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Lynch L, McCarron M, McCallion P, Burke E. An exploration into self-reported inactivity behaviours of adults with an intellectual disability using physical activity questionnaires. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2024. [PMID: 39229682 DOI: 10.1111/jir.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inactivity is a correlate of adverse health. Adults with an intellectual disability (ID) are more inactive than the general population and often present with more complex health issues. Self-reported activity questionnaires such as the International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form (IPAQ-SF) and Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA) questionnaire are the predominant source of activity information because of their low cost, non-invasive nature, ease of administration and interpretation of results. METHODS Correlates of inactivity among the general and ID populations were identified through a literature scoping review. Inactivity was measured using the RAPA and the IPAQ-SF. A multiple-imputation chained equation was used to impute missing data. Using Pearson chi-squared analyses, relationships between these correlates as well as covariates of age, sex, level of ID, body mass index (BMI) and aetiology, and RAPA and IPAQ-SF categories were explored. Logistic regression provided more detailed analyses. Results were summarised using the Systems of Sedentary Behaviour framework. Spearman correlations examined the IPAQ-SF and RAPA relationships. RESULTS Three correlates for inactivity emerged from the IPAQ-SF and RAPA questionnaire. Up after 07:00 h was a correlate for both. Difficulty walking 100 yards and epilepsy were additional correlates of inactivity. Weak but significant correlations were seen between IPAQ-SF and RAPA scores. CONCLUSIONS High inactivity levels are present in adults with an ID. The IPAQ-SF and RAPA questionnaires are weakly correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lynch
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M McCarron
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P McCallion
- College of Public Health, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - E Burke
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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2
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Cerrito A, Fang J, Schertenleib SJG, Hunt KJ, Schmitt KU. First iteration of a User-Centered Design process to develop an in-bed leg press. Technol Health Care 2024:THC240816. [PMID: 39093093 DOI: 10.3233/thc-240816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical inactivity is prevalent among hospitalized patients and the daytime spent lying should be utilised for exercise. However, implementing new interventions in hospitals' complex daily routines is difficult and requires a participatory approach. OBJECTIVE Exploring clinical settings and clinicians' perspectives regarding exercise in hospitalized patients to gauge the potential of further development of an in-bed training device and to formulate development goals. METHODS A User-Centered Design approach was employed, consisting of work shadowing and focus groups with physiotherapists and nurses. Content and network analyses of the focus group data were performed. Personas were then developed and used to create clinical scenarios. RESULTS Some clinicians perceived in-bed exercise counterproductive, while others recognized potential for unsupervised training. The most important design characteristics appeared to be a small size, low weight and simplicity of use to facilitate storage, transportation, and administration, respectively. The scenarios revealed that the device's use could increase the physical activity time by 1.4%, although it would also increase the working time of clinicians. CONCLUSION The study highlighted the difficulties in developing a usable training device but encouraged the authors to pursue their efforts under the strict condition of following the formulated development goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Cerrito
- Academic-Practice-Partnership between Bern University of Applied Sciences and Insel Gruppe, School of Health Professions, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Juan Fang
- The Laboratory for Rehabilitation Engineering, Institute for Human Centered Engineering HuCE, School of Engineering and Computer Science, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Biel, Switzerland
| | - Simón Javier Gamero Schertenleib
- The Laboratory for Rehabilitation Engineering, Institute for Human Centered Engineering HuCE, School of Engineering and Computer Science, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Biel, Switzerland
| | - Kenneth James Hunt
- The Laboratory for Rehabilitation Engineering, Institute for Human Centered Engineering HuCE, School of Engineering and Computer Science, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Biel, Switzerland
| | - Kai-Uwe Schmitt
- Academic-Practice-Partnership between Bern University of Applied Sciences and Insel Gruppe, School of Health Professions, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Nursing, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
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Ru M, He J, Bai Y, Zhang K, Shi Q, Gao F, Wang Y, Li B, Shen L. Integration of Proteomic and Metabolomic Data Reveals the Lipid Metabolism Disorder in the Liver of Rats Exposed to Simulated Microgravity. Biomolecules 2024; 14:682. [PMID: 38927087 PMCID: PMC11201887 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-term exposure to microgravity is considered to cause liver lipid accumulation, thereby increasing the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among astronauts. However, the reasons for this persistence of symptoms remain insufficiently investigated. In this study, we used tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics techniques, as well as non-targeted metabolomics techniques based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), to comprehensively analyse the relative expression levels of proteins and the abundance of metabolites associated with lipid accumulation in rat liver tissues under simulated microgravity conditions. The differential analysis revealed 63 proteins and 150 metabolites between the simulated microgravity group and the control group. By integrating differentially expressed proteins and metabolites and performing pathway enrichment analysis, we revealed the dysregulation of major metabolic pathways under simulated microgravity conditions, including the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid metabolism, steroid hormone biosynthesis and butanoate metabolism, indicating disrupted liver metabolism in rats due to weightlessness. Finally, we examined differentially expressed proteins associated with lipid metabolism in the liver of rats exposed to stimulated microgravity. These findings contribute to identifying the key molecules affected by microgravity and could guide the design of rational nutritional or pharmacological countermeasures for astronauts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Ru
- School of Basic Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, China; (M.R.); (K.Z.)
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China;
| | - Jun He
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xi’an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi’an 710018, China;
| | - Yungang Bai
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.B.); (Y.W.)
| | - Kun Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, China; (M.R.); (K.Z.)
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China;
| | - Qianqian Shi
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China;
- School of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, China
| | - Fang Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China;
| | - Yunying Wang
- Department of Aerospace Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China; (Y.B.); (Y.W.)
| | - Baoli Li
- Yan’an Key Laboratory of Microbial Drug Innovation and Transformation, Yan’an University, Yan’an 716000, China
| | - Lan Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710032, China;
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4
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Mackenzie SW, Smith CP, Tremblay MF, Day BL, Reynolds RF. Bed rest impairs the vestibular control of balance. J Physiol 2024; 602:2985-2998. [PMID: 38766932 DOI: 10.1113/jp285834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Prolonged bed rest impairs standing balance but the underlying mechanisms are uncertain. Previous research suggests strength loss is not the cause, leaving impaired sensorimotor control as an alternative. Here we examine vestibular control of posture in 18 male volunteers before and after 60 days of bed rest. Stochastic vestibular stimulation (SVS) was used to evoke sway responses before, 1 and 6 days after bed rest under different head yaw orientations. The directional accuracy and precision of these responses were calculated from ground reaction force vectors. Bed rest caused up to 63% increases in spontaneous standing sway and 31% reductions in leg strength, changes which were uncorrelated. The increase in sway was exacerbated when the eyes were closed. Mean directions of SVS-evoked sway responses were unaffected, being directed towards the anodal ear and rotating in line with head orientation in the same way before and after bed rest. However, individual trial analysis revealed 25%-30% increases in directional variability, which were significantly correlated with the increase in spontaneous sway (r = 0.48-0.71; P ≤ 0.044) and were still elevated on day 6 post-bed rest. This reveals that individual sway responses may be inappropriately oriented, a finding masked by the averaging process. Our results confirm that impaired balance following prolonged bedrest is not related to loss of strength. Rather, they demonstrate that the sensorimotor transformation process which converts vestibular feedback into appropriately directed balance responses is impaired. KEY POINTS: Prolonged inactivity impairs balance but previous research suggests this is not caused by loss of strength. Here we investigated vestibular control of balance before and after 60 days of bed rest using electrical vestibular stimulation (EVS) to evoke sway responses. Spontaneous sway significantly increased and muscle strength reduced following bed rest, but, in keeping with previous research, these two effects were not correlated. While the overall accuracy of EVS-evoked sway responses was unaffected, their directional variability significantly increased following bed rest, and this was correlated with the increases in spontaneous sway. We have shown that the ability to transform head-centred vestibular feedback into an appropriately directed body sway response is negatively affected by prolonged inactivity; this may contribute to the impaired balance commonly observed following bed rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart W Mackenzie
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Craig P Smith
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Malcom F Tremblay
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Brian L Day
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Raymond F Reynolds
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Garthwaite T, Sjöros T, Laine S, Koivumäki M, Vähä-Ypyä H, Verho T, Norha J, Kallio P, Saarenhovi M, Löyttyniemi E, Sievänen H, Houttu N, Laitinen K, Kalliokoski KK, Vasankari T, Knuuti J, Heinonen I. Sedentary time associates detrimentally and physical activity beneficially with metabolic flexibility in adults with metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E503-E514. [PMID: 38416072 PMCID: PMC11194051 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00338.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic flexibility (MetFlex) describes the ability to respond and adapt to changes in metabolic demand and substrate availability. The relationship between physical (in)activity and MetFlex is unclear. This study aimed to determine whether sedentary time, physical activity (PA), and cardiorespiratory fitness associate with MetFlex. Sedentary time, standing, and PA were measured with accelerometers for 4 weeks in 64 sedentary adults with metabolic syndrome [37 women, 27 men; 58.3 (SD 6.8) years]. Fitness (V̇o2max; mL·kg-1·min-1) was measured with graded maximal cycle ergometry. MetFlex was assessed with indirect calorimetry as the change in respiratory exchange ratio (ΔRER) from fasting to insulin stimulation with hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp and from low-intensity to maximal exercise. Carbohydrate (CHOox) and fat oxidation (FATox) were calculated from respiratory gases. High sedentary time associated with higher fasting RER [β = 0.35 (95% confidence interval: 0.04, 0.67)], impaired insulin-stimulated MetFlex (ΔRER) [β=-0.41 (-0.72, -0.09)], and lower fasting FATox [β=-0.36 (-0.67, -0.04)]. Standing associated with lower fasting RER [β=-0.32 (-0.62, -0.02)]. Higher standing time and steps/day associated with higher fasting FATox [β = 0.31 (0.01, 0.61), and β = 0.26 (0.00, 0.53)]. Light-intensity and total PA associated with better insulin-stimulated MetFlex [β = 0.33 (0.05, 0.61)], and β = 0.33 (0.05, 0.60)]. Higher V̇o2max associated with higher CHOox during maximal exercise [β = 0.81 (0.62, 1.00)], as well as during insulin stimulation [β = 0.43 (0.13, 0.73)]. P values are less than 0.05 for all associations. Sedentary time and PA associate with MetFlex. Reducing sitting and increasing PA of even light intensity might aid in the prevention of metabolic diseases in risk populations through their potential effects on energy metabolism.NEW & NOTEWORTHY High accelerometer-assessed sedentary time associates with metabolic inflexibility measured during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp in adults with metabolic syndrome, and more light-intensity and total physical activity associate with more metabolic flexibility. Physical activity behaviors may thus play an important role in the regulation of fuel metabolism. This highlights the potential of reduced sedentary time and increased physical activity of any intensity to induce metabolic health benefits and help in disease prevention in risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taru Garthwaite
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tanja Sjöros
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Saara Laine
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikko Koivumäki
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Henri Vähä-Ypyä
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tiina Verho
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jooa Norha
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Petri Kallio
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Paavo Nurmi Centre and Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Saarenhovi
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Eliisa Löyttyniemi
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Harri Sievänen
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Noora Houttu
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirsi Laitinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kari K Kalliokoski
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Juhani Knuuti
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Heinonen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Dirks ML, Jameson TSO, Andrews RC, Dunlop MV, Abdelrahman DR, Murton AJ, Wall BT, Stephens FB. The impact of forearm immobilization and acipimox administration on muscle amino acid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in healthy, young volunteers. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E277-E289. [PMID: 38231001 PMCID: PMC11193527 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00345.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Although the mechanisms underpinning short-term muscle disuse atrophy and associated insulin resistance remain to be elucidated, perturbed lipid metabolism might be involved. Our aim was to determine the impact of acipimox administration [i.e., pharmacologically lowering circulating nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) availability] on muscle amino acid metabolism and insulin sensitivity during short-term disuse. Eighteen healthy individuals (age: 22 ± 1 years; body mass index: 24.0 ± 0.6 kg·m-2) underwent 2 days forearm immobilization with placebo (PLA; n = 9) or acipimox (ACI; 250 mg Olbetam; n = 9) ingestion four times daily. Before and after immobilization, whole body glucose disposal rate (GDR), forearm glucose uptake (FGU; i.e., muscle insulin sensitivity), and amino acid kinetics were measured under fasting and hyperinsulinemic-hyperaminoacidemic-euglycemic clamp conditions using forearm balance and l-[ring-2H5]-phenylalanine infusions. Immobilization did not affect GDR but decreased insulin-stimulated FGU in both groups, more so in ACI (from 53 ± 8 to 12 ± 5 µmol·min-1) than PLA (from 52 ± 8 to 38 ± 13 µmol·min-1; P < 0.05). In ACI only, and in contrast to our hypothesis, fasting arterialized NEFA concentrations were elevated to 1.3 ± 0.1 mmol·L-1 postimmobilization (P < 0.05), and fasting forearm NEFA balance increased approximately fourfold (P = 0.10). Forearm phenylalanine net balance decreased following immobilization (P < 0.10), driven by an increased rate of appearance [from 32 ± 5 (fasting) and 21 ± 4 (clamp) preimmobilization to 53 ± 8 and 31 ± 4 postimmobilization; P < 0.05] while the rate of disappearance was unaffected by disuse or acipimox. Disuse-induced insulin resistance is accompanied by early signs of negative net muscle amino acid balance, which is driven by accelerated muscle amino acid efflux. Acutely elevated NEFA availability worsened muscle insulin resistance without affecting amino acid kinetics, suggesting increased muscle NEFA uptake may contribute to inactivity-induced insulin resistance but does not cause anabolic resistance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that 2 days of forearm cast immobilization in healthy young volunteers leads to the rapid development of insulin resistance, which is accompanied by accelerated muscle amino acid efflux in the absence of impaired muscle amino acid uptake. Acutely elevated fasting nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) availability as a result of acipimox supplementation worsened muscle insulin resistance without affecting amino acid kinetics, suggesting increased muscle NEFA uptake may contribute to inactivity-induced insulin resistance but does not cause anabolic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlou L Dirks
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom S O Jameson
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Rob C Andrews
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health and Care Research Exeter Biomedical Research Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mandy V Dunlop
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Doaa R Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Andrew J Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
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Olenick AA, Pearson RC, Jenkins NT. Impact of aerobic fitness status, menstrual cycle phase, and oral contraceptive use on exercise substrate oxidation and metabolic flexibility in females. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:93-104. [PMID: 37657080 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The influence of menstrual cycle phase and fitness status on metabolism during high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) was assessed. Twenty-five females (24.4 (3.6) years) were categorized by normal menstrual cycle (n = 14) vs. oral contraceptive (OC) use (n = 11) and by aerobic fitness, high-fitness females (HFF; n = 13) vs. low-fitness females (LFF; n = 12). HIIE was four sets of four repetitions with a 3 min rest between intervals on a cycle ergometer at a power output halfway between the ventilatory threshold and V̇O2peak and performed during follicular (FOL: days 2-7 or inactive pills) and luteal phases (LUT: day ∼21 or 3rd week of active pills). Substrate oxidation was assessed via indirect calorimetry, blood lactate via finger stick, and recovery of skeletal muscle oxidative metabolism (mV̇O2) via continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy. HFF oxidized more fat (g·kg-1) during the full session (FOL: p = 0.050, LUT: p = 0.001), high intervals (FOL: p = 0.048, LUT: p = 0.001), low intervals (FOL: p = 0.032, LUT: p = 0.024), and LUT recovery (p = 0.033). Carbohydrate oxidation area under the curve was greater in HFF during FOL (FOL: p = 0.049, LUT: p = 0.124). Blood lactate was lower in LFF in FOL (p ≤ 0.05) but not in LUT. Metabolic flexibility (Δ fat oxidation g·kg-1·min-1) was greater in HFF than LFF during intervals 2-3 in FOL and 1-4 in LUT (p ≤ 0.05). Fitness status more positively influences exercise metabolic flexibility during HIIE than cycle phase or OC use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A Olenick
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical School, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Regis C Pearson
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Education, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Nathan T Jenkins
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Education, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Noone J, Damiot A, Kenny H, Chery I, Zahariev A, Normand S, Crampes F, de Glisezinski I, Rochfort KD, Laurens C, Bareille MP, Simon C, Bergouignan A, Blanc S, O'Gorman DJ. The impact of 60 days of -6° head down tilt bed rest on mitochondrial content, respiration and regulators of mitochondrial dynamics. J Physiol 2023. [PMID: 38050414 DOI: 10.1113/jp284734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unclear how skeletal muscle metabolism and mitochondrial function adapt to long duration bed rest and whether changes can be prevented by nutritional intervention. The present study aimed (1) to assess the effect of prolonged bed rest on skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and dynamics and (2) to determine whether micronutrient supplementation would mitigate the adverse metabolic effect of bed rest. Participants were maintained in energy balance throughout 60 days of bed rest with micronutrient supplementation (INT) (body mass index: 23.747 ± 1.877 kg m-2 ; 34.80 ± 7.451 years; n = 10) or without (control) (body mass index: 24.087 ± 2.088 kg m-2 ; 33.50 ± 8.541 years; n = 10). Indirect calorimetry and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry were used for measures of energy expenditure, exercise capacity and body composition. Mitochondrial respiration was determined by high-resolution respirometry in permeabilized muscle fibre bundles from vastus lateralis biopsies. Protein and mRNA analysis further examined the metabolic changes relating to regulators of mitochondrial dynamics induced by bed rest. INT was not sufficient in preserving whole body metabolic changes conducive of a decrease in body mass, fat-free mass and exercise capacity within both groups. Mitochondrial respiration, OPA1 and Drp1 protein expression decreased with bed rest, with an increase pDrp1s616 . This reduction in mitochondrial respiration was explained through an observed decrease in mitochondrial content (mtDNA:nDNA). Changes in regulators of mitochondrial dynamics indicate an increase in mitochondrial fission driven by a decrease in inner mitochondrial membrane fusion (OPA1) and increased pDrp1s616 . KEY POINTS: Sixty days of -6° head down tilt bed rest leads to significant changes in body composition, exercise capacity and whole-body substrate metabolism. Micronutrient supplementation throughout bed rest did not preserve whole body metabolic changes. Bed rest results in a decrease in skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity, mainly as a result of an observed decrease in mitochondrial content. Prolonged bed rest ensues changes in key regulators of mitochondrial dynamics. OPA1 and Drp1 are significantly reduced, with an increase in pDrp1s616 following bed rest indicative of an increase in mitochondrial fission. Given the reduction in mitochondrial content following 60 days of bed rest, the maintenance of regulators of mitophagy in line with the increase in regulators of mitochondrial fission may act to maintain mitochondrial respiration to meet energy demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Noone
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- National Institute for Cellular and Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Anthony Damiot
- CNRS UMR7178, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Helena Kenny
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- National Institute for Cellular and Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Isabelle Chery
- CNRS UMR7178, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alexandre Zahariev
- CNRS UMR7178, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sylvie Normand
- CarMen Laboratory, INSERM 1060, INRA 1397, University Claude Bernard Lyon1, Human Nutrition Research Center Rhône-Alpes, Oullins, France
| | - François Crampes
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Sports Medicine, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases and University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University and Toulouse University Hospitals, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle de Glisezinski
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Sports Medicine, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases and University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University and Toulouse University Hospitals, Toulouse, France
| | - Keith D Rochfort
- National Institute for Cellular and Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community Health, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire Laurens
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Sports Medicine, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases and University of Toulouse, Paul Sabatier University and Toulouse University Hospitals, Toulouse, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1048, Obesity Research Laboratory, Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Chantal Simon
- CarMen Laboratory, INSERM 1060, INRA 1397, University Claude Bernard Lyon1, Human Nutrition Research Center Rhône-Alpes, Oullins, France
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- CNRS UMR7178, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- CNRS UMR7178, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Donal J O'Gorman
- School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
- National Institute for Cellular and Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Lacerda DR, Nunes-Silva A, Silveira ALM, Costa KA, Rodrigues DF, Moraes MM, Pinho V, Menezes GB, Teixeira MM, Wanner SP, Soares DD, Ferreira AVM. Acute exercise modulates the inflammatory response in adipose tissue in both lean and obese mice. Nutrition 2023; 115:112092. [PMID: 37549454 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acute physical exercise acts as a metabolic stressor, promoting activation of the immune system, and this response could be relevant in the adipose tissue remodeling process. In addition, some cytokines have important functions in lipolysis. Because chronic exercise improves obesity-related metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction, herein we investigated the effect of acute exercise on the inflammatory responses in the adipose tissues of lean and obese mice. METHODS Lean mice were fed a standard chow diet, whereas obese mice were fed a high-refined carbohydrate diet for 8 wk. Both groups were subjected to 60 min of moderate-intensity exercise. RESULTS In the epididymal adipose tissue of lean mice, exercise enhanced interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α levels, which correlated positively with increased serum free fatty acid concentrations. In vivo confocal imaging of epididymal adipose tissue vessels revealed higher recruitment of neutrophils after exercise. Also, the number of leukocytes expressing CD11b+F480- was elevated 6 h after exercise. Similarly, the chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 level increased at 6 h and remained high until 24 h after exercise. Myeloperoxidase activity was increased at 6, 12, and 24 h after exercise. Surprisingly, however, no changes were observed in epididymal adipose tissue from obese mice, considering proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α). On the other hand, IL-13, IL-4, and IL-10 levels were higher in obese mice after exercise. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that acute exercise promotes an inflammatory response in the adipose tissue of lean mice that is observed as part of its role in adipose tissue remodeling. In contrast, acute exercise promotes an antiinflammatory response in adipose tissue from obese mice, likely as an important tool for restoring homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Romualdo Lacerda
- Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Albená Nunes-Silva
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | - Kátia Anunciação Costa
- Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Débora Fernandes Rodrigues
- Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Michele Macedo Moraes
- Department of Physical Education, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Batista Menezes
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Samuel Penna Wanner
- Department of Physical Education, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Danusa Dias Soares
- Department of Physical Education, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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10
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Dirks ML, Jameson TS, Andrews RC, Dunlop MV, Abdelrahman DR, Murton AJ, Wall BT, Stephens FB. The impact of short-term forearm immobilization and acipimox administration on muscle amino acid metabolism and insulin sensitivity in healthy, young volunteers. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.10.561668. [PMID: 37873346 PMCID: PMC10592751 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.10.561668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underpinning short-term muscle disuse atrophy remain to be elucidated, but perturbations in lipid metabolism may be involved. Specifically, positive muscle non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) balance has been implicated in the development of disuse-induced insulin and anabolic resistance. Our aim was to determine the impact of acipimox administration (i.e. pharmacologically lowering circulating NEFA availability) on muscle amino acid metabolism and insulin sensitivity during short-term disuse. Eighteen healthy individuals (age 22±1 years, BMI 24.0±0.6 kg·m-2) underwent 2 days of forearm cast immobilization with placebo (PLA; n=9, 5M/4F) or acipimox (ACI; 250 mg Olbetam; n=9, 4M/5F) ingestion four times daily. Before and after immobilization, whole-body glucose disposal rate (GDR), forearm glucose uptake (FGU, i.e. muscle insulin sensitivity), and amino acid kinetics were measured under fasting and hyperinsulinaemic-hyperaminoacidaemic-euglycaemic clamp conditions using arteriovenous forearm balance and intravenous L-[ring-2H5]phenylalanine infusions. Immobilization did not affect GDR but decreased insulin-stimulated FGU in both groups, but to a greater degree in ACI (from 53±8 to 12±5 μmol·min-1) than in PLA (from 52±8 to 38±13 μmol·min-1; P<0.05). In ACI only, fasting arterialised NEFA concentrations were elevated to 1.3±0.1 mmol·L-1 post-immobilization (P<0.05), and fasting forearm NEFA balance increased ~4-fold (P=0.10). Forearm phenylalanine net balance tended to decrease following immobilization (P<0.10), driven by increases in phenylalanine rates of appearance (from 32±5 (fasting) and 21±4 (clamp) pre-immobilization to 53±8 and 31±4 post-immobilization; P<0.05) while rates of disappearance were unaffected and no effects of acipimox observed. Altogether, we show disuse-induced insulin resistance is accompanied by early signs of negative net muscle amino acid balance, which is driven by accelerated muscle amino acid efflux. Acutely elevated NEFA availability worsened muscle insulin resistance without affecting muscle amino acid kinetics, suggesting that disuse-associated increased muscle NEFA uptake may contribute to inactivity-induced insulin resistance but does not represent an early mechanism causing anabolic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlou L. Dirks
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom S.O. Jameson
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Rob C. Andrews
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Exeter Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), Exeter, UK
| | - Mandy V. Dunlop
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Doaa R. Abdelrahman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew J. Murton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Sealy Center on Aging, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Benjamin T. Wall
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
| | - Francis B. Stephens
- Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, UK
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11
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Robin A, Van Ombergen A, Laurens C, Bergouignan A, Vico L, Linossier MT, Pavy-Le Traon A, Kermorgant M, Chopard A, Py G, Green DA, Tipton M, Choukér A, Denise P, Normand H, Blanc S, Simon C, Rosnet E, Larcher F, Fernandez P, de Glisezinski I, Larrouy D, Harant-Farrugia I, Antunes I, Gauquelin-Koch G, Bareille MP, Billette De Villemeur R, Custaud MA, Navasiolava N. Comprehensive assessment of physiological responses in women during the ESA dry immersion VIVALDI microgravity simulation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6311. [PMID: 37813884 PMCID: PMC10562467 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41990-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Astronauts in microgravity experience multi-system deconditioning, impacting their inflight efficiency and inducing dysfunctions upon return to Earth gravity. To fill the sex gap of knowledge in the health impact of spaceflights, we simulate microgravity with a 5-day dry immersion in 18 healthy women (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05043974). Here we show that dry immersion rapidly induces a sedentarily-like metabolism shift mimicking the beginning of a metabolic syndrome with a drop in glucose tolerance, an increase in the atherogenic index of plasma, and an impaired lipid profile. Bone remodeling markers suggest a decreased bone formation coupled with an increased bone resorption. Fluid shifts and muscular unloading participate to a marked cardiovascular and sensorimotor deconditioning with decreased orthostatic tolerance, aerobic capacity, and postural balance. Collected datasets provide a comprehensive multi-systemic assessment of dry immersion effects in women and pave the way for future sex-based evaluations of countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Robin
- Univ Angers, CRC, CHU Angers, Inserm, CNRS, MITOVASC, Equipe CARME, SFR ICAT, F-49000, Angers, France.
| | | | - Claire Laurens
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Laurence Vico
- INSERM, University Jean Monnet, Mines Saint-Etienne, U 1059, Saint Etienne, France
| | | | - Anne Pavy-Le Traon
- Department of Neurology, CHU Toulouse and I2MC-INSERM 1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Marc Kermorgant
- Department of Neurology, CHU Toulouse and I2MC-INSERM 1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Angèle Chopard
- DMEM, Montpellier University, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Py
- DMEM, Montpellier University, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - David Andrew Green
- Centre of Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Tipton
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, PO1 2EF, UK
| | - Alexander Choukér
- Laboratory of Translational Research Stress and Immunity, Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LUM), Munich, Germany
| | - Pierre Denise
- Université de Caen Normandie, Inserm, COMETE U1075, CYCERON, CHU de Caen, F-14000, Caen, France
| | - Hervé Normand
- Université de Caen Normandie, Inserm, COMETE U1075, CYCERON, CHU de Caen, F-14000, Caen, France
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- DEPE-IPHC - Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Chantal Simon
- CarMeN Laboratory, INSERM 1060, INRA 1397, University Claude Bernard Lyon1, Human Nutrition Research Center Rhône-Alpes, Oullins, France
| | - Elisabeth Rosnet
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | | | - Peter Fernandez
- INSERM, University Jean Monnet, Mines Saint-Etienne, U 1059, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Isabelle de Glisezinski
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Larrouy
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Harant-Farrugia
- Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM, Paul Sabatier University, UMR1297, Toulouse, France
| | - Inês Antunes
- Telespazio Belgium S.R.L. for the European Space Agency, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Marc-Antoine Custaud
- Univ Angers, CRC, CHU Angers, Inserm, CNRS, MITOVASC, Equipe CARME, SFR ICAT, F-49000, Angers, France.
| | - Nastassia Navasiolava
- Univ Angers, CRC, CHU Angers, Inserm, CNRS, MITOVASC, Equipe CARME, SFR ICAT, F-49000, Angers, France.
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12
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Pinto AJ, Bergouignan A, Dempsey PC, Roschel H, Owen N, Gualano B, Dunstan DW. Physiology of sedentary behavior. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2561-2622. [PMID: 37326297 PMCID: PMC10625842 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00022.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Sedentary behaviors (SB) are characterized by low energy expenditure while in a sitting or reclining posture. Evidence relevant to understanding the physiology of SB can be derived from studies employing several experimental models: bed rest, immobilization, reduced step count, and reducing/interrupting prolonged SB. We examine the relevant physiological evidence relating to body weight and energy balance, intermediary metabolism, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, the musculoskeletal system, the central nervous system, and immunity and inflammatory responses. Excessive and prolonged SB can lead to insulin resistance, vascular dysfunction, shift in substrate use toward carbohydrate oxidation, shift in muscle fiber from oxidative to glycolytic type, reduced cardiorespiratory fitness, loss of muscle mass and strength and bone mass, and increased total body fat mass and visceral fat depot, blood lipid concentrations, and inflammation. Despite marked differences across individual studies, longer term interventions aimed at reducing/interrupting SB have resulted in small, albeit marginally clinically meaningful, benefits on body weight, waist circumference, percent body fat, fasting glucose, insulin, HbA1c and HDL concentrations, systolic blood pressure, and vascular function in adults and older adults. There is more limited evidence for other health-related outcomes and physiological systems and for children and adolescents. Future research should focus on the investigation of molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning adaptations to increasing and reducing/interrupting SB and the necessary changes in SB and physical activity to impact physiological systems and overall health in diverse population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana J Pinto
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Paddy C Dempsey
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Diabetes Research Centre, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Neville Owen
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Urban Transitions, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- Food Research Center, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - David W Dunstan
- Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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13
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Lee YJ, Moon YS, Kwon DR, Cho SC, Kim EH. Polydeoxyribonucleotide and Shock Wave Therapy Sequence Efficacy in Regenerating Immobilized Rabbit Calf Muscles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12820. [PMID: 37629001 PMCID: PMC10454565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study primarily aimed to investigate the combined effects of polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) and extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) sequences on the regenerative processes in atrophied animal muscles. Thirty male New Zealand rabbits, aged 12 weeks, were divided into five groups: normal saline (Group 1), PDRN (Group 2), ESWT (Group 3), PDRN injection before ESWT (Group 4), and PDRN injection after ESWT (Group 5). After 2 weeks of cast immobilization, the respective treatments were administered to the atrophied calf muscles. Radial ESWT was performed twice weekly. Calf circumference, tibial nerve compound muscle action potential (CMAP), and gastrocnemius (GCM) muscle thickness after 2 weeks of treatment were evaluated. Histological and immunohistochemical staining, as well as Western blot analysis, were conducted 2 weeks post-treatment. Staining intensity and extent were assessed using semi-quantitative scores. Groups 4 and 5 demonstrated significantly greater calf muscle circumference, GCM muscle thickness, tibial nerve CMAP, and GCM muscle fiber cross-sectional area (type I, type II, and total) than the remaining three groups (p < 0.05), while they did not differ significantly in these parameters. Groups 2 and 3 showed higher values for all the mentioned parameters than Group 1 (p < 0.05). Group 4 had the greatest ratio of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) in the GCM muscle fibers compared to the other four groups (p < 0.05). Western blot analysis revealed significantly higher expression of angiogenesis cytokines in Groups 4 and 5 than in the other groups (p < 0.05). The combination of ESWT and PDRN injection demonstrated superior regenerative efficacy for atrophied calf muscle tissue in rabbit models compared to these techniques alone or saline. In particular, administering ESWT after PDRN injection yielded the most favorable outcomes in specific parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Jin Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31538, Republic of Korea;
| | - Yong Suk Moon
- Department of Anatomy, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea;
| | - Dong Rak Kwon
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sung Cheol Cho
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea;
| | - Eun Ho Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Radiology, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu 42472, Republic of Korea;
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14
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Archer E, Hill JO. Body and Fat mass are not Regulated, Controlled, or Defended: An introduction to the Invisible Hand' and 'Competition' Models of Metabolism. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 79:56-64. [PMID: 36283496 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents two inter-dependent frameworks for understanding the etiology of obesity and the regain of body and fat mass after weight loss. The 'Invisible Hand of Metabolism' illustrates how physiologic states such as body and fat mass and blood glucose levels arise from the unregulated, uncontrolled, yet competitive behavior of trillions of semi-autonomous cells. The 'Competition Model of Metabolism' is an explanatory (mechanistic) framework that details how organismal and cell-specific behaviors generate the apparent stability of physiologic states despite metabolic perturbations (e.g., weight-loss and exercise). Together, these frameworks show that body and fat mass and blood glucose levels are not regulated, controlled, or defended but emerge from the complexity and functional plasticity of competitive cellular relations. Therefore, we argue that the use of abstract constructs such as 'regulation', 'control', 'glucostats', 'adipostats', and 'set-/settling-points' hinders the understanding of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases in human and nonhuman mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James O Hill
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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15
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Trim WV, Walhin JP, Koumanov F, Turner JE, Shur NF, Simpson EJ, Macdonald IA, Greenhaff PL, Thompson D. The impact of physical inactivity on glucose homeostasis when diet is adjusted to maintain energy balance in healthy, young males. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:532-540. [PMID: 36857962 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS It is unclear if dietary adjustments to maintain energy balance during reduced physical activity can offset inactivity-induced reductions in insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal to produce normal daily glucose concentrations and meal responses. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the impact of long-term physical inactivity (60 days of bed rest) on daily glycemia when in energy balance. METHODS Interstitial glucose concentrations were measured using Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems (CGMS) for 5 days before and towards the end of bed rest in 20 healthy, young males (Age: 34 ± 8 years; BMI: 23.5 ± 1.8 kg/m2). Energy intake was reduced during bed rest to match energy expenditure, but the types of foods and timing of meals was maintained. Fasting venous glucose and insulin concentrations were determined, as well as the change in whole-body glucose disposal using a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp (HIEC). RESULTS Following long-term bed rest, fasting plasma insulin concentration increased 40% (p = 0.004) and glucose disposal during the HIEC decreased 24% (p < 0.001). Interstitial daily glucose total area under the curve (tAUC) from pre-to post-bed rest increased on average by 6% (p = 0.041), despite a 20 and 25% reduction in total caloric and carbohydrate intake, respectively. The nocturnal period (00:00-06:00) showed the greatest change to glycemia with glucose tAUC for this period increasing by 9% (p = 0.005). CGMS measures of daily glycemic variability (SD, J-Index, M-value and MAG) were not changed during bed rest. CONCLUSIONS Reduced physical activity (bed rest) increases glycemia even when daily energy intake is reduced to maintain energy balance. However, the disturbance to daily glucose homeostasis was much more modest than the reduced capacity to dispose of glucose, and glycemic variability was not negatively affected by bed rest, likely due to positive mitigating effects from the contemporaneous reduction in dietary energy and carbohydrate intake. CLINICAL TRIALS RECORD NCT03594799 (registered July 20, 2018) (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03594799).
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Affiliation(s)
- William V Trim
- University of Bath, Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism (CNEM), Department for Health, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Philippe Walhin
- University of Bath, Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism (CNEM), Department for Health, United Kingdom
| | - Francoise Koumanov
- University of Bath, Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism (CNEM), Department for Health, United Kingdom
| | - James E Turner
- University of Bath, Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism (CNEM), Department for Health, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie F Shur
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth J Simpson
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ian A Macdonald
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul L Greenhaff
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom; MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Dylan Thompson
- University of Bath, Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism (CNEM), Department for Health, United Kingdom.
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16
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San-Millán I. The Key Role of Mitochondrial Function in Health and Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040782. [PMID: 37107158 PMCID: PMC10135185 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of mitochondrial function in health and disease has become increasingly recognized, particularly in the last two decades. Mitochondrial dysfunction as well as disruptions of cellular bioenergetics have been shown to be ubiquitous in some of the most prevalent diseases in our society, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease. However, the etiology and pathogenesis of mitochondrial dysfunction in multiple diseases have yet to be elucidated, making it one of the most significant medical challenges in our history. However, the rapid advances in our knowledge of cellular metabolism coupled with the novel understanding at the molecular and genetic levels show tremendous promise to one day elucidate the mysteries of this ancient organelle in order to treat it therapeutically when needed. Mitochondrial DNA mutations, infections, aging, and a lack of physical activity have been identified to be major players in mitochondrial dysfunction in multiple diseases. This review examines the complexities of mitochondrial function, whose ancient incorporation into eukaryotic cells for energy purposes was key for the survival and creation of new species. Among these complexities, the tightly intertwined bioenergetics derived from the combustion of alimentary substrates and oxygen are necessary for cellular homeostasis, including the production of reactive oxygen species. This review discusses different etiological mechanisms by which mitochondria could become dysregulated, determining the fate of multiple tissues and organs and being a protagonist in the pathogenesis of many non-communicable diseases. Finally, physical activity is a canonical evolutionary characteristic of humans that remains embedded in our genes. The normalization of a lack of physical activity in our modern society has led to the perception that exercise is an "intervention". However, physical activity remains the modus vivendi engrained in our genes and being sedentary has been the real intervention and collateral effect of modern societies. It is well known that a lack of physical activity leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and, hence, it probably becomes a major etiological factor of many non-communicable diseases affecting modern societies. Since physical activity remains the only stimulus we know that can improve and maintain mitochondrial function, a significant emphasis on exercise promotion should be imperative in order to prevent multiple diseases. Finally, in populations with chronic diseases where mitochondrial dysfunction is involved, an individualized exercise prescription should be crucial for the "metabolic rehabilitation" of many patients. From lessons learned from elite athletes (the perfect human machines), it is possible to translate and apply multiple concepts to the betterment of populations with chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñigo San-Millán
- Department of Human Physiology and Nutrition, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO 80198, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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17
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Association of the COVID-19 pandemic with changes in objectively measured sedentary behaviour and adiposity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:375-381. [PMID: 36792912 PMCID: PMC9931562 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01274-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have reported that the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has increased sedentary behaviour and obesity; however, these analyses used self-reported data, and the association between sedentary behaviour and visceral fat and adipocytokines during the COVID-19 pandemic remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the association of the COVID-19 pandemic with objectively measured sedentary behaviour and these obesity-related factors. METHODS Longitudinal analysis was conducted on 257 Japanese participants who underwent health check-ups in 2018 before and in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. For both time points, sedentary behaviour was measured using an accelerometer for at least 7 days, visceral fat area (VFA) was measured using abdominal bioelectrical impedance analysis, and blood adiponectin level was measured using latex agglutination turbidimetric immunoassay. Multiple linear regression was performed to determine the association between sedentary behaviour and these outcomes. RESULTS Compared with data in 2018, sedentary behaviour and VFA were significantly increased (P < 0.001, P = 0.006) whereas adiponectin level was significantly decreased (P < 0.001) in 2020. Increased sedentary behaviour was significantly associated with an increase in VFA (β = 3.85, 95% CI 1.22-6.49, P = 0.004) and a decrease in adiponectin level (β = -0.04, 95% CI -0.06 to -0.01, P = 0.005). However, the association of sedentary behaviour with adiponectin level was not significant after considering the effects of VFA. CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with objectively measured sedentary behaviour and obesity-related factors in Japanese adults. Additionally, an increase in sedentary behaviour was associated with an increase in VFA, whereas the association of sedentary behaviour with adiponectin was partly mediated by VFA. These results suggest that avoiding increasing sedentary time is important to prevent visceral adiposity thereby ameliorating adiponectin, especially during behavioural limitations such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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18
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Reliability and feasibility of skeletal muscle ultrasound in the acute burn setting. Burns 2023; 49:68-79. [PMID: 35361498 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite the impact of muscle wasting after burn, tools to quantify muscle wasting are lacking. This multi-centre study examined the utility of ultrasound to measure muscle mass in acute burn patients comparing different methodologies. METHODS B-mode ultrasound was used by two raters to determine feasibility and inter-rater reliability in twenty burned adults following admission. Quadriceps muscle layer thickness (QMLT) and rectus femoris cross-sectional area (RF-CSA) were measured, comparing the use of i) a single versus average measurements, ii) a proximal versus distal location for QMLT, and iii) a maximum- versus no-compression technique for QMLT. RESULTS Analysis of twenty burned adults (50 years [95%CI 42-57], 32%TBSA [95%CI 23-40]) yielded ICCs of> 0.97 for QMLT (for either location and compression technique) and> 0.95 for RF-CSA, using average measurements. Relative minimal detectable changes were smaller using no-compression than maximum-compression (6.5% vs. 15%). Using no-compression to measure QMLT was deemed feasible for both proximal and distal locations (94% and 96% of attempted measurements). In 9.5% of cases maximum-compression was not feasible. 95% of RF-CSA measurements were successfully completed. CONCLUSION Ultrasound provides feasible and reliable values of quadriceps muscle architecture that can be adapted to clinical scenarios commonly encountered in acute burn settings.
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19
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Spartano NL, Wang R, Yang Q, Chernofsky A, Murabito JM, Vasan RS, Levy D, Beiser AS, Seshadri S. Association of Accelerometer-Measured Physical Activity and Sedentary Time with Epigenetic Markers of Aging. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2023; 55:264-272. [PMID: 36107108 PMCID: PMC9840651 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE Physical activity may influence chronic disease risk, in part, through epigenetic mechanisms. Previous studies have demonstrated that an acute bout of physical activity can influence DNA methylation status. Few studies have explored the relationship between habitual, accelerometer-measured physical activity or sedentary time with epigenetic markers of aging. METHODS We used linear regression to examine cross-sectional associations of accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary time with extrinsic and intrinsic epigenetic age acceleration (EEAA and IEAA) models and GrimAge measured from blood samples from Framingham Heart Study participants with accelerometry and DNA methylation data ( n = 2435; mean age, 54.9 ± 14.3; 46.0% men). Residuals of Hannum-, Horvath-, and GrimAge-predicted epigenetic age were calculated by regressing epigenetic age on chronological age. We took into account blood cell composition for EEAA, IEAA, and AdjGrimAge. Moderate to vigorous physical activity was log-transformed to normalize its distribution. Adjustment models accounted for family structure, age, sex, smoking status, cohort-laboratory indicator, and accelerometer wear time. We additionally explored adjustment for body mass index (BMI). RESULTS Walking 1500 more steps per day or spending 3 fewer hours sedentary was associated with >10 months lower GrimAge biological age (or ~1 month lower AdjGrimAge, after adjusting for blood cells, P < 0.05). Every 5 min·d -1 more moderate to vigorous physical activity was associated with 19-79 d of lower GrimAge (4-23 d lower using EEAA or AdjGrimAge, P < 0.01). Adjusting for BMI attenuated these results, but all statistically significant associations with AdjGrimAge remained. CONCLUSIONS Greater habitual physical activity and lower sedentary time were associated with lower epigenetic age, which was partially explained by BMI. Further research should explore whether changes in physical activity influence methylation status and whether those modifications influence chronic disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruiqi Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH), Boston, MA
| | - Qiong Yang
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH), Boston, MA
| | - Ariel Chernofsky
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health (BUSPH), Boston, MA
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20
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Raymond-Pope CJ, Basten AM, Bruzina AS, McFaline-Figueroa J, Lillquist TJ, Call JA, Greising SM. Restricted physical activity after volumetric muscle loss alters whole-body and local muscle metabolism. J Physiol 2023; 601:743-761. [PMID: 36536512 PMCID: PMC9931639 DOI: 10.1113/jp283959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is the traumatic loss of skeletal muscle, resulting in chronic functional deficits and pathological comorbidities, including altered whole-body metabolic rate and respiratory exchange ratio (RER), despite no change in physical activity in animal models. In other injury models, treatment with β2 receptor agonists (e.g. formoterol) improves metabolic and skeletal muscle function. We aimed first to examine if restricting physical activity following injury affects metabolic and skeletal muscle function, and second, to enhance the metabolic and contractile function of the muscle remaining following VML injury through treatment with formoterol. Adult male C57Bl/6J mice (n = 32) underwent VML injury to the posterior hindlimb compartment and were randomly assigned to unrestricted or restricted activity and formoterol treatment or no treatment; age-matched injury naïve mice (n = 4) were controls for biochemical analyses. Longitudinal 24 h evaluations of physical activity and whole-body metabolism were conducted following VML. In vivo muscle function was assessed terminally, and muscles were biochemically evaluated for protein expression, mitochondrial enzyme activity and untargeted metabolomics. Restricting activity chronically after VML had the greatest effect on physical activity and RER, reflected in reduced lipid oxidation, although changes were attenuated by formoterol treatment. Formoterol enhanced injured muscle mass, while mitigating functional deficits. These novel findings indicate physical activity restriction may recapitulate following VML clinically, and adjunctive oxidative treatment may create a metabolically beneficial intramuscular environment while enhancing the injured muscle's mass and force-producing capacity. Further investigation is needed to evaluate adjunctive oxidative treatment with rehabilitation, which may augment the muscle's regenerative and functional capacity following VML. KEY POINTS: The natural ability of skeletal muscle to regenerate and recover function is lost following complex traumatic musculoskeletal injury, such as volumetric muscle loss (VML), and physical inactivity following VML may incur additional deleterious consequences for muscle and metabolic health. Modelling VML injury-induced physical activity restriction altered whole-body metabolism, primarily by decreasing lipid oxidation, while preserving local skeletal muscle metabolic activity. The β2 adrenergic receptor agonist formoterol has shown promise in other severe injury models to improve regeneration, recover function and enhance metabolism. Treatment with formoterol enhanced mass of the injured muscle and whole-body metabolism while mitigating functional deficits resulting from injury. Understanding of chronic effects of the clinically available and FDA-approved pharmaceutical formoterol could be a translational option to support muscle function after VML injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alec M. Basten
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Angela S. Bruzina
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | | | | | - Jarrod A. Call
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sarah M. Greising
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
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21
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Bourdier P, Simon C, Bessesen DH, Blanc S, Bergouignan A. The role of physical activity in the regulation of body weight: The overlooked contribution of light physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Obes Rev 2023; 24:e13528. [PMID: 36394185 PMCID: PMC10910694 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The role of physical activity (PA) in the regulation of body weight is still a major topic of debate. This may be because studies have essentially focused on the effects of moderate/vigorous PA (MVPA) on body weight while overlooking the other components of PA, namely, light-intensity PA (LPA, daily life activities) and sedentary behaviors (SB, too much sitting). In this review, we will (i) describe the history of changes in PA behaviors that occurred with modernization; (ii) review data from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that examined the associations between PA, SB, and measures of obesity; (iii) review interventional studies that investigated the effects of changes in PA and SB on body weight and adiposity; and (iv) discuss experimental studies that addressed potential biological mechanisms underlying the effects of PA and SB on weight regulation. Overall recent findings support the importance of considering all components of PA to better understand the regulation of energy balance and suggest an important role for LPA and SB in addition to MVPA on body weight regulation. Longitudinal large-scale rigorous studies are needed to advance our knowledge of the role of PA/SB in combating the obesity epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bourdier
- CNRS IPHC UMR 7178 Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Chantal Simon
- CarMen Laboratory, INSERM 1060, INRAE 1397, University of Lyon, Oullins, France
- Human Nutrition Research Centre of Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Daniel H. Bessesen
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- CNRS IPHC UMR 7178 Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- CNRS IPHC UMR 7178 Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, Division of Endocrinology, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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22
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Pesola AJ, Gao Y, Finni T. Responsiveness of electromyographically assessed skeletal muscle inactivity: methodological exploration and implications for health benefits. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20867. [PMID: 36460701 PMCID: PMC9718848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged sedentary behaviour is detrimental to health due to low contractile activity in large lower extremity muscle groups. This muscle inactivity can be measured with electromyography (EMG), but it is unknown how methodological factors affect responsiveness longitudinally. This study ranks 16 different EMG inactivity thresholds based on their responsiveness (absolute and standardized effect size, responsiveness) using data from a randomized controlled trial targeted at reducing and breaking up sedentary time (InPact, ISRCTN28668090). EMG inactivity duration and usual EMG inactivity bout duration (weighted median of bout lengths) were measured from large lower extremity muscle groups (quadriceps, hamstring) with EMG-sensing shorts. The results showed that the EMG inactivity threshold above signal baseline (3 μV) provided overall the best responsiveness indices. At baseline, EMG inactivity duration of 66.8 ± 9.6% was accumulated through 73.9 ± 36.0 s usual EMG inactivity bout duration, both of which were reduced following the intervention (-4.8 percentage points, -34.3 s). The proposed methodology can reduce variability in longitudinal designs and the detailed results can be used for sample size calculations. Reducing EMG inactivity duration and accumulating EMG inactivity in shorter bouts has a potential influence on muscle physiology and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Pesola
- grid.479679.20000 0004 5948 8864Active Life Lab, South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences, Raviradantie 22b, 50100 Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Y. Gao
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XDepartment of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - T. Finni
- grid.9681.60000 0001 1013 7965Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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23
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Shur NF, Simpson EJ, Crossland H, Chivaka PK, Constantin D, Cordon SM, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Stephens FB, Lobo DN, Szewczyk N, Narici M, Prats C, Macdonald IA, Greenhaff PL. Human adaptation to immobilization: Novel insights of impacts on glucose disposal and fuel utilization. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:2999-3013. [PMID: 36058634 PMCID: PMC9745545 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bed rest (BR) reduces whole-body insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (GD) and alters muscle fuel metabolism, but little is known about metabolic adaptation from acute to chronic BR nor the mechanisms involved, particularly when volunteers are maintained in energy balance. METHODS Healthy males (n = 10, 24.0 ± 1.3 years), maintained in energy balance, underwent 3-day BR (acute BR). A second cohort matched for sex and body mass index (n = 20, 34.2 ± 1.8 years) underwent 56-day BR (chronic BR). A hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp (60 mU/m2 /min) was performed to determine rates of whole-body insulin-stimulated GD before and after BR (normalized to lean body mass). Indirect calorimetry was performed before and during steady state of each clamp to calculate rates of whole-body fuel oxidation. Muscle biopsies were taken to determine muscle glycogen, metabolite and intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) contents, and the expression of 191 mRNA targets before and after BR. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to detect differences in endpoint measures. RESULTS Acute BR reduced insulin-mediated GD (Pre 11.5 ± 0.7 vs. Post 9.3 ± 0.6 mg/kg/min, P < 0.001), which was unchanged in magnitude following chronic BR (Pre 10.2 ± 0.4 vs. Post 7.9 ± 0.3 mg/kg/min, P < 0.05). This reduction in GD was paralleled by the elimination of the 35% increase in insulin-stimulated muscle glycogen storage following both acute and chronic BR. Acute BR had no impact on insulin-stimulated carbohydrate (CHO; Pre 3.69 ± 0.39 vs. Post 4.34 ± 0.22 mg/kg/min) and lipid (Pre 1.13 ± 0.14 vs. Post 0.59 ± 0.11 mg/kg/min) oxidation, but chronic BR reduced CHO oxidation (Pre 3.34 ± 0.18 vs. Post 2.72 ± 0.13 mg/kg/min, P < 0.05) and blunted the magnitude of insulin-mediated inhibition of lipid oxidation (Pre 0.60 ± 0.07 vs. Post 0.85 ± 0.06 mg/kg/min, P < 0.05). Neither acute nor chronic BR increased muscle IMCL content. Plentiful mRNA abundance changes were detected following acute BR, which waned following chronic BR and reflected changes in fuel oxidation and muscle glycogen storage at this time point. CONCLUSIONS Acute BR suppressed insulin-stimulated GD and storage, but the extent of this suppression increased no further in chronic BR. However, insulin-mediated inhibition of fat oxidation after chronic BR was less than acute BR and was accompanied by blunted CHO oxidation. The juxtaposition of these responses shows that the regulation of GD and storage can be dissociated from substrate oxidation. Additionally, the shift in substrate oxidation after chronic BR was not explained by IMCL accumulation but reflected by muscle mRNA and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 protein abundance changes, pointing to lack of muscle contraction per se as the primary signal for muscle adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie F Shur
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Elizabeth J Simpson
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Hannah Crossland
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Prince K Chivaka
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Despina Constantin
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sally M Cordon
- MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Dumitru Constantin-Teodosiu
- MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Dileep N Lobo
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nate Szewczyk
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Marco Narici
- MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Clara Prats
- Core Facility for Integrated Microscopy, The University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ian A Macdonald
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Paul L Greenhaff
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust and University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, Schools of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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24
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Vinken M. Hepatology in space: Effects of spaceflight and simulated microgravity on the liver. Liver Int 2022; 42:2599-2606. [PMID: 36183343 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Microgravity as experienced during spaceflight affects a number of physiological processes in various organs. However, effects on the liver have yet been poorly documented. Nevertheless, the liver is a metabolically highly active organ involved in carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism and xenobiotic biotransformation. The present paper provides an overview of the effects of microgravity on the liver observed in experimental animals during actual spaceflight and upon simulation of microgravity on Earth. These include (i) induction of liver injury and inflammation associated with apoptosis and oxidative stress, (ii) changes in liver carbohydrate metabolism resulting in the onset of a diabetogenic phenotype, (iii) modifications in hepatic lipid metabolism leading to early non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and (iv) alterations of the hepatic xenobiotic biotransformation machinery. Although most of these observations remain to be fully validated in humans, appropriate measures to counteract liver pathogenesis should be considered, especially in view of long-term space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Vinken
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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25
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Olenick AA, Pearson RC, Shaker N, Blankenship MM, Tinius RA, Winchester LJ, Oregon E, Maples JM. African American Females Are Less Metabolically Flexible Compared with Caucasian American Females following a Single High-Fat Meal: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12913. [PMID: 36232212 PMCID: PMC9566281 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between metabolic flexibility (MF) and components of metabolic disease has not been well-studied among African American (AA) females and may play a role in the higher incidence of chronic disease among them compared with Caucasian American (CA) females. This pilot study aimed to compare the metabolic response of AA and CA females after a high-fat meal. Eleven AA (25.6 (5.6) y, 27.2 (6.0) kg/m2, 27.5 (9.7) % body fat) and twelve CA (26.5 (1.5) y, 25.7 (5.3) kg/m2, 25.0 (7.4) % body fat) women free of cardiovascular and metabolic disease and underwent a high-fat meal challenge (55.9% fat). Lipid oxidation, insulin, glucose, and interleukin (IL)-8 were measured fasted, 2 and 4 h postprandial. AA females had a significantly lower increase in lipid oxidation from baseline to 2 h postprandial (p = 0.022), and trended lower at 4 h postprandial (p = 0.081) compared with CA females, indicating worse MF. No group differences in insulin, glucose or HOMA-IR were detected. IL-8 was significantly higher in AA females compared with CA females at 2 and 4 h postprandial (p = 0.016 and p = 0.015, respectively). These findings provide evidence of metabolic and inflammatory disparities among AA females compared with CA females that could serve as a predictor of chronic disease in individuals with a disproportionately higher risk of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa A. Olenick
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Regis C. Pearson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nuha Shaker
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Maire M. Blankenship
- School of Nursing and Allied Health, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA
| | - Rachel A. Tinius
- School of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA
| | - Lee J. Winchester
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Education, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Evie Oregon
- School of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA
| | - Jill M. Maples
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37920, USA
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26
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Zong B, Wang Y, Wang J, Zhang P, Kan G, Li M, Feng J, Wang Y, Chen X, Jin R, Ge Q. Effects of long-term simulated microgravity on liver metabolism in rhesus macaques. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22536. [PMID: 36070186 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200544rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The liver is an essential multifunctional organ and constantly communicates with nearly all the tissues in the body. Spaceflight or simulated microgravity has a significant impact on the livers of rodent models, including lipid accumulation and inflammatory cell infiltration. Whether similar liver lipotoxicity could occur in humans is not known, even though altered circulating cholesterol profile has been reported in astronauts. Using a 42-day head-down bed rest (HDBR) model in rhesus macaques, the present study investigated whether simulated microgravity alters the liver of non-human primates at the transcriptome and metabolome levels. Its association with stress and intestinal changes was also explored. Compared to the controls, the HDBR monkeys showed mild liver injury, elevated ANGPTL3 level in the plasma, and accumulation of fat vacuoles and inflammatory cells in the liver. Altered transcriptome signatures with up-regulation of genes in lipid metabolisms and down-regulation of genes in innate immune defense were also found in HDBR group-derived liver samples. The metabolic profiling of the liver revealed mildly disturbed fatty acid metabolism in the liver of HDBR monkeys. The intestinal dysbiosis, its associated endotoxemia and changes in the composition of bile acids, and elevated stress hormone in HDBR monkeys may contribute to the altered lipid metabolisms in the liver. These data indicate that liver metabolic functions and gut-liver axis should be closely monitored in prolonged spaceflight to facilitate strategy design to improve and maintain metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zong
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, Chinese Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Guanghan Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, Chinese Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Immunology Research Center, Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, Chinese Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China.,National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronauts Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Jin
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Ge
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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R-spondin3 is a myokine that differentiates myoblasts to type I fibres. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13020. [PMID: 35906363 PMCID: PMC9338073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16640-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle fibres are broadly categorised into types I and II; the fibre-type ratio determines the contractile and metabolic properties of skeletal muscle tissue. The maintenance of type I fibres is essential for the prevention of obesity and the treatment of muscle atrophy caused by type 2 diabetes or unloading. Some reports suggest that myokines are related to muscle fibre type determination. We thus explored whether a myokine determines whether satellite cells differentiate to type I fibres. By examining the fibre types separately, we identified R-spondin 3 (Rspo3) as a myokine of interest, a secreted protein known as an activator of Wnt signalling pathways. To examine whether Rspo3 induces type I fibres, primary myoblasts prepared from mouse soleus muscles were exposed to a differentiation medium containing the mouse recombinant Rspo3 protein. Expression of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) I, a marker of type I fibre, significantly increased in the differentiated myotubes compared with a control. The Wnt/β-catenin pathway was shown to be the dominant signalling pathway which induces Rspo3-induced MyHC I expression. These results revealed Rspo3 as a myokine that determines whether satellite cells differentiate to type I fibres.
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Qin X, Zhang Y, Zheng Q. Metabolic Inflexibility as a Pathogenic Basis for Atrial Fibrillation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158291. [PMID: 35955426 PMCID: PMC9368187 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF), the most common sustained arrhythmia, is closely intertwined with metabolic abnormalities. Recently, a metabolic paradox in AF pathogenesis has been suggested: under different forms of pathogenesis, the metabolic balance shifts either towards (e.g., obesity and diabetes) or away from (e.g., aging, heart failure, and hypertension) fatty acid oxidation, yet they all increase the risk of AF. This has raised the urgent need for a general consensus regarding the metabolic changes that predispose patients to AF. “Metabolic flexibility” aptly describes switches between substrates (fatty acids, glucose, amino acids, and ketones) in response to various energy stresses depending on availability and requirements. AF, characterized by irregular high-frequency excitation and the contraction of the atria, is an energy challenge and triggers a metabolic switch from preferential fatty acid utilization to glucose metabolism to increase the efficiency of ATP produced in relation to oxygen consumed. Therefore, the heart needs metabolic flexibility. In this review, we will briefly discuss (1) the current understanding of cardiac metabolic flexibility with an emphasis on the specificity of atrial metabolic characteristics; (2) metabolic heterogeneity among AF pathogenesis and metabolic inflexibility as a common pathological basis for AF; and (3) the substrate-metabolism mechanism underlying metabolic inflexibility in AF pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Qin
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China;
| | - Yudi Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China;
| | - Qiangsun Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710004, China;
- Correspondence: or
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Wells JCK, Michael P, Fewtrell MS, Siervo M, Cortina‐Borja M. Fright but not fight‐or‐flight: Violent video games elevated stress markers, but did not impact muscle function, memory recall or food intake, in a randomized trial in healthy young men. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022. [PMCID: PMC9546372 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Regular video game playing has been linked with obesity, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Drawing on evolutionary life history theory, we hypothesized that playing violent video games, through activating the stress response, might increase the immediate demand for fuel by muscle and brain tissue, resulting in elevated appetite and food consumption. Methods We randomized 71 young adult men to play video games, involving either violent content or nonviolent puzzle‐solving, for 1 h. Over this period, we measured stress markers (blood pressure [BP], heart rate, visual‐analogue scale [VAS] self‐ratings), muscle function (handgrip strength) and cognitive function (memory recall test). Appetite was assessed by VAS, and by food intake using a test‐meal after the intervention. Linear mixed‐effects models were fitted to assess group effects and group:time effects. Results During the intervention, the violent video game group showed elevated systolic BP (∆ = 4.7 mm Hg, 95% CI 1.0, 8.4) and reported feeling more alert but less calm or happy. They showed no difference in grip strength or memory recall. They reported lower feelings of “fullness” but consumed similar food‐energy during the test‐meal. Conclusions Although playing a video game with violent content elevated physiological and perceived stress markers compared with a nonviolent game, this was not associated with markers of altered fuel distribution toward two tissues (muscle and brain) that contribute to the “fight‐or‐flight” response. Rather than more energy being allocated to the brain overall, energy may have been reallocated within the brain. This may explain why there was no compensatory increase in energy intake in the violent video game group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. K. Wells
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London UK
| | - Panos Michael
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London UK
| | - Mary S. Fewtrell
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London UK
| | - Mario Siervo
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre Nottingham UK
| | - Mario Cortina‐Borja
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health London UK
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Strollo F, Gentile S, Pipicelli AMV, Mambro A, Monici M, Magni P. Space Flight-Promoted Insulin Resistance as a Possible Disruptor of Wound Healing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:868999. [PMID: 35646861 PMCID: PMC9136162 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.868999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
During space flight, especially when prolonged, exposure to microgravity results in a number of pathophysiological changes such as bone loss, muscle atrophy, cardiovascular and metabolic changes and impaired wound healing, among others. Interestingly, chronic low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance appear to be pivotal events linking many of them. Interestingly, real and experimental microgravity is also associated to altered wound repair, a process that is becoming increasingly important in view of prolonged space flights. The association of insulin resistance and wound healing impairment may be hypothesized from some dysmetabolic conditions, like the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus and abdominal/visceral obesity, where derangement of glucose and lipid metabolism, greater low-grade inflammation, altered adipokine secretion and adipocyte dysfunction converge to produce systemic effects that also negatively involve wound healing. Indeed, wound healing impairment after traumatic events and surgery in space remains a relevant concern for space agencies. Further studies are required to clarify the molecular connection between insulin resistance and wound healing during space flight, addressing the ability of physical, endocrine/metabolic, and pharmacological countermeasures, as well as nutritional strategies to prevent long-term detrimental effects on tissue repair linked to insulin resistance. Based on these considerations, this paper discusses the pathophysiological links between microgravity-associated insulin resistance and impaired wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Strollo
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: F. Strollo,
| | - S. Gentile
- Department of Internal Medicine, Campania University “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy and Nefrocenter Research Network, Naples, Italy
| | - A. M. V. Pipicelli
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplant Unit, Medical and Surgical Sciences Department, “A. Gemelli” Sacred Heart Catholic University, Rome, Italy
| | - A. Mambro
- Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Unit, Pertini General Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - M. Monici
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, ASA Campus Joint Laboratory, ASA Res. Div, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - P. Magni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Multimedica Hospital, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy
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Resistance to glycation in the zebra finch: Mass spectrometry-based analysis and its perspectives for evolutionary studies of aging. Exp Gerontol 2022; 164:111811. [PMID: 35472570 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In humans, hyperglycemia is associated with protein glycation, which may contribute to aging. Strikingly, birds usually outlive mammals of the same body mass, while exhibiting high plasma glucose levels. However, how birds succeed in escaping pro-aging effects of glycation remains unknown. Using a specific mass spectrometry-based approach in captive zebra finches of known age, we recorded high glycaemia values but no glycated hemoglobin form was found. Still, we showed that zebra finch hemoglobin can be glycated in vitro, albeit only to a limited extent compared to its human homologue. This may be due to peculiar structural features, as supported by the unusual presence of three different tetramer populations with balanced proportions and a still bound cofactor that could be inositol pentaphosphate. High levels of the glycated forms of zebra finch plasma serotransferrin, carbonic anhydrase 2, and albumin were measured. Glucose, age or body mass correlations with either plasma glycated proteins or hemoglobin isoforms suggest that those variables may be future molecular tools of choice to monitor glycation and its link with individual fitness. Our molecular advance may help determine how evolution succeeded in associating flying ability, high blood glucose and long lifespan in birds.
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Carbon NM, Engelhardt LJ, Wollersheim T, Grunow JJ, Spies CD, Märdian S, Mai K, Spranger J, Weber-Carstens S. Impact of protocol-based physiotherapy on insulin sensitivity and peripheral glucose metabolism in critically ill patients. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:1045-1053. [PMID: 35075782 PMCID: PMC8978012 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of physiotherapy on insulin sensitivity and peripheral glucose metabolism in critically ill patients is not well understood. METHODS This pooled analysis investigates the impact of different physiotherapeutic strategies on insulin sensitivity in critically ill patients. We pooled data from two previous trials in adult patients with sequential organ failure assessment score (SOFA)≥ 9 within 72 h of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, who received hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic (HE) clamps. Patients were divided into three groups: standard physiotherapy (sPT, n = 22), protocol-based physiotherapy (pPT, n = 8), and pPT with added muscle activating measures (pPT+, n = 20). Insulin sensitivity index (ISI) was determined by HE clamp. Muscle metabolites lactate, pyruvate, and glycerol were measured in the M. vastus lateralis via microdialysis during the HE clamp. Histochemical visualization of glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) translocation was performed in surgically extracted muscle biopsies. All data are reported as median (25th/75th percentile) (trial registry: ISRCTN77569430 and ISRCTN19392591/ethics approval: Charité-EA2/061/06 and Charité-EA2/041/10). RESULTS Fifty critically ill patients (admission SOFA 13) showed markedly decreased ISIs on Day 17 (interquartile range) 0.029 (0.022/0.048) (mg/min/kg)/(mU/L) compared with healthy controls 0.103 (0.087/0.111), P < 0.001. ISI correlated with muscle strength measured by medical research council (MRC) score at first awakening (r = 0.383, P = 0.026) and at ICU discharge (r = 0.503, P = 0.002). Different physiotherapeutic strategies showed no effect on the ISI [sPT 0.029 (0.019/0.053) (mg/min/kg)/(mU/L) vs. pPT 0.026 (0.023/0.041) (mg/min/kg)/(mU/L) vs. pPT+ 0.029 (0.023/0.042) (mg/min/kg)/(mU/L); P = 0.919]. Regardless of the physiotherapeutic strategy metabolic flexibility was reduced. Relative change of lactate/pyruvate ratio during HE clamp is as follows: sPT 0.09 (-0.13/0.27) vs. pPT 0.07 (-0.16/0.31) vs. pPT+ -0.06 (-0.19/0.16), P = 0.729, and relative change of glycerol concentration: sPT -0.39 (-0.8/-0.12) vs. pPT -0.21 (-0.33/0.07) vs. pPT+ -0.21 (-0.44/-0.03), P = 0.257. The majority of ICU patients showed abnormal localization of GLUT4 with membranous GLUT4 distribution in 37.5% (3 of 8) of ICU patients receiving sPT, in 42.9% (3 of 7) of ICU patients receiving pPT, and in 53.8% (7 of 13) of ICU patients receiving pPT+ (no statistical testing possible). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that a higher duration of muscle activating measures had no impact on insulin sensitivity or metabolic flexibility in critically ill patients with sepsis-related multiple organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas M Carbon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM/CVK), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lilian J Engelhardt
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM/CVK), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Wollersheim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM/CVK), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julius J Grunow
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM/CVK), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia D Spies
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM/CVK), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sven Märdian
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Knut Mai
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen Weber-Carstens
- Department of Anesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine (CCM/CVK), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Le Roux E, De Jong NP, Blanc S, Simon C, Bessesen DH, Bergouignan A. Physiology of physical inactivity, sedentary behaviours and non-exercise activity: insights from the space bedrest model. J Physiol 2022; 600:1037-1051. [PMID: 33501660 PMCID: PMC10895929 DOI: 10.1113/jp281064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity, i.e. not reaching the recommended level of physical activity (PA), and sedentary behaviours (SB), i.e. sitting time, have been associated with increased risk for common metabolic diseases. Recent epidemiological data suggest that high volumes of SB are detrimental to metabolic health, even in the presence of regular exercise, i.e. moderate/vigorous PA. This suggests that the health effects of SB are independent from those of exercise. However, experimentally testing this hypothesis is complicated because of the difficulty in disassociating SB from PA. Bedrest studies, a traditional space science model, can offer new insights. In some bedrest studies, an exercise training protocol has been used to counteract the harmful effects of inactivity. While bedrest induces an inactive and sedentary state, exercise with bedrest represents a unique model of sedentary yet physically active people. Here, we review bedrest studies with and without exercise training. Although exercise training prevents the loss of muscle mass and function, even large volumes of exercise are not sufficient to fully counteract the negative metabolic adaptations triggered by inactivity. This observation supports the existence of independent adverse health effects of SB, but also the potential benefits of non-exercise activity, i.e. daily living light PA. We gathered available data to examine the complex relationships between exercise, non-exercise activity, SB and health outcomes. Given the large amount of SB in modern societies, the sole promotion of exercise, i.e. moderate/vigorous PA may be insufficient, and promotion of light PA may be a complimentary approach to improve health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Le Roux
- CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Nathan P De Jong
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Anschutz Health & Wellness Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Chantal Simon
- CarMen Laboratory, INSERM 1060, INRA 1397, University of Lyon, Oullins, France
- Human Nutrition Research Centre of Rhône-Alpes, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Daniel H Bessesen
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Anschutz Health & Wellness Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Anschutz Health & Wellness Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
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Kinoshita K, Ozato N, Yamaguchi T, Sudo M, Yamashiro Y, Mori K, Ishida M, Katsuragi Y, Sasai H, Yasukawa T, Murashita K, Nakaji S, Ihara K. Association of sedentary behaviour and physical activity with cardiometabolic health in Japanese adults. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2262. [PMID: 35145141 PMCID: PMC8831565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05302-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the Asian population exhibits excessive sedentary behaviour and has a high susceptibility to metabolic syndrome (MetS), the nature of these associations remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association of sedentary time with cardiometabolic health and examine the association of reallocating sedentary time to light physical activity (LPA) or moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) on cardiometabolic health in Japanese adults. A cross-sectional study was performed using data obtained from 758 Japanese adults. We assessed sedentary time, LPA, and MVPA using an accelerometer. Linear and logistic regression models were used to analyse the association between sedentary time and cardiometabolic risk factors. An isotemporal substitution model was used to estimate the theoretical influence of reallocating sedentary time to LPA or MVPA. A longer sedentary time was associated with worse cardiometabolic health, including MetS. Reallocating 30 min of sedentary time to LPA was significantly associated with lower body mass index, visceral fat, insulin resistance, triglyceride, and MetS levels and increased muscle mass and HDL-C (all P < 0.05). Reallocating 30 min of sedentary time to MVPA was strongly associated with the aforementioned factors. These results demonstrate the potential beneficial effects of reallocating sedentary time to LPA and MVPA on cardiometabolic health of Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Kinoshita
- Department of Active Life Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan.,Health & Wellness Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Naoki Ozato
- Department of Active Life Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan.,Health & Wellness Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tohru Yamaguchi
- Health & Wellness Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motoki Sudo
- Personal Health Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukari Yamashiro
- Personal Health Care Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Mori
- Department of Active Life Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan.,Health & Wellness Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mizuri Ishida
- Department of Innovation Center for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Katsuragi
- Department of Active Life Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan.,Health & Wellness Products Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sasai
- Research Team for Promoting Independence and Mental Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuji Yasukawa
- Department of Active Life Promotion Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Koichi Murashita
- COI Research Initiatives Organization, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Nakaji
- Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kazushige Ihara
- Department of Social Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan.
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Cândido LM, Wagner KJP, Costa MED, Pavesi E, Avelar NCPD, Danielewicz AL. Comportamento sedentário e associação com multimorbidade e padrões de multimorbidade em idosos brasileiros: dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2022; 38:e00128221. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00128221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo: O comportamento sedentário emerge como um importante determinante da saúde da pessoa idosa, no entanto, sua relação com a multimorbidade e seus padrões de acometimento em estudos epidemiológicos têm sido pouco explorados na população brasileira. Tais associações poderão auxiliar na elaboração de políticas públicas visando à modificação desse comportamento. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação entre comportamento sedentário com multimorbidade e seus padrões em idosos brasileiros. Estudo transversal, com 43.554 idosos da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde de 2019. O comportamento sedentário autorreferido foi categorizado em < 3; 3-6; e > 6 horas por dia. A presença de multimorbidade e seus padrões foram analisados pelo autorrelato da coexistência de duas ou mais doenças crônicas, sendo que os três padrões estabelecidos consideraram as doenças com características clínicas similares: (1) cardiopulmonar; (2) vascular-metabólico; e (3) mental-musculoesquelético. As associações foram realizadas pela regressão logística binária. Os idosos que despendiam 3-6 horas/dia em comportamento sedentário tiveram maiores chances (OR = 1,39; IC95%: 1,29; 1,50) de apresentar multimorbidade, padrão vascular-metabólico (OR = 1,39; IC95%: 1,29; 1,50) e mental-musculoesquelético (OR = 1,11; IC95%: 1,00; 1,24). Quando o comportamento sedentário foi > 6 horas/dia, houve maiores chances de multimorbidade (OR = 1,58; IC95%: 1,43; 1,74) e dos padrões cardiopulmonar (OR = 1,73; IC95%: 1,33; 2,27), vascular-metabólico (OR = 1,49; IC95%: 1,35; 1,64) e mental-musculoesquelético (OR = 1,15; IC95%: 1,01; 1,31), quando comparados àqueles que ficavam até 3 horas/dia. Dessa forma, evidenciou-se que tempos elevados em comportamento sedentário são fatores de risco relevantes para a ocorrência de multimorbidade e seus padrões em idosos.
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Fang A, Ding W, Zeng W, Zhou J, Zhu H, Yan J, Wang N. Impact of early postoperative activities on postoperative recovery in patients undergoing abdominal surgery: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e27556. [PMID: 34871220 PMCID: PMC8568408 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000027556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A refined nursing process is utilized to formulate a detailed early postsurgical activity plan. The postsurgical activity aims to conduct focused and planned interventions to address the early postoperative activities of patients, enhance the awareness and compliance of the patients through the early postsurgical activities. Currently, in traditional clinical practice, there is no clear evidence showing the effect of initial postsurgical actions related to the rehabilitation of inpatients undertaking abdominal operations. The present study will systematically evaluate how initial postsurgical actions impact the rehabilitation of patients undertaking abdominal operation through the analysis of relevant domestic and foreign literature. OBJECTIVE Analyze the how initial postsurgical actions impact the rehabilitation of abdominal surgery inpatients. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The present systematic study will retrieve randomized controlled trials and case-control studies from online databases. The retrieved studies will describe the initial postsurgical activities in inpatients undergoing abdominal surgery. Accordingly, the following databases are searched for the aforementioned types of studies: Cochrane library, China National of Knowledge Infrastructure, Web of Science, PubMed database, WanFang database, and Embase database. Studies from inception to August 19, 2021 will be searched. The quality evaluation and data extraction for the studies that will satisfy the inclusion criteria will be conducted by 2 independent researchers. A meta-analysis on the postoperative indicators will be performed using RevMan 5.3.5 software.
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Macías N, Espinosa-Montero J, Monterrubio-Flores E, Hernández-Barrera L, Medina-Garcia C, Gallegos-Carrillo K, Campos-Nonato I. Screen-Based Sedentary Behaviors and Their Association With Metabolic Syndrome Components Among Adults in Mexico. Prev Chronic Dis 2021; 18:E95. [PMID: 34735313 PMCID: PMC8588869 DOI: 10.5888/pcd18.210041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Approximately 25% of the adult population worldwide and 49.8% of Mexican adults have metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is the result of unhealthy dietary and sleeping patterns, sedentary behaviors, and physical inactivity. The objective of our study was to evaluate the association between sedentary behaviors as screen-based sedentary time (SBST) and each component of metabolic syndrome among adults who participated in the Mexico National Survey of Health and Nutrition Mid-way 2016. Methods We analyzed sociodemographic, clinical, and physical activity data from 3,166 adults aged 20 years or older. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to evaluate sedentary behavior. SBST was obtained by counting minutes per week spent watching television, playing video games, and interacting with computers and smartphones. We used Poisson regression to estimate the prevalence ratio of time in front of screens as a continuous variable and its association with metabolic syndrome. Results The mean (SD) hours per day of SBST in men was 3.6 (0.4) and in women was 2.8 (0.2). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 59.6%. In men, the risk for metabolic syndrome increased 4% (P < .05) for each hour of SBST. Similarly, for each hour of SBST, the risk of abdominal obesity increased by 4% (P < .01). In women, we observed that the risk of hypertension or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol deficiency increased for each hour of SBST, and the risk of abdominal obesity increased for each hour of SBST in those who were inactive. Conclusion Sedentary behavior based on screen time is associated with metabolic syndrome and its components among Mexicans, depending on hours of sleep. Current public health policies should consider strategies for reducing SBST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayeli Macías
- National Institute of Public Health, Center for Nutrition and Health Research, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Juan Espinosa-Montero
- National Institute of Public Health, Center for Nutrition and Health Research, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Eric Monterrubio-Flores
- National Institute of Public Health, Center for Nutrition and Health Research, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Lucía Hernández-Barrera
- National Institute of Public Health, Center for Nutrition and Health Research, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Catalina Medina-Garcia
- National Institute of Public Health, Center for Nutrition and Health Research, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Katia Gallegos-Carrillo
- Mexican Institute of Social Security, Epidemiology and Health Services Research Unit, Mexico City, México
| | - Ismael Campos-Nonato
- National Institute of Public Health, Center for Nutrition and Health Research, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.,Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Avenida Universidad 655, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México 62100.
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Takahashi K, Kitaoka Y, Matsunaga Y, Hatta H. Lactate administration does not affect denervation-induced loss of mitochondrial content and muscle mass in mice. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:2836-2844. [PMID: 34510821 PMCID: PMC8487050 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactate is considered to be a signaling molecule that induces mitochondrial adaptation and muscle hypertrophy. The purpose of this study was to examine whether lactate administration attenuates denervation-induced loss of mitochondrial content and muscle mass. Eight-week-old male Institute of Cancer Research mice underwent unilateral sciatic nerve transection surgery. The contralateral hindlimb served as a sham-operated control. From the day of surgery, mice were injected intraperitoneally with PBS or sodium lactate (equivalent to 1 g·kg-1 body weight) once daily for 9 days. After 10 days of denervation, gastrocnemius muscle weight decreased to a similar extent in both the PBS- and lactate-injected groups. Denervation significantly decreased mitochondrial enzyme activity, protein content, and MCT4 protein content in the gastrocnemius muscle. However, lactate administration did not have any significant effects. The current observations suggest that daily lactate administration for 9 days does not affect denervation-induced loss of mitochondrial content and muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Takahashi
- Department of Sports SciencesThe University of TokyoMeguro‐kuJapan
| | - Yu Kitaoka
- Department of Human SciencesKanagawa UniversityYokohamaJapan
| | - Yutaka Matsunaga
- Department of Sports SciencesThe University of TokyoMeguro‐kuJapan
| | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Sports SciencesThe University of TokyoMeguro‐kuJapan
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Nicolson GH, Hayes CB, Darker CD. A Cluster-Randomised Crossover Pilot Feasibility Study of a Multicomponent Intervention to Reduce Occupational Sedentary Behaviour in Professional Male Employees. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:9292. [PMID: 34501882 PMCID: PMC8431104 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Professional male office employees have been identified as those most at risk of prolonged sedentary time, which is associated with many long-term adverse health conditions. The aim of the study was to assess the acceptability and feasibility of a gender-sensitive multicomponent intervention, guided by the socio-ecological model, to reduce occupational sedentary behaviour by increasing physical activity in professional men. The main elements of the intervention comprised: a Garmin watch with associated web-based platform/smartphone application, an under-desk pedal machine, and management participation and support. A cluster-randomised crossover pilot feasibility trial recruiting professional males was conducted in two workplaces. Mixed methods were used to assess the primary outcomes of recruitment, retention, and acceptability and feasibility of the intervention. Secondary outcomes included objectively measured sedentary behaviour, standing and physical activity. Focus groups were used to explore the acceptability of the intervention in a real-world setting. Twenty-two participants were recruited (mean age 42.9 years (SD 11.0)). Recruitment and retention rates were 73.3% and 95%, respectively. Overall, participants found the intervention acceptable and feasible, and expressed enjoyment of the intervention, however desk set-up issues with the pedal devices were noted. The manual recording of the pedalling bouts was overly burdensome. Preliminary data indicate that the intervention may reduce occupational sedentary behaviour and increase physical activity. This intervention should be further tested in a definitive trial following consideration of the findings of this pilot feasibility trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gail Helena Nicolson
- Public Health & Primary Care, Institute of Population Health, Trinity College Dublin, Russell Centre, Tallaght Cross, D24 DH74 Dublin, Ireland; (C.B.H.); (C.D.D.)
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Saunders DH, Mead GE, Fitzsimons C, Kelly P, van Wijck F, Verschuren O, Backx K, English C. Interventions for reducing sedentary behaviour in people with stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 6:CD012996. [PMID: 34184251 PMCID: PMC8238669 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012996.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke survivors are often physically inactive as well as sedentary,and may sit for long periods of time each day. This increases cardiometabolic risk and has impacts on physical and other functions. Interventions to reduce or interrupt periods of sedentary time, as well as to increase physical activity after stroke, could reduce the risk of secondary cardiovascular events and mortality during life after stroke. OBJECTIVES To determine whether interventions designed to reduce sedentary behaviour after stroke, or interventions with the potential to do so, can reduce the risk of death or secondary vascular events, modify cardiovascular risk, and reduce sedentary behaviour. SEARCH METHODS In December 2019, we searched the Cochrane Stroke Trials Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Conference Proceedings Citation Index, and PEDro. We also searched registers of ongoing trials, screened reference lists, and contacted experts in the field. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised trials comparing interventions to reduce sedentary time with usual care, no intervention, or waiting-list control, attention control, sham intervention or adjunct intervention. We also included interventions intended to fragment or interrupt periods of sedentary behaviour. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected studies and performed 'Risk of bias' assessments. We analyzed data using random-effects meta-analyses and assessed the certainty of the evidence with the GRADE approach. MAIN RESULTS We included 10 studies with 753 people with stroke. Five studies used physical activity interventions, four studies used a multicomponent lifestyle intervention, and one study used an intervention to reduce and interrupt sedentary behaviour. In all studies, the risk of bias was high or unclear in two or more domains. Nine studies had high risk of bias in at least one domain. The interventions did not increase or reduce deaths (risk difference (RD) 0.00, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.02 to 0.03; 10 studies, 753 participants; low-certainty evidence), the incidence of recurrent cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events (RD -0.01, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.01; 10 studies, 753 participants; low-certainty evidence), the incidence of falls (and injuries) (RD 0.00, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.02; 10 studies, 753 participants; low-certainty evidence), or incidence of other adverse events (moderate-certainty evidence). Interventions did not increase or reduce the amount of sedentary behaviour time (mean difference (MD) +0.13 hours/day, 95% CI -0.42 to 0.68; 7 studies, 300 participants; very low-certainty evidence). There were too few data to examine effects on patterns of sedentary behaviour. The effect of interventions on cardiometabolic risk factors allowed very limited meta-analysis. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Sedentary behaviour research in stroke seems important, yet the evidence is currently incomplete, and we found no evidence for beneficial effects. Current World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines recommend reducing the amount of sedentary time in people with disabilities, in general. The evidence is currently not strong enough to guide practice on how best to reduce sedentariness specifically in people with stroke. More high-quality randomised trials are needed, particularly involving participants with mobility limitations. Trials should include longer-term interventions specifically targeted at reducing time spent sedentary, risk factor outcomes, objective measures of sedentary behaviour (and physical activity), and long-term follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Saunders
- Physical Activity for Health Research Centre (PAHRC), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gillian E Mead
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Claire Fitzsimons
- Physical Activity for Health Research Centre (PAHRC), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paul Kelly
- Physical Activity for Health Research Centre (PAHRC), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Frederike van Wijck
- Institute for Applied Health Research and the School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Karianne Backx
- Institute for Sport, Physical Education and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Coralie English
- Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Stroke Rehabilitation and Brain Recovery, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health & Hunter Medical Research Institute, Melbourne and Newcastle, Australia
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Eat, Train, Sleep-Retreat? Hormonal Interactions of Intermittent Fasting, Exercise and Circadian Rhythm. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11040516. [PMID: 33808424 PMCID: PMC8065500 DOI: 10.3390/biom11040516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythmicity of endogenous metabolic and hormonal processes is controlled by a complex system of central and peripheral pacemakers, influenced by exogenous factors like light/dark-cycles, nutrition and exercise timing. There is evidence that alterations in this system may be involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. It has been shown that disruptions to normal diurnal rhythms lead to drastic changes in circadian processes, as often seen in modern society due to excessive exposure to unnatural light sources. Out of that, research has focused on time-restricted feeding and exercise, as both seem to be able to reset disruptions in circadian pacemakers. Based on these results and personal physical goals, optimal time periods for food intake and exercise have been identified. This review shows that appropriate nutrition and exercise timing are powerful tools to support, rather than not disturb, the circadian rhythm and potentially contribute to the prevention of metabolic diseases. Nevertheless, both lifestyle interventions are unable to address the real issue: the misalignment of our biological with our social time.
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Rao L, Liu X, Yu L, Xiao H. Effect of nursing intervention to guide early postoperative activities on rapid rehabilitation of patients undergoing abdominal surgery: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24776. [PMID: 33761639 PMCID: PMC9282128 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postoperative complications after abdominal surgery are high, and there is no reliable intervention program to prevent them. Some studies have pointed out that early postoperative activities have advantages in preventing the occurrence of complications, but lack of evidence-based basis. The purpose of this study is to systematically evaluate the effect of nursing intervention is guiding early postoperative activities on the rapid recovery of patients undergoing abdominal surgery. METHODS China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, China Science and Technology Journal Database and Chinese Biomedical Database, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library will be searched by computer, and a randomized controlled study is conducted on early participation in exercise programs after abdominal surgery from the establishment of the database to January 2021. The language is limited to English and Chinese. The quality of the included study is independently extracted and the literature quality is evaluated by 2 researchers, and the included literature is analyzed by Meta using RevMan5.3 software. RESULTS This study will evaluate the effect of nursing intervention is guiding early postoperative activities on the rapid rehabilitation of patients undergoing abdominal surgery through the indexes of postoperative quality of life score, the incidence of complications, mortality, length of stay and so on. CONCLUSION This study will provide reliable evidence-based basis for establishing a reasonable and effective postoperative activity guidance program for patients undergoing abdominal surgery. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Private information from individuals will not be published. This systematic review also does not involve endangering participant rights. Ethical approval will not be required. The results may be published in a peer-reviewed journal or disseminated at relevant conferences. OSF REGISTRATION NUMBER DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/59MD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Rao
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou
- Shenzhen Nanshan District Shekou People's Hospital, Shenzhen
| | - Xinjian Liu
- Shenzhen Nanshan District Shekou People's Hospital, Shenzhen
| | - Li Yu
- Shenzhen Nanshan District Shekou People's Hospital, Shenzhen
| | - Hui Xiao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Strollo F, Vernikos J. Aging-like metabolic and adrenal changes in microgravity: State of the art in preparation for Mars. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 126:236-242. [PMID: 33757818 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine and metabolic changes that typically accompany aging on Earth have been consistently observed in space. Support for the role of gravity in aging has mostly come from ground simulation studies in head down bed rest. However, uncertainties remain and have to be resolved in planning for the ambitious enterprise of sending humans to Mars and back. Stress-related corticosteroid changes and metabolic adaptation to microgravity and their relationship with aging are the object of the present review mostly, albeit of course non exclusively, coming from the personal experience of the authors. The picture coming out of it is that of some, not easily proven, stress-induced cortisol increase accompanied by insulin resistance, both of which represent typical aging-like phenomena mediated by chronic low-grade inflammation. This suggests the need for humans to consider the long journey to safely land, live and work on Mars by taking advantage of integrative medicine solutions including synthetic torpor and/or continuous self-monitoring of eating, sleeping, moving to enable remotely supervised self-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Strollo
- Elle-Di and San Raffaele Research Institute, Rome, Italy.
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Burns AM, Nixon A, Mallinson J, Cordon SM, Stephens FB, Greenhaff PL. Immobilisation induces sizeable and sustained reductions in forearm glucose uptake in just 24 h but does not change lipid uptake in healthy men. J Physiol 2021; 599:2197-2210. [PMID: 33595094 DOI: 10.1113/jp281021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The trajectory, magnitude and localisation of metabolic perturbations caused by immobilisation (IMM) are unresolved. Forearm glucose uptake (FGU) in response to glucose feeding was determined in healthy men before and during 72 h of forearm IMM, and the same measurements were made in the non-IMM contralateral limb at baseline and 72 h. In a similar study design, FGU and forearm lipid uptake were determined after a high fat mixed-meal (HFMM) in IMM and non-IMM limbs. FGU was reduced by 38%, 57% and 46% following 24, 48 and 72 h IMM, respectively, but was unchanged in the non-IMM limb. A similar FGU response to IMM was observed after a HFMM, and forearm lipid uptake was unchanged. A sizeable reduction in FGU occurs in just 24 h of IMM, which is sustained thereafter and specific to the IMM limb, making unloading per se the likely rapid driver of dysregulation. ABSTRACT The trajectory and magnitude of metabolic perturbations caused by muscle disuse are unknown yet central to understanding the mechanistic basis of immobilisation-associated metabolic dysregulation. To address this gap, forearm glucose uptake (FGU) was determined in 10 healthy men (age 24.9 ± 0.6 years, weight 71.9 ± 2.6 kg, BMI 22.6 ± 0.6 kg/m2 ) during a 180 min oral glucose challenge before (0) and after 24, 48 and 72 h of arm immobilisation, and before and after 72 h in the contralateral non-immobilised arm (Study A). FGU was decreased from baseline at 24 h (38%, P = 0.04), 48 h (57%, P = 0.01) and 72 h (46%, P = 0.06) of immobilisation, and was also 63% less than the non-immobilised limb at 72 h (P = 0.002). In a second study, FGU and forearm lipid uptake were determined in nine healthy men (age 22.4 ± 1.3 years, weight 71.4 ± 2.8 kg, BMI 22.6 ± 0.8 kg/m2 ) during a 420 min mixed-meal challenge before (0) and after 24 and 48 h of arm immobilisation and before and after 72 h in the contralateral non-immobilised arm (Study B). FGU responses were similar to Study A, and forearm lipid uptake was unchanged from pre-immobilisation in both arms over the study. A sizeable decrement in FGU in response to glucose feeding occurred within 24 h of immobilisation that was sustained and specific to the immobilised limb. Increasing lipid availability had no additional impact on the rate or magnitude of these responses or on lipid uptake. These findings highlight a lack of muscle contraction per se as a fast-acting physiological insult to FGU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisling M Burns
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,School of Life Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Aline Nixon
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Joanne Mallinson
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sally M Cordon
- School of Life Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Francis B Stephens
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Paul L Greenhaff
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis Research Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,School of Life Sciences, Medical School, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,MRC/Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
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Bertile F, Habold C, Le Maho Y, Giroud S. Body Protein Sparing in Hibernators: A Source for Biomedical Innovation. Front Physiol 2021; 12:634953. [PMID: 33679446 PMCID: PMC7930392 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.634953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are not only the major structural components of living cells but also ensure essential physiological functions within the organism. Any change in protein abundance and/or structure is at risk for the proper body functioning and/or survival of organisms. Death following starvation is attributed to a loss of about half of total body proteins, and body protein loss induced by muscle disuse is responsible for major metabolic disorders in immobilized patients, and sedentary or elderly people. Basic knowledge of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that control proteostasis is continuously growing. Yet, finding and developing efficient treatments to limit body/muscle protein loss in humans remain a medical challenge, physical exercise and nutritional programs managing to only partially compensate for it. This is notably a major challenge for the treatment of obesity, where therapies should promote fat loss while preserving body proteins. In this context, hibernating species preserve their lean body mass, including muscles, despite total physical inactivity and low energy consumption during torpor, a state of drastic reduction in metabolic rate associated with a more or less pronounced hypothermia. The present review introduces metabolic, physiological, and behavioral adaptations, e.g., energetics, body temperature, and nutrition, of the torpor or hibernation phenotype from small to large mammals. Hibernating strategies could be linked to allometry aspects, the need for periodic rewarming from torpor, and/or the ability of animals to fast for more or less time, thus determining the capacity of individuals to save proteins. Both fat- and food-storing hibernators rely mostly on their body fat reserves during the torpid state, while minimizing body protein utilization. A number of them may also replenish lost proteins during arousals by consuming food. The review takes stock of the physiological, molecular, and cellular mechanisms that promote body protein and muscle sparing during the inactive state of hibernation. Finally, the review outlines how the detailed understanding of these mechanisms at play in various hibernators is expected to provide innovative solutions to fight human muscle atrophy, to better help the management of obese patients, or to improve the ex vivo preservation of organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Bertile
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Strasbourg, France
| | - Caroline Habold
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Ecology, Physiology & Ethology Department, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yvon Le Maho
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC UMR 7178, Ecology, Physiology & Ethology Department, Strasbourg, France.,Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Sylvain Giroud
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Standley RA, Distefano G, Trevino MB, Chen E, Narain NR, Greenwood B, Kondakci G, Tolstikov VV, Kiebish MA, Yu G, Qi F, Kelly DP, Vega RB, Coen PM, Goodpaster BH. Skeletal Muscle Energetics and Mitochondrial Function Are Impaired Following 10 Days of Bed Rest in Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 75:1744-1753. [PMID: 31907525 PMCID: PMC7494044 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Older adults exposed to periods of inactivity during hospitalization, illness, or injury lose muscle mass and strength. This, in turn, predisposes poor recovery of physical function upon reambulation and represents a significant health risk for older adults. Bed rest (BR) results in altered skeletal muscle fuel metabolism and loss of oxidative capacity that have recently been linked to the muscle atrophy program. Our primary objective was to explore the effects of BR on mitochondrial energetics in muscle from older adults. A secondary objective was to examine the effect of β-hydroxy-β-methylbuturate (HMB) supplementation on mitochondrial energetics. Methods We studied 20 older adults before and after a 10-day BR intervention, who consumed a complete oral nutritional supplement (ONS) with HMB (3.0 g/d HMB, n = 11) or without HMB (CON, n = 9). Percutaneous biopsies of the vastus lateralis were obtained to determine mitochondrial respiration and H2O2 emission in permeabilized muscle fibers along with markers of content. RNA sequencing and lipidomics analyses were also conducted. Results We found a significant up-regulation of collagen synthesis and down-regulation of ribosome, oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial gene transcripts following BR in the CON group. Alterations to these gene transcripts were significantly blunted in the HMB group. Mitochondrial respiration and markers of content were both reduced and H2O2 emission was elevated in both groups following BR. Conclusions In summary, 10 days of BR in older adults causes a significant deterioration in mitochondrial energetics, while transcriptomic profiling revealed that some of these negative effects may be attenuated by an ONS containing HMB.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michelle B Trevino
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gongxin Yu
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, Florida
| | - Feng Qi
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida
| | - Daniel P Kelly
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida.,Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Rick B Vega
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, Florida.,Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida
| | - Paul M Coen
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, Florida
| | - Bret H Goodpaster
- AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, Florida.,Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Orlando, Florida
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Reidy PT, Monnig JM, Pickering CE, Funai K, Drummond MJ. Preclinical rodent models of physical inactivity-induced muscle insulin resistance: challenges and solutions. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 130:537-544. [PMID: 33356986 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00954.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity influences the development of muscle insulin resistance yet is far less understood than diet-induced muscle insulin resistance. Progress in understanding the mechanisms of physical inactivity-induced insulin resistance is limited by a lack of an appropriate preclinical model of muscle insulin resistance. Here, we discuss differences between diet and physical inactivity-induced insulin resistance, the advantages and disadvantages of the available rodent inactivity models to study insulin resistance, and our current understanding of the mechanisms of muscle insulin resistance derived from such preclinical inactivity designs. The burgeoning rise of health complications emanating from metabolic disease presents an alarming issue with mounting costs for health care and a reduced quality of life. There exists a pressing need for more complete understanding of mechanisms behind the development and progression of metabolic dysfunction. Since lifestyle modifications such as poor diet and lack of physical activity are primary catalysts of metabolic dysfunction, rodent models have been formed to explore mechanisms behind these issues. Particularly, the use of a high-fat diet has been pervasive and has been an instrumental model to gain insight into mechanisms underlying diet-induced insulin resistance (IR). However, physical inactivity (and to some extent muscle disuse) is an often overlooked and much less frequently studied lifestyle modification, which some have contended is the primary contributor in the initial development of muscle IR. In this mini-review we highlight some of the key differences between diet- and physical inactivity-induced development of muscle IR and propose reasons for the sparse volume of academic research into physical inactivity-induced IR including infrequent use of clearly translatable rodent physical inactivity models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio
| | - Jackie M Monnig
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio
| | | | - Katsuhiko Funai
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Micah J Drummond
- Departments of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Effect of moderate-intensity seated exercise on the management of metabolic outcomes in hypertensive individuals with or without exercise habits. J Exerc Sci Fit 2020; 19:51-56. [PMID: 33224205 PMCID: PMC7658705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to evaluate the effect of moderate-intensity seated exercise on metabolic outcomes in hypertensive individuals with or without exercise habits. Methods Forty-two hypertensive individuals volunteered for this study and were classified into 3 groups by their habits and place for moderate-intensity exercise prior to this study: NONE (<2 days/week or no exercise; n = 13), HOME (≥30 min/day and ≥2 days/week at home; n = 15), and GYM (≥30 min/day and ≥2 days/week at a hospital gym; n = 14). They performed their daily activities as usual and seated exercise (stepping and stepping with trunk rotation; a range of 11–13 on the Borg rating of perceived exertion scale) for at least 15 min/day and at least 3 days/week for 12 weeks. Results Thirty-five participants (age: 67.7 ± 5.9 years) completed the study, and there was no difference among the 3 groups regarding weekly exercise. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value in the NONE group was significantly higher than that in the GYM group at baseline (p < 0.05), but it decreased significantly after 12 weeks (from 2.2 ± 0.8 to 1.7 ± 0.7, p < 0.05). Changes in HOMA-IR in the NONE group after 12 weeks was greater than that in the HOME and GYM groups (both p < 0.01). The HOME and GYM groups showed no significant changes in any of the variables. Conclusion Moderate-intensity seated exercise may be an effective strategy to improve insulin resistance in hypertensive individuals without exercise habits.
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Lambell KJ, Goh GS, Tierney AC, Forsyth A, Nanjayya V, Nyulasi I, King SJ. Marked losses of computed tomography-derived skeletal muscle area and density over the first month of a critical illness are not associated with energy and protein delivery. Nutrition 2020; 82:111061. [PMID: 33341597 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2020.111061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Changes in muscularity during different phases of critical illness are not well described. This retrospective study aimed to describe changes in computed tomography (CT)-derived skeletal muscle area (SMA) and density (SMD) across different weeks of critical illness and investigate associations between changes in these parameters and energy and protein delivery. METHODS Thirty-two adults admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) who had ≥2 CT scans at the third lumbar area performed ≥7 d apart were included in the study. CT-derived SMA (cm2) and SMD (Hounsfield units) were determined using specialized software. A range of clinical and nutrition variables were collected for each day between comparator scans. Associations were assessed by Pearson or Spearman correlations. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in SMA between the two comparator scans where the first CT scan was performed in ICU wk 1 (n = 20; P < .001), wk 2 (n = 11; P < .007), and wk 3 to 4 (n = 7; P = .012). There was no significant change in SMA beyond ICU wk 5 to 7 (P = .943). A significant decline in SMD was observed across the first 3 wk of ICU admission (P < .001). Overall, patients received a mean 24 ± 6 kcal energy/kg and 1.1 ± 0.4 g protein/kg per study day and 83% of energy and protein requirements according to dietitian estimates. No association between SMA or SMD changes and nutrition delivery were found. CONCLUSIONS Critically ill patients experience marked losses of SMA over the first month of critical illness, attenuated after wk 5 to 7. Energy and protein delivery were not associated with degree of muscle loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate J Lambell
- Nutrition Department, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Gerard S Goh
- Department of Radiology, The Alfred, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Surgery, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia; National Trauma Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Audrey C Tierney
- Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia; School of Allied Health and Health Implementation Science and Technology Cluster, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Adrienne Forsyth
- Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vinodh Nanjayya
- Intensive Care Unit, The Alfred, Melbourne, Australia; Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ibolya Nyulasi
- Nutrition Department, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susannah J King
- Nutrition Department, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Dietetics, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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Ward K, Mulder E, Frings-Meuthen P, O'Gorman DJ, Cooper D. Fetuin-A as a Potential Biomarker of Metabolic Variability Following 60 Days of Bed Rest. Front Physiol 2020; 11:573581. [PMID: 33192574 PMCID: PMC7604312 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.573581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fetuin-A is a hepatokine linked to the development of insulin resistance. The purpose of this study was to determine if 60 days head-down-tilt (HDT) bed rest increased circulating fetuin-A and if it was linked to whole body insulin sensitivity (IS). Additionally, we examined whether reactive jump training (RJT) could alleviate the metabolic changes associated with bed rest. Methods: 23 young men (29 ± 6 years, 181 ± 6 cm, 77 ± 7 kg) were randomized to a control (CTRL, n = 11) or RJT group (JUMP, n = 12) and exposed to 60 days of bed rest. Before and after bed rest, body composition and V . O 2 p e a k were measured and an oral glucose tolerance test was performed to estimate IS. Circulating lipids and fetuin-A were measured in fasting serum. Results: Body weight, lean mass, and V . O 2 p e a k decreased in both groups following bed rest, with greater reductions in CTRL (p < 0.05). There was a main effect of time, but not the RJT intervention, for the increase in fetuin-A, triglycerides (TG), area under the curve for glucose (AUCG) and insulin (AUCI), and the decrease in Matsuda and tissue-specific IS (p < 0.05). Fetuin-A increased in participants who became less insulin sensitive (p = 0.019). In this subgroup, liver IS and adipose IS decreased (p < 0.05), while muscle IS was unchanged. In a subgroup, where IS did not decrease, fetuin-A did not change. Liver IS increased (p = 0.012), while muscle and adipose tissue IS remained unchanged. Conclusions: In this study, we report an increase in circulating fetuin-A following 60 days of bed rest, concomitant with reduced IS, which could not be mitigated by RJT. The amount of fetuin-A released from the liver may be an important determinant of changes in whole body IS. In this regard, it may also be a useful biomarker of individual variation due to inactivity or lifestyle interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiera Ward
- Faculty of Science and Health, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Edwin Mulder
- Department of Muscle and Bone Metabolism, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Petra Frings-Meuthen
- Department of Muscle and Bone Metabolism, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Donal J O'Gorman
- 3U Diabetes Partnership, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.,National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Diane Cooper
- Faculty of Science and Health, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
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