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Frago LM, Gómez-Romero A, Collado-Pérez R, Argente J, Chowen JA. Synergism Between Hypothalamic Astrocytes and Neurons in Metabolic Control. Physiology (Bethesda) 2024; 39:0. [PMID: 38530221 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00009.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are no longer considered as passive support cells. In the hypothalamus, these glial cells actively participate in the control of appetite, energy expenditure, and the processes leading to obesity and its secondary complications. Here we briefly review studies supporting this conclusion and the advances made in understanding the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Gómez-Romero
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Collado-Pérez
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, Campus of International Excellence, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julie A Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, Campus of International Excellence, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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Yadav MK, Ishida M, Gogoleva N, Liao CW, Salim FN, Kanai M, Kuno A, Hayashi T, Shahri ZJ, Kulathunga K, Samir O, Lyu W, Olivia O, Mbanefo EC, Takahashi S, Hamada M. MAFB in macrophages regulates cold-induced neuronal density in brown adipose tissue. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113978. [PMID: 38522069 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor MAFB regulates various homeostatic functions of macrophages. This study explores the role of MAFB in brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis using macrophage-specific Mafb-deficient (Mafbf/f::LysM-Cre) mice. We find that Mafb deficiency in macrophages reduces thermogenesis, energy expenditure, and sympathetic neuron (SN) density in BAT under cold conditions. This phenotype features a proinflammatory environment that is characterized by macrophage/granulocyte accumulation, increases in interleukin-6 (IL-6) production, and IL-6 trans-signaling, which lead to decreases in nerve growth factor (NGF) expression and reduction in SN density in BAT. We confirm MAFB regulation of IL-6 expression using luciferase readout driven by IL-6 promoter in RAW-264.7 macrophage cell lines. Immunohistochemistry shows clustered organization of NGF-producing cells in BAT, which are primarily TRPV1+ vascular smooth muscle cells, as additionally shown using single-cell RNA sequencing and RT-qPCR of the stromal vascular fraction. Treating Mafbf/f::LysM-Cre mice with anti-IL-6 receptor antibody rescues SN density, body temperature, and energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Yadav
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Megumi Ishida
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Natalia Gogoleva
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Ching-Wei Liao
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Filiani Natalia Salim
- Centre for Medical Science and Technology and Healthcare Equity, Parahyangan Catholic University, Bandung 40141, Indonesia
| | - Maho Kanai
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kuno
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takuto Hayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Zeynab Javanfekr Shahri
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kaushalya Kulathunga
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Omar Samir
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Jeff and Penny Vinik Center for Allergic Disease Research, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wenxin Lyu
- Ph.D. Program in Human Biology, School of Integrative and Global Majors, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, LEO Foundation Skin Immunology Research Center, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olivia Olivia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia
| | | | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Life Science Center for Survival Dynamics, Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Michito Hamada
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan; Laboratory Animal Resource Center (LARC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan.
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3
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Lac M, Tavernier G, Moro C. Does housing temperature influence glucose regulation and muscle-fat crosstalk in mice? Biochimie 2023:S0300-9084(23)00028-7. [PMID: 36758717 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The robustness of scientific results is partly based on their reproducibility. Working with animal models, particularly in the field of metabolism, requires to avoid any source of stress to rule out a maximum of bias. Housing at room temperature is sufficient to induce thermal stress activating key thermogenic organs such as brown adipose tissue (BAT) and skeletal muscle. BAT covers most of the non-shivering thermogenesis in mice and burns a variety of fuels such as glucose and lipids. A high prevalence of BAT is associated with a strong protection against type 2 diabetes risk in humans, implying that BAT plays a key role in glucose homeostasis. However, thermal stress is poorly and inconsistently considered in experimental research. This thermal stress can significantly impede interpretation of phenotypes by favoring compensatory signaling pathways. Indeed, various studies revealed that thermoneutrality is essential to study metabolism in mice in order to reach a suitable level of "humanization". In this review, we briefly discuss if and how ambient temperature influence blood glucose homeostasis through BAT and muscle-fat crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlène Lac
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Team MetaDiab, INSERM, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Geneviève Tavernier
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Team MetaDiab, INSERM, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Cedric Moro
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Team MetaDiab, INSERM, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France.
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Singh A, Mayengbam SS, Yaduvanshi H, Wani MR, Bhat MK. Obesity Programs Macrophages to Support Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2022; 82:4303-4312. [PMID: 36191083 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Obesity induces multifactorial effects such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and arterial hypertension that influence the progression of many diseases. Obesity is associated with an increased incidence of cancers, and multiple mechanisms link obesity with cancer initiation and progression. Macrophages participate in the homeostasis of adipose tissue and play an important role in cancer. Adipose tissue expansion in obesity alters the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages, which is a primary cause of inflammation. Chronic low-grade inflammation driven by macrophages is also an important characteristic of cancer. Adipocytes secrete various adipokines, including adiponectin, leptin, IL6, and TNFα, that influence macrophage behavior and tumor progression. Furthermore, other metabolic effects of obesity, such as hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypercholesterolemia, can also regulate macrophage functionality in cancer. This review summarizes how obesity influences macrophage-tumor cell interactions and the role of macrophages in the response to anticancer therapies under obese conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Centre for Cell Science, Government of India, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shyamananda Singh Mayengbam
- Department of Biotechnology, National Centre for Cell Science, Government of India, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Himanshi Yaduvanshi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Centre for Cell Science, Government of India, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mohan R Wani
- Department of Biotechnology, National Centre for Cell Science, Government of India, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology, National Centre for Cell Science, Government of India, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Liu J, Zeng D, Luo J, Wang H, Xiong J, Chen X, Chen T, Sun J, Xi Q, Zhang Y. LPS-Induced Inhibition of miR-143 Expression in Brown Adipocytes Promotes Thermogenesis and Fever. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13805. [PMID: 36430282 PMCID: PMC9696956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fever is an important part of inflammatory response to infection. Although brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis is known to be potently influenced by systemic inflammation, the role of BAT during infection-induced fever remains largely unknown. Here, we injected mice with a low dose of LPS and found that low-dose LPS can directly induce thermogenesis of brown adipocytes. It is known that miR-143 is highly expressed in the BAT, and miR-143 knockout mice exhibited stronger thermogenesis under cold exposure. Interestingly, miR-143 was negatively correlated with an LPS-induced increase of TNFα and IL-6 mRNA levels, and the IL-6 pathway may mediate the inhibition of miR-143 expression. Moreover, miR-143 is down-regulated by LPS, and overexpression of miR-143 in brown adipocytes by lentivirus could rescue the enhancement of UCP1 protein expression caused by LPS, hinting miR-143 may be an important regulator of the thermogenesis in brown adipocytes. More importantly, the knockout of miR-143 further enhanced the LPS-induced increase of body temperature and BAT thermogenesis, and this result was further confirmed by in vitro experiments by using primary brown adipocytes. Mechanistically, adenylate cyclase 9 (AC9) is a new target gene of miR-143 and LPS increases BAT thermogenesis by a way of inhibiting miR-143 expression, a negative regulator for AC9. Our study considerably improves our collective understanding of the important function of miR-143 in inflammatory BAT thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dewei Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junyi Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiali Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xingping Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiajie Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qianyun Xi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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The central nervous system control of energy homeostasis: high fat diet induced hypothalamic microinflammation and obesity. Brain Res Bull 2022; 185:99-106. [PMID: 35525336 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is believed to arise through the imbalance of energy homeostasis controlled by the central nervous system, where the hypothalamus plays the fundamental role in energy metabolism. In this review, we will provide an overview regarding the functions of POMC neurons and AgRP neurons in acute nucleus of the hypothalamus which mediated the energy metabolism, highlighting their interactions with peripheral organs derived hormones in control of energy homeostasis. Furthermore, the role of high fat diet induced hypothalamic microinflammation in the pathogenesis of obesity will be discussed. We hope this review could help researchers to understand the mechanism of hypothalamus in control of energy metabolism, and design related drugs to block the pathways involving in the impaired metabolism in obese patients.
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McNeilly AD, Yianakas A, Gallagher JG, Tarlton J, Ashford ML, McCrimmon RJ. Central deficiency of IL-6Ra in mice impairs glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Mol Metab 2022; 61:101488. [PMID: 35470093 PMCID: PMC9065900 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alison D McNeilly
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK.
| | - Adonis Yianakas
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Jennifer G Gallagher
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Jamie Tarlton
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Michael Lj Ashford
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Rory J McCrimmon
- Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, DD1 9SY, UK
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Role of Polypeptide Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of COVID-19. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022; 28:59. [PMID: 35095356 PMCID: PMC8785374 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic that took over the world in December 2019 has had everlasting devastating impacts on the lives of people globally. It manifests a huge symptom spectrum ranging from asymptomatic to critically ill patients with an unpredictable outcome. Timely diagnosis and assessment of disease severity is imperative for effective treatment. Possibilities exist that by the time symptoms appear the viral load might increase beyond control. However, it is advisable to get adequately diagnosed as soon as the first symptom appears. There is an immediate requirement of reliable biomarkers of COVID-19 manifesting an early onset for effective clinical management, stratification of high risk patients and ensuring ideal resource allocation. In this review, we attempt to explore and describe important polypeptide inflammatory biomarkers, namely C-reactive protein, Procalcitonin, Ferritin, Lactate Dehydrogenase, Serum amyloid A, Interleukin-6, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and LIGHT used in the detection and management of COVID-19. Viral pathogenesis and the role of these inflammatory biomarkers is highlighted, based on the evidences available till date. An integrative data monitoring along with their correlation with the natural disease progression is of utmost importance in the management of COVID-19. So further research and in-depth analysis of these biomarkers is warranted in the present scenario.
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Hu Y, Liu Y, Yang Y, Lv H, Lian S, Xu B, Li S. OGT upregulates myogenic IL-6 by mediating O-GlcNAcylation of p65 in mouse skeletal muscle under cold exposure. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:1341-1352. [PMID: 34668190 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cold exposure is an unavoidable and severe challenge for people and animals residing in cold regions of the world, and may lead to hypothermia, drastic changes in systemic metabolism, and inhibition of protein synthesis. O-linked-N-acetylglucoseaminylation (O-GlcNAcylation) directly regulates the activity and function of target proteins involved in multiple biological processes by acting as a stress receptor and nutrient sensor. Therefore, our study aimed to examine whether O-GlcNAcylation affected myogenic IL-6 expression, regulation of energy metabolism, and promotion of survival in mouse skeletal muscle under acute cold exposure conditions. Total protein was extracted from C2C12 cells that had been cultured at 32°C for 3, 6, 9, and 12 h. Western blot analysis showed that mild hypothermia enhanced O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA) expression. Furthermore, global OGT-dependent glycosylation and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels peaked 3 h after induction of mild hypothermia. Enhanced activation of the NF-κB pathway was also observed in response to mild hypothermia. Alloxan and Thiamet G were used to reduce and increase global OGT glycosylation levels in C2C12 cells, respectively. Increased O-GlcNAcylation was associated with significant upregulation of IL-6 expression, as well as enhanced activity and nuclear translocation of p65, while decreased O-GlcNAcylation had the opposite effect. In addition, increased O-GlcNAcylation was associated with significantly increased glucose metabolism, and OGT-mediated O-GlcNAcylation of p65. We generated skeletal muscle-specific OGT knockout mice and exposed them to cold at 4°C for 3 h per day for 1 week. OGT deficiency attenuated the O-GlcNAcylation, activity, and nuclear translocation of p65, resulting in downregulation of IL-6 in mouse skeletal muscle of mice exposed to cold conditions. Taken together, our data suggested that O-GlcNAcylation of p65 enhanced p65 activity and nuclear translocation leading to the upregulation of IL-6, which maintained energy homeostasis and promotes cell survival in mouse skeletal muscle during cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Hu
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yuying Yang
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Hongming Lv
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Shuai Lian
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Bin Xu
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Shize Li
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
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Ullah R, Rauf N, Nabi G, Yi S, Yu-Dong Z, Fu J. Mechanistic insight into high-fat diet-induced metabolic inflammation in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 142:112012. [PMID: 34388531 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A high-fat diet (HFD) is linked with cytokines production by non-neuronal cells within the hypothalamus, which mediates metabolic inflammation. These cytokines then activate different inflammatory mediators in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC), a primary hypothalamic area accommodating proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and agouti-related peptide (AGRP) neurons, first-order neurons that sense and integrate peripheral metabolic signals and then respond accordingly. These mediators, such as inhibitor of κB kinase-β (IKKβ), suppression of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), protein kinase C (PKC), etc., cause insulin and leptin resistance in POMC and AGRP neurons and support obesity and related metabolic complications. On the other hand, inhibition of these mediators has been shown to counteract the impaired metabolism. Therefore, it is important to discuss the contribution of neuronal and non-neuronal cells in HFD-induced hypothalamic inflammation. Furthermore, understanding few other questions, such as the diets causing hypothalamic inflammation, the gender disparity in response to HFD feeding, and how hypothalamic inflammation affects ARC neurons to cause impaired metabolism, will be helpful for the development of therapeutic approaches to prevent or treat HFD-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Ullah
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China; Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Naveed Rauf
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, Hebei Province, China; Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology (UMT), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shen Yi
- Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zhou Yu-Dong
- Center for Brain Research and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Junfen Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310052, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou 310052, China; National Children's Regional Medical Center, Hangzhou 310052, China.
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11
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Ghassabian A, Hornig M, Chen Z, Yeung E, Buka SL, Yu J, Ma G, Goldstein JM, Gilman SE. Gestational Cytokines and the Developmental Expression of Obesity in Childhood. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:2192-2200. [PMID: 32985128 PMCID: PMC7644634 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the extent to which maternal immune activity during pregnancy is associated with childhood adiposity, and if so, whether associations at birth differ from those in infancy and childhood. Sex-specific associations were also examined. METHODS Participants were 1,366 singleton pregnancies from the Collaborative Perinatal Project (1959-1966). Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-10 in maternal sera were assayed repeatedly during pregnancy. Children's BMI was calculated repeatedly from birth through age 8 and derived age- and sex-normalized BMI z scores (BMIz). Linear mixed models were used to estimate the cumulative concentration of each cytokine in the second and third trimesters and then related this concentration to child BMIz. RESULTS Children exposed to higher IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 concentrations had lower BMIz at birth but higher BMIz during childhood. Higher concentrations of IL-8 and IL-1β were also associated with higher BMIz during infancy (B per log increase in IL-8 = 0.04; 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.07; B per log increase in IL-1β = 0.03; 95% CI: 0.001 to 0.06). The associations between TNF-α and BMIz were in opposing directions in boys (B = -0.13; 95% CI: -0.31 to 0.04) and girls (B = 0.14; 95% CI: 0.02 to 0.26) during childhood. CONCLUSIONS Maternal prenatal inflammation contributes to the age- and sex-specific programming of obesity risk in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhgar Ghassabian
- Departments of Pediatrics, Environmental Medicine, and Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mady Hornig
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhen Chen
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Edwina Yeung
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen L Buka
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jing Yu
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gina Ma
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jill M Goldstein
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Psychiatry and Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen E Gilman
- Social and Behavioral Sciences Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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BMP4 gene therapy enhances insulin sensitivity but not adipose tissue browning in obese mice. Mol Metab 2019; 32:15-26. [PMID: 32029225 PMCID: PMC6933264 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) adeno-associated viral vectors of serotype 8 (AAV8) gene therapy targeting the liver prevents the development of obesity in initially lean mice by browning the large subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) and enhancing energy expenditure. Here, we examine whether this approach could also reduce established obesity. METHODS Dietary-induced obese C57BL6/N mice received AAV8 BMP4 gene therapy at 17-18 weeks of age. They were kept on a high-fat diet and phenotypically characterized for an additional 10-12 weeks. Following termination, the mice underwent additional characterization in vitro. RESULTS Surprisingly, we observed no effect on body weight, browning of WAT, or energy expenditure in these obese mice, but whole-body insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance were robustly improved. Insulin signaling and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake were increased in both adipose cells and skeletal muscle. BMP4 also decreased hepatic glucose production and reduced gluconeogenic enzymes in the liver, but not in the kidney, in addition to enhancing insulin action in the liver. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that BMP4 prevents, but does not reverse, established obesity in adult mice, while it improves insulin sensitivity independent of weight reduction. The BMP antagonist Noggin was increased in WAT in obesity, which may account for the lack of browning.
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Saxton SN, Clark BJ, Withers SB, Eringa EC, Heagerty AM. Mechanistic Links Between Obesity, Diabetes, and Blood Pressure: Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1701-1763. [PMID: 31339053 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is increasingly prevalent and is associated with substantial cardiovascular risk. Adipose tissue distribution and morphology play a key role in determining the degree of adverse effects, and a key factor in the disease process appears to be the inflammatory cell population in adipose tissue. Healthy adipose tissue secretes a number of vasoactive adipokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and changes to this secretory profile will contribute to pathogenesis in obesity. In this review, we discuss the links between adipokine dysregulation and the development of hypertension and diabetes and explore the potential for manipulating adipose tissue morphology and its immune cell population to improve cardiovascular health in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie N Saxton
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ben J Clark
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sarah B Withers
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Etto C Eringa
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anthony M Heagerty
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom; School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Anesten F, Dalmau Gasull A, Richard JE, Farkas I, Mishra D, Taing L, Zhang F, Poutanen M, Palsdottir V, Liposits Z, Skibicka KP, Jansson J. Interleukin-6 in the central amygdala is bioactive and co-localised with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12722. [PMID: 31033078 PMCID: PMC6618171 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal circuits involving the central amygdala (CeA) are gaining prominence as important centres for regulation of metabolic functions. As a part of the subcortical food motivation circuitry, CeA is associated with food motivation and hunger. We have previously shown that interleukin (IL)-6 can act as a downstream mediator of the metabolic effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor (R) stimulation in the brain, although the sites of these effects are largely unknown. In the present study, we used the newly generated and validated RedIL6 reporter mouse strain to investigate the presence of IL-6 in the CeA, as well as possible interactions between IL-6 and GLP-1 in this nucleus. IL-6 was present in the CeA, mostly in cells in the medial and lateral parts of this structure, and a majority of IL-6-containing cells also co-expressed GLP-1R. Triple staining showed GLP-1 containing fibres co-staining with synaptophysin close to or overlapping with IL-6 containing cells. GLP-1R stimulation enhanced IL-6 mRNA levels. IL-6 receptor-alpha (IL-6Rα) was found to a large part in neuronal CeA cells. Using electrophysiology, we determined that cells with neuronal properties in the CeA could be rapidly stimulated by IL-6 administration in vitro. Moreover, microinjections of IL-6 into the CeA could slightly reduce food intake in vivo in overnight fasted rats. In conclusion, IL-6 containing cells in the CeA express GLP-1R, are close to GLP-1-containing synapses, and demonstrate increased IL-6 mRNA in response to GLP-1R agonist treatment. IL-6, in turn, exerts biological effects in the CeA, possibly via IL-6Rα present in this nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Anesten
- Department of PhysiologyInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Adrià Dalmau Gasull
- Department of PhysiologyInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Jennifer E. Richard
- Department of PhysiologyInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational MedicineGothenburgSweden
| | - Imre Farkas
- Department of NeuroscienceFaculty of Information Technology and BionicsPázmány Péter Catholic UniversityBudapestHungary
- Laboratory of Reproductive NeurobiologyInstitute of Experimental MedicineHungarian Academy of SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - Devesh Mishra
- Department of PhysiologyInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational MedicineGothenburgSweden
| | - Lilly Taing
- Department of PhysiologyInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational MedicineGothenburgSweden
| | - Fuping Zhang
- Institute of BiomedicineResearch Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Turku Center for Disease ModelingUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Institute of BiomedicineResearch Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Turku Center for Disease ModelingUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - Vilborg Palsdottir
- Department of PhysiologyInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Zsolt Liposits
- Department of NeuroscienceFaculty of Information Technology and BionicsPázmány Péter Catholic UniversityBudapestHungary
- Laboratory of Reproductive NeurobiologyInstitute of Experimental MedicineHungarian Academy of SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - Karolina P. Skibicka
- Department of PhysiologyInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational MedicineGothenburgSweden
| | - John‐Olov Jansson
- Department of PhysiologyInstitute of Neuroscience and PhysiologyThe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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Fernández-Gayol O, Sanchis P, Aguilar K, Navarro-Sempere A, Comes G, Molinero A, Giralt M, Hidalgo J. Different Responses to a High-Fat Diet in IL-6 Conditional Knockout Mice Driven by Constitutive GFAP-Cre and Synapsin 1-Cre Expression. Neuroendocrinology 2019; 109:113-130. [PMID: 30636247 DOI: 10.1159/000496845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a major cytokine controlling body weight and metabolism, at least in part through actions in the central nervous system (CNS) from local sources. METHODS We herewith report results obtained in conditional IL-6 KO mice for brain cells (Il6ΔGfap and Il6ΔSyn). RESULTS The reporter RiboTag mouse line demonstrated specific astrocytic expression of GFAP-dependent Cre in the hypothalamus but not in other brain areas, whereas that of synapsin 1-dependent Cre was specific for neurons. Feeding a high-fat diet (HFD) or a control diet showed that Il6ΔGfap and Il6ΔSyn mice were more prone and resistant, respectively, to HFD-induced obesity. Energy intake was not altered in HFD experiments, but it was reduced in Il6ΔSyn male mice following a 24-h fast. HFD increased circulating insulin, leptin, and cholesterol levels, decreased triglycerides, and caused impaired responses to the insulin and glucose tolerance tests. In Il6ΔGfap mice, the only significant difference observed was an increase in insulin levels of females, whereas in Il6ΔSyn mice the effects of HFD were decreased. Hypothalamic Agrp expression was significantly decreased by HFD, further decreased in Il6ΔGfap, and increased in Il6ΔSyn female mice. Hypothalamic Il-6 mRNA levels were not decreased in Il6ΔSyn mice and even increased in Il6ΔGfapmale mice. Microarray analysis of hypothalamic RNA showed that female Il6ΔGfap mice had increased interferon-related pathways and affected processes in behavior, modulation of chemical synaptic transmission, learning, and memory. CONCLUSION The present results demonstrate that brain production of IL-6 regulates body weight in the context of caloric excess and that the cellular source is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaya Fernández-Gayol
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Sanchis
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kevin Aguilar
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alicia Navarro-Sempere
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Comes
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amalia Molinero
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Giralt
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,
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SAĞKAN ÖZTÜRK A, ARPACI A. Obezite ve Ghrelin/Leptin İlişkisi. MUSTAFA KEMAL ÜNIVERSITESI TIP DERGISI 2018. [DOI: 10.17944/mkutfd.328412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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17
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García MDC, Pazos P, Lima L, Diéguez C. Regulation of Energy Expenditure and Brown/Beige Thermogenic Activity by Interleukins: New Roles for Old Actors. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2569. [PMID: 30158466 PMCID: PMC6164446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity rates and the burden of metabolic associated diseases are escalating worldwide Energy burning brown and inducible beige adipocytes in human adipose tissues (ATs) have attracted considerable attention due to their therapeutic potential to counteract the deleterious metabolic effects of nutritional overload and overweight. Recent research has highlighted the relevance of resident and recruited ATs immune cell populations and their signalling mediators, cytokines, as modulators of the thermogenic activity of brown and beige ATs. In this review, we first provide an overview of the developmental, cellular and functional heterogeneity of the AT organ, as well as reported molecular switches of its heat-producing machinery. We also discuss the key contribution of various interleukins signalling pathways to energy and metabolic homeostasis and their roles in the biogenesis and function of brown and beige adipocytes. Besides local actions, attention is also drawn to their influence in the central nervous system (CNS) networks governing energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Carmen García
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Patricia Pazos
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Lima
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11. Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Egecioglu E, Anesten F, Schéle E, Palsdottir V. Interleukin-6 is important for regulation of core body temperature during long-term cold exposure in mice. Biomed Rep 2018; 9:206-212. [PMID: 30271595 DOI: 10.3892/br.2018.1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL6) is a cytokine important for inducing the fever response during infection and has been reported to uphold core body temperature during acute cold exposure. Recently it has also been indicated that IL6 in serum increases in cold-exposed mice. The aim of the present study was to investigate if IL6 is important for core body temperature regulation following a long-term cold exposure in mice. Experiments were performed with global IL6 deficient (-/-) mice, mice with conditional IL6 receptor α (IL6Rα) knockdown in the central nervous system (CNS; IL6RαNesCre) and appropriate wild-type (Wt) controls. All mice were placed in a cold environment (4°C) for 6 days. Core body temperature and oxygen consumption were measured by telemetry probes and indirect calorimetry at room temperature (20°C), and during the first and last day of cold exposure. Brain stem, hypothalamus and white and brown adipose tissues from the cold-exposed mice were subjected to gene expression analysis. After 6 days in 4°C, the IL6-/- mice exhibited significantly lower body temperature and oxygen consumption compared with Wt mice (P<0.05). The IL6RαNesCre mice also exhibited lower body temperature compared with WtNesCre controls during the last day of cold exposure (P<0.05). Furthermore, an increase in the mRNA level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf) was detected in the brain stem of both IL6-/- and IL6RαNesCre mice compared with the Wt groups (P<0.05). The finding that body temperature was decreased in IL6-/- and IL6RαNesCre mice indicates a decrease in thermogenesis in these animals. Bdnf has previously been indicated to increase body temperature and could in the present study be a mechanistic factor involved in counteracting the low body temperature in IL6-/- and IL6RαNesCre mice. These results suggest that IL6 is not only involved in body temperature regulation during infection, but also during long-term cold exposure, probably through mechanisms in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Egecioglu
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Anesten
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Schéle
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vilborg Palsdottir
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Loss of P2X7 receptor function dampens whole body energy expenditure and fatty acid oxidation. Purinergic Signal 2018; 14:299-305. [PMID: 29754194 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-018-9610-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The established role of ATP-responsive P2X7 receptor in inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and immune diseases is now expanding to include several aspects of metabolic dysregulation. Indeed, P2X7 receptors are involved in β cell function, insulin secretion, and liability to diabetes, and loss of P2X7 function may increase the risk of hepatic steatosis and disrupt adipogenesis. Recently, body weight gain, abnormal lipid accumulation, adipocyte hyperplasia, increased fat mass, and ectopic fat distribution have been found in P2X7 KO mice. Here, we hypothesized that such clinical picture of dysregulated lipid metabolism might be the result of altered in vivo energy metabolism. By indirect calorimetry, we assessed 24 h of energy expenditure (EE) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) as quotient of carbohydrate to fat oxidation in P2X7 KO mice. Moreover, we assessed the same parameters in aged-matched WT counterparts that underwent a 7-day treatment with the P2X7 antagonist A804598. We found that loss of P2X7 function elicits a severe decrease of EE that was less pronounced in A804598-treated mice. In parallel, P2X7KO mice show a drastic increase of RER, thus indicating the occurrence of a greater ratio of carbohydrate to fat oxidation. Decreased EE and fat oxidation is predictive of body weight gain, which was here confirmed. Taken together, our data provide evidence that P2X7 loss of function produces defective energy homeostasis that, together with disrupted adipogenesis, might help to explain accumulation of adipose tissue and contribute to disclose the potential role of P2X7 in metabolic diseases.
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Gorski T, Mathes S, Krützfeldt J. Uncoupling protein 1 expression in adipocytes derived from skeletal muscle fibro/adipogenic progenitors is under genetic and hormonal control. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2018; 9:384-399. [PMID: 29399988 PMCID: PMC5879989 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intramuscular fatty infiltration is generally associated with the accumulation of white adipocytes in skeletal muscle and unfavourable metabolic outcomes. It is, however, still unclear whether intramuscular adipocytes could also acquire a brown-like phenotype. Here, we detected intramuscular expression of brown adipocyte markers during fatty infiltration in an obesity-resistant mouse strain and extensively compared the potential of two different stem cell populations residing in skeletal muscle to differentiate into brown-like adipocytes. METHODS Fatty infiltration was induced using intramuscular glycerol or cardiotoxin injection in the tibialis anterior muscles of young or aged 129S6/SvEvTac (Sv/129) mice or interleukin-6 (IL-6) knockout mice, and the expression of general and brown adipocyte markers was assessed after 4 weeks. Fibro/adipogenic progenitors (FAPs) and myogenic progenitors were prospectively isolated using fluorescence-activated cell sorting from skeletal muscle of male and female C57Bl6/6J and Sv/129 mice, and monoclonal and polyclonal cultures were treated with brown adipogenic medium. Additionally, FAPs were differentiated with medium supplemented or not with triiodothyronine. RESULTS Although skeletal muscle expression of uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) was barely detectable in uninjected tibialis anterior muscle, it was drastically induced following intramuscular adipogenesis in Sv/129 mice and further increased in response to beta 3-adrenergic stimulation. Intramuscular Ucp1 expression did not depend on IL-6 and was preserved in aged skeletal muscle. Myogenic progenitors did not form adipocytes neither in polyclonal nor monoclonal cultures. Fibro/adipogenic progenitors, on the other hand, readily differentiated into brown-like, UCP1+ adipocytes. Uncoupling protein 1 expression in differentiated FAPs was regulated by genetic background, sex, and triiodothyronine treatment independently of adipogenic differentiation levels. CONCLUSIONS Intramuscular adipogenesis is associated with increased Ucp1 expression in skeletal muscle from obesity-resistant mice. Fibro/adipogenic progenitors provide a likely source for intramuscular adipocytes expressing UCP1 under control of both genetic and hormonal factors. Therefore, FAPs constitute a possible target for therapies aiming at the browning of intramuscular adipose tissue and the metabolic improvement of skeletal muscle affected by fatty infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Gorski
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical NutritionUniversity Hospital ZürichRämistrasse 100Zürich8091Switzerland
- Competence Center Personalized Medicine UZH/ETHETH Zürich and University of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Sebastian Mathes
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical NutritionUniversity Hospital ZürichRämistrasse 100Zürich8091Switzerland
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human PhysiologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Jan Krützfeldt
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical NutritionUniversity Hospital ZürichRämistrasse 100Zürich8091Switzerland
- Competence Center Personalized Medicine UZH/ETHETH Zürich and University of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Zürich Center for Integrative Human PhysiologyUniversity of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
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Adrenergic receptor-mediated activation of FGF-21-adiponectin axis exerts atheroprotective effects in brown adipose tissue-transplanted apoE −/− mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 497:1097-1103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Abstract
Subjects spending much time sitting have increased risk of obesity but the mechanism for the antiobesity effect of standing is unknown. We hypothesized that there is a homeostatic regulation of body weight. We demonstrate that increased loading of rodents, achieved using capsules with different weights implanted in the abdomen or s.c. on the back, reversibly decreases the biological body weight via reduced food intake. Importantly, loading relieves diet-induced obesity and improves glucose tolerance. The identified homeostat for body weight regulates body fat mass independently of fat-derived leptin, revealing two independent negative feedback systems for fat mass regulation. It is known that osteocytes can sense changes in bone strain. In this study, the body weight-reducing effect of increased loading was lost in mice depleted of osteocytes. We propose that increased body weight activates a sensor dependent on osteocytes of the weight-bearing bones. This induces an afferent signal, which reduces body weight. These findings demonstrate a leptin-independent body weight homeostat ("gravitostat") that regulates fat mass.
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Anesten F, Santos C, Gidestrand E, Schéle E, Pálsdóttir V, Swedung‐Wettervik T, Meister B, Patrycja Skibicka K, Jansson J. Functional interleukin-6 receptor-α is located in tanycytes at the base of the third ventricle. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29:e12546. [PMID: 29024103 PMCID: PMC5852644 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6- /- mice develop mature onset obesity, whereas i.c.v. injection of IL-6 decreases obesity in rodents. Moreover, levels of IL-6 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were reported to be inversely correlated with obesity in humans. Tanycytes lining the base of the third ventricle (3V) in the hypothalamus have recently been reported to be of importance for metabolism. In the present study, we investigated whether tanycytes could respond to IL-6 in the CSF. With immunohistochemistry using a well characterised antibody directed against the ligand binding receptor for IL-6, IL-6 receptor α (IL-6Rα), it was found that tanycytes, identified by the two markers, vimentin and dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein of 32 kDa, contained IL-6Rα. There were fewer IL-6Rα on another type of ventricle-lining cells, ependymal cells, as identified by the marker glucose transporter-1. To demonstrate that the immunoreactive IL-6Rα were responsive to IL-6, we injected IL-6 i.c.v. This treatment increased immunoreactive phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (pSTAT3) in tanycytes after 5 minutes and in cells in the medial part of the arcuate nucleus after 5 and 15 minutes. Intracerebroventricular injection of leptin exerted similar effects. As expected, i.p. injection of leptin also induced pSTAT3 staining in the hypothalamus, whereas i.p. IL-6 injection had little effect on this parameter. Intracerebroventricular or i.p. injection of vehicle only had no effect on pSTAT3-immunoreactivity. In summary, there are functional IL-6Rα on tanycytes at the bottom of the 3V, in agreement with the possibility that ventricular administration of IL-6 decreases obesity in mice via an effect on this cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Anesten
- Department of PhysiologyInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiologythe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - C. Santos
- Department of PhysiologyInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiologythe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - E. Gidestrand
- Department of PhysiologyInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiologythe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - E. Schéle
- Department of PhysiologyInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiologythe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - V. Pálsdóttir
- Department of PhysiologyInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiologythe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - T. Swedung‐Wettervik
- Department of PhysiologyInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiologythe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - B. Meister
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - K. Patrycja Skibicka
- Department of PhysiologyInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiologythe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational MedicineUniversity of GothenburgSweden
| | - J.‐O. Jansson
- Department of PhysiologyInstitute of Neuroscience and Physiologythe Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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Kikai M, Yamada H, Wakana N, Terada K, Yamamoto K, Wada N, Motoyama S, Saburi M, Sugimoto T, Irie D, Kato T, Kawahito H, Ogata T, Matoba S. Retracted: Transplantation of brown adipose tissue inhibits atherosclerosis in apoE-/- mice: contribution of the activated FGF-21-adiponectin axis. Cardiovasc Res 2017; 114:i1-i13. [PMID: 29106496 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Kikai
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566 Japan
| | - Noriyuki Wakana
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566 Japan
| | - Kensuke Terada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566 Japan
| | - Keita Yamamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566 Japan
| | - Naotoshi Wada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566 Japan
| | - Shinichiro Motoyama
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566 Japan
| | - Makoto Saburi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566 Japan
| | - Takeshi Sugimoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566 Japan
| | - Daisuke Irie
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566 Japan
| | - Taku Kato
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawahito
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566 Japan
| | - Takehiro Ogata
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566 Japan
| | - Satoaki Matoba
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566 Japan
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Sabo A, Mishra P, Dugan-Perez S, Voruganti VS, Kent JW, Kalra D, Cole SA, Comuzzie AG, Muzny DM, Gibbs RA, Butte NF. Exome sequencing reveals novel genetic loci influencing obesity-related traits in Hispanic children. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1270-1276. [PMID: 28508493 PMCID: PMC5687071 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform whole exome sequencing in 928 Hispanic children and identify variants and genes associated with childhood obesity. METHODS Single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) were identified from Illumina whole exome sequencing data using integrated read mapping, variant calling, and an annotation pipeline (Mercury). Association analyses of 74 obesity-related traits and exonic variants were performed using SeqMeta software. Rare autosomal variants were analyzed using gene-based association analyses, and common autosomal variants were analyzed at the SNV level. RESULTS (1) Rare exonic variants in 10 genes and 16 common SNVs in 11 genes that were associated with obesity traits in a cohort of Hispanic children were identified, (2) novel rare variants in peroxisome biogenesis factor 1 (PEX1) associated with several obesity traits (weight, weight z score, BMI, BMI z score, waist circumference, fat mass, trunk fat mass) were discovered, and (3) previously reported SNVs associated with childhood obesity were replicated. CONCLUSIONS Convergence of whole exome sequencing, a family-based design, and extensive phenotyping discovered novel rare and common variants associated with childhood obesity. Linking PEX1 to obesity phenotypes poses a novel mechanism of peroxisomal biogenesis and metabolism underlying the development of childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniko Sabo
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Pamela Mishra
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | - V. Saroja Voruganti
- Department of Nutrition and UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jack W. Kent
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Divya Kalra
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Shelley A. Cole
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Anthony G. Comuzzie
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Donna M. Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Nancy F. Butte
- USDA/ARS Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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Role of muscle IL-6 in gender-specific metabolism in mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173675. [PMID: 28319140 PMCID: PMC5358764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to further explore the physiological roles of muscle-derived IL-6. Adult-floxed and conditional skeletal muscle IL-6 knock out male and female mice were used to study energy expenditure (indirect calorimetry at rest and during treadmill exercise, and body temperature cycle during the light phase) and energy intake (response to fast/refeeding). We also evaluated the responses to leptin and the activity of the insulin signalling pathway in skeletal muscle and liver by phosphorylation of Akt at Ser 473. The stress response was also studied. Results indicate a relevant role of muscle IL-6 in maintaining energy homeostasis, especially in males. Absence of muscle IL-6 in male mice results in lower core body temperature in the light phase, increased respiratory exchange ratio (RER) both at rest and during exercise, increased expression of TCA cycle marked gene, citrate synthase in muscle, reduced fat storage and decreased body weight and food consumption in response to leptin. In females, muscle IL-6 deficiency increases VO2 and CO2 levels similarly. Also in contrast to males, energy expenditure (EE) measured over 48h reveals a significant elevation in female mice with muscle IL-6 deficiency; moreover, they show a modified response to fasting-refeeding and to restraint stress. The present results contribute to the understanding of the role of muscle IL-6 in male and female mouse metabolism, not only during exercise but also in the basal state and in situations where energy balance is altered.
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Hunschede S, Kubant R, Akilen R, Thomas S, Anderson GH. Decreased Appetite after High-Intensity Exercise Correlates with Increased Plasma Interleukin-6 in Normal-Weight and Overweight/Obese Boys. Curr Dev Nutr 2017; 1:e000398. [PMID: 29955695 PMCID: PMC5998915 DOI: 10.3945/cdn.116.000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: High-intensity exercise (HIEX) suppresses appetite in adults and is thought to be mediated by appetite-regulating hormones. However, the effects of HIEX-induced inflammatory and stress biomarkers on appetite control and body weight have not been reported in children or adults. Objective: The objective of this study was to describe the effects of acute HIEX at 70% peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) on postexercise appetite and selective biomarkers of inflammation, stress, and appetite regulatory hormones in normal-weight (NW) and in overweight/obese boys. Methods: NW (n = 11) and overweight/obese (n = 11) boys aged 10-18 y were randomly assigned in a crossover design to either rest or HIEX. Visual analog scale appetite ratings and plasma biomarkers of appetite, inflammation, stress, and glucose control were measured after HIEX or rest. Results: Appetite increased from baseline to 110 min (P < 0.001), but was lower after HIEX (P = 0.04), with no difference between body weight groups. HIEX also resulted in lower active ghrelin (P < 0.001) and increased interleukin-6 (IL-6; P < 0.001), tumor necrosis factor-α (P < 0.001), and cortisol (P < 0.001) concentrations, independent of body weight. It increased blood glucose (P = 0.002) and insulin (P = 0.028) concentrations in NW but not overweight and obese boys. Leptin, glucagon-like peptide 1, peptide tyrosine tyrosine, C-reactive protein, and cortisol were not affected by HIEX. An inverse correlation was found between IL-6 and appetite (r = -0.379; P = 0.012), but not any other biomarkers. Conclusions: HIEX resulted in reduced appetite that correlated with an increase in IL-6 in both NW and overweight/obese boys. However, although a role for IL-6 in the response can be suggested, the suppression of appetite was potentially mediated by the decrease in active ghrelin and/or increase in cortisol. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02619461.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Scott Thomas
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - G Harvey Anderson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, and
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28
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van den Berg SM, van Dam AD, Rensen PCN, de Winther MPJ, Lutgens E. Immune Modulation of Brown(ing) Adipose Tissue in Obesity. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:46-68. [PMID: 27849358 DOI: 10.1210/er.2016-1066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a variety of medical conditions such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases and is therefore responsible for high morbidity and mortality rates. Increasing energy expenditure by brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a current novel strategy to reduce the excessive energy stores in obesity. Brown adipocytes burn energy to generate heat and are mainly activated upon cold exposure. As prolonged cold exposure is not a realistic therapy, researchers worldwide are searching for novel ways to activate BAT and/or induce beiging of white adipose tissue. Recently, the contribution of immune cells in the regulation of brown adipocyte activity and beiging of white adipose tissue has gained increased attention, with a prominent role for eosinophils and alternatively activated macrophages. This review discusses the rediscovery of BAT, presents an overview of modes of activation and differentiation of beige and brown adipocytes, and describes the recently discovered immunological pathways that are key in mediating brown/beige adipocyte development and function. Interventions in immunological pathways harbor the potential to provide novel strategies to increase beige and brown adipose tissue activity as a therapeutic target for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M van den Berg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ The Netherlands
| | - Andrea D van Dam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; and
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; and
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ The Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Subdivision of Experimental Vascular Biology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ The Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
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29
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Lujan HL, Rivers JP, DiCarlo SE. Complex and interacting influences of the autonomic nervous system on cardiac electrophysiology in conscious mice. Auton Neurosci 2016; 201:24-31. [PMID: 27594686 PMCID: PMC5108678 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mice may now be the preferred animal model for biomedical research due to its anatomical, physiological, and genetic similarity to humans. However, little is known about accentuated antagonism of chronotropic and dromotropic properties in conscious mice. Accordingly, we describe the complex and interacting influence of the autonomic nervous system on cardiac electrophysiology in conscious mice. Specifically, we report the effects of single and combined cardiac autonomic blockade on measurements of pulse interval (heart rate), atrio-ventricular interval, sinus node recovery time (SNRT), SNRT corrected for spontaneous sinus cycle, and Wenckebach cycle length in conscious mice free of the confounding influences of anesthetics and surgical trauma. Autonomic influences were quantified as the change in parameter induced by its selective blocker (Sympathetic or Parasympathetic Effect) or as the difference between the intrinsic value and the value after a selective blocker (Sympathetic or Parasympathetic Tonus). Sympatho-Vagal Balance (SVB) was assessed as the ratio of control interval to intrinsic interval. SVB suggests slight parasympathetic dominance in the control of cardiac electrophysiology intervals. Furthermore, results documents a complex interaction between the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system in the control of cardiac electrophysiology parameters. Specifically, the parasympathetic effect was greater than the parasympathetic tonus in the control of cardiac electrophysiology parameters. In contrast, the sympathetic effect was smaller than the sympathetic tonus in the control of cardiac electrophysiology parameters. Results have important implications because actions of pharmacological agents that alter the autonomic control of cardiac electrophysiology are transformed by these interacting mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi L Lujan
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, 540 E. Canfield Ave, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Joshua P Rivers
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, 540 E. Canfield Ave, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Stephen E DiCarlo
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Physiology, 540 E. Canfield Ave, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
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Chiricozzi A, Raimondo A, Lembo S, Fausti F, Dini V, Costanzo A, Monfrecola G, Balato N, Ayala F, Romanelli M, Balato A. Crosstalk between skin inflammation and adipose tissue-derived products: pathogenic evidence linking psoriasis to increased adiposity. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2016; 12:1299-1308. [PMID: 27322922 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2016.1201423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psoriasis is a chronic skin disorder associated with several comorbid conditions. In psoriasis pathogenesis, the role of some cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-17, has been elucidated. Beside their pro-inflammatory activity, they may also affect glucose and lipid metabolism, possibly promoting insulin resistance and obesity. On the other hand, adipose tissue, secreting adipokines such as chemerin, visfatin, leptin, and adiponectin, not only regulates glucose and lipid metabolism, and endothelial cell function regulation, but it may contribute to inflammation. Areas covered: This review provides an updated 'state-of-the-art' about the reciprocal contribution of a small subset of conventional cytokines and adipokines involved in chronic inflammatory pathways, upregulated in both psoriasis and increased adiposity. A systematic search was conducted using the PubMed Medline database for primary articles. Expert commentary: Because psoriasis is associated with increased adiposity, it would be important to define the contribution of chronic skin inflammation to the onset of obesity and vice versa. Clarifying the pathogenic mechanism underlying this association, a therapeutic strategy having favorable effects on both psoriasis and increased adiposity could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annunziata Raimondo
- b Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Dermatology , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Serena Lembo
- c Department of Medicine and Surgery , University of Salerno , Salerno , Italy
| | - Francesca Fausti
- d Skin Biology Laboratory , University of Rome Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
| | - Valentina Dini
- a Department of Dermatology , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Antonio Costanzo
- e Dermatology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Monfrecola
- b Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Dermatology , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Nicola Balato
- b Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Dermatology , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Fabio Ayala
- b Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Dermatology , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Marco Romanelli
- a Department of Dermatology , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Anna Balato
- f Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
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Shi SY, Zhang W, Luk CT, Sivasubramaniyam T, Brunt JJ, Schroer SA, Desai HR, Majerski A, Woo M. JAK2 promotes brown adipose tissue function and is required for diet- and cold-induced thermogenesis in mice. Diabetologia 2016; 59:187-196. [PMID: 26515423 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3786-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Non-shivering thermogenesis in adipose tissue can be activated by excessive energy intake or following cold exposure. The molecular mechanisms regulating this activation have not been fully elucidated. The Janus kinase (JAK) - signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway mediates the signal transduction of numerous hormones and growth factors that regulate adipose tissue development and function, and may play a role in adaptive thermogenesis. METHODS We analysed mRNA and protein levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and JAK2 in different adipose depots in response to metabolic and thermal stress. The in vivo role of JAK2 in adaptive thermogenesis was examined using mice with adipocyte-specific Jak2 deficiency (A-Jak2 KO). RESULTS We show in murine brown adipose tissue (BAT) that JAK2 is upregulated together with UCP1 in response to high-fat diet (HFD) feeding and cold exposure. In contrast to white adipose tissue, where JAK2 was dispensable for UCP1 induction, we identified an essential role for BAT JAK2 in diet- and cold-induced thermogenesis via mediating the thermogenic response to β-adrenergic stimulation. Accordingly, A-Jak2 KO mice were unable to upregulate BAT UCP1 following a HFD or after cold exposure. Therefore, A-Jak2 KO mice were cold intolerant and susceptible to HFD-induced obesity and diabetes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Taken together, our results suggest that JAK2 plays a critical role in BAT function and adaptive thermogenesis. Targeting the JAK-STAT pathway may be a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Yu Shi
- Toronto General Research Institute, 101 College Street, MaRS Centre/TMDT, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wei Zhang
- Toronto General Research Institute, 101 College Street, MaRS Centre/TMDT, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cynthia T Luk
- Toronto General Research Institute, 101 College Street, MaRS Centre/TMDT, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tharini Sivasubramaniyam
- Toronto General Research Institute, 101 College Street, MaRS Centre/TMDT, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jara J Brunt
- Toronto General Research Institute, 101 College Street, MaRS Centre/TMDT, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephanie A Schroer
- Toronto General Research Institute, 101 College Street, MaRS Centre/TMDT, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7
| | - Harsh R Desai
- Toronto General Research Institute, 101 College Street, MaRS Centre/TMDT, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alexandra Majerski
- Toronto General Research Institute, 101 College Street, MaRS Centre/TMDT, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7
| | - Minna Woo
- Toronto General Research Institute, 101 College Street, MaRS Centre/TMDT, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5G 1L7.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Yamada C, Saegusa Y, Nahata M, Sadakane C, Hattori T, Takeda H. Influence of Aging and Gender Differences on Feeding Behavior and Ghrelin-Related Factors during Social Isolation in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140094. [PMID: 26448274 PMCID: PMC4598162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress due to social isolation is known to cause abnormal feeding behaviors, but the influences of gender and aging on subchronic stress-induced changes in feeding behaviors are unknown. Thus, we examined the changes in body weight, food intake, and orexigenic ghrelin-related factors during 2 weeks of isolation stress in young and aged mice. Food intake increased significantly in young mice in the isolation group compared with the group-housed control throughout the experimental period. This isolation-induced increase in food intake was not observed in aged mice. In young mice, there were no significant differences in body weight between the isolated group and group-housed control up to 2 weeks. However, aged male mice exhibited significant weight loss at 2 weeks and a similar tendency was observed in aged female mice. Young male mice, but not female mice, had significantly increased (2.2-fold) plasma acylated ghrelin levels after 1 week of isolation compared with the group-housed control. A significant but lower increase (1.3-fold) was also observed in aged male mice. Hypothalamic preproghrelin gene expression decreased significantly with isolation in young male mice, whereas it increased significantly in female mice. The expression levels of NPY and AGRP in the hypothalamus, which are transmitted by elevated peripheral ghrelin signals, increased significantly in isolated young male mice, whereas the AGRP expression levels decreased significantly in young female mice. Isolation caused no significant differences in the expression levels of these genes in aged mice. In isolation, young female mice exhibited markedly increased dark- and light-phase locomotor activities compared with male mice, whereas male and female aged mice exhibited no obvious increases in activity immediately after the dark phase started. We conclude that the gender-specific homeostatic regulatory mechanisms required to maintain body weight operated during subchronic psychological stress in young mice but not in aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Yamada
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yayoi Saegusa
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Miwa Nahata
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Tomohisa Hattori
- Tsumura Research Laboratories, Tsumura & Co., Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hiroshi Takeda
- Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Hokkaido University Hospital Gastroenterological Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Merlin J, Evans BA, Dehvari N, Sato M, Bengtsson T, Hutchinson DS. Could burning fat start with a brite spark? Pharmacological and nutritional ways to promote thermogenesis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Merlin
- Drug Discovery Biology; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University; Parkville Australia
| | - Bronwyn A. Evans
- Drug Discovery Biology; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University; Parkville Australia
| | - Nodi Dehvari
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; The Wenner-Gren Institute; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Masaaki Sato
- Drug Discovery Biology; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University; Parkville Australia
- Department of Pharmacology; Monash University; Clayton Australia
| | - Tore Bengtsson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; The Wenner-Gren Institute; Stockholm University; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Dana S. Hutchinson
- Drug Discovery Biology; Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Monash University; Parkville Australia
- Department of Pharmacology; Monash University; Clayton Australia
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Grant RW, Stephens JM. Fat in flames: influence of cytokines and pattern recognition receptors on adipocyte lipolysis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E205-13. [PMID: 26058863 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00053.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue has the largest capacity to store energy in the body and provides energy through the release of free fatty acids during times of energy need. Different types of immune cells are recruited to adipose tissue under various physiological conditions, indicating that these cells contribute to the regulation of adipose tissue. One major pathway influenced by a number of immune cells is the release of free fatty acids through lipolysis during both physiological (e.g., cold stress) and pathophysiological processes (e.g., obesity, type 2 diabetes). Adipose tissue expansion during obesity leads to immune cell infiltration and adipose tissue remodeling, a homeostatic process that promotes inflammation in adipose tissue. The release of proinflammatory cytokines stimulates lipolysis and causes insulin resistance, leading to adipose tissue dysfunction and systemic disruptions of metabolism. This review focuses on the interactions of cytokines and other inflammatory molecules that regulate adipose tissue lipolysis during physiological and pathophysiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Grant
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Jacqueline M Stephens
- Adipocyte Biology Lab, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana; and Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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Buzelle SL, MacPherson REK, Peppler WT, Castellani L, Wright DC. The contribution of IL-6 to beta 3 adrenergic receptor mediated adipose tissue remodeling. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/2/e12312. [PMID: 25713332 PMCID: PMC4393216 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The chronic activation of beta 3 adrenergic receptors results in marked alterations in adipose tissue morphology and metabolism, including increases in mitochondrial content and the expression of enzymes involved in lipogenesis and glyceroneogenesis. Acute treatment with CL 316,243, a beta 3 adrenergic agonist, induces the expression of interleukin 6. Interestingly, IL-6 has been shown to induce mitochondrial genes in cultured adipocytes. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to examine the role of interleukin 6 in mediating the in vivo effects of CL 316,243 in white adipose tissue. Circulating IL-6, and markers of IL-6 signaling in white adipose tissue were increased 4 h following a single injection of CL 316,243 in C57BL6/J mice. Once daily injections of CL 316,243 for 5 days increased the protein content of a number of mitochondrial proteins including CORE1, Cytochrome C, PDH, MCAD, and Citrate Synthase to a similar extent in adipose tissue from WT and IL-6−/− mice. Conversely, CL 316,243-induced increases in COXIV and phosphorylated AMPK were attenuated in IL-6−/− mice. Likewise, the slight, but significant, CL 316,243-induced increases in ATGL, PEPCK, and PPARγ, were reduced or absent in adipose tissue IL-6−/− mice. The attenuated response to CL 316,243 in white adipose tissue in IL-6−/− mice was associated with reductions in whole-body oxygen consumption and energy expenditure in the light phase. Our findings suggest that IL-6 plays a limited role in CL 316,243-mediated adipose tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samyra L Buzelle
- Department of Biochemistry, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Riberao Preto, Brazil
| | - Rebecca E K MacPherson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Willem T Peppler
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Castellani
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Ferrer B, Navia B, Giralt M, Comes G, Carrasco J, Molinero A, Quintana A, Señarís RM, Hidalgo J. Muscle-specific interleukin-6 deletion influences body weight and body fat in a sex-dependent manner. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 40:121-30. [PMID: 24632224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a major cytokine controlling not only the immune system but also basic physiological variables such as body weight and metabolism. While central IL-6 is clearly implicated in the latter, the putative role of peripheral IL-6 controlling body weight remains unclear. We herewith report results obtained in muscle-specific IL-6 KO (mIL-6 KO) mice. mIL-6 KO male mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 58.4% kcal from fat) or a control diet (18%) gained less weight and body fat than littermate floxed male mice, while the opposite pattern was observed in female mice. Food intake was not affected by muscle IL-6 deficiency, but male and female mIL-6 KO mice were more and less active, respectively, in the hole-board test. Moreover, female mIL-6 KO mice did not control adequately their body temperature upon exposure to 4°C, suggesting a role of muscle IL-6 in energy expenditure. At least part of this regulatory role of muscle IL-6 may be mediated by the hypothalamus, as IL-6 deficiency regulated the expression of critical hypothalamic neuropeptides (NPY, AgRP, POMC, CRH and preproOX). Leptin and insulin changes cannot explain the phenotype of these mice. In summary, the present results demonstrate that muscle IL-6 controls body weight and body fat in a sex-specific fashion, influencing the expression of the main neuropeptides involved in energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Ferrer
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Navia
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS-IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mercedes Giralt
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Comes
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Carrasco
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amalia Molinero
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Quintana
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Señarís
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS-IDIS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- Institute of Neurosciences and Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
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Navia B, Ferrer B, Giralt M, Comes G, Carrasco J, Molinero A, Quintana A, Leclerc J, Viollet B, Señarís RM, Hidalgo J. Interleukin-6 deletion in mice driven by aP2-Cre-ERT2 prevents against high-fat diet-induced gain weight and adiposity in female mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 211:585-96. [PMID: 24934978 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a major cytokine controlling body weight and metabolism, but because many types of cells can synthesize and respond to IL-6 considerable uncertainty still exists about the mechanisms underlying IL-6 effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse the effects of tissue-specific deletion of IL-6 using a fatty acid binding protein (aP2) promoter-Cre inducible system (aP2-Cre-ERT2). METHODS Tissue-specific IL-6 KO mice (aP2-IL-6 KO mice) were produced upon tamoxifen administration and were fed a high-fat diet (HFD, 58.4% kcal from fat) or a control diet (18%) for 14 weeks. RESULTS aP2-IL-6 KO female mice on a HFD gained less weight and adiposity than littermate wild-type mice, but these effects were not observed in males. Hypothalamic factors such as NPY and AgRP showed a pattern of expression consistent with this sex-specific phenotype. PGC-1α expression was increased in several tissues in aP2-IL-6 KO female mice, which is compatible with increased energy expenditure. Serum leptin, insulin, glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides levels were increased by HFD, and in females IL-6 deficiency reversed this effect in the case of insulin and cholesterol. HFD induced impaired responses to insulin and glucose tolerance tests, but no significant differences between genotypes were observed. CONCLUSION The present results demonstrate that deletion of IL-6 driven by aP2-Cre regulates body weight, body fat and metabolism in a sex-specific fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Navia
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - B. Ferrer
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology; Faculty of Biosciences; Institute of Neurosciences; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - M. Giralt
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology; Faculty of Biosciences; Institute of Neurosciences; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - G. Comes
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology; Faculty of Biosciences; Institute of Neurosciences; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - J. Carrasco
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology; Faculty of Biosciences; Institute of Neurosciences; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - A. Molinero
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology; Faculty of Biosciences; Institute of Neurosciences; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - A. Quintana
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology; Faculty of Biosciences; Institute of Neurosciences; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
| | - J. Leclerc
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), U1016; Institut Cochin; Paris France
- CNRS UMR8104; Paris France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
| | - B. Viollet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), U1016; Institut Cochin; Paris France
- CNRS UMR8104; Paris France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
| | - R. M. Señarís
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Santiago de Compostela; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - J. Hidalgo
- Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology; Faculty of Biosciences; Institute of Neurosciences; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Bellaterra Spain
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Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine that exerts either proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory effects and is implicated in diverse settings, including obesity, exercise, arthritis, and colitis. A new study shows that modulation of macrophage activation by IL-6 maintains glucose homeostasis in diet-induced obesity while limiting inflammation in endotoxemia (Mauer et al., 2014).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Covarrubias
- Department of Genetics & Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tiffany Horng
- Department of Genetics & Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Pazos P, Lima L, Diéguez C, García MC. Energy Balance Regulating Neuropeptides Are Expressed through Pregnancy and Regulated by Interleukin-6 Deficiency in Mouse Placenta. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:537603. [PMID: 24744782 PMCID: PMC3972931 DOI: 10.1155/2014/537603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The placenta produces a number of signaling molecules including metabolic and reproductive hormones as well as several inflammatory mediators. Among them, Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a well-known immune and metabolic regulator, acts peripherally modulating metabolic function and centrally increasing energy expenditure and reducing body fat. IL-6 interacts with key hypothalamic neuropeptidergic systems controlling energy homeostasis such as those producing the orexigenic/anabolic: neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and anorectic/catabolic neuropeptides: proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART). Human and rat placenta have been identified as source of these neuropeptides, but their expression and regulation in murine placental tissues remain unknown. Therefore, placental mRNA levels of IL-6, NPY, AgRP, POMC, and CART at different pregnancy stages (gestational days 13, 15, and 18) were analyzed by real time PCR, as were the effect of IL-6 deficiency (IL-6 knockout mice) on their placental expression. Our results showed that placenta-derived neuropeptides were regulated by gestational age and IL-6 throughout the second half of mouse pregnancy. These data suggest that IL-6 may participate in the fine tune control of energy balance during pregnancy by extending its action as a metabolic signal to the main organ at the fetomaternal interface: the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pazos
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida de Barcelona s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Luis Lima
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida de Barcelona s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida de Barcelona s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María C. García
- Department of Physiology, Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Avenida de Barcelona s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Knudsen JG, Murholm M, Carey AL, Biensø RS, Basse AL, Allen TL, Hidalgo J, Kingwell BA, Febbraio MA, Hansen JB, Pilegaard H. Role of IL-6 in exercise training- and cold-induced UCP1 expression in subcutaneous white adipose tissue. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84910. [PMID: 24416310 PMCID: PMC3885654 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of brown adipose tissue (BAT) associated proteins like uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in inguinal WAT (iWAT) has been suggested to alter iWAT metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in exercise training and cold exposure-induced iWAT UCP1 expression. The effect of daily intraperitoneal injections of IL-6 (3 ng/g) in C57BL/6 mice for 7 days on iWAT UCP1 expression was examined. In addition, the expression of UCP1 in iWAT was determined in response to 3 days of cold exposure (4°C) and 5 weeks of exercise training in wild type (WT) and whole body IL-6 knockout (KO) mice. Repeated injections of IL-6 in C57BL/6 mice increased UCP1 mRNA but not UCP1 protein content in iWAT. Cold exposure increased iWAT UCP1 mRNA content similarly in IL-6 KO and WT mice, while exercise training increased iWAT UCP1 mRNA in WT mice but not in IL-6 KO mice. Additionally, a cold exposure-induced increase in iWAT UCP1 protein content was blunted in IL-6 KO mice, while UCP1 protein content in iWAT was lower in both untrained and exercise trained IL-6 KO mice than in WT mice. In conclusion, repeated daily increases in plasma IL-6 can increase iWAT UCP1 mRNA content and IL-6 is required for an exercise training-induced increase in iWAT UCP1 mRNA content. In addition IL-6 is required for a full induction of UCP1 protein expression in response to cold exposure and influences the UCP1 protein content iWAT of both untrained and exercise trained animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob G. Knudsen
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Maria Murholm
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrew L. Carey
- Metabolic and Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rasmus S. Biensø
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Astrid L. Basse
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tamara L. Allen
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Juan Hidalgo
- Department of Neuroscience, Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bronwyn A. Kingwell
- Metabolic and Vascular Physiology Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark A. Febbraio
- Cellular and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jacob B. Hansen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henriette Pilegaard
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Karczewska-Kupczewska M, Adamska A, Nikołajuk A, Otziomek E, Górska M, Kowalska I, Strączkowski M. Circulating interleukin 6 and soluble forms of its receptors in relation to resting energy expenditure in women with anorexia nervosa. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2013. [PMID: 23199226 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder, resulting in sustained low weight and marked decrease in fat mass. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) may play a role in appetite, energy expenditure and body weight control. IL-6 acts through binding with membrane receptor (IL-6R) and activates glycoprotein 130 (gp130) signalling. Both IL-6R and gp130 are present in the blood in the soluble forms (sIL-6R and sgp130 respectively). sIL-6R sensitizes cells towards IL-6, whereas sgp130 inhibits gp130 signalling. OBJECTIVE To estimate circulating IL-6/sIL-6R/sgp130 system and its relationships with body weight and resting energy expenditure (REE) in AN women. PATIENTS We examined 19 women with AN and 27 healthy normal-weight female controls. MEASUREMENTS Indirect calorimetry and the measurement of serum IL-6, sIL-6R and sgp130 concentrations were performed in all the subjects. RESULTS REE was decreased in AN women (P < 0·001). Serum IL-6 was higher in AN women in comparison with control group (P = 0·005). Serum sIL-6R was lower (P = 0·009) and serum sgp130 was higher (P = 0·004) in AN women in comparison with controls. IL-6 and sIL-6R were related to REE in the entire study population (r = -0·54, P < 0·001 and r = 0·48, P = 0·001 respectively) and in AN group (r = -0·54, P = 0·024 and r = 0·60, P = 0·011 respectively). CONCLUSIONS Increased IL-6 in AN seems to be compensated by the changes in sIL-6R and sgp130, which are directed towards inhibition of IL-6 action. The balance between these factors might play a role in the regulation of energy expenditure in AN.
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Pazos P, Lima L, Casanueva FF, Diéguez C, García MC. Interleukin 6 deficiency modulates the hypothalamic expression of energy balance regulating peptides during pregnancy in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72339. [PMID: 24015235 PMCID: PMC3756067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is associated with hyperphagia, increased adiposity and multiple neuroendocrine adaptations. Maternal adipose tissue secretes rising amounts of interleukin 6 (IL6), which acts peripherally modulating metabolic function and centrally increasing energy expenditure and reducing body fat. To explore the role of IL6 in the central mechanisms governing dam's energy homeostasis, early, mid and late pregnant (gestational days 7, 13 and 18) wild-type (WT) and Il6 knockout mice (Il6-KO) were compared with virgin controls at diestrus. Food intake, body weight and composition as well as indirect calorimetry measurements were performed in vivo. Anabolic and orexigenic peptides: neuropeptide Y (Npy) and agouti-related peptide (Agrp); and catabolic and anorectic neuropeptides: proopiomelanocortin (Pomc), corticotrophin and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (Crh and Trh) mRNA levels were determined by in situ hybridization. Real time-PCR and western-blot were used for additional tissue gene expression and protein studies. Non-pregnant Il6-KO mice were leaner than WT mice due to a decrease in fat but not in lean body mass. Pregnant Il6-KO mice had higher fat accretion despite similar body weight gain than WT controls. A decreased fat utilization in absence of Il6 might explain this effect, as shown by increased respiratory exchange ratio (RER) in virgin Il6-KO mice. Il6 mRNA levels were markedly enhanced in adipose tissue but reduced in hypothalamus of mid and late pregnant WT mice. Trh expression was also stimulated at gestational day 13 and lack of Il6 blunted this effect. Conversely, in late pregnant mice lessened hypothalamic Il6 receptor alpha (Il6ra), Pomc and Crh mRNA were observed. Il6 deficiency during this stage up-regulated Npy and Agrp expression, while restoring Pomc mRNA levels to virgin values. Together these results demonstrate that IL6/IL6Ra system modulates Npy/Agrp, Pomc and Trh expression during mouse pregnancy, supporting a role of IL6 in the central regulation of body fat in this physiological state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pazos
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Luis Lima
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Felipe F. Casanueva
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología Molecular y Celular, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María C. García
- Department of Physiology/Research Center of Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Schéle E, Benrick A, Grahnemo L, Egecioglu E, Anesten F, Pálsdóttir V, Jansson JO. Inter-relation between interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6 and body fat regulating circuits of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:580-9. [PMID: 23414303 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 are immune modulating cytokines that also affect metabolic function because both IL-1 receptor I deficient (IL-1RI⁻/⁻) and IL-6 deficient (IL-6⁻/⁻) mice develop late-onset obesity and leptin resistance. Both IL-1 and IL-6 appear to target the central nervous system (CNS) to increase energy expenditure. The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) is a major relay between the periphery and CNS in body fat regulation (e.g. by being a target of leptin). The present study aimed to investigate the possible mechanisms responsible for the effects exerted by endogenous IL-1 and IL-6 on body fat at the level of the ARC, as well as possible interactions between IL-1 and IL-6. Therefore, we measured the gene expression of neuropeptides of the ARC involved in energy balance in IL-1RI⁻/⁻ and IL-6⁻/⁻ mice. We also investigated the interactions between expression of IL-1 and IL-6 in these mice, and mapped IL-6 receptor α (IL-6Rα) in the ARC. The expression of the obesity promoting peptide neuropeptide Y (NPY), found in the ARC, was increased in IL-1RI⁻/⁻ mice. The expression of NPY and agouti-related peptide (AgRP), known to be co-expressed with NPY in ARC neurones, was increased in cold exposed IL-6⁻/⁻ mice. IL-6Rα immunoreactivity was densely localised in the ARC, especially in the medial part, and was partly found in NPY positive cell bodies and also α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone positive cell bodies. The expression of hypothalamic IL-6 was decreased in IL-1RI⁻/⁻ mice, whereas IL-1ß expression was increased in IL-6⁻/⁻ mice. The results of the present study indicate that depletion of the activity of the fat suppressing cytokines IL-1 and IL-6 in knockout mice can increase the expression of the obesity promoting neuropeptide NPY in the ARC. Depletion of IL-1 activity suppresses IL-6 expression, and IL-6Rα-like immunoreactivity is present in neurones in the medial ARC, including neurones containing NPY. Therefore, IL-6, IL-1 and NPY/AgRP could interact at the level of the hypothalamic ARC in the regulation of body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Schéle
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology/Endocrinology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Arch JRS, Trayhurn P. Detection of thermogenesis in rodents in response to anti-obesity drugs and genetic modification. Front Physiol 2013; 4:64. [PMID: 23580228 PMCID: PMC3619105 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many compounds and genetic manipulations are claimed to confer resistance to obesity in rodents by raising energy expenditure. Examples taken from recent and older literature, demonstrate that such claims are often based on measurements of energy expenditure after body composition has changed, and depend on comparisons of energy expenditure divided by body weight. This is misleading because white adipose tissue has less influence than lean tissue on energy expenditure. Application of this approach to human data would suggest that human obesity is usually due to a low metabolic rate, which is not an accepted view. Increased energy expenditure per animal is a surer way of demonstrating thermogenesis, but even then it is important to know whether this is due to altered body composition (repartitioning), or increased locomotor activity rather than thermogenesis per se. Regression analysis offers other approaches. The thermogenic response to some compounds has a rapid onset and so cannot be due to altered body composition. These compounds usually mimic or activate the sympathetic nervous system. Thermogenesis occurs in, but may not be confined to, brown adipose tissue. It should not be assumed that weight loss in response to these treatments is due to thermogenesis unless there is a sustained increase in 24-h energy expenditure. Thyroid hormones and fibroblast growth factor 21 also raise energy expenditure before they affect body composition. Some treatments and genetic modifications alter the diurnal rhythm of energy expenditure. It is important to establish whether this is due to altered locomotor activity or efficiency of locomotion. There are no good examples of compounds that do not affect short-term energy expenditure but have a delayed effect. How and under what conditions a genetic modification or compound increases energy expenditure influences the decision on whether to seek drugs for the target or take a candidate drug into clinical studies.
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Hamzic N, Blomqvist A, Nilsberth C. Immune-induced expression of lipocalin-2 in brain endothelial cells: relationship with interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2 and the febrile response. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:271-80. [PMID: 23046379 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 is critical for the febrile response to peripheral immune challenge. However, the mechanism by which IL-6 enables fever is still unknown. To characterise the IL-6-dependent fever generating pathway, we used microarray analysis to identify differentially expressed genes in the brain of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated IL-6 wild-type and knockout mice. Mice lacking IL-6 displayed a two-fold lower expression of the lipocalin-2 gene (lcn2), and this difference was confirmed by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Conversely, the induction of lipocalin-2 protein was observed in brain vascular cells following i.p. administration of recombinant IL-6, suggesting a direct relationship between IL-6 and lipocalin-2. Immunohistochemical analysis also revealed that LPS-induced lipocalin-2 is expressed by brain endothelial cells and is partly co-localised with cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2), the rate-limiting enzyme for the production of inflammatory induced prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2) ), which is the key mediator of fever. The direct role of lipocalin-2 in fever was examined in LPS-challenged lipocalin-2 knockout mice. In both male and female mice, normal fever responses were observed at near-thermoneutral conditions (29-30 °C) but when recorded at normal room temperature (19-20 °C), the body temperature of lipocalin-2 knockout female mice displayed an attenuated fever response compared to their wild-type littermates. This difference was reflected in significantly attenuated mRNA expression of Cox-2 in the brain of lipocalin-2 knockout female mice, but not of male mice, following challenge with peripheral LPS. Our findings suggest that IL-6 influences the expression of lipocalin-2, which in turn may be involved in the control of the formation of Cox-2, and hence central PGE(2) -production. We have thus identified lipocalin-2 as a new factor in the pathway of inflammatory IL-6 signalling. However, the effect of lipocalin-2 on fever is small, being sex-dependent and ambient temperature-specific, and thus lipocalin-2 cannot be considered as a major mediator of the IL-6-dependent fever generating pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hamzic
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Quintana A, Erta M, Ferrer B, Comes G, Giralt M, Hidalgo J. Astrocyte-specific deficiency of interleukin-6 and its receptor reveal specific roles in survival, body weight and behavior. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 27:162-73. [PMID: 23085146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a major cytokine which controls not only the immune system but also exhibits many other functions including effects in the central nervous system (CNS). IL-6 is known to be produced by different cells in the CNS, and all the major CNS do respond to IL-6, which makes it difficult to dissect the specific roles of each cell type when assessing the role of IL-6 in the brain. We have produced for the first time floxed mice for IL-6 and have crossed them with GFAP-Cre mice to delete IL-6 in astrocytes (Ast-IL-6 KO mice), and have compared their phenotype with that of mice with deletion of IL-6 receptor in astrocytes (Ast-IL6R KO mice). Our results indicate a major prosurvival role of the astrocyte IL-6 system at early ages (intrauterine life), which was also involved to various degrees in the control of adult body weight, locomotor activity, anxiety and exploratory behaviors. In some occasions deleting IL-6R in astrocytes mimicked the phenotype of Ast-IL-6 KO mice (i.e. activity), while in others the opposite was observed (i.e. exploration), suggesting autocrine and paracrine (presumably on neurons) roles of astrocyte IL-6. Our results suggest important roles of the astrocyte IL-6 system on normal brain physiology, in some cases totally unexpected from previous results with total IL-6 KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Quintana
- Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Stanford KI, Middelbeek RJW, Townsend KL, An D, Nygaard EB, Hitchcox KM, Markan KR, Nakano K, Hirshman MF, Tseng YH, Goodyear LJ. Brown adipose tissue regulates glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. J Clin Invest 2012; 123:215-23. [PMID: 23221344 DOI: 10.1172/jci62308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 842] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is known to function in the dissipation of chemical energy in response to cold or excess feeding, and also has the capacity to modulate energy balance. To test the hypothesis that BAT is fundamental to the regulation of glucose homeostasis, we transplanted BAT from male donor mice into the visceral cavity of age- and sex-matched recipient mice. By 8-12 weeks following transplantation, recipient mice had improved glucose tolerance, increased insulin sensitivity, lower body weight, decreased fat mass, and a complete reversal of high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance. Increasing the quantity of BAT transplanted into recipient mice further improved the metabolic effects of transplantation. BAT transplantation increased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in vivo into endogenous BAT, white adipose tissue (WAT), and heart muscle but, surprisingly, not skeletal muscle. The improved metabolic profile was lost when the BAT used for transplantation was obtained from Il6-knockout mice, demonstrating that BAT-derived IL-6 is required for the profound effects of BAT transplantation on glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. These findings reveal a previously under-appreciated role for BAT in glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin I Stanford
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
Obesity is caused by chronic positive energy balance because of higher energy intake relative to energy expenditure. Thermogenesis, the capacity of an organism to produce heat, is an important component of energy expenditure. Thus targeting the molecular mechanisms controlling thermogenesis could be an effective strategy for the prevention or treatment of obesity. Thermogenesis is modulated by three major factors: environmental temperature, nutrient quantity and quality, and by systemic inflammation. Obesity is now recognized to be a state of chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, which has been proposed to play a major role in the pathogenesis of obesity and obesity-associated diseases. This review discussed the molecular pathways that are recruited during metabolic inflammation and that are also implicated in the control of thermogenesis and energy balance. It emerges that the complex signalling network recruited during metabolic inflammation exerts a balanced action on the modulation of thermogenesis and energy balance, with some pathways promoting weight gain whereas other pathways have opposite actions. It is thus concluded that immunomodulation of metabolic inflammation, rather than an anti-inflammatory intervention aiming at its suppression, may be a more promising strategy to increase thermogenesis for the treatment or prevention of obesity and its associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Solinas
- Laboratory of Metabolic Stress Biology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Erta M, Quintana A, Hidalgo J. Interleukin-6, a major cytokine in the central nervous system. Int J Biol Sci 2012; 8:1254-66. [PMID: 23136554 PMCID: PMC3491449 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.4679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 710] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine originally identified almost 30 years ago as a B-cell differentiation factor, capable of inducing the maturation of B cells into antibody-producing cells. As with many other cytokines, it was soon realized that IL-6 was not a factor only involved in the immune response, but with many critical roles in major physiological systems including the nervous system. IL-6 is now known to participate in neurogenesis (influencing both neurons and glial cells), and in the response of mature neurons and glial cells in normal conditions and following a wide arrange of injury models. In many respects, IL-6 behaves in a neurotrophin-like fashion, and seemingly makes understandable why the cytokine family that it belongs to is known as neuropoietins. Its expression is affected in several of the main brain diseases, and animal models strongly suggest that IL-6 could have a role in the observed neuropathology and that therefore it is a clear target of strategic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Erta
- Instituto de Neurociencias y Departamento de Biología Celular, Fisiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Biociencias, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Acutely decreased thermoregulatory energy expenditure or decreased activity energy expenditure both acutely reduce food intake in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41473. [PMID: 22936977 PMCID: PMC3425585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the suggestion that reduced energy expenditure may be a key contributor to the obesity pandemic, few studies have tested whether acutely reduced energy expenditure is associated with a compensatory reduction in food intake. The homeostatic mechanisms that control food intake and energy expenditure remain controversial and are thought to act over days to weeks. We evaluated food intake in mice using two models of acutely decreased energy expenditure: 1) increasing ambient temperature to thermoneutrality in mice acclimated to standard laboratory temperature or 2) exercise cessation in mice accustomed to wheel running. Increasing ambient temperature (from 21°C to 28°C) rapidly decreased energy expenditure, demonstrating that thermoregulatory energy expenditure contributes to both light cycle (40±1%) and dark cycle energy expenditure (15±3%) at normal ambient temperature (21°C). Reducing thermoregulatory energy expenditure acutely decreased food intake primarily during the light cycle (65±7%), thus conflicting with the delayed compensation model, but did not alter spontaneous activity. Acute exercise cessation decreased energy expenditure only during the dark cycle (14±2% at 21°C; 21±4% at 28°C), while food intake was reduced during the dark cycle (0.9±0.1 g) in mice housed at 28°C, but during the light cycle (0.3±0.1 g) in mice housed at 21°C. Cumulatively, there was a strong correlation between the change in daily energy expenditure and the change in daily food intake (R2 = 0.51, p<0.01). We conclude that acutely decreased energy expenditure decreases food intake suggesting that energy intake is regulated by metabolic signals that respond rapidly and accurately to reduced energy expenditure.
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