We identified a substantial number of genetic differences among the sublines including single nucleotide variants, indels, and copy number variations. The spectrum of single nucleotide variants indicated a close genetic relationship between Vero JCRB0111 and Vero CCL-81, and between Vero 76 and Vero E6, and a considerable genetic gap between the former two and the latter two lines. In contrast, we confirmed the pattern of genomic integration sites of simian endogenous retroviral sequences, which was consistent among the sublines. We identified subline-specific/enriched loss of function and missense variants, which potentially contribute to the differences in response to viral infection among the Vero sublines. In particular, we identified four genes (IL1RAP, TRIM25, RB1CC1, and ATG2A) that contained missense variants specific or enriched in Vero E6. In addition, we found that V739I variants of ACE2, which functions as the receptor for SARS-CoVs, were heterozygous in Vero JCRB0111, Vero CCL-81, and Vero 76; however, Vero E6 harbored only the allele with isoleucine, resulting from the loss of one of the X chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Konishi
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yamaji
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chisato Sakuma
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumio Kasai
- Laboratory of Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshinori Endo
- Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Arihiro Kohara
- Laboratory of Cell Cultures, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hanada
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Osada
- Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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