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Yao H, Li D, Cao X, Han X, He J, Cheng D, Shang J, Song T, Zeng X. Castration reshapes the liver by altering fatty acid composition and metabolism in male mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 727:150319. [PMID: 38963983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Castration promotes subcutaneous fat deposition that may be associated with metabolic adaptations in the liver. However, fatty acid composition, abundance, and metabolic characteristics of the liver after castration are not fully understood. Our results showed that surgical castration significantly reduced water and food intake, reduced liver weight, and induced liver inflammation in mice. Transcriptome analyses revealed that castration enhanced fatty acid metabolism, particularly that of arachidonic and linoleic acids metabolism. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that castration altered the composition and relative abundance of fatty acids in the liver. The relative abundances of arachidonic and linoleic acids were significantly decreased in 4-week-old castrated mice. Analysis of fatty acid synthesis- and metabolism-related genes revealed that castration enhanced the transcription of fatty acid synthesis- and oxidation-related genes. Analyzing the level of key enzymes in the β-oxidation and tricarboxylic acid cycle pathways of fatty acids in mitochondria, we found that castration enhanced the β-oxidation of fatty acids in mitochondria, and also enhanced the protein level of the rate-limiting enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid cycle pathway, isocitrate dehydrogenase 2. These results comprehensively clarify metabolic changes in liver fatty acids after castration in mice of different ages and provide a reference for understanding castration-induced fat deposition from the perspective of liver fatty acid metabolism in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Yao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Dong Li
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiaohan Cao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xingfa Han
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jingyi He
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Dan Cheng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jiameng Shang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Tianzeng Song
- Institute of Animal Science, Tibet Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Science, Lhasa, 850009, Xizang, PR China.
| | - Xianyin Zeng
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, Sichuan, PR China.
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2
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Sakai H, Imai Y. Cell-specific functions of androgen receptor in skeletal muscles. Endocr J 2024; 71:437-445. [PMID: 38281756 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej23-0691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Androgens play a vital role not only in promoting the development of male sexual characteristics but also in exerting diverse physiological effects, including the regulation of skeletal muscle growth and function. Given that the effects of androgens are mediated through androgen receptor (AR) binding, an understanding of AR functionality is crucial for comprehending the mechanisms of androgen action on skeletal muscles. Drawing from insights gained using conditional knockout mouse models facilitated by Cre/loxP technology, we review the cell-specific functions of AR in skeletal muscles. We focus on three specific cell populations expressing AR within skeletal muscles: skeletal muscle cells, responsible for muscle contraction; satellite cells, which are essential stem cells contributing to the growth and regeneration of skeletal muscles; and mesenchymal progenitors, situated in interstitial areas and playing a crucial role in muscle homeostasis. Furthermore, the indirect effects of androgens on skeletal muscle through extra-muscle tissue are essential, especially for the regulation of skeletal muscle mass. The regulation of genes by AR varies across different cell types and contexts, including homeostasis, regeneration and hypertrophy of skeletal muscles. The varied mechanisms orchestrated by AR collectively influence the physiology of skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sakai
- Division of Integrative Pathophysiology, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Yuuki Imai
- Division of Integrative Pathophysiology, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
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3
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Barsky ST, Monks DA. Lifespan Effects of Muscle-Specific Androgen Receptor Overexpression on Body Composition of Male and Female Rats. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae012. [PMID: 38301268 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Androgenic actions of gonadal testosterone are thought to be a major mechanism promoting sex differences in body composition across the lifespan. However, this inference is based on studies of androgen receptor (AR) function in late adolescent or emerging adult rodents. Here we assess body composition and AR expression in skeletal muscle of rats at defined ages, comparing wild-type (WT) to transgenic human skeletal actin-driven AR overexpression (HSAAR) rats which overexpress AR in skeletal muscle. Male and female HSAAR and WT Sprague Dawley rats (N = 288) underwent dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scanning and tissue collection at postnatal day (PND) 1, 10, 21, 42, 70, 183, 243, and 365. Expected sex differences in body composition and muscle mass largely onset with puberty (PND-21), with no associated changes to skeletal muscle AR protein. In adulthood, HSAAR increased tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor digitorum longus mass in males, and reduced the expected gain in gonadal fat mass in both sexes. In WT rats, AR protein was reduced in soleus, but not TA, throughout life. Nonetheless, soleus AR protein expression was greater in male rats than female rats at all ages of sexual development, yet only at PND-70 in TA. Overall, despite muscle AR overexpression effects, results are inconsistent with major sex differences in body composition during sexual development being driven by changes in muscle AR, rather suggesting that changes in ligand promote sexual differentiation of body composition during pubertal timing. Nonetheless, increased skeletal muscle AR in adulthood can be sufficient to increase muscle mass in males, and reduce adipose in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Tzivia Barsky
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
| | - Douglas Ashley Monks
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G5, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts & Science, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada
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4
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Rizk J, Sahu R, Duteil D. An overview on androgen-mediated actions in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Steroids 2023; 199:109306. [PMID: 37634653 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Androgens are a class of steroid hormones primarily associated with male sexual development and physiology, but exert pleiotropic effects in either sex. They have a crucial role in various physiological processes, including the regulation of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue homeostasis. The effects of androgens are mainly mediated through the androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-activated nuclear receptor expressed in both tissues. In skeletal muscle, androgens via AR exert a multitude of effects, ranging from increased muscle mass and strength, to the regulation of muscle fiber type composition, contraction and metabolic functions. In adipose tissue, androgens influence several processes including proliferation, fat distribution, and metabolism but they display depot-specific and organism-specific effects which differ in certain context. This review further explores the potential mechanisms underlying androgen-AR signaling in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Understanding the roles of androgens and their receptor in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue is essential for elucidating their contributions to physiological processes, disease conditions, and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Rizk
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Inserm, IGBMC UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, F-67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Rajesh Sahu
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Inserm, IGBMC UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, F-67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Delphine Duteil
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Inserm, IGBMC UMR 7104- UMR-S 1258, F-67400 Illkirch, France.
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5
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Wang Z, Reid AMA, Wilson PW, Dunn IC. Identification of the Core Promoter and Variants Regulating Chicken CCKAR Expression. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1083. [PMID: 35741846 PMCID: PMC9222909 DOI: 10.3390/genes13061083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased expression of chicken cholecystokinin A receptor (CCKAR) attenuates satiety, which contributes to increased food intake and growth for modern broilers. The study aims to define the core promoter of CCKAR, and to identify variants associated with expression activity. A 21 kb region around the CCKAR was re-sequenced to detect sequence variants. A series of 5'-deleted promoter plasmids were constructed to define the core promoter of CCKAR. The effects of sequence variants located in promoter (PSNP) and conserved (CSNP) regions on promoter activity were analyzed by comparing luciferase activity between haplotypes. A total of 182 variants were found in the 21 kb region. There were no large structural variants around CCKAR. pNL-328/+183, the one with the shortest insertion, showed the highest activity among the six promoter constructs, implying that the key cis elements regulating CCKAR expression are mainly distributed 328 bp upstream. We detected significant activity differences between high- and low-growth associated haplotypes in four of the six promoter constructs. The high-growth haplotypes of constructs pNL-1646/+183, pNL-799/+183 and pNL-528/+183 showed lower activities than the low-growth haplotypes, which is consistent with decreased expression of CCKAR in high-growth chickens. Lower expression of the high-growth allele was also detected for the CSNP5-containing construct. The data suggest that the core promoter of CCKAR is located the 328 bp region upstream from the transcription start site. Lower expression activities shown by the high-growth haplotypes in the reporter assay suggest that CSNP5 and variants located between 328 bp and 1646 bp upstream form a promising molecular basis for decreased expression of CCKAR and increased growth in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhepeng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (A.M.A.R.); (P.W.W.); (I.C.D.)
| | - Angus M. A. Reid
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (A.M.A.R.); (P.W.W.); (I.C.D.)
| | - Peter W. Wilson
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (A.M.A.R.); (P.W.W.); (I.C.D.)
| | - Ian C. Dunn
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK; (A.M.A.R.); (P.W.W.); (I.C.D.)
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6
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Venkatesh VS, Grossmann M, Zajac JD, Davey RA. The role of the androgen receptor in the pathogenesis of obesity and its utility as a target for obesity treatments. Obes Rev 2022; 23:e13429. [PMID: 35083843 PMCID: PMC9286619 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis dysregulation in males. Here, we summarize recent evidence derived from clinical trials and studies in preclinical animal models regarding the role of androgen receptor (AR) signaling in the pathophysiology of males with obesity. We also discuss therapeutic strategies targeting the AR for the treatment of obesity and their limitations and provide insight into the future research necessary to advance this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun S Venkatesh
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria.,Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria.,Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel A Davey
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria
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7
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Extrahypothalamic Control of Energy Balance and Its Connection with Reproduction: Roles of the Amygdala. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11120837. [PMID: 34940594 PMCID: PMC8708157 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11120837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Body energy and metabolic homeostasis are exquisitely controlled by multiple, often overlapping regulatory mechanisms, which permit the tight adjustment between fuel reserves, internal needs, and environmental (e.g., nutritional) conditions. As such, this function is sensitive to and closely connected with other relevant bodily systems, including reproduction and gonadal function. The aim of this mini-review article is to summarize the most salient experimental data supporting a role of the amygdala as a key brain region for emotional learning and behavior, including reward processing, in the physiological control of feeding and energy balance. In particular, a major focus will be placed on the putative interplay between reproductive signals and amygdala pathways, as it pertains to the control of metabolism, as complementary, extrahypothalamic circuit for the integral control of energy balance and gonadal function.
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8
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Wang Z, Zhou W. Research Note: Fine mapping of sequence variants associated with body weight of Lueyang black-boned chicken in the CCKAR gene. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101448. [PMID: 34601445 PMCID: PMC8496170 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholecystokinin A receptor (CCKAR) is a key receptor mediating satiety. Previous studies found that decreased expression of CCKAR attenuated satiety, and thus contributed to the high-growth of broiler chickens. The objective of this study is to map sequence variants associated with the growth of chickens in the CCKAR. The CCKAR and upstream 1.4 kb genomic sequences were resequenced to find out all sequence variants using 35 Lueyang black-boned chickens (LBC). Haplotypes were reconstructed using the PHASE program. Linkage disequilibrium between variants was analyzed using the Haploview software. Associations of 33 tag SNPs that captured 89% of all variants with body weight of LBC (n = 675) at 16 (BW16), 20 (BW20) weeks of age and the onset (BWOEP) of egg production were tested using linear mixed models. A total of 126 SNPs were found and formed 41 haplotypes in 35 resequenced samples. Average length of haplotype blocks is 129 bp, indicating that LBC maintains low linkage disequilibrium at the CCKAR locus. Eleven of 33 tag SNPs were significantly associated with BW16, but not with BW20 and BWOEP. These significantly associated variants were most (8/11) distributed in a 2 kb region (chr4:73206169-73208244) around the Exon3. They together with 33 captured variants potentially disrupted binding sites of 471 transcription factors. Twelve variants can disrupt appetite (FOXO1) or lipid metabolism-related TF (AR and C/EBP) motifs. This study recognized chr4:73206169-73208244 as a key region harboring functional variants affecting the growth of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhepeng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Wenxin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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9
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Della Torre S. Beyond the X Factor: Relevance of Sex Hormones in NAFLD Pathophysiology. Cells 2021; 10:2502. [PMID: 34572151 PMCID: PMC8470830 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health issue worldwide, being frequently associated with obesity, unbalanced dietary regimens, and reduced physical activity. Despite their greater adiposity and reduced physical activity, women show a lower risk of developing NAFLD in comparison to men, likely a consequence of a sex-specific regulation of liver metabolism. In the liver, sex differences in the uptake, synthesis, oxidation, deposition, and mobilization of lipids, as well as in the regulation of inflammation, are associated with differences in NAFLD prevalence and progression between men and women. Given the major role of sex hormones in driving hepatic sexual dimorphism, this review will focus on the role of sex hormones and their signaling in the regulation of hepatic metabolism and in the molecular mechanisms triggering NAFLD development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Della Torre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy
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10
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Kim NR, David K, Corbeels K, Khalil R, Antonio L, Schollaert D, Deboel L, Ohlsson C, Gustafsson JÅ, Vangoitsenhoven R, Van der Schueren B, Decallonne B, Claessens F, Vanderschueren D, Dubois V. Testosterone Reduces Body Fat in Male Mice by Stimulation of Physical Activity Via Extrahypothalamic ERα Signaling. Endocrinology 2021; 162:bqab045. [PMID: 33674833 PMCID: PMC8140602 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone (T) reduces male fat mass, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive, limiting its clinical relevance in hypogonadism-associated obesity. Here, we subjected chemically castrated high-fat diet-induced adult obese male mice to supplementation with T or the nonaromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT) for 20 weeks. Both hormones increased lean mass, thereby indirectly increasing oxygen consumption and energy expenditure. In addition, T but not DHT decreased fat mass and increased ambulatory activity, indicating a role for aromatization into estrogens. Investigation of the pattern of aromatase expression in various murine tissues revealed the absence of Cyp19a1 expression in adipose tissue while high levels were observed in brain and gonads. In obese hypogonadal male mice with extrahypothalamic neuronal estrogen receptor alpha deletion (N-ERαKO), T still increased lean mass but was unable to decrease fat mass. The stimulatory effect of T on ambulatory activity was also abolished in N-ERαKO males. In conclusion, our work demonstrates that the fat-burning action of T is dependent on aromatization into estrogens and is at least partially mediated by the stimulation of physical activity via extrahypothalamic ERα signaling. In contrast, the increase in lean mass upon T supplementation is mediated through the androgen receptor and indirectly leads to an increase in energy expenditure, which might also contribute to the fat-burning effects of T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ri Kim
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Karel David
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Katrien Corbeels
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Rougin Khalil
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Leen Antonio
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Dieter Schollaert
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Ludo Deboel
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 413 45, Sweden
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5056, USA
| | - Roman Vangoitsenhoven
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Bart Van der Schueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Decallonne
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Frank Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Dirk Vanderschueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Dubois
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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11
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Ward PJ, Davey RA, Zajac JD, English AW. Neuronal androgen receptor is required for activity dependent enhancement of peripheral nerve regeneration. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:411-423. [PMID: 33864349 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal activity after nerve injury can enhance axon regeneration and the restoration of function. The mechanism for this enhancement relies in part on hormone receptors, and we previously demonstrated that systemic androgen receptor antagonism blocked the effect of exercise or electrical stimulation on enhancing axon regeneration after nerve injury in both sexes. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the site of this androgen receptor signaling is both neuronal and involves the classical, genomic signaling pathway. In vivo, dorsal root ganglion neurons successfully regenerate in response to activity-dependent neuronal activation, and conditional deletion of the DNA-binding domain of the androgen receptor in adults blocks this effect in males and females. Motoneurons in males and females also respond in this manner, but we also observed a sex difference. In vitro, cultured sensory dorsal root ganglion neurons respond to androgens via traditional androgen receptor signaling mechanisms leading to enhanced neurite growth and did not respond to a testosterone conjugate that is unable to cross the cell membrane. Given our previous observation of a requirement for activity-dependent androgen receptor signaling to promote regeneration in both sexes, we interpret our results to indicate that genomic neuronal androgen receptor signaling is required for activity-dependent axon regeneration in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia J Ward
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rachel A Davey
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Arthur W English
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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12
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Coolen RL, Cambier JC, Spantidea PI, van Asselt E, Blok BFM. Androgen receptors in areas of the spinal cord and brainstem: A study in adult male cats. J Anat 2021; 239:125-135. [PMID: 33619726 PMCID: PMC8197961 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex hormones, including androgens and estrogens, play an important role in autonomic, reproductive and sexual behavior. The areas that are important in these behaviors lie within the spinal cord and brainstem. Relevant dysfunctional behavior in patients with altered androgen availability or androgen receptor sensitivity might be explained by the distribution of androgens and their receptors in the central nervous system. We hypothesize that autonomic dysfunction is correlated with the androgen sensitivity of spinal cord and brainstem areas responsible for autonomic functions. In this study, androgen receptor immunoreactive (AR‐IR) nuclei in the spinal cord and brainstem were studied using the androgen receptor antibody PG21 in four uncastrated young adult male cats. A dense distribution of AR‐IR nuclei was detected in the superior layers of the dorsal horn, including lamina I. Intensely stained nuclei, but less densely distributed, were found in lamina X and preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic cells of the intermediolateral cell column. Areas in the caudal brainstem showing a high density of AR‐IR nuclei included the area postrema, the dorsal motor vagus nucleus and the retrotrapezoid nucleus. More cranially, the central linear nucleus in the pons contained a dense distribution of AR‐IR nuclei. The mesencephalic periaqueductal gray (PAG) showed a dense distribution of AR‐IR nuclei apart from the most central part of the PAG directly adjacent to the ependymal lining. Other areas in the mesencephalon with a dense distribution of AR‐IR nuclei were the dorsal raphe nucleus, the retrorubral nucleus, the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental area of Tsai. It is concluded that AR‐IR nuclei are located in specific areas of the central nervous system that are involved in the control of sensory function and autonomic behavior. Furthermore, damage of these AR‐IR areas might explain related dysfunction in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa L Coolen
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Els van Asselt
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bertil F M Blok
- Department of Urology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Whon TW, Kim HS, Shin N, Jung ES, Tak EJ, Sung H, Jung M, Jeong Y, Hyun D, Kim PS, Jang YK, Lee CH, Bae J. Male castration increases adiposity via small intestinal microbial alterations. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e50663. [PMID: 33225575 PMCID: PMC7788444 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Castration of young males is widely used in the cattle industry to improve meat quality, but the mechanism linking hypogonadism and host metabolism is not clear. Here, we use metataxonomic and metabolomic approaches to evaluate the intestinal microbiota and host metabolism in male, castrated male (CtM), and female cattle. After pubescence, the CtM cattle harbor distinct ileal microbiota dominated by the family Peptostreptococcaceae and exhibit distinct serum and muscle amino acid profiles (i.e., highly abundant branched-chain amino acids), with increased extra- and intramuscular fat storage. We also evaluate the causative factor(s) that underpin the alteration of the intestinal microbiota and host metabolic phenotype in response to hypogonadism. Castration of male mice phenocopies both the intestinal microbial alterations and obese-prone metabolism observed in cattle. Antibiotic treatment and fecal microbiota transplantation experiments in a mouse model confirm that the intestinal microbial alterations associated with hypogonadism are a key contributor to the obese phenotype in the CtM animals. Collectively, targeting the gut microbiota is a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of both hypogonadism and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Woong Whon
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of BiologyKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
- Present address:
Microbiology and Functionality Research GroupWorld Institute of KimchiGwangjuKorea
| | - Hyun Sik Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of BiologyKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Na‐Ri Shin
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of BiologyKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
- Present address:
Biological Resource CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyJeongeup‐si, Jeollabuk‐doKorea
| | - Eun Sung Jung
- Department of Bioscience and BiotechnologyKonkuk UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Euon Jung Tak
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of BiologyKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Hojun Sung
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of BiologyKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Mi‐Ja Jung
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of BiologyKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Yun‐Seok Jeong
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of BiologyKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Dong‐Wook Hyun
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of BiologyKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Pil Soo Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of BiologyKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Yu Kyung Jang
- Department of Bioscience and BiotechnologyKonkuk UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Choong Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and BiotechnologyKonkuk UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Jin‐Woo Bae
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences and Department of BiologyKyung Hee UniversitySeoulKorea
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14
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Cara AL, Myers MG, Elias CF. Lack of AR in LepRb Cells Disrupts Ambulatory Activity and Neuroendocrine Axes in a Sex-Specific Manner in Mice. Endocrinology 2020; 161:bqaa110. [PMID: 32609838 PMCID: PMC7383963 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of androgen imbalance, such as hyperandrogenism in females or hypoandrogenism in males, increase risk of visceral adiposity, type 2 diabetes, and infertility. Androgens act upon androgen receptors (AR) which are expressed in many tissues. In the brain, AR are abundant in hypothalamic nuclei involved in regulation of reproduction and energy homeostasis, yet the role of androgens acting via AR in specific neuronal populations has not been fully elucidated. Leptin receptor (LepRb)-expressing neurons coexpress AR predominantly in hypothalamic arcuate and ventral premammillary nuclei (ARH and PMv, respectively), with low colocalization in other LepRb neuronal populations, and very low colocalization in the pituitary gland and gonads. Deletion of AR from LepRb-expressing cells (LepRbΔAR) has no effect on body weight, energy expenditure, and glucose homeostasis in male and female mice. However, LepRbΔAR female mice show increased body length later in life, whereas male LepRbΔAR mice show an increase in spontaneous ambulatory activity. LepRbΔAR mice display typical pubertal timing, estrous cycles, and fertility, but increased testosterone levels in males. Removal of sex steroid negative feedback action induced an exaggerated rise in luteinizing hormone in LepRbΔAR males and follicle-stimulating hormone in LepRbΔAR females. Our findings show that AR can directly affect a subset of ARH and PMv neurons in a sex-specific manner and demonstrate specific androgenic actions in the neuroendocrine hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra L Cara
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Martin G Myers
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Carol F Elias
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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15
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Rubinow KB, Houston B, Wang S, Goodspeed L, Ogimoto K, Morton GJ, McCarty C, Braun RE, Page ST. Androgen receptor deficiency in monocytes/macrophages does not alter adiposity or glucose homeostasis in male mice. Asian J Androl 2019; 20:276-283. [PMID: 29205180 PMCID: PMC5952483 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_54_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation in men leads to increased adiposity, but the mechanisms underlying androgen regulation of fat mass have not been fully defined. Androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in monocytes/macrophages, which are resident in key metabolic tissues and influence energy metabolism in surrounding cells. Male mice bearing a cell-specific knockout of the AR in monocytes/macrophages (M-ARKO) were generated to determine whether selective loss of androgen signaling in these cells would lead to altered body composition. Wild-type (WT) and M-ARKO mice (12–22 weeks of age, n = 12 per group) were maintained on a regular chow diet for 8 weeks and then switched to a high-fat diet for 8 additional weeks. At baseline and on both the regular chow and high-fat diets, no differences in lean mass or fat mass were observed between groups. Consistent with the absence of differential body weight or adiposity, no differences in food intake (3.0 ± 0.5 g per day for WT mice vs 2.8 ± 0.4 g per day for M-ARKO mice) or total energy expenditure (0.6 ± 0.1 Kcal h−1 for WT mice vs 0.5 ± 0.1 Kcal h−1 for M-ARKO mice) were evident between groups during high-fat feeding. Liver weight was greater in M-ARKO than that in WT mice (1.5 ± 0.1 g vs 1.3 ± 0.0 g, respectively, P = 0.02). Finally, M-ARKO mice did not exhibit impairments in glucose tolerance or insulin sensitivity relative to WT mice at any study time point. In aggregate, these findings suggest that AR signaling specifically in monocytes/macrophages does not contribute to the regulation of systemic energy balance, adiposity, or insulin sensitivity in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya B Rubinow
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Barbara Houston
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Shari Wang
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Leela Goodspeed
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kayoko Ogimoto
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Gregory J Morton
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | - Stephanie T Page
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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16
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Grossmann M, Wierman ME, Angus P, Handelsman DJ. Reproductive Endocrinology of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:417-446. [PMID: 30500887 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The liver and the reproductive system interact in a multifaceted bidirectional fashion. Sex steroid signaling influences hepatic endobiotic and xenobiotic metabolism and contributes to the pathogenesis of functional and structural disorders of the liver. In turn, liver function affects the reproductive axis via modulating sex steroid metabolism and transport to tissues via sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). The liver senses the body's metabolic status and adapts its energy homeostasis in a sex-dependent fashion, a dimorphism signaled by the sex steroid milieu and possibly related to the metabolic costs of reproduction. Sex steroids impact the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, including development of hepatic steatosis, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. Preclinical studies in male rodents demonstrate that androgens protect against hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance both via androgen receptor signaling and, following aromatization to estradiol, estrogen receptor signaling, through regulating genes involved in hepatic lipogenesis and glucose metabolism. In female rodents in contrast to males, androgens promote hepatic steatosis and dysglycemia, whereas estradiol is similarly protective against liver disease. In men, hepatic steatosis is associated with modest reductions in circulating testosterone, in part consequent to a reduction in circulating SHBG. Testosterone treatment has not been demonstrated to improve hepatic steatosis in randomized controlled clinical trials. Consistent with sex-dimorphic preclinical findings, androgens promote hepatic steatosis and dysglycemia in women, whereas endogenous estradiol appears protective in both men and women. In both sexes, androgens promote hepatic fibrosis and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, whereas estradiol is protective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Margaret E Wierman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Research Service, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Peter Angus
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - David J Handelsman
- ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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17
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Dimopoulou C, Goulis DG, Corona G, Maggi M. The complex association between metabolic syndrome and male hypogonadism. Metabolism 2018; 86:61-68. [PMID: 29656047 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The complex association between metabolic syndrome (MetS) and male hypogonadism is well established. A number of observational studies show that low testosterone is associated with insulin resistance and an increased risk for diabetes mellitus and MetS in men. AIMS To elucidate the association between MetS and male hypogonadism, present epidemiological data on the co-existence of the two comorbidities, enlighten the underlying pathophysiology and appraise the effects of testosterone supplementation therapy (TTh) and lifestyle modifications on MetS and body composition in men. MATERIALS AND METHODS Systematic search to PubMed and Medline databases for publications reporting data on association between MetS and male hypogonadism. RESULTS Both MetS and male hypogonadism have a high prevalence in the general population and are frequently co-existing e.g. in males with diabetes. Accumulating evidence from animal and human studies suggests that MetS is involved in the pathogenesis of hypogonadism in males as well as the other way around. On the other hand, there is evidence for a favorable effect of testosterone supplementation in testosterone deficient men with MetS and/or diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSIONS Studies with superior methodological characteristics are needed in order to establish a role for testosterone supplementation in men with MetS and/or diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dimopoulou
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios G Goulis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Giovanni Corona
- Endocrinology Unit, Medical Department, Azienda Usl Bologna Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mario Maggi
- Andrology and Sexual Medicine Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Italy
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18
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Jardí F, Laurent MR, Dubois V, Kim N, Khalil R, Decallonne B, Vanderschueren D, Claessens F. Androgen and estrogen actions on male physical activity: a story beyond muscle. J Endocrinol 2018; 238:R31-R52. [PMID: 29743340 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Physical inactivity is a pandemic that contributes to several chronic diseases and poses a significant burden on health care systems worldwide. The search for effective strategies to combat sedentary behavior has led to an intensification of the research efforts to unravel the biological substrate controlling activity. A wide body of preclinical evidence makes a strong case for sex steroids regulating physical activity in both genders, albeit the mechanisms implicated remain unclear. The beneficial effects of androgens on muscle as well as on other peripheral functions might play a role in favoring adaptation to exercise. Alternatively or in addition, sex steroids could act on specific brain circuitries to boost physical activity. This review critically discusses the evidence supporting a role for androgens and estrogens stimulating male physical activity, with special emphasis on the possible role of peripheral and/or central mechanisms. Finally, the potential translation of these findings to humans is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferran Jardí
- Clinical and Experimental EndocrinologyDepartment of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michaël R Laurent
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Gerontology and GeriatricsDepartment of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vanessa Dubois
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nari Kim
- Clinical and Experimental EndocrinologyDepartment of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rougin Khalil
- Clinical and Experimental EndocrinologyDepartment of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Decallonne
- Clinical and Experimental EndocrinologyDepartment of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Vanderschueren
- Clinical and Experimental EndocrinologyDepartment of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing (CHROMETA), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology LaboratoryDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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19
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Harada N. Role of androgens in energy metabolism affecting on body composition, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and longevity: lessons from a meta-analysis and rodent studies. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1667-1682. [PMID: 29957125 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1490172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Testosterone is a sex hormone produced by testicular Leydig cells in males. Blood testosterone concentrations increase at three time-periods in male life-fetal, neonatal (which can be separated into newborn and infant periods), and pubertal stages. After peaking in the early 20s, the blood bioactive testosterone level declines by 1-2% each year. It is increasingly apparent that a low testosterone level impairs general physical and mental health in men. Here, this review summarizes recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses of epidemiological studies in males (including cross-sectional, longitudinal, and androgen deprivation studies, and randomized controlled testosterone replacement trials) in relation to testosterone and obesity, body composition, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and longevity. Furthermore, underlying mechanisms are discussed using data from rodent studies involving castration or androgen receptor knockout. This review provides an update understanding of the role of testosterone in energy metabolism. Abbreviations AR: androgen receptor; CV: cardiovascular; FDA: US Food and Drug Administration; HFD: high-fat diet; KO: knockout; MetS: metabolic syndrome; RCT: randomized controlled trial; SHBG: sex hormone binding globulin; SRMA: systematic review and meta-analysis; TRT: testosterone replacement therapy; T2DM:type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Harada
- a Division of Applied Life Sciences , Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University , Sakai , Osaka , Japan
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20
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Russell PK, Mangiafico S, Fam BC, Clarke MV, Marin ES, Andrikopoulos S, Wiren KM, Zajac JD, Davey RA. The androgen receptor in bone marrow progenitor cells negatively regulates fat mass. J Endocrinol 2018; 237:15-27. [PMID: 29386237 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that testosterone negatively regulates fat mass in humans and mice; however, the mechanism by which testosterone exerts these effects is poorly understood. We and others have shown that deletion of the androgen receptor (AR) in male mice results in a phenotype that mimics the three key clinical aspects of hypogonadism in human males; increased fat mass and decreased bone and muscle mass. We now show that replacement of the Ar gene specifically in mesenchymal progenitor cells (PCs) residing in the bone marrow of Global-ARKO mice, in the absence of the AR in all other tissues (PC-AR Gene Replacements), completely attenuates their increased fat accumulation. Inguinal subcutaneous white adipose tissue and intra-abdominal retroperitoneal visceral adipose tissue depots in PC-AR Gene Replacement mice were 50-80% lower than wild-type (WT) and 75-90% lower than Global-ARKO controls at 12 weeks of age. The marked decrease in subcutaneous and visceral fat mass in PC-AR Gene Replacements was associated with an increase in the number of small adipocytes and a healthier metabolic profile compared to WT controls, characterised by normal serum leptin and elevated serum adiponectin levels. Euglycaemic/hyperinsulinaemic clamp studies reveal that the PC-AR Gene Replacement mice have improved whole-body insulin sensitivity with higher glucose infusion rates compared to WT mice and increased glucose uptake into subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat. In conclusion, these data provide the first evidence for an action of androgens via the AR in mesenchymal bone marrow PCs to negatively regulate fat mass and improve metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K Russell
- Department of MedicineAustin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Salvatore Mangiafico
- Department of MedicineAustin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara C Fam
- Department of MedicineAustin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michele V Clarke
- Department of MedicineAustin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Evelyn S Marin
- Department of MedicineAustin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sofianos Andrikopoulos
- Department of MedicineAustin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kristine M Wiren
- Research ServiceVeterans Affairs Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Behavioral NeuroscienceOregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of MedicineAustin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel A Davey
- Department of MedicineAustin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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21
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Davey RA, Clarke MV, Russell PK, Rana K, Seto J, Roeszler KN, How JMY, Chia LY, North K, Zajac JD. Androgen Action via the Androgen Receptor in Neurons Within the Brain Positively Regulates Muscle Mass in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3684-3695. [PMID: 28977603 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well established that exogenous androgens have anabolic effects on skeletal muscle mass in humans and mice, data from muscle-specific androgen receptor (AR) knockout (ARKO) mice indicate that myocytic expression of the AR is dispensable for hind-limb muscle mass accrual in males. To identify possible indirect actions of androgens via the AR in neurons to regulate muscle, we generated neuron-ARKO mice in which the dominant DNA binding-dependent actions of the AR are deleted in neurons of the cortex, forebrain, hypothalamus, and olfactory bulb. Serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels were elevated twofold in neuron-ARKO males compared with wild-type littermates due to disruption of negative feedback to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Despite this increase in serum testosterone levels, which was expected to increase muscle mass, the mass of the mixed-fiber gastrocnemius (Gast) and the fast-twitch fiber extensor digitorum longus hind-limb muscles was decreased by 10% in neuron-ARKOs at 12 weeks of age, whereas muscle strength and fatigue of the Gast were unaffected. The mass of the soleus muscle, however, which consists of a high proportion of slow-twitch fibers, was unaffected in neuron-ARKOs, demonstrating a stimulatory action of androgens via the AR in neurons to increase the mass of fast-twitch hind-limb muscles. Furthermore, neuron-ARKOs displayed reductions in voluntary and involuntary physical activity by up to 60%. These data provide evidence for a role of androgens via the AR in neurons to positively regulate fast-twitch hind-limb muscle mass and physical activity in male mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Davey
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Michele V Clarke
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Patricia K Russell
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Kesha Rana
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Jane Seto
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kelly N Roeszler
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jackie M Y How
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Ling Yeong Chia
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| | - Kathryn North
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
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22
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Cheung AS, Gray H, Schache AG, Hoermann R, Lim Joon D, Zajac JD, Pandy MG, Grossmann M. Androgen deprivation causes selective deficits in the biomechanical leg muscle function of men during walking: a prospective case-control study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2017; 8:102-112. [PMID: 27897410 PMCID: PMC5326829 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although muscle mass declines with testosterone deficiency in men, previous studies of muscle function have not demonstrated consistent deficits, likely due to relatively insensitive methodology. Our objective was to determine the effects of testosterone deprivation on the biomechanical function of individual lower-limb muscles. METHODS We conducted a 12-month prospective, observational case-control study of 34 men newly commencing androgen deprivation treatment (ADT) for prostate cancer and 29 age-matched prostate cancer controls. Participants were assessed at 0, 6, and 12 months while walking in a biomechanics laboratory. We combined video-based motion capture and ground reaction force data with computerized musculoskeletal modelling to assess the following primary outcomes: (i) peak joint torques at the hip, knee and ankle, and corresponding individual muscle forces; (ii) individual muscle contributions to acceleration of the body's centre of mass; and (iii) walking speed, stride length, and step width. A linear mixed model was used to compare mean differences between groups. RESULTS Compared with controls over 12 months, men receiving ADT had a mean reduction in total testosterone level from 14.1 to 0.4 nmol/L, and demonstrated more marked decreases in peak hip flexor torque by 14% [mean difference -0.11 N/kg (-0.19, -0.03), P = 0.01] and peak knee extensor torque by 16% [-0.11 N/kg (-0.20, -0.02), P = 0.02] of the initial mean value. Correspondingly, iliopsoas force decreased by 14% (P = 0.006), and quadriceps force decreased by 11%, although this narrowly missed statistical significance (P = 0.07). Soleus decreased contribution to forward acceleration of the body's centre of mass by 17% [mean difference -0.17 m/s2 (-0.29, -0.05), P < 0.01]. No significant changes between groups were observed in other joint torques or individual muscle contributions to acceleration of the body. Step width increased by 18% [mean adjusted difference 1.4 cm (0.6, 27.4), P = 0.042] in the ADT group compared with controls, with no change in stride length or walking speed. CONCLUSIONS Testosterone deprivation selectively decreases lower-limb muscle function, predominantly affecting muscles that support body weight, accelerate the body forwards during walking, and mediate balance. Future exercise and pro-myogenic interventional studies to mitigate ADT-associated sarcopenia should target these deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada S Cheung
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hans Gray
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anthony G Schache
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rudolf Hoermann
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daryl Lim Joon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marcus G Pandy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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23
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Asih PR, Tegg ML, Sohrabi H, Carruthers M, Gandy SE, Saad F, Verdile G, Ittner LM, Martins RN. Multiple Mechanisms Linking Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease: Testosterone as a Modifier. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 59:445-466. [PMID: 28655134 PMCID: PMC6462402 DOI: 10.3233/jad-161259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Evidence in support of links between type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) has increased considerably in recent years. AD pathological hallmarks include the accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau in the brain, which are hypothesized to promote inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal loss. T2DM exhibits many AD pathological features, including reduced brain insulin uptake, lipid dysregulation, inflammation, oxidative stress, and depression; T2DM has also been shown to increase AD risk, and with increasing age, the prevalence of both conditions increases. In addition, amylin deposition in the pancreas is more common in AD than in normal aging, and although there is no significant increase in cerebral Aβ deposition in T2DM, the extent of Aβ accumulation in AD correlates with T2DM duration. Given these similarities and correlations, there may be common underlying mechanism(s) that predispose to both T2DM and AD. In other studies, an age-related gradual loss of testosterone and an increase in testosterone resistance has been shown in men; low testosterone levels can also occur in women. In this review, we focus on the evidence for low testosterone levels contributing to an increased risk of T2DM and AD, and the potential of testosterone treatment in reducing this risk in both men and women. However, such testosterone treatment may need to be long-term, and would need regular monitoring to maintain testosterone at physiological levels. It is possible that a combination of testosterone therapy together with a healthy lifestyle approach, including improved diet and exercise, may significantly reduce AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prita R. Asih
- Department of Anatomy, Dementia Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- KaRa Institute of Neurological Diseases, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Tegg
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Hamid Sohrabi
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Samuel E. Gandy
- Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry and the Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L Levy Place, New York, NY, USA
| | - Farid Saad
- Bayer Pharma AG, Global Medical Affairs Andrology, Berlin, Germany
- Gulf Medical University School of Medicine, Ajman, UAE
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University of Technology, Bentley, WA, Australia
| | - Lars M. Ittner
- Department of Anatomy, Dementia Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ralph N. Martins
- KaRa Institute of Neurological Diseases, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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24
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Conde K, Fabelo C, Krause WC, Propst R, Goethel J, Fischer D, Hur J, Meza C, Ingraham HA, Wagner EJ. Testosterone Rapidly Augments Retrograde Endocannabinoid Signaling in Proopiomelanocortin Neurons to Suppress Glutamatergic Input from Steroidogenic Factor 1 Neurons via Upregulation of Diacylglycerol Lipase-α. Neuroendocrinology 2017; 105:341-356. [PMID: 27871072 PMCID: PMC5839320 DOI: 10.1159/000453370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone exerts profound effects on reproduction and energy homeostasis. Like other orexigenic hormones, it increases endocannabinoid tone within the hypothalamic feeding circuitry. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that testosterone upregulates the expression of diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL)α in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) to increase energy intake via enhanced endocannabinoid-mediated retrograde inhibition of anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. Energy intake, meal patterns, and energy expenditure were evaluated in orchidectomized, male guinea pigs treated subcutaneously with testosterone propionate (TP; 400 μg) or its sesame oil vehicle (0.1 mL). TP rapidly increased energy intake, meal size, O2 consumption, CO2 production, and metabolic heat production, all of which were antagonized by prior administration of the DAGL inhibitor orlistat (3 μg) into the third ventricle. These orlistat-sensitive, TP-induced increases in energy intake and expenditure were temporally associated with a significant elevation in ARC DAGLα expression. Electrophysiological recordings in hypothalamic slices revealed that TP potentiated depolarization-induced suppression of excitatory glutamatergic input onto identified ARC POMC neurons, which was also abolished by orlistat (3 μM), the CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 (1 μM), and the AMP-activated protein kinase inhibitor compound C (30 μM) and simulated by transient bath application of the dihydrotestosterone mimetic Cl-4AS-1 (100 nM) and testosterone-conjugated bovine serum albumin (100 nM). Thus, testosterone boosts DAGLα expression to augment retrograde, presynaptic inhibition of glutamate release onto ARC POMC neurons that, in turn, increases energy intake and expenditure. These studies advance our understanding of how androgens work within the hypothalamic feeding circuitry to affect changes in energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie Conde
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
| | - Carolina Fabelo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
| | - William C. Krause
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert Propst
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
| | - Jordan Goethel
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
| | - Daniel Fischer
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
| | - Jin Hur
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
| | - Cecilia Meza
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
| | - Holly A. Ingraham
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Edward J. Wagner
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
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25
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Almeida M, Laurent MR, Dubois V, Claessens F, O'Brien CA, Bouillon R, Vanderschueren D, Manolagas SC. Estrogens and Androgens in Skeletal Physiology and Pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:135-187. [PMID: 27807202 PMCID: PMC5539371 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00033.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 466] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens and androgens influence the growth and maintenance of the mammalian skeleton and are responsible for its sexual dimorphism. Estrogen deficiency at menopause or loss of both estrogens and androgens in elderly men contribute to the development of osteoporosis, one of the most common and impactful metabolic diseases of old age. In the last 20 years, basic and clinical research advances, genetic insights from humans and rodents, and newer imaging technologies have changed considerably the landscape of our understanding of bone biology as well as the relationship between sex steroids and the physiology and pathophysiology of bone metabolism. Together with the appreciation of the side effects of estrogen-related therapies on breast cancer and cardiovascular diseases, these advances have also drastically altered the treatment of osteoporosis. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of estrogens and androgens on bone, their influences on skeletal homeostasis during growth and adulthood, the pathogenetic mechanisms of the adverse effects of their deficiency on the female and male skeleton, as well as the role of natural and synthetic estrogenic or androgenic compounds in the pharmacotherapy of osteoporosis. We highlight latest advances on the crosstalk between hormonal and mechanical signals, the relevance of the antioxidant properties of estrogens and androgens, the difference of their cellular targets in different bone envelopes, the role of estrogen deficiency in male osteoporosis, and the contribution of estrogen or androgen deficiency to the monomorphic effects of aging on skeletal involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Almeida
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1011, University of Lille and Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Michaël R Laurent
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1011, University of Lille and Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Vanessa Dubois
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1011, University of Lille and Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Frank Claessens
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1011, University of Lille and Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Charles A O'Brien
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1011, University of Lille and Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Roger Bouillon
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1011, University of Lille and Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Dirk Vanderschueren
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1011, University of Lille and Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Stavros C Manolagas
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas; Departments of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1011, University of Lille and Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
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26
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Mouser JG, Loprinzi PD, Loenneke JP. The association between physiologic testosterone levels, lean mass, and fat mass in a nationally representative sample of men in the United States. Steroids 2016; 115:62-66. [PMID: 27543675 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Testosterone deficiency leads to increased muscle loss with aging and increased fat mass. Supraphysiologic levels cause an increase in muscle mass and decrease in fat mass. The difference in lean and fat mass across physiologic levels of testosterone has been under examined in men. OBJECTIVE Examine the association between physiologic testosterone levels with lean and fat mass. METHODS Data from the 1999-2000 NHANES were used (n=252 men; 18-85yrs). Testosterone and SHBG values were obtained by a morning blood sample. Body composition was measured by DXA. Multivariable linear regression was used to compute unadjusted, minimally adjusted, and extended models of relative upper- and lower-body lean and fat mass. RESULTS In the extended model, men with total testosterone levels in the highest 25% (4th quartile) had more lower-body lean mass (LBLM) (β=22.1(%), 95%CI: 9.0, 35.3, p=0.003) and upper-body lean mass (UBLM) (β=5.6(%), 95%CI: 0.1, 11.2, p=0.046), and less lower-body fat mass (LBFM) (β=-9.9(%), 95%CI: -17.7, -2.1, p=0.016) and upper-body fat mass (UBFM) (β=-6.1(%), 95%CI: -10.1, -2.1, p=0.005) than those in the 1st quartile. Men in the 3rd quartile had more LBLM (β=14.2, 95%CI: 5.3, 23.1, p=0.004), UBLM (β=5.6, 95%CI: 2.0, 9.2, p=0.004), and less LBFM (β=-9.7(%), 95%CI: -16.7, -2.7, p=0.010) and UBFM (β=-4.7(%), 95%CI: -8.3, -1.2, p=0.012) than those in the 1st quartile. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that, at physiologic levels, an association exists between higher levels of testosterone and favorable lean and fat measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Grant Mouser
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Paul D Loprinzi
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, Center for Health Behavior Research, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, United States.
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27
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Ng Tang Fui M, Prendergast LA, Dupuis P, Raval M, Strauss BJ, Zajac JD, Grossmann M. Effects of testosterone treatment on body fat and lean mass in obese men on a hypocaloric diet: a randomised controlled trial. BMC Med 2016; 14:153. [PMID: 27716209 PMCID: PMC5054608 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whether testosterone treatment has benefits on body composition over and above caloric restriction in men is unknown. We hypothesised that testosterone treatment augments diet-induced loss of fat mass and prevents loss of muscle mass. METHODS We conducted a randomised double-blind, parallel, placebo controlled trial at a tertiary referral centre. A total of 100 obese men (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2) with a total testosterone level of or below 12 nmol/L and a median age of 53 years (interquartile range 47-60) receiving 10 weeks of a very low energy diet (VLED) followed by 46 weeks of weight maintenance were randomly assigned at baseline to 56 weeks of 10-weekly intramuscular testosterone undecanoate (n = 49, cases) or matching placebo (n = 51, controls). The main outcome measures were the between-group difference in fat and lean mass by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and visceral fat area (computed tomography). RESULTS A total of 82 men completed the study. At study end, compared to controls, cases had greater reductions in fat mass, with a mean adjusted between-group difference (MAD) of -2.9 kg (-5.7 to -0.2; P = 0.04), and in visceral fat (MAD -2678 mm2; -5180 to -176; P = 0.04). Although both groups lost the same lean mass following VLED (cases -3.9 kg (-5.3 to -2.6); controls -4.8 kg (-6.2 to -3.5), P = 0.36), cases regained lean mass (3.3 kg (1.9 to 4.7), P < 0.001) during weight maintenance, in contrast to controls (0.8 kg (-0.7 to 2.3), P = 0.29) so that, at study end, cases had an attenuated reduction in lean mass compared to controls (MAD 3.4 kg (1.3 to 5.5), P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS While dieting men receiving placebo lost both fat and lean mass, the weight loss with testosterone treatment was almost exclusively due to loss of body fat. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT01616732 , registration date: June 8, 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Ng Tang Fui
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, 300 Waterdale Road, Heidelberg West, VIC, 3081, Australia
| | - Luke A Prendergast
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Drive, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Philippe Dupuis
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, 300 Waterdale Road, Heidelberg West, VIC, 3081, Australia
| | - Manjri Raval
- Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, 300 Waterdale Road, Heidelberg West, VIC, 3081, Australia
| | - Boyd J Strauss
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Road, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia.,Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, 300 Waterdale Road, Heidelberg West, VIC, 3081, Australia
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia. .,Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, 300 Waterdale Road, Heidelberg West, VIC, 3081, Australia.
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28
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Laurent MR, Dubois V, Claessens F, Verschueren SMP, Vanderschueren D, Gielen E, Jardí F. Muscle-bone interactions: From experimental models to the clinic? A critical update. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 432:14-36. [PMID: 26506009 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone is a biomechanical tissue shaped by forces from muscles and gravitation. Simultaneous bone and muscle decay and dysfunction (osteosarcopenia or sarco-osteoporosis) is seen in ageing, numerous clinical situations including after stroke or paralysis, in neuromuscular dystrophies, glucocorticoid excess, or in association with vitamin D, growth hormone/insulin like growth factor or sex steroid deficiency, as well as in spaceflight. Physical exercise may be beneficial in these situations, but further work is still needed to translate acceptable and effective biomechanical interventions like vibration therapy from animal models to humans. Novel antiresorptive and anabolic therapies are emerging for osteoporosis as well as drugs for sarcopenia, cancer cachexia or muscle wasting disorders, including antibodies against myostatin or activin receptor type IIA and IIB (e.g. bimagrumab). Ideally, increasing muscle mass would increase muscle strength and restore bone loss from disuse. However, the classical view that muscle is unidirectionally dominant over bone via mechanical loading is overly simplistic. Indeed, recent studies indicate a role for neuronal regulation of not only muscle but also bone metabolism, bone signaling pathways like receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) implicated in muscle biology, myokines affecting bone and possible bone-to-muscle communication. Moreover, pharmacological strategies inducing isolated myocyte hypertrophy may not translate into increased muscle power because tendons, connective tissue, neurons and energy metabolism need to adapt as well. We aim here to critically review key musculoskeletal molecular pathways involved in mechanoregulation and their effect on the bone-muscle unit as a whole, as well as preclinical and emerging clinical evidence regarding the effects of sarcopenia therapies on osteoporosis and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël R Laurent
- Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Vanessa Dubois
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Claessens
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sabine M P Verschueren
- Research Group for Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, Department of Rehabilitation Science, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Vanderschueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evelien Gielen
- Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ferran Jardí
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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29
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Holland AM, Roberts MD, Mumford PW, Mobley CB, Kephart WC, Conover CF, Beggs LA, Balaez A, Otzel DM, Yarrow JF, Borst SE, Beck DT. Testosterone inhibits expression of lipogenic genes in visceral fat by an estrogen-dependent mechanism. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:792-805. [PMID: 27539493 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00238.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of the aromatase enzyme on the chronic fat-sparing effects of testosterone requires further elucidation. Our purpose was to determine whether chronic anastrozole (AN, an aromatase inhibitor) treatment alters testosterone-mediated lipolytic/lipogenic gene expression in visceral fat. Ten-month-old Fischer 344 rats (n = 6/group) were subjected to sham surgery (SHAM), orchiectomy (ORX), ORX + treatment with testosterone enanthate (TEST, 7.0 mg/wk), or ORX + TEST + AN (0.5 mg/day), with drug treatment beginning 14 days postsurgery. At day 42, ORX animals exhibited nearly undetectable serum testosterone and 29% higher retroperitoneal fat mass than SHAM animals (P < 0.001). TEST produced a ∼380-415% higher serum testosterone than SHAM (P < 0.001) and completely prevented ORX-induced visceral fat gain (P < 0.001). Retroperitoneal fat was 21% and 16% lower in ORX + TEST than SHAM (P < 0.001) and ORX + TEST + AN (P = 0.007) animals, while serum estradiol (E2) was 62% (P = 0.024) and 87% (P = 0.010) higher, respectively. ORX stimulated lipogenic-related gene expression in visceral fat, demonstrated by ∼84-154% higher sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1, P = 0.023), fatty acid synthase (P = 0.01), and LPL (P < 0.001) mRNA than SHAM animals, effects that were completely prevented in ORX + TEST animals (P < 0.01 vs. ORX for all). Fatty acid synthase (P = 0.061, trend) and LPL (P = 0.043) mRNA levels were lower in ORX + TEST + AN than ORX animals and not different from SHAM animals but remained higher than in ORX + TEST animals (P < 0.05). In contrast, the ORX-induced elevation in SREBP-1 mRNA was not prevented by TEST + AN, with SREBP-1 expression remaining ∼117-171% higher than in SHAM and ORX + TEST animals (P < 0.01). Across groups, visceral fat mass and lipogenic-related gene expression were negatively associated with serum testosterone, but not E2 Aromatase inhibition constrains testosterone-induced visceral fat loss and the downregulation of key lipogenic genes at the mRNA level, indicating that E2 influences the visceral fat-sparing effects of testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, Auburn, Alabama
| | | | | | | | - Christine F Conover
- Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Luke A Beggs
- Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Alexander Balaez
- Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Dana M Otzel
- Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Joshua F Yarrow
- Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Stephen E Borst
- Malcom Randall Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Darren T Beck
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine-Auburn Campus, Auburn, Alabama
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30
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Rana K, Chiu MWS, Russell PK, Skinner JP, Lee NKL, Fam BC, Zajac JD, MacLean HE. Muscle-specific androgen receptor deletion shows limited actions in myoblasts but not in myofibers in different muscles in vivo. J Mol Endocrinol 2016; 57:125-38. [PMID: 27402875 DOI: 10.1530/jme-15-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the direct muscle cell-mediated actions of androgens by comparing two different mouse lines. The cre-loxP system was used to delete the DNA-binding activity of the androgen receptor (AR) in mature myofibers (MCK mAR(ΔZF2)) in one model and the DNA-binding activity of the AR in both proliferating myoblasts and myofibers (α-actin mAR(ΔZF2)) in another model. We found that hind-limb muscle mass was normal in MCK mAR(ΔZF2) mice and that relative mass of only some hind-limb muscles was reduced in α-actin mAR(ΔZF2) mice. This suggests that myoblasts and myofibers are not the major cellular targets mediating the anabolic actions of androgens on male muscle during growth and development. Levator ani muscle mass was decreased in both mouse lines, demonstrating that there is a myofiber-specific effect in this unique androgen-dependent muscle. We found that the pattern of expression of genes including c-myc, Fzd4 and Igf2 is associated with androgen-dependent changes in muscle mass; therefore, these genes are likely to be mediators of anabolic actions of androgens. Further research is required to identify the major targets of androgen actions in muscle, which are likely to include indirect actions via other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesha Rana
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maria W S Chiu
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patricia K Russell
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jarrod P Skinner
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole K L Lee
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara C Fam
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen E MacLean
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Nestor CC, Qiu J, Padilla SL, Zhang C, Bosch MA, Fan W, Aicher SA, Palmiter RD, Rønnekleiv OK, Kelly MJ. Optogenetic Stimulation of Arcuate Nucleus Kiss1 Neurons Reveals a Steroid-Dependent Glutamatergic Input to POMC and AgRP Neurons in Male Mice. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:630-44. [PMID: 27093227 DOI: 10.1210/me.2016-1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin (Kiss1) neurons are essential for reproduction, but their role in the control of energy balance and other homeostatic functions remains unclear. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons, located in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus, integrate numerous excitatory and inhibitory inputs to ultimately regulate energy homeostasis. Given that POMC and AgRP neurons are contacted by Kiss1 neurons in the ARC (Kiss1(ARC)) and they express androgen receptors, Kiss1(ARC) neurons may mediate the orexigenic action of testosterone via POMC and/or AgRP neurons. Quantitative PCR analysis of pooled Kiss1(ARC) neurons revealed that mRNA levels for Kiss1 and vesicular glutamate transporter 2 were higher in castrated male mice compared with gonad-intact males. Single-cell RT-PCR analysis of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) ARC neurons harvested from males injected with AAV1-EF1α-DIO-ChR2:YFP revealed that 100% and 88% expressed mRNAs for Kiss1 and vesicular glutamate transporter 2, respectively. Whole-cell, voltage-clamp recordings from nonfluorescent postsynaptic ARC neurons showed that low frequency photo-stimulation (0.5 Hz) of Kiss1-ChR2:YFP neurons elicited a fast glutamatergic inward current in POMC and AgRP neurons. Paired-pulse, photo-stimulation revealed paired-pulse depression, which is indicative of greater glutamate release, in the castrated male mice compared with gonad-intact male mice. Group I and group II metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists depolarized and hyperpolarized POMC and AgRP neurons, respectively, which was mimicked by high frequency photo-stimulation (20 Hz) of Kiss1(ARC) neurons. Therefore, POMC and AgRP neurons receive direct steroid- and frequency-dependent glutamatergic synaptic input from Kiss1(ARC) neurons in male mice, which may be a critical pathway for Kiss1 neurons to help coordinate energy homeostasis and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey C Nestor
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (C.CN., J.Q., C.Z., M.A.B., S.A.A., O.K.R., M.J.K.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (W.F.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Division of Neuroscience (O.K.R., M.J.K.), Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (S.L.P., R.D.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Jian Qiu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (C.CN., J.Q., C.Z., M.A.B., S.A.A., O.K.R., M.J.K.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (W.F.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Division of Neuroscience (O.K.R., M.J.K.), Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (S.L.P., R.D.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Stephanie L Padilla
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (C.CN., J.Q., C.Z., M.A.B., S.A.A., O.K.R., M.J.K.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (W.F.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Division of Neuroscience (O.K.R., M.J.K.), Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (S.L.P., R.D.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Chunguang Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (C.CN., J.Q., C.Z., M.A.B., S.A.A., O.K.R., M.J.K.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (W.F.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Division of Neuroscience (O.K.R., M.J.K.), Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (S.L.P., R.D.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Martha A Bosch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (C.CN., J.Q., C.Z., M.A.B., S.A.A., O.K.R., M.J.K.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (W.F.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Division of Neuroscience (O.K.R., M.J.K.), Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (S.L.P., R.D.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (C.CN., J.Q., C.Z., M.A.B., S.A.A., O.K.R., M.J.K.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (W.F.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Division of Neuroscience (O.K.R., M.J.K.), Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (S.L.P., R.D.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Sue A Aicher
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (C.CN., J.Q., C.Z., M.A.B., S.A.A., O.K.R., M.J.K.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (W.F.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Division of Neuroscience (O.K.R., M.J.K.), Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (S.L.P., R.D.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Richard D Palmiter
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (C.CN., J.Q., C.Z., M.A.B., S.A.A., O.K.R., M.J.K.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (W.F.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Division of Neuroscience (O.K.R., M.J.K.), Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (S.L.P., R.D.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Oline K Rønnekleiv
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (C.CN., J.Q., C.Z., M.A.B., S.A.A., O.K.R., M.J.K.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (W.F.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Division of Neuroscience (O.K.R., M.J.K.), Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (S.L.P., R.D.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Martin J Kelly
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology (C.CN., J.Q., C.Z., M.A.B., S.A.A., O.K.R., M.J.K.) and Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute (W.F.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239; Division of Neuroscience (O.K.R., M.J.K.), Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006; and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (S.L.P., R.D.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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Harada N, Hanaoka R, Horiuchi H, Kitakaze T, Mitani T, Inui H, Yamaji R. Castration influences intestinal microflora and induces abdominal obesity in high-fat diet-fed mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23001. [PMID: 26961573 PMCID: PMC4785334 DOI: 10.1038/srep23001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-onset hypogonadism (i.e. androgen deficiency) raises the risk for abdominal obesity in men. The mechanism for this obesity is unclear. Here, we demonstrated that hypogonadism after castration caused abdominal obesity in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed, but not in standard diet (SD)-fed, C57BL/6J mice. Furthermore, the phenotype was not induced in mice treated with antibiotics that disrupt the intestinal microflora. In HFD-fed mice, castration increased feed efficiency and decreased fecal weight per food intake. Castration also induced in an increase of visceral fat mass only in the absence of antibiotics in HFD-fed mice, whereas subcutaneous fat mass was increased by castration irrespective of antibiotics. Castration reduced the expression in the mesenteric fat of both adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase in HFD-fed mice, which was not observed in the presence of antibiotics. Castration decreased thigh muscle (i.e. quadriceps and hamstrings) mass, elevated fasting blood glucose levels, and increased liver triglyceride levels in a HFD-dependent manner, whereas these changes were not observed in castrated mice treated with antibiotics. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and Lactobacillus species increased in the feces of HFD-fed castrated mice. These results show that androgen (e.g. testosterone) deficiency can alter the intestinal microbiome and induce abdominal obesity in a diet-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Harada
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 5998531, Japan
| | - Ryo Hanaoka
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 5998531, Japan
| | - Hiroko Horiuchi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 5998531, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kitakaze
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 5998531, Japan
| | - Takakazu Mitani
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 5998531, Japan.,Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Kamiina, Nagano 3994598, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inui
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Graduate School of Comprehensive Rehabilitation, Osaka Prefecture University, Habikino, Osaka 5830872, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Yamaji
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, Osaka 5998531, Japan
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Dubois V, Laurent MR, Jardi F, Antonio L, Lemaire K, Goyvaerts L, Deldicque L, Carmeliet G, Decallonne B, Vanderschueren D, Claessens F. Androgen Deficiency Exacerbates High-Fat Diet-Induced Metabolic Alterations in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2016; 157:648-65. [PMID: 26562264 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deficiency is associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus in men, but the mechanisms behind these associations remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the combined effects of androgen deficiency and high-fat diet (HFD) on body composition and glucose homeostasis in C57BL/6J male mice. Two models of androgen deficiency were used: orchidectomy (ORX) and androgen receptor knockout mice. Both models displayed higher adiposity and serum leptin levels upon HFD, whereas no differences were seen on a regular diet. Fat accumulation in HFD ORX animals was accompanied by increased sedentary behavior and occurred in spite of reduced food intake. HFD ORX mice showed white adipocyte hypertrophy, correlated with decreased mitochondrial content but not function as well as increased lipogenesis and decreased lipolysis suggested by the up-regulation of fatty acid synthase and the down-regulation of hormone-sensitive lipase. Both ORX and androgen receptor knockout exacerbated HFD-induced glucose intolerance by impairing insulin action in liver and skeletal muscle, as evidenced by the increased triglyceride and decreased glycogen content in these tissues. In addition, serum IL-1β levels were elevated, and pancreatic insulin secretion was impaired after ORX. Testosterone but not dihydrotestosterone supplementation restored the castration effects on body composition and glucose homeostasis. We conclude that sex steroid deficiency in combination with HFD exacerbates adiposity, insulin resistance, and β-cell failure in 2 preclinical male mouse models. Our findings stress the importance of a healthy diet in a clinical context of androgen deficiency and may have implications for the prevention of metabolic alterations in hypogonadal men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Dubois
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (V.D., M.R.L., L.A., F.C.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gerontology and Geriatrics (M.R.L.), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (F.J., L.A., G.C., B.D., D.V.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gene Expression Unit (K.L., L.G.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Exercise Physiology Research Group (L.D.), Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and Institute of Neuroscience (L.D.), Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Michaël R Laurent
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (V.D., M.R.L., L.A., F.C.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gerontology and Geriatrics (M.R.L.), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (F.J., L.A., G.C., B.D., D.V.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gene Expression Unit (K.L., L.G.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Exercise Physiology Research Group (L.D.), Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and Institute of Neuroscience (L.D.), Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ferran Jardi
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (V.D., M.R.L., L.A., F.C.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gerontology and Geriatrics (M.R.L.), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (F.J., L.A., G.C., B.D., D.V.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gene Expression Unit (K.L., L.G.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Exercise Physiology Research Group (L.D.), Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and Institute of Neuroscience (L.D.), Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Leen Antonio
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (V.D., M.R.L., L.A., F.C.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gerontology and Geriatrics (M.R.L.), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (F.J., L.A., G.C., B.D., D.V.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gene Expression Unit (K.L., L.G.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Exercise Physiology Research Group (L.D.), Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and Institute of Neuroscience (L.D.), Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Katleen Lemaire
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (V.D., M.R.L., L.A., F.C.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gerontology and Geriatrics (M.R.L.), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (F.J., L.A., G.C., B.D., D.V.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gene Expression Unit (K.L., L.G.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Exercise Physiology Research Group (L.D.), Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and Institute of Neuroscience (L.D.), Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Lotte Goyvaerts
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (V.D., M.R.L., L.A., F.C.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gerontology and Geriatrics (M.R.L.), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (F.J., L.A., G.C., B.D., D.V.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gene Expression Unit (K.L., L.G.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Exercise Physiology Research Group (L.D.), Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and Institute of Neuroscience (L.D.), Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (V.D., M.R.L., L.A., F.C.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gerontology and Geriatrics (M.R.L.), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (F.J., L.A., G.C., B.D., D.V.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gene Expression Unit (K.L., L.G.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Exercise Physiology Research Group (L.D.), Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and Institute of Neuroscience (L.D.), Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (V.D., M.R.L., L.A., F.C.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gerontology and Geriatrics (M.R.L.), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (F.J., L.A., G.C., B.D., D.V.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gene Expression Unit (K.L., L.G.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Exercise Physiology Research Group (L.D.), Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and Institute of Neuroscience (L.D.), Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Decallonne
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (V.D., M.R.L., L.A., F.C.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gerontology and Geriatrics (M.R.L.), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (F.J., L.A., G.C., B.D., D.V.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gene Expression Unit (K.L., L.G.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Exercise Physiology Research Group (L.D.), Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and Institute of Neuroscience (L.D.), Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Dirk Vanderschueren
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (V.D., M.R.L., L.A., F.C.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gerontology and Geriatrics (M.R.L.), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (F.J., L.A., G.C., B.D., D.V.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gene Expression Unit (K.L., L.G.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Exercise Physiology Research Group (L.D.), Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and Institute of Neuroscience (L.D.), Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Frank Claessens
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (V.D., M.R.L., L.A., F.C.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gerontology and Geriatrics (M.R.L.), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (F.J., L.A., G.C., B.D., D.V.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Gene Expression Unit (K.L., L.G.), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Exercise Physiology Research Group (L.D.), Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and Institute of Neuroscience (L.D.), Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Luna-Sánchez M, Díaz-Casado E, Barca E, Tejada MÁ, Montilla-García Á, Cobos EJ, Escames G, Acuña-Castroviejo D, Quinzii CM, López LC. The clinical heterogeneity of coenzyme Q10 deficiency results from genotypic differences in the Coq9 gene. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 7:670-87. [PMID: 25802402 PMCID: PMC4492823 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) deficiency is due to mutations in genes involved in CoQ biosynthesis. The disease has been associated with five major phenotypes, but a genotype-phenotype correlation is unclear. Here, we compare two mouse models with a genetic modification in Coq9 gene (Coq9(Q95X) and Coq9(R239X)), and their responses to 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,4-diHB). Coq9(R239X) mice manifest severe widespread CoQ deficiency associated with fatal encephalomyopathy and respond to 2,4-diHB increasing CoQ levels. In contrast, Coq9(Q95X) mice exhibit mild CoQ deficiency manifesting with reduction in CI+III activity and mitochondrial respiration in skeletal muscle, and late-onset mild mitochondrial myopathy, which does not respond to 2,4-diHB. We show that these differences are due to the levels of COQ biosynthetic proteins, suggesting that the presence of a truncated version of COQ9 protein in Coq9(R239X) mice destabilizes the CoQ multiprotein complex. Our study points out the importance of the multiprotein complex for CoQ biosynthesis in mammals, which may provide new insights to understand the genotype-phenotype heterogeneity associated with human CoQ deficiency and may have a potential impact on the treatment of this mitochondrial disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Luna-Sánchez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Instituto de Biotecnología, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - Elena Díaz-Casado
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Instituto de Biotecnología, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - Emanuele Barca
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miguel Ángel Tejada
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Instituto de Neurociencias, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - Ángeles Montilla-García
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Instituto de Neurociencias, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - Enrique Javier Cobos
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Instituto de Neurociencias, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - Germaine Escames
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Instituto de Biotecnología, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - Dario Acuña-Castroviejo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Instituto de Biotecnología, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain
| | - Catarina M Quinzii
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luis Carlos López
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Instituto de Biotecnología, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain
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35
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Maliqueo M, Echiburú B, Crisosto N. Perinatal androgen exposure and adipose tissue programming: is there an impact on body weight fate? Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2015; 10:533-544. [PMID: 30298761 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2015.1077695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major concern in public health because it is one of the main risk factors for the development of non-transmissible chronic diseases. The fact that there is a clear sex dimorphism in normal body fat distribution points out the role of sex steroids as key factors in the regulation and function of the adipose cell. Androgens affect adipogenesis and fat metabolism in the adipose tissue of males and females. Hormonal disorders during pregnancy may affect the fetal tissues, with long-term implications leading to the development of pathologies during adult life. Obesity and metabolic disease are among these. In this regard, animal models have demonstrated an abnormal fat distribution and modifications in the size and function of adipose cells in the female and male offspring of mothers exposed to androgen excess during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bárbara Echiburú
- a Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, University of Chile, West Division, School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás Crisosto
- a Endocrinology and Metabolism Laboratory, University of Chile, West Division, School of Medicine, Santiago, Chile
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Traish AM, Zitzmann M. The complex and multifactorial relationship between testosterone deficiency (TD), obesity and vascular disease. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2015; 16:249-68. [PMID: 26590935 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-015-9323-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone deficiency (TD) is a well-established and recognized medical condition that contributes to several co-morbidities, including metabolic syndrome, visceral obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD). More importantly, obesity is thought to contribute to TD. This complex bidirectional interplay between TD and obesity promotes a vicious cycle, which further contributes to the adverse effects of TD and obesity and may increase the risk of CVD. Testosterone (T) therapy for men with TD has been shown to be safe and effective in ameliorating the components of the metabolic syndrome (Met S) and in contributiong to increased lean body mass and reduced fat mass and therefore contributes to weight loss. We believe that appropriate T therapy in obese men with TD is a novel medical approach to manage obesity in men with TD. Indeed, other measures of lifestyle and behavioral changes can be used to augment but not fully replace this effective therapeutic approach. It should be noted that concerns regarding the safety of T therapy remain widely unsubstantiated and considerable evidence exists supporting the benefits of T therapy. Thus, it is paramount that clinicians managing obese men with TD be made aware of this novel approach to treatment of obesity. In this review, we discuss the relationship between TD and obesity and highlight the contemporary advancement in management of obesity with pharmacological and surgical approaches, as well as utilization of T therapy and how this intervention may evolve as a novel approach to treatment of obesity in men with TD .
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmaged M Traish
- Department of Urology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 Concord Street, A502, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Michael Zitzmann
- Clinical Andrology, Centre for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Domagkstrasse 11, D-48149, Muenster, Germany
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Abstract
Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) results from androgen receptor dysfunction and is a common cause of disorder of sex development. The AIS phenotype largely depends on the degree of residual androgen receptor (AR) activity. This review describes the molecular action of androgens and the range of androgen receptor gene mutations, essential knowledge to understand the pathogenesis of the complete and partial forms of this syndrome. A multidisciplinary approach is recommended for clinical management from infancy through to adulthood. Hormone replacement therapy is needed following gonadectomy. Patients who choose to retain the gonads are at risk of developing germ cell tumors for which sensitive circulating tumor markers may soon become available. Whilst the contribution of AR dysfunction to complete AIS is well understood, the involvement of the AR and associated proteins as contributors to partial AIS is an area of active research. Disorders of sex development such as AIS which are related to AR dysfunction offer a breadth of manifestations for the clinician to manage and opportunities for further research on the mechanism of androgen action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel P Mongan
- Cancer Biology and Translational Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Rieko Tadokoro-Cuccaro
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Trevor Bunch
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ieuan A Hughes
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK.
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Abstract
Testosterone is a key hormone in the pathology of metabolic diseases such as obesity. Low testosterone levels are associated with increased fat mass (particularly central adiposity) and reduced lean mass in males. These morphological features are linked to metabolic dysfunction, and testosterone deficiency is associated with energy imbalance, impaired glucose control, reduced insulin sensitivity and dyslipidaemia. A bidirectional relationship between testosterone and obesity underpins this association indicated by the hypogonadal-obesity cycle and evidence weight loss can lead to increased testosterone levels. Androgenic effects on enzymatic pathways of fatty acid metabolism, glucose control and energy utilization are apparent and often tissue specific with differential effects noted in different regional fat depots, muscle and liver to potentially explain the mechanisms of testosterone action. Testosterone replacement therapy demonstrates beneficial effects on measures of obesity that are partially explained by both direct metabolic actions on adipose and muscle and also potentially by increasing motivation, vigour and energy allowing obese individuals to engage in more active lifestyles. The degree of these beneficial effects may be dependent on the treatment modality with longer term administration often achieving greater improvements. Testosterone replacement may therefore potentially be an effective adjunctive treatment for weight management in obese men with concomitant hypogonadism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Kelly
- Department of Human Metabolism, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - T H Jones
- Department of Human Metabolism, Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Barnsley Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Barnsley, UK
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Rana K, Lee NKL, Zajac JD, MacLean HE. Expression of androgen receptor target genes in skeletal muscle. Asian J Androl 2015; 16:675-83. [PMID: 24713826 PMCID: PMC4215656 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.122861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to determine the mechanisms of the anabolic actions of androgens in skeletal muscle by investigating potential androgen receptor (AR)-regulated genes in in vitro and in vivo models. The expression of the myogenic regulatory factor myogenin was significantly decreased in skeletal muscle from testosterone-treated orchidectomized male mice compared to control orchidectomized males, and was increased in muscle from male AR knockout mice that lacked DNA binding activity (ARΔZF2) versus wildtype mice, demonstrating that myogenin is repressed by the androgen/AR pathway. The ubiquitin ligase Fbxo32 was repressed by 12 h dihydrotestosterone treatment in human skeletal muscle cell myoblasts, and c-Myc expression was decreased in testosterone-treated orchidectomized male muscle compared to control orchidectomized male muscle, and increased in ARΔZF2 muscle. The expression of a group of genes that regulate the transition from myoblast proliferation to differentiation, Tceal7, p57Kip2, Igf2 and calcineurin Aa, was increased in ARΔZF2 muscle, and the expression of all but p57Kip2 was also decreased in testosterone-treated orchidectomized male muscle compared to control orchidectomized male muscle. We conclude that in males, androgens act via the AR in part to promote peak muscle mass by maintaining myoblasts in the proliferative state and delaying the transition to differentiation during muscle growth and development, and by suppressing ubiquitin ligase-mediated atrophy pathways to preserve muscle mass in adult muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesha Rana
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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40
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Rubinow KB, Wang S, den Hartigh LJ, Subramanian S, Morton GJ, Buaas FW, Lamont D, Gray N, Braun RE, Page ST. Hematopoietic androgen receptor deficiency promotes visceral fat deposition in male mice without impairing glucose homeostasis. Andrology 2015; 3:787-96. [PMID: 26097106 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Androgen deficiency in men increases body fat, but the mechanisms by which testosterone suppresses fat deposition have not been elucidated fully. Adipose tissue macrophages express the androgen receptor (AR) and regulate adipose tissue remodeling. Thus, testosterone signaling in macrophages could alter the paracrine function of these cells and thereby contribute to the metabolic effects of androgens in men. A metabolic phenotyping study was performed to determine whether the loss of AR signaling in hematopoietic cells results in greater fat accumulation in male mice. C57BL/6J male mice (ages 12-14 weeks) underwent bone marrow transplant from either wild-type (WT) or AR knockout (ARKO) donors (n = 11-13 per group). Mice were fed a high-fat diet (60% fat) for 16 weeks. At baseline, 8 and 16 weeks, glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed, and body composition was analyzed with fat-water imaging by MRI. No differences in body weight were observed between mice transplanted with WT bone marrow [WT(WTbm)] or ARKO bone marrow [WT(ARKObm)] prior to initiation of the high-fat diet. After 8 weeks of high-fat feeding, WT(ARKObm) mice exhibited significantly more visceral and total fat mass than WT(WTbm) animals. Despite this, no differences between groups were observed in glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, or plasma concentrations of insulin, glucose, leptin, or cholesterol, although WT(ARKObm) mice had higher plasma levels of adiponectin. Resultant data indicate that AR signaling in hematopoietic cells influences body fat distribution in male mice, and the absence of hematopoietic AR plays a permissive role in visceral fat accumulation. These findings demonstrate a metabolic role for AR signaling in marrow-derived cells and suggest a novel mechanism by which androgen deficiency in men might promote increased adiposity. The relative contributions of AR signaling in macrophages and other marrow-derived cells require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Rubinow
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Wang
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - L J den Hartigh
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S Subramanian
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - G J Morton
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - F W Buaas
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - D Lamont
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - N Gray
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - R E Braun
- Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - S T Page
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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Russell PK, Clarke MV, Cheong K, Anderson PH, Morris HA, Wiren KM, Zajac JD, Davey RA. Androgen receptor action in osteoblasts in male mice is dependent on their stage of maturation. J Bone Miner Res 2015; 30:809-23. [PMID: 25407961 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Androgen action via the androgen receptor (AR) is essential for normal skeletal growth and bone maintenance post-puberty in males; however, the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which androgens exert their actions in osteoblasts remains relatively unexplored in vivo. To identify autonomous AR actions in osteoblasts independent of AR signaling in other tissues, we compared the extent to which the bone phenotype of the Global-ARKO mouse was restored by replacing the AR in osteoblasts commencing at either the (1) proliferative or (2) mineralization stage of their maturation. In trabecular bone, androgens stimulated trabecular bone accrual during growth via the AR in proliferating osteoblasts and maintained trabecular bone post-puberty via the AR in mineralizing osteoblasts, with its predominant action being to inhibit bone resorption by decreasing the ratio of receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) to osteoprotegerin (OPG) gene expression. During growth, replacement of the AR in proliferating but not mineralizing osteoblasts of Global-ARKOs was able to partially restore periosteal circumference, supporting the concept that androgen action in cortical bone to increase bone size during growth is mediated via the AR in proliferating osteoblasts. This study provides further significant insight into the mechanism of androgen action via the AR in osteoblasts, demonstrating that it is dependent on the stage of osteoblast maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia K Russell
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
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Borgquist A, Meza C, Wagner EJ. The role of AMP-activated protein kinase in the androgenic potentiation of cannabinoid-induced changes in energy homeostasis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 308:E482-95. [PMID: 25550281 PMCID: PMC4360013 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00421.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Orexigenic mediators can impact the hypothalamic feeding circuitry via the activation of AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK). Given that testosterone is an orexigenic hormone, we hypothesized that androgenic changes in energy balance are due to enhanced cannabinoid-induced inhibition of anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons via activation of AMPK. To this end, whole animal experiments were carried out in gonadectomized male guinea pigs treated subcutaneously with either testosterone propionate (TP; 400 μg) or its sesame oil vehicle (0.1 ml). TP-treated animals displayed increases in energy intake associated with increases in meal size. TP also increased several indices of energy expenditure as well as the p-AMPK/AMPK ratio in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) measured 2 and 24 h posttreatment. Subcutaneous administration of the CB1 receptor antagonist AM251 (3 mg/kg) rapidly blocked the hyperphagic effect of TP. This was mimicked largely upon third ventricular administration of AM251 (10 μg). Electrophysiological studies revealed that TP potentiated the ability of the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 to decrease the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents in ARC neurons. TP also increased the basal frequency of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents. In addition, depolarization-induced suppression (DSE) is potentiated in cells from TP-treated animals and blocked by AM251. The AMPK inhibitor compound C attenuated DSE from TP-treated animals, whereas the AMPK activator metformin enhanced DSE from vehicle-treated animals. These effects occurred in a sizable number of identified POMC neurons. Collectively, these results indicate that the androgen-induced increases in energy intake are mediated via an AMPK-dependent augmentation in endocannabinoid tone onto POMC neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Borgquist
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | - Cecilia Meza
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
| | - Edward J Wagner
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California
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43
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Vanderschueren D, Laurent MR, Claessens F, Gielen E, Lagerquist MK, Vandenput L, Börjesson AE, Ohlsson C. Sex steroid actions in male bone. Endocr Rev 2014; 35:906-60. [PMID: 25202834 PMCID: PMC4234776 DOI: 10.1210/er.2014-1024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sex steroids are chief regulators of gender differences in the skeleton, and male gender is one of the strongest protective factors against osteoporotic fractures. This advantage in bone strength relies mainly on greater cortical bone expansion during pubertal peak bone mass acquisition and superior skeletal maintenance during aging. During both these phases, estrogens acting via estrogen receptor-α in osteoblast lineage cells are crucial for male cortical and trabecular bone, as evident from conditional genetic mouse models, epidemiological studies, rare genetic conditions, genome-wide meta-analyses, and recent interventional trials. Genetic mouse models have also demonstrated a direct role for androgens independent of aromatization on trabecular bone via the androgen receptor in osteoblasts and osteocytes, although the target cell for their key effects on periosteal bone formation remains elusive. Low serum estradiol predicts incident fractures, but the highest risk occurs in men with additionally low T and high SHBG. Still, the possible clinical utility of serum sex steroids for fracture prediction is unknown. It is likely that sex steroid actions on male bone metabolism rely also on extraskeletal mechanisms and cross talk with other signaling pathways. We propose that estrogens influence fracture risk in aging men via direct effects on bone, whereas androgens exert an additional antifracture effect mainly via extraskeletal parameters such as muscle mass and propensity to fall. Given the demographic trends of increased longevity and consequent rise of osteoporosis, an increased understanding of how sex steroids influence male bone health remains a high research priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Vanderschueren
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology (D.V.) and Gerontology and Geriatrics (M.R.L., E.G.), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (M.R.L., F.C.); and Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases (D.V., M.R.L., E.G.), KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; and Center for Bone and Arthritis Research (M.K.L., L.V., A.E.B., C.O.), Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Laurent M, Antonio L, Sinnesael M, Dubois V, Gielen E, Classens F, Vanderschueren D. Androgens and estrogens in skeletal sexual dimorphism. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:213-22. [PMID: 24385015 PMCID: PMC3955330 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.122356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is an endocrine tissue expressing androgen and estrogen receptors as well as steroid metabolizing enzymes. The bioactivity of circulating sex steroids is modulated by sex hormone-binding globulin and local conversion in bone tissue, for example, from testosterone (T) to estradiol (E2) by aromatase, or to dihydrotestosterone by 5α-reductase enzymes. Our understanding of the structural basis for gender differences in bone strength has advanced considerably over recent years due to increasing use of (high resolution) peripheral computed tomography. These microarchitectural insights form the basis to understand sex steroid influences on male peak bone mass and turnover in cortical vs trabecular bone. Recent studies using Cre/LoxP technology have further refined our mechanistic insights from global knockout mice into the direct contributions of sex steroids and their respective nuclear receptors in osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and other cells to male osteoporosis. At the same time, these studies have reinforced the notion that androgen and estrogen deficiency have both direct and pleiotropic effects via interaction with, for example, insulin-like growth factor 1, inflammation, oxidative stress, central nervous system control of bone metabolism, adaptation to mechanical loading, etc., This review will summarize recent advances on these issues in the field of sex steroid actions in male bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Laurent
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine; Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, KU Leuven; Geriatric Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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45
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Fui MNT, Dupuis P, Grossmann M. Lowered testosterone in male obesity: mechanisms, morbidity and management. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:223-31. [PMID: 24407187 PMCID: PMC3955331 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.122365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing modernization and urbanization of Asia, much of the future focus of the obesity epidemic will be in the Asian region. Low testosterone levels are frequently encountered in obese men who do not otherwise have a recognizable hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular (HPT) axis pathology. Moderate obesity predominantly decreases total testosterone due to insulin resistance-associated reductions in sex hormone binding globulin. More severe obesity is additionally associated with reductions in free testosterone levels due to suppression of the HPT axis. Low testosterone by itself leads to increasing adiposity, creating a self-perpetuating cycle of metabolic complications. Obesity-associated hypotestosteronemia is a functional, non-permanent state, which can be reversible, but this requires substantial weight loss. While testosterone treatment can lead to moderate reductions in fat mass, obesity by itself, in the absence of symptomatic androgen deficiency, is not an established indication for testosterone therapy. Testosterone therapy may lead to a worsening of untreated sleep apnea and compromise fertility. Whether testosterone therapy augments diet- and exercise-induced weight loss requires evaluation in adequately designed randomized controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne; Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Rana K, Davey RA, Zajac JD. Human androgen deficiency: insights gained from androgen receptor knockout mouse models. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:169-77. [PMID: 24480924 PMCID: PMC3955325 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.122590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of androgen action is complex. Recently, significant advances have been made into our understanding of how androgens act via the androgen receptor (AR) through the use of genetically modified mouse models. A number of global and tissue-specific AR knockout (ARKO) models have been generated using the Cre-loxP system which allows tissue- and/or cell-specific deletion. These ARKO models have examined a number of sites of androgen action including the cardiovascular system, the immune and hemopoetic system, bone, muscle, adipose tissue, the prostate and the brain. This review focuses on the insights that have been gained into human androgen deficiency through the use of ARKO mouse models at each of these sites of action, and highlights the strengths and limitations of these Cre-loxP mouse models that should be considered to ensure accurate interpretation of the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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47
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Cheung AS, Zajac JD, Grossmann M. Muscle and bone effects of androgen deprivation therapy: current and emerging therapies. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:R371-94. [PMID: 25056176 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer and treatment with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) affect significant numbers of the male population. Endocrine effects of ADT are a critical consideration in balancing the benefits and risks of treatment on long-term survival and quality of life. This review highlights the latest advances in androgen manipulation in prostate cancer with an emphasis on the effects of ADT on muscle and bone, which universally affects the health and well-being of men undergoing ADT for prostate cancer. Muscle mass declines with ADT; however, the evidence that this correlates with a decrease in muscle strength or a decrease in physical performance is discordant. Cortical bone decay also occurs in association with an increase in fracture risk, hence optimization of musculoskeletal health in men undergoing ADT is crucial. The role of exercise, and current and emerging anabolic therapies for muscle as well as various new strategies to prevent loss of bone mass in men undergoing ADT are discussed. Future well-designed, prospective, controlled studies are required to elucidate the effects of ADT on physical performance, which are currently lacking, and larger randomized controlled trials are required to test the efficacy of medical therapies and exercise interventions to target proven deficits and to ensure safety in men with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada S Cheung
- Department of EndocrinologyAustin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Medicine (Austin Health)The University of Melbourne, 300 Waterdale Road, Heidelberg West, Victoria 3081, Australia Department of EndocrinologyAustin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Medicine (Austin Health)The University of Melbourne, 300 Waterdale Road, Heidelberg West, Victoria 3081, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of EndocrinologyAustin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Medicine (Austin Health)The University of Melbourne, 300 Waterdale Road, Heidelberg West, Victoria 3081, Australia Department of EndocrinologyAustin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Medicine (Austin Health)The University of Melbourne, 300 Waterdale Road, Heidelberg West, Victoria 3081, Australia
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of EndocrinologyAustin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Medicine (Austin Health)The University of Melbourne, 300 Waterdale Road, Heidelberg West, Victoria 3081, Australia Department of EndocrinologyAustin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Medicine (Austin Health)The University of Melbourne, 300 Waterdale Road, Heidelberg West, Victoria 3081, Australia
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48
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this article is to examine the contemporary data linking testosterone therapy in overweight and obese men with testosterone deficiency to increased lean body mass, decreased fat mass, improvement in overall body composition and sustained weight loss. This is of paramount importance because testosterone therapy in obese men with testosterone deficiency represents a novel and a timely therapeutic strategy for managing obesity in men with testosterone deficiency. RECENT FINDINGS Long-term testosterone therapy in men with testosterone deficiency produces significant and sustained weight loss, marked reduction in waist circumference and BMI and improvement in body composition. Further, testosterone therapy ameliorates components of the metabolic syndrome. The aforementioned improvements are attributed to improved mitochondrial function, increased energy utilization, increased motivation and vigor resulting in improved cardio-metabolic function and enhanced physical activity. SUMMARY The implication of testosterone therapy in management of obesity in men with testosterone deficiency is of paramount clinical significance, as it produces sustained weight loss without recidivism. On the contrary, alternative therapeutic approaches other than bariatric surgery failed to produce significant and sustained outcome and exhibit a high rate of recidivism. These findings represent strong foundations for testosterone therapy in obese men with testosterone deficiency and should spur clinical research for better understanding of usefulness of testosterone therapy in treatment of underlying pathophysiological conditions of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmaged M Traish
- Departments of Biochemistry and Urology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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49
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Gianatti EJ, Dupuis P, Hoermann R, Strauss BJ, Wentworth JM, Zajac JD, Grossmann M. Effect of testosterone treatment on glucose metabolism in men with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care 2014; 37:2098-107. [PMID: 24804695 DOI: 10.2337/dc13-2845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether testosterone therapy improves glucose metabolism in men with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and lowered testosterone. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We conducted a randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled trial in 88 men with T2D, aged 35-70 years with an HbA1c ≤8.5% (69 mmol/mol), and a total testosterone level, measured by immunoassay, of ≤12.0 nmol/L (346 ng/dL). Participants were randomly assigned to 40 weeks of intramuscular testosterone undecanoate (n = 45) or matching placebo (n = 43). All study subjects were included in the primary analysis. Seven men assigned to testosterone and six men receiving placebo did not complete the study. Main outcome measures were insulin resistance by homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR, primary outcome) and glycemic control by HbA1c (secondary outcome). RESULTS Testosterone therapy did not improve insulin resistance (mean adjusted difference [MAD] for HOMA-IR compared with placebo -0.08 [95% CI -0.31 to 0.47; P = 0.23]) or glycemic control (MAD HbA1c 0.36% [0.0-0.7]; P = 0.05), despite a decrease in fat mass (MAD -2.38 kg [-3.10 to -1.66]; P < 0.001) and an increase in lean mass (MAD 2.08 kg [1.52-2.64]; P < 0.001). Testosterone therapy reduced subcutaneous (MAD -320 cm(3) [-477 to -163]; P < 0.001) but not visceral abdominal adipose tissue (MAD 140 cm(3) [-89 to 369]; P = 0.90). CONCLUSIONS Testosterone therapy does not improve glucose metabolism or visceral adiposity in obese men with moderately controlled T2D and modest reductions in circulating testosterone levels typical for men with T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Gianatti
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, AustraliaDepartment of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Philippe Dupuis
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, AustraliaDepartment of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Rudolf Hoermann
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Boyd J Strauss
- Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - John M Wentworth
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jeffrey D Zajac
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, AustraliaDepartment of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, AustraliaDepartment of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
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Abstract
A wealth of observational studies show that low testosterone is associated with insulin resistance and with an increased risk of diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Experimental studies have identified potential mechanisms by which low testosterone may lead to insulin resistance. Visceral adipose tissue is an important intermediate in this relationship. Actions of testosterone or its metabolite oestradiol on other tissues such as muscle, liver, bone or the brain, and body composition-independent effects may also play a role. However, definitive evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to clarify whether the association of low testosterone with disordered glucose metabolism is causative is currently lacking. It therefore remains possible that this association is due to reverse causation, or simply originates by association with common health and lifestyle factors. RCTs of testosterone therapy in men with or without diabetes consistently show modest metabolically favourable changes in body composition. Despite this, testosterone effects on glucose metabolism have been inconsistent. Recent evidence suggests that the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis suppression in the majority of obese men with metabolic disorders is functional, and may be, at least in part, reversible with weight loss. Until further evidence is available, lifestyle measures with emphasis on weight reduction, treatment of comorbidities and optimisation of diabetic control should remain the first-line treatment in these men. Such measures, if successful, may be sufficient to normalise testosterone levels in men with metabolic disorders, who typically have only modest reductions in circulating testosterone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathis Grossmann
- Department of Medicine Austin Health, University of Melbourne, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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