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Schavinski AZ, Reis NG, Morgan HJN, Assis AP, Moro ML, Valentim RR, Seni-Silva AC, Ramos ES, Kettelhut IC, Navegantes LCC. Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency Impairs the Development of β Cells in Offspring Rats in a Sex-Dependent Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4136. [PMID: 38673723 PMCID: PMC11050228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that maternal vitamin D deficiency (VDD) causes long-term metabolic changes in offspring. However, little is known about the impact of maternal VDD on offspring endocrine pancreas development and insulin secretion in the adult life of male and female animals. Female rats (Wistar Hannover) were fed either control (1000 IU Vitamin D3/kg), VDD (0 IU Vitamin D3/kg), or a Ca2+-enriched VDD diet (0 IU Vitamin D3/kg + Ca2+ and P/kg) for 6 weeks and during gestation and lactation. At weaning, VDD status was confirmed based on low serum calcidiol levels in dams and pups. Next, male and female offspring were randomly separated and fed a standard diet for up to 90 days. At this age, serum calcidiol levels were restored to normal levels in all groups, but serum insulin levels were decreased in VDD males without affecting glucagon levels, glycemia, or glucose tolerance. Islets isolated from VDD males showed lower insulin secretion in response to different glucose concentrations, but this effect was not observed in VDD females. Furthermore, VDD males, but not females, showed a smaller total pancreatic islet area and lower β cell mass, an effect that was accompanied by reduced gene expression of Ins1, Ins2, Pdx1, and SLC2A2. The decrease in Pdx1 expression was not related to the methylation profile of the promoter region of this gene. Most of these effects were observed in the male VDD+Ca2+ group, indicating that the effects were not due to alterations in Ca2+ metabolism. These data show that maternal VDD selectively impairs the morphology and function of β cells in adult male offspring rats and that female offspring are fully protected from these deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Z. Schavinski
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (A.Z.S.); (N.G.R.); (H.J.N.M.); (M.L.M.); (R.R.V.)
| | - Natany G. Reis
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (A.Z.S.); (N.G.R.); (H.J.N.M.); (M.L.M.); (R.R.V.)
| | - Henrique J. N. Morgan
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (A.Z.S.); (N.G.R.); (H.J.N.M.); (M.L.M.); (R.R.V.)
| | - Ana Paula Assis
- Department of Biochemistry/Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (A.P.A.); (I.C.K.)
| | - Matheus L. Moro
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (A.Z.S.); (N.G.R.); (H.J.N.M.); (M.L.M.); (R.R.V.)
| | - Rafael R. Valentim
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (A.Z.S.); (N.G.R.); (H.J.N.M.); (M.L.M.); (R.R.V.)
| | - Ana Carolina Seni-Silva
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (A.C.S.-S.); (E.S.R.)
| | - Ester S. Ramos
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (A.C.S.-S.); (E.S.R.)
| | - Isis C. Kettelhut
- Department of Biochemistry/Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (A.P.A.); (I.C.K.)
| | - Luiz C. C. Navegantes
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil; (A.Z.S.); (N.G.R.); (H.J.N.M.); (M.L.M.); (R.R.V.)
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Delangre E, Pommier G, Tolu S, Uzan B, Bailbé D, Movassat J. Lithium treatment mitigates the diabetogenic effects of chronic cortico-therapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114895. [PMID: 37224758 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the main treatment for autoimmune and inflammatory disorders and are also used as immunosuppressive therapy for patients with organ transplantation. However, these treatments have several side effects, including metabolic disorders. Indeed, cortico-therapy may induce insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, disrupted insulin and glucagon secretion, excessive gluconeogenesis, leading to diabetes in susceptible individuals. Recently, lithium has been shown to alleviate deleterious effects of GCs in various diseased conditions. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In this study, using two rat models of GC-induced metabolic disorders, we investigated the effects of Lithium Chloride (LiCl) in the mitigation of deleterious effects of GCs. Rats were treated either with corticosterone or dexamethasone, and with or without LiCl. Animals were then assessed for glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, in vivo and ex vivo glucose-induced insulin secretion and hepatic gluconeogenesis. KEY RESULTS We showed that in rats chronically treated with corticosterone, lithium treatment markedly reduced insulin resistance. In addition, in rats treated with dexamethasone, lithium administration improved glucose tolerance, associated with enhanced insulin secretion in vivo. Moreover, liver gluconeogenesis was reduced upon LiCl treatment. The improvement of insulin secretion in vivo appeared to be due to an indirect regulation of β cell function, since the ex vivo assessment of insulin secretion and β cell mass in islets from animals treated with LiCl revealed no difference compared to untreated animals. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Collectively, our data provide evidences for the beneficial effects of lithium to mitigate the adverse metabolic effects of chronic cortico-therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Delangre
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Gaëlle Pommier
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France; Université Paris Cité, UFR Sciences du Vivant, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Stefania Tolu
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Uzan
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Danielle Bailbé
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Jamileh Movassat
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, F-75013 Paris, France.
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Ozmen O, Topsakal S, Ozdamar Unal G. Experimental model of unpredictable maternal stress and diabetes risk of offspring: An immunohistochemical study. Acta Histochem 2022; 124:151878. [PMID: 35303510 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2022.151878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The effect of stress on the occurrence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is commonly reported in recent studies. Maternal stress may have a negative effect on the later life of offspring. However, most studies only investigated long-term intrauterine stress on behavioral, emotional, psychological, and immunological disorders of offspring. The relationship between maternal stress and DM occurrence in the later life period of offspring is not known. This rat model study aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of offspring to DM after exposure to intrauterine stress. The purpose of this study is to examine serum glucose levels of mothers and offspring exposed to maternal stress and to evaluate pancreatic tissues pathologically and immunohistochemically. Twelve, Wistar Albino female rats were equally divided into two groups: controls and maternal stress groups. Normal routine conditions were applied to the control group without any stress. The pregnant rats in the maternal stress group were exposed to chronic unpredictable stressors throughout the 21-day gestation. One female and one male offspring and mothers from each term delivery were randomly selected and euthanatized at the 35th day. During the necropsy, blood and pancreatic tissue samples were collected from both mothers and pups. High serum glucose levels from mothers and offspring in the maternal stress group and the control group were compared. Additionally, histopathological examinations assessed the increased cell degeneration in mother rats and offspring. Immunohistochemical examinations revealed decreased insulin, amylin, and insulin receptor expressions and slightly increased glucagon expression in Langerhans islet cells in the maternal stress group. These results indicated that maternal stress may be a predisposing factor for DM in both mothers and offspring in their later life periods.
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Laugesen K, Sørensen HT, Jorgensen JOL, Petersen I. Prenatal exposure to glucocorticoids and the prevalence of overweight or obesity in childhood. Eur J Endocrinol 2022; 186:429-440. [PMID: 35104239 PMCID: PMC8942335 DOI: 10.1530/eje-21-0846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prenatal exposure to excess cortisol can affect postnatal metabolic health by epigenetic mechanisms. We aimed to investigate if prenatal exposure to pharmacological glucocorticoids increases the risk of overweight/obesity in childhood. DESIGN A nationwide population registry-based cohort study. METHODS We identified 383 877 children born in Denmark (2007-2012), who underwent routine anthropometric evaluation at 5-8 years of age. Prenatal exposure to glucocorticoids was divided into systemic and topical glucocorticoids, cumulative systemic dose, and use by trimester. The comparison cohort included children without exposure, born to maternal never-users. Negative control exposures were used to investigate confounding from an underlying disease or unmeasured characteristics. Such exposures included children without glucocorticoid exposure born to maternal users of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or immunotherapy during pregnancy, maternal former users of glucocorticoids, or paternal users of glucocorticoids during the pregnancy of their partner. We estimated sex-stratified adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) of overweight/obesity at 5-8 years of age, as epigenetic modifications have shown to be sex-specific. RESULTS In the study, 21 246 (11%) boys and 27 851 (15%) girls were overweight/obese at 5-8 years of age. Overall, neither systemic nor topical glucocorticoids were associated with overweight/obesity. In boys, high-dose systemic glucocorticoids was associated with higher prevalence of overweight/obesity vs the comparison cohort (aPR: 1.41 (95% CI: 1.07-1.86), prevalence: 16% vs 11%). Negative control exposures indicated robustness to confounding. CONCLUSION Overweight/obesity might be an adverse effect of prenatal exposure to high-dose systemic glucocorticoids in boys. We found no association for neither prenatal exposure to lower doses of systemic nor topical glucocorticoids. These results merit clinical attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Laugesen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Correspondence should be addressed to K Laugesen;
| | - Henrik Toft Sørensen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Otto L Jorgensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Irene Petersen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
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Dos Santos C, Rafacho A, Ferreira SM, Vettorazzi JF, Dos Reis Araújo T, Mateus Gonçalves L, Ruhrmann S, Bacos K, Ling C, Boschero AC, Jorge Dos Santos G. Excess of glucocorticoids during late gestation impairs the recovery of offspring's β-cell function after a postnatal injury. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21828. [PMID: 34325494 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100841r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Since prenatal glucocorticoids (GC) excess increases the risk of metabolic dysfunctions in the offspring and its effect on β-cell recovery capacity remains unknown we investigated these aspects in offspring from mice treated with dexamethasone (DEX) in the late pregnancy. Half of the pups were treated with streptozotocin (STZ) on the sixth postnatal day (PN). Functional and molecular analyses were performed in male offspring on PN25 and PN225. Prenatal DEX treatment resulted in low birth weight. At PN25, both the STZ-treated offspring developed hyperglycemia and had lower β-cell mass, in parallel with higher α-cell mass and glucose intolerance, with no impact of prenatal DEX on such parameters. At PN225, the β-cell mass was partially recovered in the STZ-treated mice, but they remained glucose-intolerant, irrespective of being insulin sensitive. Prenatal exposition to DEX predisposed adult offspring to sustained hyperglycemia and perturbed islet function (lower insulin and higher glucagon response to glucose) in parallel with exacerbated glucose intolerance. β-cell-specific knockdown of the Hnf4α in mice from the DS group resulted in exacerbated glucose intolerance. We conclude that high GC exposure during the prenatal period exacerbates the metabolic dysfunctions in adult life of mice exposed to STZ early in life, resulting in a lesser ability to recover the islets' function over time. This study alerts to the importance of proper management of exogenous GCs during pregnancy and a healthy postnatal lifestyle since the combination of adverse factors during the prenatal and postnatal period accentuates the predisposition to metabolic disorders in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Endocrine Pancreas and Metabolism - LAPEM, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State University - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Alex Rafacho
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Sandra Mara Ferreira
- Laboratory of Endocrine Pancreas and Metabolism - LAPEM, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State University - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jean Franciesco Vettorazzi
- Laboratory of Endocrine Pancreas and Metabolism - LAPEM, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State University - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Thiago Dos Reis Araújo
- Laboratory of Endocrine Pancreas and Metabolism - LAPEM, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State University - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luciana Mateus Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Endocrine Pancreas and Metabolism - LAPEM, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State University - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Ruhrmann
- Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Center, Scania University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Karl Bacos
- Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Center, Scania University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Ling
- Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Center, Scania University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Antônio Carlos Boschero
- Laboratory of Endocrine Pancreas and Metabolism - LAPEM, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, Campinas State University - UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Jorge Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Investigation in Chronic Diseases - LIDoC, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Eberle C, Fasig T, Brüseke F, Stichling S. Impact of maternal prenatal stress by glucocorticoids on metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes in their offspring: A systematic scoping review. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245386. [PMID: 33481865 PMCID: PMC7822275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background “Stress” is an emerging problem in our society, health care system as well as patient care, worldwide. Especially by focusing on pre-gestational, gestational but also lactation phases “stress” is to be considered as an own trans-generational risk factor which is associated with adverse metabolic as well cardiovascular outcomes in mothers and their children. Hence, the maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenotrophic (HPA) axis may be stimulated by various “stress” mechanisms as well as risk factors leading to an adverse in utero environment, e.g. by excess exposure of glucocorticoids, contributing to cardio-metabolic disorders in mothers and their offspring. Objective To review the evidence of in utero programming by focusing on the impact of maternal “stress”, on adverse cardio-metabolic outcomes on their offspring later in life, by identifying underlying (patho-) physiological mechanisms (1) as well as adverse short and long-term cardio-metabolic outcomes (2). Methods We conducted a systematic scoping review to identify publications systematically including reviews, interventional, observational, experimental studies as well as human and animal model studies. MEDLINE (PubMed) and EMBASE databases and reference lists were searched. Peer-reviewed articles from January 2000 until August 2020 were included. Results Overall, n = 2.634 citations were identified, n = 45 eligible studies were included and synthesized according to their key findings. In brief, maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenotrophic (HPA) axis might play a key role modifying in utero milieu leading to cardio-metabolic diseases in the offspring later in life. However, maternal risk factor “stress”, is clearly linked to adverse cardio-metabolic offspring outcomes, postnatally, such as obesity, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus (DM), Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), cardiovascular disease (CD), hypertension, restricted fetal growth as well as reduced birth, adrenal, and pancreas weights. Conclusions Women who experienced “stress” as risk factor, as well as their offspring, clearly have a higher risk of adverse short- as well as long-term cardio-metabolic outcomes. Future research work is needed to understand complex transgenerational mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Eberle
- Medicine with Specialization in Internal Medicine and General Medicine, Hochschule Fulda-University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany
| | - Teresa Fasig
- Medicine with Specialization in Internal Medicine and General Medicine, Hochschule Fulda-University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany
| | - Franziska Brüseke
- Medicine with Specialization in Internal Medicine and General Medicine, Hochschule Fulda-University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany
| | - Stefanie Stichling
- Medicine with Specialization in Internal Medicine and General Medicine, Hochschule Fulda-University of Applied Sciences, Fulda, Germany
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Molecular Mechanisms of Glucocorticoid-Induced Insulin Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020623. [PMID: 33435513 PMCID: PMC7827500 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are steroids secreted by the adrenal cortex under the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis control, one of the major neuro-endocrine systems of the organism. These hormones are involved in tissue repair, immune stability, and metabolic processes, such as the regulation of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. Globally, GCs are presented as ‘flight and fight’ hormones and, in that purpose, they are catabolic hormones required to mobilize storage to provide energy for the organism. If acute GC secretion allows fast metabolic adaptations to respond to danger, stress, or metabolic imbalance, long-term GC exposure arising from treatment or Cushing’s syndrome, progressively leads to insulin resistance and, in fine, cardiometabolic disorders. In this review, we briefly summarize the pharmacological actions of GC and metabolic dysregulations observed in patients exposed to an excess of GCs. Next, we describe in detail the molecular mechanisms underlying GC-induced insulin resistance in adipose tissue, liver, muscle, and to a lesser extent in gut, bone, and brain, mainly identified by numerous studies performed in animal models. Finally, we present the paradoxical effects of GCs on beta cell mass and insulin secretion by the pancreas with a specific focus on the direct and indirect (through insulin-sensitive organs) effects of GCs. Overall, a better knowledge of the specific action of GCs on several organs and their molecular targets may help foster the understanding of GCs’ side effects and design new drugs that possess therapeutic benefits without metabolic adverse effects.
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In utero exposure to dexamethasone programs the development of the pancreatic β- and α-cells during early postnatal life. Life Sci 2020; 255:117810. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kadayifci FZ, Haggard S, Jeon S, Ranard K, Tao D, Pan YX. Early-life Programming of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Understanding the Association between Epigenetics/Genetics and Environmental Factors. Curr Genomics 2020; 20:453-463. [PMID: 32477001 PMCID: PMC7235385 DOI: 10.2174/1389202920666191009110724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is an increasing public health problem that poses a severe social and economic burden affecting both developed and developing countries. Defects in insulin signaling itself are among the earliest indications that an individual is predisposed to the development of insulin resistance and subsequently Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. To date, however, the underlying molecular mechanisms which result in resistance to the actions of insulin are poorly understood. Furthermore, it has been shown that maternal obesity is associated with an increased risk of obesity and insulin resistance in the offspring. However, the genetic and/or epigenetic modifications within insulin-sensitive tissues such as the liver and skeletal muscle, which contribute to the insulin-resistant phenotype, still remain unknown. More importantly, a lack of in-depth understanding of how the early life environment can have long-lasting effects on health and increased risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in adulthood poses a major limitation to such efforts. The focus of the current review is thus to discuss recent experimental and human evidence of an epigenetic component associated with components of nutritional programming of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, including altered feeding behavior, adipose tissue, and pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, and transgenerational risk transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Z Kadayifci
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sage Haggard
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sookyoung Jeon
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Katie Ranard
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Dandan Tao
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yuan-Xiang Pan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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Riveline JP, Baz B, Nguewa JL, Vidal-Trecan T, Ibrahim F, Boudou P, Vicaut E, Brac de la Perrière A, Fetita S, Bréant B, Blondeau B, Tardy-Guidollet V, Morel Y, Gautier JF. Exposure to Glucocorticoids in the First Part of Fetal Life is Associated with Insulin Secretory Defect in Adult Humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5609147. [PMID: 31665349 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High glucocorticoid levels in rodents inhibit development of beta cells during fetal life and lead to insulin deficiency in adulthood. To test whether similar phenomena occur in humans, we compared beta-cell function in adults who were exposed to glucocorticoids during the first part of fetal life with that of nonexposed subjects. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study was conducted in 16 adult participants exposed to glucocorticoids during the first part of fetal life and in 16 nonexposed healthy participants with normal glucose tolerance who were matched for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Exposed participants had been born to mothers who were treated with dexamethasone 1 to 1.5 mg/day from the sixth gestational week (GW) to prevent genital virilization in children at risk of 21-hydroxylase deficiency. We selected offspring of mothers who stopped dexamethasone before the 18th GW following negative genotyping of the fetus. Insulin and glucagon secretion were measured during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and graded intravenous (IV) glucose and arginine tests. Insulin sensitivity was measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic-clamp. RESULTS Age, BMI, and anthropometric characteristics were similar in the 2 groups. Insulinogenic index during OGTT and insulin sensitivity during the clamp were similar in the 2 groups. In exposed subjects, insulin secretion during graded IV glucose infusion and after arginine administration decreased by 17% (P = 0.02) and 22% (P = 0.002), respectively, while glucagon secretion after arginine increased. CONCLUSION Overexposure to glucocorticoids during the first part of fetal life is associated with lower insulin secretion at adult age, which may lead to abnormal glucose tolerance later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Riveline
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lariboisière Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
- Paris Diderot- Paris VII University, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMRS 1138, Université Paris Diderot-Paris VII, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Baz Baz
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lariboisière Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Nguewa
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lariboisière Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Tiphaine Vidal-Trecan
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lariboisière Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Fidaa Ibrahim
- Unit of Hormonal Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Philippe Boudou
- Unit of Hormonal Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Saint-Louis Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP), Paris, France
| | - Eric Vicaut
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Clinical Research Unit, Fernand Widal Hospital, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Aude Brac de la Perrière
- Fédération d'endocrinologie Hopital Louis Pradel Groupement Hospitalier Est 28 av Doyen Lepine BRON
| | - Sabrina Fetita
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lariboisière Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Bernadette Bréant
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMRS 1138, Université Paris Diderot-Paris VII, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Blondeau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMRS 1138, Université Paris Diderot-Paris VII, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Tardy-Guidollet
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Groupement Hospitalier Est 59 Boulevard Pinel Bron, France
| | - Yves Morel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Groupement Hospitalier Est 59 Boulevard Pinel Bron, France
| | - Jean-François Gautier
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lariboisière Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
- Paris Diderot- Paris VII University, Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMRS 1138, Université Paris Diderot-Paris VII, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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11
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Effects of preterm birth induced with or without exogenous glucocorticoids on the ovine glucose-insulin axis. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2020; 12:58-70. [PMID: 31937391 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174419000916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antenatal exogenous glucocorticoids (ANG) are standard management for women at risk of preterm birth but are reputed to impair glucose tolerance in preterm offspring. We compared lambs born preterm (137 days gestation) following labour induced with exogenous glucocorticoids (G-Prem, glucocorticoid-induced preterm group), or with a progesterone synthesis inhibitor (NG-Prem, non-glucocorticoid-induced preterm group), with term-born lambs (Term; 149 days). We assessed glucose tolerance, insulin secretion and sensitivity at 4 and 10 months n = 11-14/group) and pancreatic and hepatic gene and protein expression at 4 weeks post-term (4 weeks; n = 6/group) and 12 months (12 months; n = 12-13/group). NG-Prem had higher plasma glucose concentrations than G-Prem, but not Term, at 4 months (Mean[SEM] mM: NG-Prem = 4.1[0.1]; G-Prem = 3.4[0.1]; Term = 3.7[0.1]; p = 0.003) and 10 months (NG-Prem = 3.9[0.1]; G-Prem = 3.5[0.1]; Term = 3.7[0.1]; p = 0.01). Insulin sensitivity decreased from 4 to 10 months, in NG-Prem but not in Term (Mean[SEM] µmol·ml-1·kg-1·min-1·ng-1, 4 vs. 10 months: NG-Prem = 18.7[2.5] vs. 9.5[1.5], p < 0.01; Term: 12.1[2.8] vs. 10.4[1.5], p = 0.44). At 12 months, β-cell mass in NG-Prem was reduced by 30% vs. G-Prem (p < 0.01) and 75% vs. Term (p < 0.01) and was accompanied by an increased β-cell apoptosis: proliferation ratio at 12 months. At 12 months, pancreatic glucokinase, igf2 and insulin mRNA levels were reduced 21%-71% in NG-Prem vs. G-Prem and 42%-80% vs. Term. Hepatic glut2 mRNA levels in NG-Prem were 250% of those in G-Prem and Term. Thus, induction of preterm birth without exogenous glucocorticoids more adversely affected pancreas and liver than induction with exogenous glucocorticoids. These findings do not support that ANG lead to long-term adverse metabolic effects, but support an effect of preterm birth itself.
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12
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Mocker A, Schmidt M, Huebner H, Wachtveitl R, Cordasic N, Menendez-Castro C, Hartner A, Fahlbusch FB. Expression of Retinoid Acid Receptor-Responsive Genes in Rodent Models of Placental Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010242. [PMID: 31905805 PMCID: PMC6981780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, retinoic acid receptor responders (RARRES) have been shown to be altered in third trimester placentas complicated by the pathologies preeclampsia (PE) and PE with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Currently, little is known about the role of placental Rarres in rodents. Therefore, we examined the localization and expression of Rarres1 and 2 in placentas obtained from a Wistar rat model of isocaloric maternal protein restriction (E18.5, IUGR-like features) and from an eNOS-knockout mouse model (E15 and E18.5, PE-like features). In both rodent models, Rarres1 and 2 were mainly localized in the placental spongiotrophoblast and giant cells. Their placental expression, as well as the expression of the Rarres2 receptor chemokine-like receptor 1 (CmklR1), was largely unaltered at the examined gestational ages in both animal models. Our results have shown that RARRES1 and 2 may have different expression and roles in human and rodent placentas, thereby underlining immanent limitations of comparative interspecies placentology. Further functional studies are required to elucidate the potential involvement of these proteins in early placentogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mocker
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.M.); (M.S.); (C.M.-C.); (A.H.)
| | - Marius Schmidt
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.M.); (M.S.); (C.M.-C.); (A.H.)
| | - Hanna Huebner
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics/Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Rainer Wachtveitl
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (R.W.); (N.C.)
| | - Nada Cordasic
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (R.W.); (N.C.)
| | - Carlos Menendez-Castro
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.M.); (M.S.); (C.M.-C.); (A.H.)
| | - Andrea Hartner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.M.); (M.S.); (C.M.-C.); (A.H.)
| | - Fabian B. Fahlbusch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.M.); (M.S.); (C.M.-C.); (A.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-853-3118; Fax: +49-9131-853-3714
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Chen L, Guilmette J, Luo ZC, Cloutier A, Wang WJ, Yang MN, Fraser WD, Dubois J, Nuyt AM. Placental 11β-HSD2 and Cardiometabolic Health Indicators in Infancy. Diabetes Care 2019; 42:964-971. [PMID: 30833369 DOI: 10.2337/dc18-2041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fetal excessive exposure to glucocorticoids may program cardiometabolic risk. Placental 11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11β-HSD2) serves as a barrier to prevent fetal overexposure to maternal glucocorticoids. It has not been explored whether placental 11β-HSD2 levels are associated with cardiometabolic health in postnatal life. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a prospective birth cohort study of 246 mother-infant pairs, we measured placental 11β-HSD2 expression and maternal (32-35 weeks of gestation) and cord plasma cortisol concentrations. The primary outcomes were HOMA of insulin resistance (IR) and blood pressure (BP) in infants at age 1 year. Other outcomes included fasting insulin, HOMA β-cell function, carotid intima-media thickness, weight z score, and skinfold thickness (triceps and subscapular) at age 1 year. RESULTS Placental 11β-HSD2 expression was negatively correlated with HOMA-IR (r = -0.17, P = 0.021) and fasting insulin (r = -0.18, P = 0.017) and marginally negatively correlated with systolic BP (r = -0.16, P = 0.057) but was not correlated with HOMA of β-cell function, diastolic BP, carotid intima-media thickness, and skinfold thickness (all P > 0.1) in infants at age 1 year. Cord plasma cortisol was negatively correlated to skinfold thickness (r = -0.20, P = 0007) but was not correlated with other outcomes at age 1 year. Maternal plasma cortisol was positively correlated with maximal carotid intima-media thickness (r = 0.20, P = 0.03) but was not correlated with other outcomes. Adjusting for maternal and infant characteristics, the associations were similar. CONCLUSIONS The study is the first to show that higher placental 11β-HSD2 expression is associated with lower IR in infancy. Independent cohort studies are required to confirm this novel finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Prosserman Center for Population Health Research, Mount Sinai Hospital, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Julie Guilmette
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology, Charles-Lemoyne Hospital, Longueuil, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zhong-Cheng Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Prosserman Center for Population Health Research, Mount Sinai Hospital, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada .,Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anik Cloutier
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wen-Juan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Prosserman Center for Population Health Research, Mount Sinai Hospital, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Nan Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Prosserman Center for Population Health Research, Mount Sinai Hospital, and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - William D Fraser
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Josée Dubois
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anne Monique Nuyt
- Sainte-Justine University Hospital and Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Schmidt M, Rauh M, Schmid MC, Huebner H, Ruebner M, Wachtveitl R, Cordasic N, Rascher W, Menendez-Castro C, Hartner A, Fahlbusch FB. Influence of Low Protein Diet-Induced Fetal Growth Restriction on the Neuroplacental Corticosterone Axis in the Rat. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:124. [PMID: 30915031 PMCID: PMC6421269 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Placental steroid metabolism is linked to the fetal hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) might alter this cross-talk and lead to maternal stress, in turn contributing to the pathogenesis of anxiety-related disorders of the offspring, which might be mediated by fetal overexposure to, or a reduced local enzymatic protection against maternal glucocorticoids. So far, direct evidence of altered levels of circulating/local glucocorticoids is scarce. Liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) allows quantitative endocrine assessment of blood and tissue. Using a rat model of maternal protein restriction (low protein [LP] vs. normal protein [NP]) to induce IUGR, we analyzed fetal and maternal steroid levels via LC-MS/MS along with the local expression of 11beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase (Hsd11b). Methods: Pregnant Wistar dams were fed a low protein (8%, LP; IUGR) or an isocaloric normal protein diet (17%, NP; controls). At E18.5, the expression of Hsd11b1 and 2 was determined by RT-PCR in fetal placenta and brain. Steroid profiling of maternal and fetal whole blood, fetal brain, and placenta was performed via LC-MS/MS. Results: In animals with LP-induced reduced body (p < 0.001) and placental weights (p < 0.05) we did not observe any difference in the expressional Hsd11b1/2-ratio in brain or placenta. Moreover, LP diet did not alter corticosterone (Cort) or 11-dehydrocorticosterone (DH-Cort) levels in dams, while fetal whole blood levels of Cort were significantly lower in the LP group (p < 0.001) and concomitantly in LP brain (p = 0.003) and LP placenta (p = 0.002). Maternal and fetal progesterone levels (whole blood and tissue) were not influenced by LP diet. Conclusion: Various rat models of intrauterine stress show profound alterations in placental Hsd11b2 gatekeeper function and fetal overexposure to corticosterone. In contrast, LP diet in our model induced IUGR without altering maternal steroid levels or placental enzymatic glucocorticoid barrier function. In fact, IUGR offspring showed significantly reduced levels of circulating and local corticosterone. Thus, our LP model might not represent a genuine model of intrauterine stress. Hypothetically, the observed changes might reflect a fetal attempt to maintain anabolic conditions in the light of protein restriction to sustain regular brain development. This may contribute to fetal origins of later neurodevelopmental sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Schmidt
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Rauh
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias C. Schmid
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hanna Huebner
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics/Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Ruebner
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics/Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Wachtveitl
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nada Cordasic
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rascher
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Carlos Menendez-Castro
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andrea Hartner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian B. Fahlbusch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Fabian B. Fahlbusch
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15
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Goldstein JM, Hale T, Foster SL, Tobet SA, Handa RJ. Sex differences in major depression and comorbidity of cardiometabolic disorders: impact of prenatal stress and immune exposures. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:59-70. [PMID: 30030541 PMCID: PMC6235859 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0146-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder topped ischemic heart disease as the number one cause of disability worldwide in 2012, and women have twice the risk of men. Further, the comorbidity of depression and cardiometabolic disorders will be one of the primary causes of disability worldwide by 2020, with women at twice the risk. Thus, understanding the sex-dependent comorbidities has public health consequences worldwide. We propose here that sex differences in MDD-cardiometabolic comorbidity originate, in part, from pathogenic processes initiated in fetal development that involve sex differences in shared pathophysiology between the brain, the vascular system, the CNS control of the heart and associated hormonal, immune, and metabolic physiology. Pathways implicate neurotrophic and angiogenic growth factors, gonadal hormone receptors, and neurotransmitters such as gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) on neuronal and vascular development of HPA axis regions, such as the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), in addition to blood pressure, in part through the renin-angiotensin system, and insulin and glucose metabolism. We show that the same prenatal exposures have consequences for sex differences across multiple organ systems that, in part, share common pathophysiology. Thus, we believe that applying a sex differences lens to understanding shared biologic substrates underlying these comorbidities will provide novel insights into the development of sex-dependent therapeutics. Further, taking a lifespan perspective beginning in fetal development provides the opportunity to target abnormalities early in the natural history of these disorders in a sex-dependent way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill M Goldstein
- Departments of Psychiatry and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Boston, MA, 02120, USA.
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Taben Hale
- Department of Basic Medical Science, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Simmie L Foster
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stuart A Tobet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Robert J Handa
- Department of Basic Medical Science, University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
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16
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Xiao D, Kou H, Gui S, Ji Z, Guo Y, Wu Y, Wang H. Age-Characteristic Changes of Glucose Metabolism, Pancreatic Morphology and Function in Male Offspring Rats Induced by Prenatal Ethanol Exposure. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:34. [PMID: 30778335 PMCID: PMC6369175 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restricted offspring suffer from abnormal glucose homeostasis and β cell dysfunction. In this study, we observed the dynamic changes of glucose metabolic phenotype, pancreatic morphology, and insulin synthesis in prenatal ethanol exposure (PEE) male offspring rats, and to explore the potential intrauterine programming mechanism of the glucocorticoid-insulin-like growth factor 1 (GC-IGF1) axis. Ethanol (4 g/kg·d) was administered through oral gavage during gestational day (GD) 9-20. Serum glucose and insulin levels, pancreatic β cell mass, and expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR), IGF1 and insulin were determined on GD20, postnatal week (PW) 6, PW12 with/without chronic stress (CS), and PW24, respectively. Both intraperitoneal glucose and insulin tolerance tests were conducted at PW12 and PW24. Results showed that the serum glucose and insulin levels as well as pancreatic β cell mass were reduced on GD20 in PEE males compared with the controls, while pancreatic GR expression was enhanced but IGF1 and INS1/2 expression were suppressed. After birth, compared with the controls, β cell mass in the PEE males was initially decreased at PW6 and gradually recovered from PW12 to PW24, which was accompanied by increased serum glucose/insulin levels and insulin resistance index (IRI) at PW6 and decreased serum glucose contents at PW12, as well as unchanged serum glucose/insulin concentrations at PW24. In addition, both improved glucose tolerance and impaired insulin sensitivity of the PEE males at PW12 were inversed at PW24. Moreover, at PW6 and PW12, pancreatic GR expression in the PEE group was decreased, while IGF1 expression was reversely increased, resulting in a compensatory increase of insulin expression. Moreover, CS induced pancreatic GR activation and inhibited IGF1 expression, resulting in impaired insulin biosynthesis. Conclusively, the above changes were associated with age and the intrauterine programming alteration of GC-IGF1 axis may be involved in prenatal and postnatal pancreatic dysplasia and impaired insulin biosynthesis in PEE male offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Xiao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Kou
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuxia Gui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenyu Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Yin Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Diseases, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Hui Wang
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Herring CM, Bazer FW, Johnson GA, Wu G. Impacts of maternal dietary protein intake on fetal survival, growth, and development. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2018; 243:525-533. [PMID: 29466875 PMCID: PMC5882021 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218758275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal nutrition during gestation, especially dietary protein intake, is a key determinant in embryonic survival, growth, and development. Low maternal dietary protein intake can cause embryonic losses, intra-uterine growth restriction, and reduced postnatal growth due to a deficiency in specific amino acids that are important for cell metabolism and function. Of note, high maternal dietary protein intake can also result in intra-uterine growth restriction and embryonic death, due to amino acid excesses, as well as the toxicity of ammonia, homocysteine, and H2S that are generated from amino acid catabolism. Maternal protein nutrition has a pronounced impact on fetal programming and alters the expression of genes in the fetal genome. As a precursor to the synthesis of molecules (e.g. nitric oxide, polyamines, and creatine) with cell signaling and metabolic functions, L-arginine (Arg) is essential during pregnancy for growth and development of the conceptus. With inadequate maternal dietary protein intake, Arg and other important amino acids are deficient in mother and fetus. Dietary supplementation of Arg during gestation has been effective in improving embryonic survival and development of the conceptus in many species, including humans, pigs, sheep, mice, and rats. Both the balance among amino acids and their quantity are critical for healthy pregnancies and offspring. Impact statement This review aims at: highlighting adverse effects of elevated levels of ammonia in mother or fetus on embryonic/fetal survival, growth, and development; helping nutritionists and practitioners to understand the mechanisms whereby elevated levels of ammonia in mother or fetus results in embryonic/fetal death, growth restriction, and developmental abnormalities; and bringing, into the attention of nutritionists and practitioners, the problems of excess or inadequate dietary intake of protein or amino acids on pregnancy outcomes in animals and humans. The article provides new, effective means to improve embryonic/fetal survival and growth in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M Herring
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - Fuller W Bazer
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - Gregory A Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2471, USA
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18
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He B, Xu D, Zhang C, Zhang L, Wang H. Prenatal food restriction induces neurobehavioral abnormalities in adult female offspring rats and alters intrauterine programming. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:293-306. [PMID: 30090583 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00133a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The higher risk of adult neuropsychiatric diseases in individuals with low fetal birth weight may be related to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling pathway inhibition. Here, we investigated whether prenatal food restriction (PFR) induces neurobehavioral alterations in adult female offspring and explored the underlying intrauterine programming mechanism. Pregnant Wistar rats in the PFR group were fed 50% of the daily food intake of control rats from gestational day (GD) 11 to 20; some pregnant rats were sacrificed at GD20, and the remaining female pups had normal delivery and were fed a post-weaning high-fat diet (HFD) and half of them were exposed to an unpredictable chronic stress (UCS) from postnatal week (PW) 21. All adult female offspring were sacrificed at PW24. At GD20, PFR altered fetal hippocampal structure and function, increased glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression, and decreased mineralocorticoid receptor (MR), BDNF and synaptic plasticity-related gene expressions. At PW24, PFR induced depression-like behavioral abnormalities in adult rat offspring fed an HFD. These rats exhibited depression- and anxiety-like behavioral changes after HFD/UCS. Furthermore, the hippocampal morphology of the PFR group showed abnormal changes in adult offspring fed an HFD and more serious damage after HFD/UCS. These changes were accompanied by increased serum corticosterone levels, elevated GR expression, and reduced expression of the BDNF signaling pathway and synaptic plasticity-related genes in the hippocampus. In conclusion, PFR may induce neurobehavioral abnormalities in adult offspring, especially those exposed to UCS, through high levels of glucocorticoids, which increase hippocampal GR expression and decrease BDNF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo He
- Department of Pharmacology , Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China . ; ; ; Tel: +86 27 68758665.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease , Wuhan 430071 , China
| | - Dan Xu
- Department of Pharmacology , Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China . ; ; ; Tel: +86 27 68758665.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease , Wuhan 430071 , China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology , Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China . ; ; ; Tel: +86 27 68758665
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology , Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China . ; ; ; Tel: +86 27 68758665
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology , Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences , Wuhan 430071 , China . ; ; ; Tel: +86 27 68758665.,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease , Wuhan 430071 , China
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19
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Prenatal Dexamethasone Exposure Programs the Development of the Pancreas and the Secretion of Insulin in Rats. Pediatr Neonatol 2017; 58:135-144. [PMID: 27531015 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing epidemiological evidence indicating that many chronic diseases originate during early life, even before birth, through what are termed fetal programming effects. Prenatal glucocorticoid is frequently used clinically to accelerate the maturation of the lung, but its long-term effects remain unclear. METHODS We gave pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats either intraperitoneal dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg body weight) or vehicle at Gestational Days 14-20 and assessed the effects to pancreas at Postnatal Days 7 and 120. RESULTS We found fewer pancreatic β cell fractions (0.31±0.05 % vs. 0.49±0.05 %, p=0.013) and tissues (0.0017±0.0002 % vs. 0.0025±0.0002 %, p=0.042) and decreased secretion of insulin in response to a glucose challenge at Postnatal Day 105 (1.00±0.19 ng/mL vs. 1.57±0.17 ng/mL at the 15-minute time-point, p=0.046) in rats treated prenatally with dexamethasone. At Postnatal Day 7 in rats treated prenatally with dexamethasone, the expression of pancreatic duodenal homeobox gene-1 and V-maf avian musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A was lower than that in the rats in the Vehicle group (0.22±0.07 vs. 1.00±0.41 fold, p=0.01, 0.20±0.12 vs. 1.00±0.35 fold, p=0.01) while the histone deacetylases activity (54.2±3.7 ng/h/mL vs. 37.6±3.5 ng/h/mL, p=0.012) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine staining (1.34±0.01 vs. 1.00±0.02 fold, p<0.01) were higher. CONCLUSION Prenatal dexamethasone exposure affects early postnatal gene expression related to pancreas development and may exert an effect on β-cell development at 120 postnatal days.
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Protein malnutrition potentiates the amplifying pathway of insulin secretion in adult obese mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33464. [PMID: 27633083 PMCID: PMC5025848 DOI: 10.1038/srep33464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic beta cell (β) dysfunction is an outcome of malnutrition. We assessed the role of the amplifying pathway (AMP PATH) in β cells in malnourished obese mice. C57Bl-6 mice were fed a control (C) or a low-protein diet (R). The groups were then fed a high-fat diet (CH and RH). AMP PATH contribution to insulin secretion was assessed upon incubating islets with diazoxide and KCl. CH and RH displayed increased glucose intolerance, insulin resistance and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Only RH showed a higher contribution of the AMP PATH. The mitochondrial membrane potential of RH was decreased, and ATP flux was unaltered. In RH islets, glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) protein content and activity increased, and the AMP PATH contribution was reestablished when GDH was blunted. Thus, protein malnutrition induces mitochondrial dysfunction in β cells, leading to an increased contribution of the AMP PATH to insulin secretion through the enhancement of GDH content and activity.
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Diz-Chaves Y, Gil-Lozano M, Toba L, Fandiño J, Ogando H, González-Matías LC, Mallo F. Stressing diabetes? The hidden links between insulinotropic peptides and the HPA axis. J Endocrinol 2016; 230:R77-94. [PMID: 27325244 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus exerts metabolic stress on cells and it provokes a chronic increase in the long-term activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, perhaps thereby contributing to insulin resistance. GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists are pleiotropic hormones that not only affect glycaemic and metabolic control, but they also produce many other effects including activation of the HPA axis. In fact, several of the most relevant effects of GLP-1 might involve, at least in part, the modulation of the HPA axis. Thus, the anorectic activity of GLP-1 could be mediated by increasing CRF at the hypothalamic level, while its lipolytic effects could imply a local increase in glucocorticoids and glucocorticoid receptor (GC-R) expression in adipose tissue. Indeed, the potent activation of the HPA axis by GLP-1R agonists occurs within the range of therapeutic doses and with a short latency. Interestingly, the interactions of GLP-1 with the HPA axis may underlie most of the effects of GLP-1 on food intake control, glycaemic metabolism, adipose tissue biology and the responses to stress. Moreover, such activity has been observed in animal models (mice and rats), as well as in normal humans and in type I or type II diabetic patients. Accordingly, better understanding of how GLP-1R agonists modulate the activity of the HPA axis in diabetic subjects, especially obese individuals, will be crucial to design new and more efficient therapies for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Diz-Chaves
- Laboratory of EndocrinologyCenter for Biomedical Research - CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur - IISGSVigo, Spain
| | - Manuel Gil-Lozano
- Laboratory of EndocrinologyCenter for Biomedical Research - CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur - IISGSVigo, Spain
| | - Laura Toba
- Laboratory of EndocrinologyCenter for Biomedical Research - CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur - IISGSVigo, Spain
| | - Juan Fandiño
- Laboratory of EndocrinologyCenter for Biomedical Research - CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur - IISGSVigo, Spain
| | - Hugo Ogando
- Laboratory of EndocrinologyCenter for Biomedical Research - CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur - IISGSVigo, Spain
| | - Lucas C González-Matías
- Laboratory of EndocrinologyCenter for Biomedical Research - CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur - IISGSVigo, Spain
| | - Federico Mallo
- Laboratory of EndocrinologyCenter for Biomedical Research - CINBIO, University of Vigo, Vigo, Spain Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur - IISGSVigo, Spain
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22
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Jahan-Mihan A, Rodriguez J, Christie C, Sadeghi M, Zerbe T. The Role of Maternal Dietary Proteins in Development of Metabolic Syndrome in Offspring. Nutrients 2015; 7:9185-217. [PMID: 26561832 PMCID: PMC4663588 DOI: 10.3390/nu7115460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome and obesity has been increasing. Pre-natal environment has been suggested as a factor influencing the risk of metabolic syndrome in adulthood. Both observational and experimental studies showed that maternal diet is a major modifier of the development of regulatory systems in the offspring in utero and post-natally. Both protein content and source in maternal diet influence pre- and early post-natal development. High and low protein dams’ diets have detrimental effect on body weight, blood pressure191 and metabolic and intake regulatory systems in the offspring. Moreover, the role of the source of protein in a nutritionally adequate maternal diet in programming of food intake regulatory system, body weight, glucose metabolism and blood pressure in offspring is studied. However, underlying mechanisms are still elusive. The purpose of this review is to examine the current literature related to the role of proteins in maternal diets in development of characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Jahan-Mihan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Brook College of Health, University of North Florida, UNF Dr. Bldg 39, Room 3057A, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Judith Rodriguez
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Brook College of Health, University of North Florida, UNF Dr. Bldg 39, Room 3057A, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Catherine Christie
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Brook College of Health, University of North Florida, UNF Dr. Bldg 39, Room 3057A, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Marjan Sadeghi
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Brook College of Health, University of North Florida, UNF Dr. Bldg 39, Room 3057A, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Tara Zerbe
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Brook College of Health, University of North Florida, UNF Dr. Bldg 39, Room 3057A, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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Williams TC, Drake AJ. What a general paediatrician needs to know about early life programming. Arch Dis Child 2015; 100:1058-63. [PMID: 25990501 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2014-307958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The process whereby early exposure to an adverse environment has an influence on later life outcomes has been called 'early life programming'. While epidemiological evidence for this has been available for decades, only in recent years have the mechanisms, in particular epigenetic modifications, for this process begun to be elucidated. We discuss the evidence for early life programming, the possible mechanisms, how effects may be transmitted across generations, and conclude by looking at some examples relevant to general paediatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Williams
- Neonatal Unit, Simpson Centre for Reproductive Health, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amanda J Drake
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
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24
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Bansal A, Bloomfield FH, Connor KL, Dragunow M, Thorstensen EB, Oliver MH, Sloboda DM, Harding JE, Alsweiler JM. Glucocorticoid-Induced Preterm Birth and Neonatal Hyperglycemia Alter Ovine β-Cell Development. Endocrinology 2015. [PMID: 26204462 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Adults born preterm are at increased risk of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes. Late gestation fetuses exposed to high blood glucose concentration also are at increased risk of impaired glucose tolerance as adults. Preterm babies commonly become hyperglycemic and are thus exposed to high blood glucose concentration at an equivalent stage of pancreatic maturation. It is not known whether preterm birth itself, or complications of prematurity, such as hyperglycemia, alter later pancreatic function. To distinguish these, we made singleton preterm lambs hyperglycemic (HYPER) for 12 days after birth with a dextrose infusion and compared them with vehicle-treated preterm and term controls and with HYPER lambs made normoglycemic with an insulin infusion. Preterm birth reduced β-cell mass, apparent by 4 weeks after term and persisting to adulthood (12 mo), and was associated with reduced insulin secretion at 4 months (juvenile) and reduced insulin mRNA expression in adulthood. Hyperglycemia in preterm lambs further down-regulated key pancreatic gene expression in adulthood. These findings indicate that reduced β-cell mass after preterm birth may be an important factor in increased risk of diabetes after preterm birth and may be exacerbated by postnatal hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Bansal
- Liggins Institute (A.B., F.H.B., K.L.C., E.B.T., M.H.O., D.M.S., J.E.H., J.M.A.), Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health (F.H.B., J.M.A.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, and Centre of Brain Research (M.D.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development (A.B., F.H.B., K.L.C., M.D., M.H.O., D.M.S.), Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Frank H Bloomfield
- Liggins Institute (A.B., F.H.B., K.L.C., E.B.T., M.H.O., D.M.S., J.E.H., J.M.A.), Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health (F.H.B., J.M.A.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, and Centre of Brain Research (M.D.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development (A.B., F.H.B., K.L.C., M.D., M.H.O., D.M.S.), Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Kristin L Connor
- Liggins Institute (A.B., F.H.B., K.L.C., E.B.T., M.H.O., D.M.S., J.E.H., J.M.A.), Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health (F.H.B., J.M.A.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, and Centre of Brain Research (M.D.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development (A.B., F.H.B., K.L.C., M.D., M.H.O., D.M.S.), Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Mike Dragunow
- Liggins Institute (A.B., F.H.B., K.L.C., E.B.T., M.H.O., D.M.S., J.E.H., J.M.A.), Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health (F.H.B., J.M.A.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, and Centre of Brain Research (M.D.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development (A.B., F.H.B., K.L.C., M.D., M.H.O., D.M.S.), Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Eric B Thorstensen
- Liggins Institute (A.B., F.H.B., K.L.C., E.B.T., M.H.O., D.M.S., J.E.H., J.M.A.), Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health (F.H.B., J.M.A.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, and Centre of Brain Research (M.D.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development (A.B., F.H.B., K.L.C., M.D., M.H.O., D.M.S.), Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Mark H Oliver
- Liggins Institute (A.B., F.H.B., K.L.C., E.B.T., M.H.O., D.M.S., J.E.H., J.M.A.), Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health (F.H.B., J.M.A.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, and Centre of Brain Research (M.D.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development (A.B., F.H.B., K.L.C., M.D., M.H.O., D.M.S.), Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Deborah M Sloboda
- Liggins Institute (A.B., F.H.B., K.L.C., E.B.T., M.H.O., D.M.S., J.E.H., J.M.A.), Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health (F.H.B., J.M.A.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, and Centre of Brain Research (M.D.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development (A.B., F.H.B., K.L.C., M.D., M.H.O., D.M.S.), Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Jane E Harding
- Liggins Institute (A.B., F.H.B., K.L.C., E.B.T., M.H.O., D.M.S., J.E.H., J.M.A.), Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health (F.H.B., J.M.A.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, and Centre of Brain Research (M.D.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development (A.B., F.H.B., K.L.C., M.D., M.H.O., D.M.S.), Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Jane M Alsweiler
- Liggins Institute (A.B., F.H.B., K.L.C., E.B.T., M.H.O., D.M.S., J.E.H., J.M.A.), Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health (F.H.B., J.M.A.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, and Centre of Brain Research (M.D.), Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand; and Gravida: National Centre for Growth and Development (A.B., F.H.B., K.L.C., M.D., M.H.O., D.M.S.), Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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25
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Antolic A, Feng X, Wood CE, Richards EM, Keller-Wood M. Increased maternal nighttime cortisol concentrations in late gestation alter glucose and insulin in the neonatal lamb. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/9/e12548. [PMID: 26371232 PMCID: PMC4600389 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in our laboratory have shown that a modest chronic increase in maternal cortisol concentrations impairs maternal glucose metabolism and increases the incidence of perinatal stillbirth. The dramatic outcomes prevented our ability to study the effects of maternal hypercortisolemia on neonatal growth, glucose metabolism, and hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis response. Therefore, we developed a model in which pregnant ewes are infused for 12 h/day at 0.5 mg·kg–1·day–1 from day 115 of gestation until delivery (˜145), elevating nighttime plasma cortisol concentrations. This pattern of elevation of cortisol mimics that in patients with elevated evening cortisol concentrations, as in Cushing’s syndrome or chronic depression. Plasma cortisol, glucose, insulin, and electrolytes were measured during pregnancy and postpartum in control and cortisol-infused ewes and their postnatal lambs for the first 14 days after delivery. Neonatal growth and plasma ACTH, aldosterone, renin activity, and electrolytes, and organ weights at 14 days of age were also measured. Infusion of cortisol increased maternal plasma cortisol during pregnancy but not postpartum, and did not alter neonatal ACTH or cortisol. Although maternal glucose and insulin concentrations were not changed by the maternal infusion of cortisol, neonatal plasma glucose was increased and plasma insulin was decreased compared to those in the control group. Neonatal ponderal index and kidney weight were reduced, left ventricular wall thickness was increased, and plasma sodium and creatinine were increased after maternal cortisol infusion. These results suggest that excess maternal cortisol concentrations in late gestation alter growth, glucose and insulin regulation, and organ maturation in the neonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Antolic
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Xiaodi Feng
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Charles E Wood
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Elaine M Richards
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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26
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Sexually dimorphic effects of maternal dietary protein restriction on fetal growth and placental expression of 11β-HSD2 in the pig. Anim Reprod Sci 2015. [PMID: 26205550 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Placental 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 (11β-HSD2) inactivates glucocorticoids (GCs) to protect fetuses from over-exposure to maternal GCs, yet how maternal malnutrition affects placental 11β-HSD2 expression is unknown. In this study, Meishan sows were fed standard-protein (SP) or low-protein (LP, 50% of SP) diets and fetuses/newborn piglets were weighed and the corresponding placenta and umbilical cord blood were collected on gestational day 70 and the day of parturition. Significant growth retardation was observed in female, but not male, fetuses (P < 0.05) and the newborns (P < 0.01) of the LP group, which was accompanied by sexually dimorphic expression of 11β-HSD2 in placentas. Female fetuses in LP group showed significant decrease in placental 11β-HSD2 protein content (P < 0.05) and enzyme activity (P < 0.05), whereas male fetuses demonstrated significantly enhanced placental 11β-HSD2 activity (P < 0.05). Serum cortisol levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in male piglets compared to females, and the effects of maternal protein restriction on thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) in the umbilical cord blood were also sex dimorphic. Male piglets in LP group had significantly higher T3 (P < 0.01) and lower T4 (P < 0.01), whereas female piglets showed significantly lower T4 (P < 0.01) with no change in T3. As a result, male piglets in LP group exhibited significantly higher T3/T4 ratio compared to female counterparts. These results indicate that the effects of maternal protein restriction on placental 11β-HSD2 expression are gender-dependent in the pig, and thyroid hormones may be involved in such effects.
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27
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Jellyman JK, Valenzuela OA, Fowden AL. HORSE SPECIES SYMPOSIUM: Glucocorticoid programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and metabolic function: Animal studies from mouse to horse1,2. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:3245-60. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. K. Jellyman
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502
| | - O. A. Valenzuela
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
| | - A. L. Fowden
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK
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28
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Besseiche A, Riveline JP, Gautier JF, Bréant B, Blondeau B. Metabolic roles of PGC-1α and its implications for type 2 diabetes. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2015; 41:347-57. [PMID: 25753246 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PGC-1α is a transcriptional coactivator expressed in brown adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, kidney, skeletal and cardiac muscles, and the brain. This review presents data illustrating how PGC-1α regulates metabolic adaptations and participates in the aetiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Studies in mice have shown that increased PGC-1α expression may be beneficial or deleterious, depending on the tissue: in adipose tissue, it promotes thermogenesis and thus protects against energy overload, such as seen in diabetes and obesity; in muscle, PGC-1α induces a change of phenotype towards oxidative metabolism. In contrast, its role is clearly deleterious in the liver and pancreas, where it induces hepatic glucose production and inhibits insulin secretion, changes that promote diabetes. Previous studies by our group have also demonstrated the role of PGC-1α in the fetal origins of T2D. Overexpression of PGC-1α in β cells during fetal life in mice is sufficient to induce β-cell dysfunction in adults, leading to glucose intolerance. PGC-1α also is associated with glucocorticoid receptors in repressing expression of Pdx1, a key β-cell transcription factor. In conclusion, PGC-1α participates in the onset of diabetes through regulation of major metabolic tissues. Yet, it may not represent a useful target for therapeutic strategies against diabetes as it exerts both beneficial and deleterious actions on glucose homoeostasis, and because PGC-1α modulation is involved in neurodegenerative diseases. However, its role in cellular adaptation shows that greater comprehension of PGC-1α actions is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Besseiche
- Inserm, UMR-S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie - Paris 6, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France
| | - J-P Riveline
- Inserm, UMR-S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie - Paris 6, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France; University Center of Diabetes and Complications in Lariboisière hospital, Université Paris-Diderot Paris-7, Public Assistance-Paris Hospitals, 75010 Paris, France
| | - J-F Gautier
- Inserm, UMR-S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie - Paris 6, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France; University Center of Diabetes and Complications in Lariboisière hospital, Université Paris-Diderot Paris-7, Public Assistance-Paris Hospitals, 75010 Paris, France
| | - B Bréant
- Inserm, UMR-S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie - Paris 6, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France
| | - B Blondeau
- Inserm, UMR-S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie - Paris 6, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1138, 75006 Paris, France.
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29
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Abstract
Since their introduction more than forty years ago, antenatal glucocorticoids have become a cornerstone in the management of preterm birth and have been responsible for substantial reductions in neonatal mortality and morbidity. Clinical trials conducted over the past decade have shown that these benefits may be increased further through administration of repeat doses of antenatal glucocorticoids in women at ongoing risk of preterm and in those undergoing elective cesarean at term. At the same time, a growing body of experimental animal evidence and observational data in humans has linked fetal overexposure to maternal glucocorticoids with increased risk of cardiovascular, metabolic and other disorders in later life. Despite these concerns, and somewhat surprisingly, there has been little evidence to date from randomized trials of longer-term harm from clinical doses of synthetic glucocorticoids. However, with wider clinical application of antenatal glucocorticoid therapy there has been greater need to consider the potential for later adverse effects. This paper reviews current evidence for the short- and long-term health effects of antenatal glucocorticoids and discusses the apparent discrepancy between data from randomized clinical trials and other studies.
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30
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Correia-Branco A, Keating E, Martel F. Maternal undernutrition and fetal developmental programming of obesity: the glucocorticoid connection. Reprod Sci 2014; 22:138-45. [PMID: 25001018 DOI: 10.1177/1933719114542012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An adequate maternal nutrition during pregnancy is crucial for the health outcome of offspring in adulthood. Maternal undernutrition during critical periods of fetal development can program the fetus for metabolic syndrome (MetS) later in life, especially when postnatally challenged with a hypernutritive diet. Adipogenesis, which begins in utero and accelerates in neonatal life, is a major candidate for developmental programming. During fetal development, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is extremely susceptible to programming, and the HPA tone is increased throughout life in undernourished conditions. As a consequence, an alteration in the expression and function of glucocorticoid (GC) receptors and of the major GC regulatory enzymes (11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and -2) occurs. In this review, we will give insights into the role of maternoplacental adverse interactions under the specific context of maternal undernutrition, for later-in-life MetS development, with a special emphasis on the role of GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Correia-Branco
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elisa Keating
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal Center for Biotechnology and Fine Chemistry, School of Biotechnology, Portuguese Catholic University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Martel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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31
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Maternal diabetes, programming of beta-cell disorders and intergenerational risk of type 2 diabetes. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2014; 40:323-30. [PMID: 24948417 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A substantial body of evidence suggests that an abnormal intra-uterine milieu elicited by maternal metabolic disturbances as diverse as malnutrition, placental insufficiency, diabetes and obesity may be able to programme susceptibility of the foetus to later develop chronic degenerative diseases such as obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes (T2D). As insulin-producing cells have been placed centre stage in the development of T2D, this review examines developmental programming of the beta-cell mass (BCM) in various rodent models of maternal protein restriction, calorie restriction, overnutrition and diabetes. The main message is that whatever the initial maternal insult (F0 generation) and whether alone or in combination, it gives rise to the same programmed BCM outcome in the daughter generation (F1). The altered BCM phenotype in F1 females prohibits normal BCM adaptation during pregnancy and, thus, diabetes (gestational diabetes) ensues. This gestational diabetes is then passed from one generation (F1) to the next (F2, F3 and so on). This review highlights a number of studies that have identified epigenetic mechanisms that may contribute to altered BCM development and beta-cell failure, as observed in diabetes. In addition to their role in instilling the programmed defect, these non-genomic mechanisms may also be involved in its intergenerational transmission.
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32
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Parlee SD, MacDougald OA. Maternal nutrition and risk of obesity in offspring: the Trojan horse of developmental plasticity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1842:495-506. [PMID: 23871838 PMCID: PMC3855628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian embryos have evolved to adjust their organ and tissue development in response to an atypical environment. This adaptation, called phenotypic plasticity, allows the organism to thrive in the anticipated environment in which the fetus will emerge. Barker and colleagues proposed that if the environment in which the fetus emerges differs from that in which it develops, phenotypic plasticity may provide an underlying mechanism for disease. Epidemiological studies have shown that humans born small- or large-for-gestational-age, have a higher likelihood of developing obesity as adults. The amount and quality of food that the mother consumes during gestation influences birth weight, and therefore susceptibility of progeny to disease in later life. Studies in experimental animals support these observations, and find that obesity occurs as a result of maternal nutrient-restriction during gestation, followed by rapid compensatory growth associated with ad libitum food consumption. Therefore, obesity associated with maternal nutritional restriction has a developmental origin. Based on this phenomenon, one might predict that gestational exposure to a westernized diet would protect against future obesity in offspring. However, evidence from experimental models indicates that, like maternal dietary restriction, maternal consumption of a westernized diet during gestation and lactation interacts with an adult obesogenic diet to induce further obesity. Mechanistically, restriction of nutrients or consumption of a high fat diet during gestation may promote obesity in progeny by altering hypothalamic neuropeptide production and thereby increasing hyperphagia in offspring. In addition to changes in food intake these animals may also direct energy from muscle toward storage in adipose tissue. Surprisingly, generational inheritance studies in rodents have further indicated that effects on body length, body weight, and glucose tolerance appear to be propagated to subsequent generations. Together, the findings discussed herein highlight the concept that maternal nutrition contributes to a legacy of obesity. Thus, ensuring adequate supplies of a complete and balanced diet during and after pregnancy should be a priority for public health worldwide. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Modulation of Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian D Parlee
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Ormond A MacDougald
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Targeting PGC-1α to Overcome the Harmful Effects of Glucocorticoids in Porcine Neonatal Pancreas Cell Clusters. Transplantation 2014; 97:273-9. [DOI: 10.1097/01.tp.0000438627.68225.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Barella LF, de Oliveira JC, Mathias PCDF. Pancreatic islets and their roles in metabolic programming. Nutrition 2013; 30:373-9. [PMID: 24206821 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and epidemiologic data have confirmed that undernutrition or overnutrition during critical periods of life can result in metabolic dysfunction, leading to the development of obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes, later in life. These studies have contributed to the concept of the developmental origins of health and disease (DOHaD), which involves metabolic programming patterns. Beyond the earlier phases of development, puberty can be an additional period of plasticity, during which any insult can lead to changes in metabolism. Impaired brain development, associated with imbalanced autonomous nervous system activity due to metabolic programming, is pivotal to the creation of pathophysiology. Excess glucocorticoid exposure, due to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis deregulation, is also involved in malprogramming in early life. Additionally, the pancreatic islets appear to play a decisive role in the setup and maintenance of these metabolic dysfunctions as key targets of metabolic programming, and epigenetic mechanisms may underlie these changes. Moreover, studies have indicated the possibility that deprogramming renders the islets able to recover their functioning after malprogramming. In this review, we discuss the key roles of the pancreatic islets as targets of malprogramming; however, we also discuss their roles as important targets for the treatment and prevention of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Felipe Barella
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil.
| | - Júlio Cezar de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Paulo Cezar de Freitas Mathias
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
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Elevated glucocorticoids during ovine pregnancy increase appetite and produce glucose dysregulation and adiposity in their granddaughters in response to ad libitum feeding at 1 year of age. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 209:353.e1-9. [PMID: 23727517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2013.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Synthetic glucocorticoids (sGCs) are administered to women threatening preterm labor. We have shown multigenerational endocrine and metabolic effects of fetal sGC exposure. We hypothesized that sGC exposure would alter the second filial generation (F2) offspring neonatal leptin peak that controls development of appetitive behavior with metabolic consequences. STUDY DESIGN F0 nulliparous ewes were bred to a single ram. Beginning at day 103 of gestation (term 150 days), dexamethasone (DEX) ewes received 4 injections of 2 mg DEX intramuscularly, 12 hours apart. Control ewes received saline. Ewes lambed naturally. At 22 months of age, F1 offspring were mated to produce F2 offspring. At 10 months of age, F2 female offspring were placed on an ad libitum feeding challenge for 12 weeks. RESULTS DEX F2 female offspring did not show a postnatal leptin peak and their plasma cortisol concentration was elevated in the first days of life. During the feeding challenge, DEX F2 offspring consumed 10% more feed and gained 20% more weight compared with control F2 offspring. At the end of the feeding challenge, DEX F2 offspring had greater adiposity compared with control F2 offspring. F2 sGC offspring showed impaired insulin secretion in response to an intravenous glucose tolerance test. CONCLUSION sGC administration to F0 mothers eliminates the neonatal leptin peak in F2 female offspring potentially by inhibition caused by elevated cortisol in the DEX F2 offspring. F2 offspring showed increased appetite, weight gain, and adiposity during an ad libitum feeding challenge accompanied by decreased insulin response to an intravenous glucose tolerance test.
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Yoshida Y, Fuchita M, Kimura-Koyanagi M, Kanno A, Matsuda T, Asahara SI, Hashimoto N, Isagawa T, Ogawa W, Aburatani H, Noda T, Seino S, Kasuga M, Kido Y. Contribution of insulin signaling to the regulation of pancreatic beta-cell mass during the catch-up growth period in a low birth weight mouse model. Diabetol Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13340-013-0127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Valtat B, Riveline JP, Zhang P, Singh-Estivalet A, Armanet M, Venteclef N, Besseiche A, Kelly DP, Tronche F, Ferré P, Gautier JF, Bréant B, Blondeau B. Fetal PGC-1α overexpression programs adult pancreatic β-cell dysfunction. Diabetes 2013; 62:1206-16. [PMID: 23274887 PMCID: PMC3609553 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Adult β-cell dysfunction, a hallmark of type 2 diabetes, can be programmed by adverse fetal environment. We have shown that fetal glucocorticoids (GCs) participate in this programming through inhibition of β-cell development. Here we have investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying this regulation. We showed that GCs stimulate the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), a coregulator of the GCs receptor (GR), and that the overexpression of PGC-1α represses genes important for β-cell development and function. More precisely, PGC-1α inhibited the expression of the key β-cell transcription factor pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1). This repression required the GR and was mediated through binding of a GR/PGC-1α complex to the Pdx1 promoter. To explore PGC-1α function, we generated mice with inducible β-cell PGC-1α overexpression. Mice overexpressing PGC-1α exhibited at adult age impaired glucose tolerance associated with reduced insulin secretion, decreased β-cell mass, and β-cell hypotrophy. Interestingly, PGC-1α expression in fetal life only was sufficient to impair adult β-cell function whereas β-cell PGC-1α overexpression from adult age had no consequence on β-cell function. Altogether, our results demonstrate that the GR and PGC-1α participate in the fetal programming of adult β-cell function through inhibition of Pdx1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bérengère Valtat
- INSERM, UMRS 872, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Riveline
- INSERM, UMRS 872, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Ping Zhang
- INSERM, UMRS 872, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Amrit Singh-Estivalet
- INSERM, UMRS 872, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Armanet
- INSERM, UMRS 872, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Cell Therapy Unit, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Venteclef
- INSERM, UMRS 872, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Besseiche
- INSERM, UMRS 872, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Daniel P. Kelly
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, Florida
| | - François Tronche
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR INSERM 952-CNRS 7224, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Ferré
- INSERM, UMRS 872, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Gautier
- INSERM, UMRS 872, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Bernadette Bréant
- INSERM, UMRS 872, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Blondeau
- INSERM, UMRS 872, Cordeliers Research Center, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- Corresponding author: Bertrand Blondeau,
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Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggests that exposure to an adverse environment in early life is associated with an increased risk of cardio-metabolic and behavioral disorders in adulthood, a phenomenon termed 'early life programming'. One major hypothesis for early life programming is fetal glucocorticoid overexposure. In animal studies, prenatal glucocorticoid excess as a consequence of maternal stress or through exogenous administration to the mother or fetus is associated with programming effects on cardiovascular and metabolic systems and on the brain. These effects can be transmitted to subsequent generations. Studies in humans provide some evidence that prenatal glucocorticoid exposure may exert similar programming effects on glucose/insulin homeostasis, blood pressure and neurodevelopment. The mechanisms by which glucocorticoids mediate these effects are unclear but may include a role for epigenetic modifications. This review discusses the evidence for glucocorticoid programming in animal models and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batbayar Khulan
- Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK.
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Kral JG. Preventing and Treating Obesity in Girls and Young Women to Curb the Epidemic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 12:1539-46. [PMID: 15536217 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and its serious comorbidities, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and dyslipidemia, have reached epidemic proportions in adults and children. Female obesity is more prevalent and, thus, has greater epidemiological importance: mothers transmit the disease epigenetically and genetically. Maternal obesity affects maternal health, pregnancy outcome, and fetal, neonatal, childhood, and ultimately adult morbidity and mortality. Obesity is easy to diagnose, as are most of its risk factors, yet very little progress has been made in preventing the disease. During a brief period of rapid early growth, there is imprinting of antecedents of adult obesity and obesity-related disease. Because of the rapidity of this early growth and the relative brevity of the critical period, early recognition and prompt intervention are necessary and possibly sufficient to prevent the development of obesity. Identification of inappropriate rapid weight gain through frequent weighing should trigger immediate adjustment of energy intake, a simple intervention in bottle-fed infants, the ones at greatest risk for becoming obese. This review presents a step-care strategy with fail-safe action levels starting with maternal education and diet, exercise, and behavior modification for mother and child and progressing to drug treatment and, in selected cases, laparoscopic surgery for young women of childbearing age in whom other measures have failed. This approach is predicated on the assumption that careful monitoring and responsive supplementation of potential deficiencies is easier to achieve, more cost-effective, and safer than effectively treating manifest obesity and its comorbidities in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Kral
- Department of Surgery, Box 40, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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40
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Long NM, Shasa DR, Ford SP, Nathanielsz PW. Growth and insulin dynamics in two generations of female offspring of mothers receiving a single course of synthetic glucocorticoids. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 207:203.e1-8. [PMID: 22939726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Synthetic glucocorticoid administration to women threatening preterm delivery increases neonatal survival. However, mounting evidence shows that fetal exposure to glucocorticoid levels higher than appropriate for current maturation adversely programs offspring development. We examined fetal synthetic glucocorticoid multigenerational metabolic effects on F1 and F2 female offspring. STUDY DESIGN At 0.7 gestation, pregnant F0 ewes received 4 injections of dexamethasone (2 mg, approximately 60 ug.kg(-1) day(-1) 12 hours apart) or saline (control). F1 female offspring were bred to produce F2 female offspring. Postpubertal pancreatic β-cell function was tested in F1 and F2 by intravenous glucose tolerance test. RESULTS F1 and F2 ewe lambs showed reduced birthweight and morphometrics, and similar increased fasting glucose and decreased intravenous glucose tolerance test β-cell response. CONCLUSION This is the first demonstration of multigenerational programming of later life β-cell response by clinically relevant doses of synthetic glucocorticoid indicating the need for study of long-term effects of fetal exposure to synthetic glucocorticoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M Long
- The Center for the Study of Fetal Programming, Laramie, WY, USA
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Rodríguez-Trejo A, Ortiz-López MG, Zambrano E, Granados-Silvestre MDLÁ, Méndez C, Blondeau B, Bréant B, Nathanielsz PW, Menjivar M. Developmental programming of neonatal pancreatic β-cells by a maternal low-protein diet in rats involves a switch from proliferation to differentiation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E1431-9. [PMID: 22436693 PMCID: PMC3378070 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00619.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Maternal low-protein diets (LP) impair pancreatic β-cell development, resulting in later-life failure and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes (T2D). We hypothesized that intrauterine and/or postnatal developmental programming seen in this situation involve altered β-cell structure and relative time course of expression of genes critical to β-cell differentiation and growth. Pregnant Wistar rats were fed either control (C) 20% or restricted (R) 6% protein diets during pregnancy (1st letter) and/or lactation (2nd letter) in four groups: CC, RR, RC, and CR. At postnatal days 7 and 21, we measured male offspring β-cell fraction, mass, proliferation, aggregate number, and size as well as mRNA level for 13 key genes regulating β-cell development and function in isolated islets. Compared with CC, pre- and postnatal LP (RR) decreased β-cell fraction, mass, proliferation, aggregate size, and number and increased Hnf1a, Hnf4a, Pdx1, Isl1, Rfx6, and Slc2a2 mRNA levels. LP only in pregnancy (RC) also decreased β-cell fraction, mass, proliferation, aggregate size, and number and increased Hnf1a, Hnf4a, Pdx1, Rfx6, and Ins mRNA levels. Postnatal LP offspring (CR) showed decreased β-cell mass but increased β-cell fraction, aggregate number, and Hnf1a, Hnf4a, Rfx6, and Slc2a2 mRNA levels. We conclude that LP in pregnancy sets the trajectory of postnatal β-cell growth and differentiation, whereas LP in lactation has smaller effects. We propose that LP promotes differentiation through upregulation of transcription factors that stimulate differentiation at the expense of proliferation. This results in a decreased β-cell reserve, which can contribute to later-life predisposition to T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Rodríguez-Trejo
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Av. Universidad 3000, Facultad de Química, Mexico City, Mexico
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Vo T, Hardy DB. Molecular mechanisms underlying the fetal programming of adult disease. J Cell Commun Signal 2012; 6:139-53. [PMID: 22623025 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-012-0165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse events in utero can be critical in determining quality of life and overall health. It is estimated that up to 50 % of metabolic syndrome diseases can be linked to an adverse fetal environment. However, the mechanisms linking impaired fetal development to these adult diseases remain elusive. This review uncovers some of the molecular mechanisms underlying how normal physiology may be impaired in fetal and postnatal life due to maternal insults in pregnancy. By understanding the mechanisms, which include epigenetic, transcriptional, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), we also highlight how intervention in fetal and neonatal life may be able to prevent these diseases long-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thin Vo
- The Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5C1
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Reich E, Tamary A, Sionov RV, Melloul D. Involvement of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) in glucocorticoid-mediated beta cell death. Diabetologia 2012; 55:1048-57. [PMID: 22246375 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2422-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM/HYPOTHESIS Glucocorticoid hormones (GCs) are widely used to treat a variety of inflammatory and immune diseases. However, their long-term administration is associated with adverse metabolic effects, including glucose intolerance and diabetes. Our objective was to elucidate the mechanisms by which GCs affect beta cell survival with a specific emphasis on the role of the thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) in beta cell apoptosis. METHODS Human and mouse islets, together with MIN6 beta cells, were exposed to dexamethasone (Dex) and apoptosis was assessed by measuring the percentage of sub-G1 cells, the appearance of cleaved caspase-3 or by using a TUNEL assay. Dex-upregulated expression of Txnip mRNA was analysed by real-time PCR, and GC-modulated production and modification of proteins were determined by western blotting. RESULTS We provide evidence that TXNIP, a negative regulator of the antioxidant thioredoxin (TRX), is strongly induced in beta cells by GCs and that its induction is dependent on p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. TXNIP downregulation by RNA interference, overexpression of the radical scavenger TRX1 or elevation of intracellular cAMP levels attenuated the Dex-mediated apoptosis. Dex-induced Txnip expression and beta cell apoptosis are mediated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), as the GR antagonist RU486 fully abolishes these effects. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Altogether, our data suggest TXNIP as a novel mediator of GC-induced apoptosis in beta cells and further contribute to our understanding of beta cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Reich
- Department of Endocrinology, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
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44
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[Corticosteroids and diabetes mellitus]. Presse Med 2012; 41:393-9. [PMID: 22361026 DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2011] [Revised: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During corticosteroid prescriptions, diabetes mellitus may be completely deregulated or may be revealed as such. Predisposition to diabetes mellitus could be because of latent β Langerhans cell deregulation or because enhancement of tissue sensitivity by glucocorticosteroids. However, epidemiologic data concerning predisposing factors and frequency of cortico-induced diabetes are not well known. Detection, treatment and prevention are the same as for type II diabetes. Glycemia should be monitored throughout long-term treatments.
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45
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Blondeau B, Sahly I, Massouridès E, Singh-Estivalet A, Valtat B, Dorchene D, Jaisser F, Bréant B, Tronche F. Novel transgenic mice for inducible gene overexpression in pancreatic cells define glucocorticoid receptor-mediated regulations of beta cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30210. [PMID: 22363422 PMCID: PMC3281827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Conditional gene deletion in specific cell populations has helped the understanding of pancreas development. Using this approach, we have shown that deleting the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) gene in pancreatic precursor cells leads to a doubled beta-cell mass. Here, we provide genetic tools that permit a temporally and spatially controlled expression of target genes in pancreatic cells using the Tetracycline inducible system. To efficiently target the Tetracycline transactivator (tTA) in specific cell populations, we generated Bacterial Artificial Chromosomes (BAC) transgenic mice expressing the improved Tetracycline transactivator (itTA) either in pancreatic progenitor cells expressing the transcription factor Pdx1 (BAC-Pdx1-itTA), or in beta cells expressing the insulin1 gene (BAC-Ins1-itTA). In the two transgenic models, itTA-mediated activation of reporter genes was efficient and subject to regulation by Doxycycline (Dox). The analysis of a tetracycline-regulated LacZ reporter gene shows that in BAC-Pdx1-itTA mice, itTA is expressed from embryonic (E) day 11.5 in all pancreatic precursor cells. In the adult pancreas, itTA is active in mature beta, delta cells and in few acinar cells. In BAC-Ins1-itTA mice tTA is active from E13.5 and is restricted to beta cells in fetal and adult pancreas. In both lines, tTA activity was suppressed by Dox treatment and re-induced after Dox removal. Using these transgenic lines, we overexpressed the GR in selective pancreatic cell populations and found that overexpression in precursor cells altered adult beta-cell fraction but not glucose tolerance. In contrast, GR overexpression in mature beta cells did not alter beta-cell fraction but impaired glucose tolerance with insufficient insulin secretion. In conclusion, these new itTA mouse models will allow fine-tuning of gene expression to investigate gene function in pancreatic biology and help us understand how glucocorticoid signaling affects on the long-term distinct aspects of beta-cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertrand Blondeau
- INSERM UMR-S 872, Centre de Recherches des Cordeliers, Paris, France.
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Kim JW, Sun CL, Jeon SY, You YH, Shin JY, Lee SH, Cho JH, Park CG, Yoon KH. Glucocorticoid treatment independently affects expansion and transdifferentiation of porcine neonatal pancreas cell clusters. BMB Rep 2012; 45:51-6. [DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2012.45.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Bloomfield FH. Epigenetic modifications may play a role in the developmental consequences of early life events. J Neurodev Disord 2011; 3:348-55. [PMID: 21984032 PMCID: PMC3261267 DOI: 10.1007/s11689-011-9096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Many aspects of postnatal development are influenced by events before birth, including cognitive and language development. An adverse intrauterine environment, for example secondary to poor maternal nutritional status, multiple pregnancy, or late preterm birth, is associated with increased risks of delayed or impaired childhood development and altered physiology in adulthood that may predispose to increased risk of adult disease. Maternal periconceptional undernutrition and twin conception can both result in late preterm birth, but it is less clear whether cases of late preterm birth not following a recognized early pregnancy event may still have their origin in the periconceptional period. Thus, the very earliest periods of pregnancy, and perhaps even the pre-pregnancy period, may be an important period determining the developmental trajectory of the fetus, and thus both pregnancy and later health outcomes. Profound epigenetic modifications to the genome occur in the early embryo as a normal part of development. Recent evidence suggests that environmental signals acting during early development may also result in epigenetic changes which may play a role in mediating the association between early life exposures and later phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank H Bloomfield
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand,
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Reusens B, Theys N, Dumortier O, Goosse K, Remacle C. Maternal malnutrition programs the endocrine pancreas in progeny. Am J Clin Nutr 2011; 94:1824S-1829S. [PMID: 21562089 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.110.000729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes arises when the endocrine pancreas fails to secrete sufficient insulin to cope with metabolic demands resulting from β cell secretory dysfunction, decreased β cell mass, or both. Epidemiologic studies have shown strong relations between poor fetal and early postnatal nutrition and susceptibility to diabetes later in life. Animal models have been established, and studies have shown that a reduction in the availability of nutrients during fetal development programs the endocrine pancreas and insulin-sensitive tissues. We investigated several modes of early malnutrition in rats. Regardless of the type of diet investigated, whether there was a deficit in calories or protein in food or even in the presence of a high-fat diet, malnourished pups were born with a defect in their β cell population, with fewer β cells that did not secrete enough insulin and that were more vulnerable to oxidative stress; such populations of β cells will never completely recover. Despite the similar endpoint, the cellular and physiologic mechanisms that contribute to alterations in β cell mass differ depending on the nature of the nutritional insult. Hormones that are operative during fetal life, such as insulin, insulin-like growth factors, and glucocorticoids; specific molecules, such as taurine; and islet vascularization have been implicated as possible factors in amplifying this defect. The molecular mechanisms responsible for intrauterine programming of β cells are still elusive, but among them the programming of mitochondria may be a strong central candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Reusens
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Life Sciences Institute, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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Early-life origins of type 2 diabetes: fetal programming of the beta-cell mass. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2011; 2011:105076. [PMID: 22110471 PMCID: PMC3202114 DOI: 10.1155/2011/105076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A substantial body of evidence suggests that an abnormal intrauterine milieu elicited by maternal metabolic disturbances as diverse as undernutrition, placental insufficiency, diabetes or obesity, may program susceptibility in the fetus to later develop chronic degenerative diseases, such as obesity, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. This paper examines the developmental programming of glucose intolerance/diabetes by disturbed intrauterine metabolic condition experimentally obtained in various rodent models of maternal protein restriction, caloric restriction, overnutrition or diabetes, with a focus on the alteration of the developing beta-cell mass. In most of the cases, whatever the type of initial maternal metabolic stress, the beta-cell adaptive growth which normally occurs during gestation, does not take place in the pregnant offspring and this results in the development of gestational diabetes. Therefore gestational diabetes turns to be the ultimate insult targeting the offspring beta-cell mass and propagates diabetes risk to the next generation again. The aetiology and the transmission of spontaneous diabetes as encountered in the GK/Par rat model of type 2 diabetes, are discussed in such a perspective. This review also discusses the non-genomic mechanisms involved in the installation of the programmed effect as well as in its intergenerational transmission.
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Valtat B, Dupuis C, Zenaty D, Singh-Estivalet A, Tronche F, Bréant B, Blondeau B. Genetic evidence of the programming of beta cell mass and function by glucocorticoids in mice. Diabetologia 2011; 54:350-9. [PMID: 20857084 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1898-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Prenatal exposure to excess glucocorticoids associates with low birthweight in rodents, primates and humans and its involvement in programming glucose homeostasis is suspected. Our aim was to further dissect the role of glucocorticoids on beta cell development and function in mice. METHODS Using the model of maternal general food restriction during the last week of pregnancy, we thoroughly studied in the CD1 mouse-mothers and fetal and adult offspring--the pancreatic, metabolic and molecular consequences of maternal undernutrition associated with excess glucocorticoids. The specific involvement of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was studied in mutant fetuses lacking GR in pancreatic precursors or mature beta cells. RESULTS Maternal general food restriction in the mouse is associated with decreased maternal glucose and increased corticosterone levels. Fetuses from underfed dams had increased corticosterone levels, decreased pancreatic endocrine gene expression but increased exocrine gene expression and a lower beta cell mass. The offspring of these dams had a low birthweight, permanent postnatal growth retardation and, as adults, impaired glucose tolerance, decreased beta cell mass (-50%) and massively reduced islet expression (-80%) of most of the genes involved in beta cell function (e.g. Pdx1, Sur1 [also known as Abcc8], insulin). Moreover, using mutant fetuses lacking GR in pancreatic precursors or beta cells we show that the deleterious effect of undernutrition on fetal beta cell development requires the presence of the GR in pancreatic precursor cells. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results demonstrate the crucial role of excess fetal glucocorticoids and the importance of GR signalling in progenitor cells to programme beta cell mass and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Valtat
- INSERM UMR-S 872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15 rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006 Paris, France.
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