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Kehagias D, Georgopoulos N, Habeos I, Lampropoulos C, Mulita F, Kehagias I. The role of the gastric fundus in glycemic control. Hormones (Athens) 2023; 22:151-163. [PMID: 36705877 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-023-00429-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ghrelin, one of the most studied gut hormones, is mainly produced by the gastric fundus. Abundant evidence exists from preclinical and clinical studies underlining its contribution to glucose regulation. In the following narrative review, the role of the gastric fundus in glucose regulation is summarized and we investigate whether its resection enhances glycemic control. METHODS An electronic search was conducted in the PubMed® database and in Google Scholar® using a combination of medical subject headings (MeSH). We examined types of metabolic surgery, including, in particular, gastric fundus resection, either as part of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) or modified laparoscopic gastric bypass with fundus resection (LRYGBP + FR), and the contribution of ghrelin reduction to glucose regulation. RESULTS Fourteen human studies were judged to be eligible and included in this narrative review. Reduction of ghrelin levels after fundus resection might be related to early glycemic improvement before significant weight loss is achieved. Long-term data regarding the role of ghrelin reduction in glucose homeostasis are sparse. CONCLUSION The exact role of ghrelin in achieving glycemic control is still ambiguous. Data from human studies reveal a potential contribution of ghrelin reduction to early glycemic improvement, although further well-designed studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kehagias
- Department of General Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, 26504, Rio, Greece.
| | - Neoklis Georgopoulos
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Patras Medical School, 26504, Rio, Greece
| | - Ioannis Habeos
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, 26504, Rio, Greece
| | | | - Francesk Mulita
- Department of General Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, 26504, Rio, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kehagias
- Division of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Department of Surgery, General University Hospital of Patras, 26504, Rio, Greece
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Bonilla-Díaz A, Ordóñez-Morán P. Differentiated Epithelial Cells of the Gut. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2650:3-16. [PMID: 37310619 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3076-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The intestine is a prime example of self-renewal where stem cells give rise to progenitor cells called transit-amplifying cells which differentiate into more specialized cells. There are two intestinal lineages: the absorptive (enterocytes and microfold cells) and the secretory (Paneth cells, enteroendocrine, goblet cells, and tuft cells). Each of these differentiated cell types has a role in creating an "ecosystem" to maintain intestinal homeostasis. Here, we summarize the main roles of each cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bonilla-Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biomedicine , University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paloma Ordóñez-Morán
- Translational Medical Sciences Unit, School of Medicine, Centre for Cancer Sciences, Biodiscovery Institute-3, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Infante M, Ricordi C. The unique pathophysiological features of diabetes mellitus secondary to total pancreatectomy: proposal for a new classification distinct from diabetes of the exocrine pancreas. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2023; 18:19-32. [PMID: 36692892 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2023.2168645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes of the exocrine pancreas (DEP; a.k.a. pancreatic diabetes or pancreatogenic diabetes or type 3c diabetes mellitus or T3cDM) refers to different diabetes types resulting from disorders of the exocrine pancreas. DEP is characterized by the structural and functional loss of glucose-normalizing insulin secretion in the context of exocrine pancreatic dysfunction. Among these forms, new-onset diabetes mellitus secondary to total pancreatectomy (TP) has unique pathophysiological and clinical features, for which we propose a new nomenclature such as post-total pancreatectomy diabetes mellitus (PTPDM). AREAS COVERED TP results in the complete loss of pancreatic parenchyma, with subsequent absolute insulinopenia and lifelong need for exogenous insulin therapy. Patients with PTPDM also exhibit deficiency of glucagon, amylin and pancreatic polypeptide. These endocrine abnormalities, coupled with increased peripheral insulin sensitivity, deficiency of pancreatic enzymes and TP-related modifications of gastrointestinal anatomy, can lead to marked glucose variability and increased risk of iatrogenic (insulin-induced) severe hypoglycemic episodes ('brittle diabetes'). EXPERT OPINION We believe that diabetes mellitus secondary to TP should not be included in the DEP spectrum in light of its peculiar pathophysiological and clinical features. Therefore, we propose a new classification for this entity, that would likely provide more accurate prognosis and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Infante
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
- Section of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, UniCamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
- Diabetes Research Institute Federation (DRIF), Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Rome, Italy
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Cell Transplant Center, Diabetes Research Institute (DRI), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Effects of Helicobacter pylori Infection on Ghrelin and Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Secretion in Children with Idiopathic Short Stature. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11195868. [PMID: 36233735 PMCID: PMC9572010 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11195868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A diagnosis of "idiopathic short stature" (ISS) in a child means that the cause of the disease has not been established, although there are certainly some unknown factors that contributed to its occurrence. Ghrelin and leptin are important in controlling food intake; ghrelin is also a growth hormone (GH) stimulator. Both enterohormones are produced in the stomach and their secretion may be affected by a Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. Methods: Our study included a group of 61 children (53 prepubertal and 8 peripubertal) with ISS, without any gastrointestinal tract symptoms but in whom the histopathological evaluation of stomach tissue was made during gastroscopy to diagnose H. pylori infection. In each child, fasting ghrelin, leptin and IGF-1 concentrations, and GH levels in two stimulation tests were assessed. Results: H. pylori infection was confirmed in 24.6% of the children. Ghrelin and IGF-1 concentrations were significantly lower in H. pylori-positive than H. pylori-negative children (this was more noticeable in prepubertal subgroups), however there was not a discrepancy in regards to GH concentrations in stimulation tests, leptin levels or the nutritional state between groups. Conclusions: Short children, infected by H. pylori seem to have lower ghrelin and IGF-1 concentrations than children without infection, this may be the reason for a worse growth rate in this subgroup.
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Orellana E, Horvath N, Farokhnia M, Leggio L, Hajnal A. Changes in Plasma Ghrelin Levels Following Surgical and Non-Surgical Weight-Loss in Female Rats Predict Alcohol Use. Brain Res Bull 2022; 188:179-186. [PMID: 35901985 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The weight-loss surgery Roux-en Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is a relatively effective, long-term treatment option for patients with morbid obesity. However, accumulating clinical evidence suggests that patients receiving RYGB may be at increased risk of developing alcohol use disorder. This observation has been repeatedly supported by preclinical studies showing rodents increase intake of ethanol (EtOH) after RYGB, and has been further confirmed by human studies. A promising alternative to RYGB is sleeve gastrectomy (SG), which has resulted in decreased EtOH consumption in some rodent studies. The exact mechanism underlying the differential alcohol outcomes after RYGB versus SG has yet to be elucidated. However, the gut hormone ghrelin has emerged as a potential candidate from previous preclinical studies specific to RYGB surgeries and due to its action to stimulate food and alcohol intake and cravings. To directly assess changes in plasma ghrelin levels following weigh loss surgeries in the context of alcohol intake, 24 female rats were separated into three surgical groups receiving RYGB, SG, or Sham surgery followed by caloric restriction to produce adiposity matched controls (Sham-AM). Blood was drawn for fasted and fed plasma ghrelin (acyl and des-acyl) assays at multiple time points: while on a normal diet (ND), after 5-week exposure to a high fat diet (HFD), following surgery, and after a series of two-bottle alcohol choice test with increasing concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%) of EtOH. Consistent with previous observations, RYGB rats drank more EtOH than SG rats across all concentrations. As expected, fasted ghrelin levels were blunted after HFD feeding, compared to normal diet baseline. After RYGB, fasted ghrelin levels returned to higher levels while remained blunted after SG and Sham-AM. Fed acyl ghrelin levels were significantly increased to above "normal" levels after RYGB, but remain low after SG and Sham-AM. Given that post-RYGB acyl ghrelin levels are raised to a fasted state regardless of actual prandial status, we conclude that RYGB may results in a hormonal state reminiscence of a fasted state with the inability of feeding to inhibit ghrelin production, an effect which could potentially contribute to increased EtOH intake following the surgery. In contrast, following SG, ghrelin levels in rats remain consistent with the fed state regardless of prandial status, potentially explaining lower alcohol intake and lower risk of developing AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Orellana
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences.
| | - Nelli Horvath
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences
| | - Mehdi Farokhnia
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, Baltimore and Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Andras Hajnal
- The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences
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Role of the Ghrelin System in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105380. [PMID: 35628187 PMCID: PMC9141034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ghrelin system contains several components (e.g., ghrelin with growing number of alternative peptides, growth hormone secretagogue receptors (GHS-Rs), and ghrelin-O-acyl-transferase (GOAT) and participates in regulation of a number of key processes of gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancer progression, including cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis. However, its exact role in promoting or inhibiting cancer progression is still unclear. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common human malignancies worldwide. Molecular studies suggest an autocrine/paracrine mechanism for the secretion of ghrelin in colorectal carcinogenesis and its contribution to its initial stages. However, the signalling pathways of CRC development involving the ghrelin system are poorly understood. Potential mechanisms of colon carcinogenesis involving components of the ghrelin system were previously described in an animal model and in in vitro studies. However, the diagnostic–prognostic role of serum ghrelin concentrations, tissue expression, or genetic changes of this system in various stages of CRC progression remains an open case. Thus, the aim of this study is to discuss the role of the ghrelin system in colon carcinogenesis, diagnostics and CRC prognostics, as well as the results of studies on the use of ghrelin and its analogues in the therapy of CRC-related syndromes (e.g., cachexia and sarcopenia).
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Basto-Silva C, Couto A, Rodrigues J, Oliva-Teles A, Navarro I, Kaiya H, Capilla E, Guerreiro I. Feeding frequency and dietary protein/carbohydrate ratio affect feed intake and appetite regulation-related genes expression in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 267:111168. [PMID: 35182764 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the effects of feeding frequency (FF) and dietary protein/carbohydrate (P/CH) ratios on appetite regulation of gilthead seabream, two practical diets were formulated to include high protein and low carbohydrate (P50/CH10 diet) or low protein and high carbohydrate (P40/CH20 diet) content and each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish until visual satiation each meal at a FF of 1, 2, or 3 meals per day. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio were higher in fish fed 2 or 3 meals than 1 meal per day and in fish fed the P40/CH20 than the P50/CH10 diet. The specific growth rate was only affected by FF, being higher in fish fed 2 or 3 meals per day than 1 meal per day. Expression of the cocaine-amphetamine-related transcript, corticotropin-releasing hormone, ghrelin receptor-a (ghsr-a), leptin, and neuropeptide y in the brain, cholecystokinin (cck) in the intestine, and leptin and ghrelin in the stomach was not affected by FF or dietary P/CH ratio. This is the first time that ghrelin cells were immune-located in the stomach of gilthead seabream. Fish fed 3 meals per day presented lower cck expression in the brain than those fed twice per day and higher hepatic ghsr-b expression than those fed once per day. Fish fed P40/CH20 diet presented higher hepatic leptin expression than those fed P50/CH10 diet. In conclusion, present results indicate that feeding a P40/CH20 diet at 3 meals a day seems to decrease the satiation feeling of gilthead seabream compared to fish fed higher P/CH ratio diets or fed 1 or 2 meals a day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Basto-Silva
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Couto
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Juliana Rodrigues
- FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Aires Oliva-Teles
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, Ed. FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hiroyuki Kaiya
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, 6-1 Kishibe-Sinmachi, Suita, 564-8565 Osaka, Japan
| | - Encarnación Capilla
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inês Guerreiro
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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Zarkasi KA, Abdul Murad NA, Ahmad N, Jamal R, Abdullah N. Coronary Heart Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Genetic Factors and Their Mechanisms, Gene-Gene, and Gene-Environment Interactions in the Asian Populations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:647. [PMID: 35055468 PMCID: PMC8775550 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19020647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Asians are more susceptible to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) and its coronary heart disease (CHD) complications than the Western populations, possibly due to genetic factors, higher degrees of obesity, insulin resistance, and endothelial dysfunction that could occur even in healthy individuals. The genetic factors and their mechanisms, along with gene-gene and gene-environment interactions associated with CHD in T2D Asians, are yet to be explored. Therefore, the objectives of this paper were to review the current evidence of genetic factors for CHD, summarize the proposed mechanisms of these genes and how they may associate with CHD risk, and review the gene-gene and gene-environment interactions in T2D Asians with CHD. The genetic factors can be grouped according to their involvement in the energy and lipoprotein metabolism, vascular and endothelial pathology, antioxidation, cell cycle regulation, DNA damage repair, hormonal regulation of glucose metabolism, as well as cytoskeletal function and intracellular transport. Meanwhile, interactions between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from different genes, SNPs within a single gene, and genetic interaction with environmental factors including obesity, smoking habit, and hyperlipidemia could modify the gene's effect on the disease risk. Collectively, these factors illustrate the complexities of CHD in T2D, specifically among Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairul Anwar Zarkasi
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (K.A.Z.); (N.A.A.M.); (R.J.)
- Biochemistry Unit, Preclinical Department, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azian Abdul Murad
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (K.A.Z.); (N.A.A.M.); (R.J.)
| | - Norfazilah Ahmad
- Epidemiology and Statistics Unit, Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia;
| | - Rahman Jamal
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (K.A.Z.); (N.A.A.M.); (R.J.)
| | - Noraidatulakma Abdullah
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia; (K.A.Z.); (N.A.A.M.); (R.J.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
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Starving Your Performance? Reduced Preexercise Hunger Increases Resistance Exercise Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 17:458-464. [PMID: 34872065 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preexercise food intake enhances exercise performance due, in part, to the provision of exogenous carbohydrate. Food intake also suppresses hunger, but the specific influence of hunger on exercise performance has not been investigated. This study aimed to manipulate hunger by altering preexercise meal viscosity to examine whether hunger influences performance. METHODS Sixteen resistance-trained males completed 2 experimental trials ingesting either high viscosity semisolid (SEM) and low viscosity liquid (LIQ) carbohydrate-containing meals 2 hours before performing 4 sets of back squat (85 [22] kg) and bench press (68 [13] kg) to failure at 90% 10-repetition maximum. Subjective hunger/fullness as well as plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, ghrelin, and peptide tyrosine-tyrosine were measured before and periodically after the meal. Repetitions completed in sets were used to determine exercise performance. RESULTS Hunger was lower, and fullness was greater during SEM compared with LIQ immediately before and during exercise (P < .05). Total repetitions completed for back squat were approximately 10% greater in SEM (SEM 57 [9]; LIQ 51 [7] repetitions; P = .001) with no difference in bench press repetitions (SEM 48 [11]; LIQ 48 [10] repetitions; P = .621). Postprandial glucose concentrations were greater during LIQ (12% increase in peak glucose) but were similar throughout exercise. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that exercise performance in back squat was increased in the SEM trial concomitant to a reduction in hunger. Therefore, this study provides novel data that suggest that exercise performance might be influenced by hunger, at least for resistance exercise.
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Nunez-Salces M, Li H, Young RL, Page AJ. The secretion of total and acyl ghrelin from the mouse gastric mucosa: Role of nutrients and the lipid chemosensors FFAR4 and CD36. Peptides 2021; 146:170673. [PMID: 34627956 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study investigated the nutrient-mediated modulation of total ghrelin (TG) and acyl ghrelin (AG) secretion from the mouse gastric mucosa, and the role of long-chain fatty acid chemosensors, FFAR4 and CD36, in lipid-mediated modulation of TG and AG release. METHODS Ex-vivo experiments were conducted using mouse gastric mucosa to examine the effects of nutrients (D-glucose, L-phenylalanine, peptone (mixture of oligopeptides & single amino acids), D-mannitol, α-linolenic acid and fat emulsion (intralipid)) on TG and AG secretion. Additionally, inhibition of FFAR4 and CD36 on α-linolenic acid and intralipid-mediated regulation of TG and AG secretion was assessed. RESULTS TG and AG secretion were unaffected by glucose and D-mannitol. Peptone stimulated the release of TG and AG. In contrast, L-phenylalanine reduced AG secretion only. Intralipid reduced TG secretion and stimulated AG secretion, and α-linolenic acid reduced AG release, without affecting TG mobilisation. Modulation of ghrelin secretion by lipids occurred in an FFAR4 and CD36-independent manner. CONCLUSION Ghrelin secretion is modulated in a nutrient-specific manner by proteins and lipids, with TG and AG displaying independent responses to the same stimuli. In addition, FFAR4 and CD36 do not participate in modulation of TG and AG secretion by α-linolenic acid and intralipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nunez-Salces
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Australia; Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia; Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Hui Li
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Australia; Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia; Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Richard L Young
- Intestinal Nutrient Sensing Group, Australia; Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia; Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Amanda J Page
- Vagal Afferent Research Group, Australia; Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia; Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
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Hwang SJ, Wang JH, Lee JS, Lee HD, Choi TJ, Choi SH, Son CG. Yeokwisan, a Standardized Herbal Formula, Enhances Gastric Emptying via Modulation of the Ghrelin Pathway in a Loperamide-induced Functional Dyspepsia Mouse Model. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:753153. [PMID: 34630123 PMCID: PMC8493126 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.753153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Yeokwisan, a standardized herbal formula, has exhibited clinical benefit for patients suffering from refractory functional dyspepsia (FD) in Korea since 2016. However, data about the mechanism of action of this formula are yet not available. Aim of the study: To evaluate and explore the effects of Yeokwisan on gastric emptying, a major symptom of functional dyspepsia, and its underlying mechanisms of action using a mouse model. Materials and methods: BALB/C mice were pretreated with Yeokwisan (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, po) or mosapride (3 mg/kg, po) for 5 days and then treated with loperamide (10 mg/kg, ip) after 20 h of fasting. A solution of 0.05% phenol red (500 μL) or diet of 5% charcoal (200 μL) was orally administered, followed by assessment of gastric emptying or intestinal transit. Plasma acyl-ghrelin (ELISA), C-kit (immunofluorescence and western blotting), nNOS (western blotting) and gastric contraction- and ghrelin-related gene/protein expression levels were examined in stomach and small intestine tissues. Results: Loperamide injection substantially delayed gastric emptying, while Yeokwisan pretreatment (especially 200 and 400 mg/kg Yeokwisan) significantly attenuated this peristaltic dysfunction, as evidenced by the quantity of phenol red retained in the stomach (p < 0.05 or 0.01) and stomach weight (p < 0.05 or 0.01). The levels of plasma acyl-ghrelin and expression of gastric ghrelin-related genes, such as growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR), ghrelin-O-acyltransferase (GOAT), adrenergic receptor β1 (ADRB1) and somatostatin receptor (SSTR), were significantly normalized (p < 0.05 or 0.01) by Yeokwisan (400 mg/kg). Yeokwisan (400 mg/kg) significantly tempered the loperamide-induced alterations in the c-kit and nNOS levels (p < 0.01) as well as the expression of contraction- and ghrelin-related genes, such as 5-HT4 receptor (5-HT4R), anoctamin-1 (ANO1), ryanodine receptor 3 (RYR3) and smooth muscle myosin light chain kinase (smMLCK), in the stomach, but not in the small intestine. Conclusion: The present results showed the clinical relevance of Yeokwisan, in treating FD, especially in promoting gastric emptying but not small intestinal transit. The main mechanisms corresponding to these effects may involve the modulation of the ghrelin pathway and activation of interstitial cells of Cajal in stomach tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Ju Hwang
- Liver and Immunology Research Center, Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jing-Hua Wang
- Liver and Immunology Research Center, Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jin-Seok Lee
- Liver and Immunology Research Center, Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hwa-Dong Lee
- National Institute for Korean Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | | | - Seo-Hyung Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Weedahm Korean Medical Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chang-Gue Son
- Liver and Immunology Research Center, Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, South Korea
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Arne A, Ilgaza A, Kalnina LA. Ghrelin Immunoreactive Cell Amounts in the Abomasum in 4-Month-Old Calves by Feeding Different Amounts of Prebiotics and New Synbiotics. Vet Med Int 2021; 2021:5542372. [PMID: 34594486 PMCID: PMC8478566 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5542372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aim was to determine prebiotic (inulin) and new synbiotic (inulin and Enterococcus faecium) varied dosage effects, during food breakdown-abomasum immunoreactive (IR) cell amount and cold carcass weight. Ghrelin is synthesized in the fundus region of the stomach. In the gastrointestinal system, ghrelin affects multiple functions, including secretion of gastric acid, gastric motility, and pancreatic protein output. The study consisted of 49 Holstein male calves (23 ± 5 days old, 50 ± 5 kg). Control and experimental groups were differentiated only with the additive amount added to the morning food source. Three prebiotic groups were fed Jerusalem artichoke flour (inulin content increased by 50%) in three amounts: 6 g (lowest) PreG6, 12 g (medium) PreG12, and 24 g (highest) PreG24. Three synbiotic groups were added 0.25 g of prebiotic Enterococcus faecium (2 ∗ 109 CFU/g) to the respective prebiotic, obtaining a new synbiotic (SynG6, SynG12, and SynG24). Calves were slaughtered after 56 days to obtain abomasum samples for ghrelin IR cell examination, and carcass weight was determined. It shows that ghrelin IR cell count in the abomasum was (p < 0.05) reduced in 6g and 12g inulin dosage, but carcass weight was significantly (p < 0.05) higher for PreG12 and PreG24 (p < 0.05) and then for CoG (CoG 42.6 kg; PreG12 51.4 kg; and PreG24 54.0 kg) and (p < 0.05) for SynG12 and SynG24 (SynG12 52.3 kg and SynG24 49.6 kg), which indicates longer satiety and more wholesome breakdown of the food uptake. It was concluded that ghrelin IR cells in 12-week-old calves are more abundant in the fundus region. Medium- and high-dosage prebiotic inulin feeding to the calves improves overall food digestion, allowing for longer satiety and higher cold carcass weight without increasing food amount. Adding synbiotic 0.25 g Enterococcus faecium (2 ∗ 109 CFU/g (Protexin, UK)) to inulin (produced in Latvia LTD "Herbe") does not improve the results of this prebiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astra Arne
- Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, K. Helmaņa Street 8, Jelgava 3004, Latvia
| | - Aija Ilgaza
- Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, K. Helmaņa Street 8, Jelgava 3004, Latvia
| | - Liga Astra Kalnina
- St. John Fisher College, Biology Department, 3690 East Ave, Rochester, New York 14618, USA
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Lewiński A, Karbownik-Lewińska M, Wieczorek-Szukała K, Stasiak M, Stawerska R. Contribution of Ghrelin to the Pathogenesis of Growth Hormone Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9066. [PMID: 34445772 PMCID: PMC8396656 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22169066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review we described the interactions between ghrelin and the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis in children and adults with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). A possible involvement of these interactions in the pathogenesis of unexplained cases of GHD was suggested. Current research provides more and more details to the knowledge on the circadian rhythm of ghrelin. We gathered reports on the decreasing effect of Helicobacter pylori-related chronic gastritis on the number of ghrelin immunopositive cells and the consequent decrease in ghrelin serum concentration. The gastrointestinal tract microflora modification of the ghrelin action, by the mechanism of molecular mimicry, was also stressed. Moreover, the mutual relationships between ghrelin and the TSH-FT4/FT3 axis in growth and metabolic processes are described. It is to be recalled that FT4 and FT3 exert a permissive impact on IGF-1 action and, in turn, GH, in reaction mediated by IGF-1, enhances the monodeiodination of FT4 to FT3. Finally, we discussed the latest attempts to use the GH secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) analogues for possible diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Lewiński
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital—Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland; (M.K.-L.); (M.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Małgorzata Karbownik-Lewińska
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital—Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland; (M.K.-L.); (M.S.); (R.S.)
- Department of Oncological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Stasiak
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital—Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland; (M.K.-L.); (M.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Renata Stawerska
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital—Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland; (M.K.-L.); (M.S.); (R.S.)
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
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Orellana ER, Piscura MK, Horvath N, Hajnal A. Differential Response in Ethanol Behaviors of Female Rats Given Various Weight Loss Surgeries. Alcohol Alcohol 2021; 56:599-604. [PMID: 34343232 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agab054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Currently, the only effective treatment for morbid obesity and its comorbidities is weight loss surgery (WLS). Growing evidence suggests that different types of WLS, such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG), have differential effects on alcohol consumption in humans and rats. Thus, we aimed to directly compare the effects of these two surgical procedures, for the first time in female rats, and to determine whether presence or absence of the ghrelin-producing stomach tissue has critical influence on postoperative alcohol intake. METHODS We performed two experiments using an identical behavioral protocol, a continuous-access two-bottle choice protocol for various concentrations of ethanol (EtOH). In Experiment 1, 23 high fat diet (HFD) obese, female rats were randomized to three groups: RYGB, SG or sham-operated food-restricted (Sham) controls. In Experiment 2, HFD obese female rats received either sham (n = 11) or a modified RYGB surgery where the remnant stomach was removed (RYGB-X; n = 12). RESULTS SG rats drank significantly less than RYGB for 4, 6 and 8% and significantly less than Sham for 6, 8 and 8% reinstatement. RYGB-X consumed significantly less EtOH than Sham across all concentrations, reaching significance for 6 and 8% reinstatement. CONCLUSION These findings confirm reduced EtOH consumption by female SG rats as opposed to increased intake following RYGB, and provide the first experimental evidence that the remnant stomach in the RYGB procedure is contributory. Future studies in rats and humans are warranted to confirm that ghrelin plays a critical role in susceptibility to AUD development following WLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise R Orellana
- Georgetown University, School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC, 20009
| | - Mary K Piscura
- The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, 700 HMC Crescent road, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Nelli Horvath
- The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, 700 HMC Crescent road, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Andras Hajnal
- The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, 700 HMC Crescent road, Hershey, PA 17033
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review, we present recent insights into the role of the gut microbiota on gastrointestinal (GI) peptide secretion and signalling, with a focus on the orexigenic hormone, ghrelin. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence is accumulating suggesting that secretion of GI peptides is modulated by commensal bacteria present in our GI tract. Recent data shows that the gut microbiome impacts on ghrelinergic signalling through its metabolites, at the level of the ghrelin receptor (growth hormone secretagogue receptor) and highlights concomitant changes in circulating ghrelin levels with specific gut microbiota changes. However, the mechanisms by which the gut microbiota interacts with gut peptide secretion and signalling, including ghrelin, are still largely unknown. SUMMARY The gut microbiota may directly or indirectly influence secretion of the orexigenic hormone, ghrelin, similar to the modulation of satiety inducing GI hormones. Although data demonstrating a role of the microbiota on ghrelinergic signalling is starting to emerge, future mechanistic studies are needed to understand the full impact of the microbiota-ghrelin axis on metabolism and central-regulated homeostatic and non-homeostatic controls of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha K. Leeuwendaal
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience
- APC Microbiome, Ireland University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Harriët Schellekens
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience
- APC Microbiome, Ireland University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ghrelin was discovered in 1999; extensive research and clinical studies on ghrelin have been published in the last 20 years. Physiological research on ghrelin ranges from its appetite-stimulating effects to its association with energy homeostasis. The physiological effects of ghrelin in the gastrointestinal tract and its relevance in the pathological conditions of the gastrointestinal tract have gradually become clearer. The purpose of the review is to provide current information on ghrelin cell biology and physiology, particularly in the gastrointestinal tract. RECENT FINDINGS Ghrelin-producing cells in the stomach are characterized as X/A-like cells, but immunohistochemical analyses have revealed co-expression of several secreted proteins and hormones in ghrelin-producing cells such as nesfatin-1, somatostatin, and pancreastatin. Furthermore, the local physiological roles and/or mechanisms of ghrelin in gastrointestinal functions such as gastric motility and inflammation are discussed. SUMMARY Ghrelin is a brain-gut hormone with a wide range of physiological actions; hence, it is important to understand its effects on the physiological functions of the gastrointestinal tract to elucidate the biological significance of ghrelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Sakata
- Area of Regulatory Biology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan
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17
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Angoa-Pérez M, Kuhn DM. Evidence for Modulation of Substance Use Disorders by the Gut Microbiome: Hidden in Plain Sight. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:571-596. [PMID: 33597276 PMCID: PMC7896134 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome modulates neurochemical function and behavior and has been implicated in numerous central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including developmental, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders. Substance use disorders (SUDs) remain a serious threat to the public well-being, yet gut microbiome involvement in drug abuse has received very little attention. Studies of the mechanisms underlying SUDs have naturally focused on CNS reward circuits. However, a significant body of research has accumulated over the past decade that has unwittingly provided strong support for gut microbiome participation in drug reward. β-Lactam antibiotics have been employed to increase glutamate transporter expression to reverse relapse-induced release of glutamate. Sodium butyrate has been used as a histone deacetylase inhibitor to prevent drug-induced epigenetic alterations. High-fat diets have been used to alter drug reward because of the extensive overlap of the circuitry mediating them. This review article casts these approaches in a different light and makes a compelling case for gut microbiome modulation of SUDs. Few factors alter the structure and composition of the gut microbiome more than antibiotics and a high-fat diet, and butyrate is an endogenous product of bacterial fermentation. Drugs such as cocaine, alcohol, opiates, and psychostimulants also modify the gut microbiome. Therefore, their effects must be viewed on a complex background of cotreatment-induced dysbiosis. Consideration of the gut microbiome in SUDs should have the beneficial effects of expanding the understanding of SUDs and aiding in the design of new therapies based on opposing the effects of abused drugs on the host's commensal bacterial community. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Proposed mechanisms underlying substance use disorders fail to acknowledge the impact of drugs of abuse on the gut microbiome. β-Lactam antibiotics, sodium butyrate, and high-fat diets are used to modify drug seeking and reward, overlooking the notable capacity of these treatments to alter the gut microbiome. This review aims to stimulate research on substance abuse-gut microbiome interactions by illustrating how drugs of abuse share with antibiotics, sodium butyrate, and fat-laden diets the ability to modify the host microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Angoa-Pérez
- Research and Development Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Donald M Kuhn
- Research and Development Service, John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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18
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Blanco AM, Calo J, Soengas JL. The gut–brain axis in vertebrates: implications for food intake regulation. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:224/1/jeb231571. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.231571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The gut and brain are constantly communicating and influencing each other through neural, endocrine and immune signals in an interaction referred to as the gut–brain axis. Within this communication system, the gastrointestinal tract, including the gut microbiota, sends information on energy status to the brain, which, after integrating these and other inputs, transmits feedback to the gastrointestinal tract. This allows the regulation of food intake and other physiological processes occurring in the gastrointestinal tract, including motility, secretion, digestion and absorption. Although extensive literature is available on the mechanisms governing the communication between the gut and the brain in mammals, studies on this axis in other vertebrates are scarce and often limited to a single species, which may not be representative for obtaining conclusions for an entire group. This Review aims to compile the available information on the gut–brain axis in birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish, with a special focus on its involvement in food intake regulation and, to a lesser extent, in digestive processes. Additionally, we will identify gaps of knowledge that need to be filled in order to better understand the functioning and physiological significance of such an axis in non-mammalian vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén Melisa Blanco
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Jessica Calo
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - José Luis Soengas
- Laboratorio de Fisioloxía Animal, Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional e Ciencias da Saúde, Facultade de Bioloxía and Centro de Investigación Mariña, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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19
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van Loenen MR, Geenen B, Arnoldussen IAC, Kiliaan AJ. Ghrelin as a prominent endocrine factor in stress-induced obesity. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 25:1413-1424. [PMID: 33373270 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1863740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Ghrelin acts on a variety of central- and peripheral organs causing an orexigenic effect, conclusively followed by increased caloric intake. Recent studies have indicated that ghrelin's function as an orexigenic agent does not entirely reflect the full functional properties of the peptide. Specifically, ghrelin regulates stress-hormone synthesis and secretion therewith affecting the stress-axis. The role of stress in the development of obesity has been extensively studied. However, the orexigenic and underlying stress-regulatory effect of ghrelin has not yet been further considered in the development of stress-induced obesity.Methods: Therefore, this review aims to accentuate the potential of ghrelin as a factor in the pathological development of stress-induced obesity.Results: In this review we discuss (1) the ghrelin-mediated intracellular cascades and elucidate the overall bioactivation of the peptide, and (2) the mechanisms of ghrelin signalling and regulation within the central nervous system and the gastro-intestinal system.Discussion: These biological processes will be ultimately discussed in relation to the pathogenesis of stress-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R van Loenen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Center PRIME, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Bram Geenen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Center PRIME, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ilse A C Arnoldussen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Center PRIME, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Amanda J Kiliaan
- Department of Medical Imaging, Anatomy, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Preclinical Imaging Center PRIME, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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20
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Gulubova MV, Tolekova AN, Ivanova K, Hamza S, Hadzhi M, Chonov D, Ananiev J. Fructose-induced metabolic disturbances in rats and its impact on stomach endocrine cell number and smooth muscle contractility. Arch Physiol Biochem 2020; 126:440-448. [PMID: 30633582 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2018.1555601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Context: Gastric ghrelin-positive endocrine cells (GHR + EC) were most dense in the oxyntic mucosa.Objective: We evaluated ECs and contractile activity in rat stomach with metabolic disorders.Materials and methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: Control (n = 9) received tap water and Fructose (n = 9) drank 15% fructose solution for 12 weeks. Streptozotocin was applied in a dose of 20 mg/kg b.w. two weeks after the beginning of the experiment on Fructose group. Smooth-muscle strips from the stomach were influenced by Angiotensin II for analysis of parameters of contractions. Stomach samples were elaborated with immunohistochemistry for ghrelin, somatostatin, gastrin antibodies and with double immunofluorescence.Results: In treated animals, GHR + EC were significantly increased in the corpus where somatostatin-positive cells were decreased. Contractile activity was decreased.Conclusions: The increase number of GHR + EC was discussed in the context of Somatostatin and Gastrin-positive ECs variations and correlated with the decrease of smooth muscle contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya V Gulubova
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Anna N Tolekova
- Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Pharmacology, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Koni Ivanova
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Sevinch Hamza
- Department of Anatomy, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Mehmed Hadzhi
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Dimitar Chonov
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Julian Ananiev
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
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Serna-Duque JA, Esteban MÁ. Effects of inflammation and/or infection on the neuroendocrine control of fish intestinal motility: A review. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:342-356. [PMID: 32454211 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Food is the largest expense in fish farms. On the other hand, the fish health and wellbeing are determining factors in aquaculture production where nutrition is a vital process for growing animals. In fact, it is important to remember that digestion and nutrition are crucial for animals' physiology. However, digestion is a very complex process in which food is processed to obtain necessary nutrients and central mechanisms of this process require both endocrine and neuronal regulation. In this context, intestinal motility is essential for the absorption of the nutrients (digestive process determining nutrition). An imbalance in the intestinal motility due to an inadequate diet or an infectious process could result in a lower use of the food and inefficiency in obtaining nutrients from food. Very frequently, farmed fish are infected with different pathogenic microorganism and this situation could alter gastrointestinal physiology and, indirectly reduce fish growth. For these reasons, the present review focuses on analysing how different inflammatory molecules or infections can alter conventional modulators of fish intestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhon A Serna-Duque
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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22
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Effect of Ghrelin Hormone as a Diagnostic Factor on Appendicitis. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2020; 2020:4073059. [PMID: 32802044 PMCID: PMC7403936 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4073059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Appendicitis is the most common cause of surgery in people under 50. In America, it causes 250,000 cases per year and about 1 million days of hospitalization. Methods This cross-sectional study was performed on 20 patients under appendectomy with diagnosis of acute appendicitis. The statistical population was divided into two groups, proven appendicitis in pathology and rejection of appendicitis in pathology. Then, 10 patients were assigned into each group. Results A total of 20 patients were enrolled in this study, 9 of whom were female (45%) and 11 male (55%). The most common symptom was anorexia. However, there was no statistical difference between the two groups. The lowest level of serum ghrelin was 0.95 and the highest was 16.00 in the study group, which was the mean in people with appendicitis and nonappendicitis 6.24 ± 4.09 and 5.12 ± 4.85, respectively. These values were not significantly different between the two groups (T = 0.45, df = 18, p = 0.65). Conclusion This conclusion may be due to the small number of cases introduced into the study, which suggests that further investigation is warranted with a larger sample size.
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23
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Cagiltay E, Celik A, Dixon JB, Pouwels S, Santoro S, Gupta A, Ugale S, Abdul-Ghani M. Effects of different metabolic states and surgical models on glucose metabolism and secretion of ileal L-cell peptides: results from the HIPER-1 study. Diabet Med 2020; 37:697-704. [PMID: 31773794 DOI: 10.1111/dme.14191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the impact of four surgical procedures (mini-gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, ileal transposition and transit bipartition) vs medical management on gut peptide secretion, β-cell function and resolution of hyperglycaemia in people with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS A mixed-meal tolerance test was administered 6-24 months after each surgical procedure (mini-gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy, ileal transposition and transit bipartition; n=30 in each group) and the results were compared with those obtained in matched lean (n=30) and obese (n=30) people with type 2 diabetes undergoing medical management. RESULTS Participants in the mini-gastric bypass and ileal transposition groups had a greater increase in plasma glucose concentration after the mixed-meal tolerance test than those in the sleeve gastrectomy and transit bipartition groups. Participants in the mini-gastric bypass group exhibited the greatest increase in the incremental area under the curve of plasma glucose concentration above baseline (P<0.0001). Insulin sensitivity was similar across surgical groups, and statistically greater in participants in the surgical groups than in obese participants in the non-surgical group (P<0.0001). β-cell responsiveness to glucose was greater in participants in the sleeve gastrectomy and transit bipartition groups than in the mini-gastric bypass and ileal transposition groups (P<0.001) despite a smaller incremental increase above baseline in the area under the plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 concentration curve relative to ileal transposition. Postoperative β-cell function was the strongest predictor of hyperglycaemia resolution. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that the level of β-cell function after bariatric surgery is the strongest predictor of hyperglycaemia resolution. The study also demonstrates a disconnect between postprandial GLP-1 levels and β-cell function among the studied surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cagiltay
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Saglik Bilimleri University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Celik
- Metabolic Surgery Clinic, Istanbul, Sisli, Turkey
| | - J B Dixon
- Laboratory of Human Neurotransmitters, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
- Department of Primary Health Care, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - S Pouwels
- Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medical Centre, The Hague, Netherlands
| | - S Santoro
- Department of Surgery, Albert Einstein Hospital, Sao Paolo, Brazil
| | - A Gupta
- Centre for Medical Weight Loss and Metabolic Control, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA
| | - S Ugale
- Department of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Kirloskar Hospital, Hyderabad, India
| | - M Abdul-Ghani
- Cardio-Metabolic Institute, AHS, HMC, Doha, Qatar
- Diabetes Division, University of Texas Health Science Centre, San Antonio, TX, USA
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24
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Expression of lysine-mediated neuropeptide hormones controlling satiety and appetite in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2019; 99:1409-1420. [PMID: 32115028 PMCID: PMC7587822 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine is the second most limiting amino acid after methionine and is considered the most limiting amino acid for growth in poultry. Lysine requirement for broiler chickens has changed over the years. Leptin and adiponectin represent 2 adipokines that mediate metabolism by eliciting satiety effects whereas ghrelin peptide hormone influences appetite. We hypothesize that this affects growth performance of chicks. This study evaluates the effect of varying dietary lysine homeostasis on performance of broiler chickens through satiety- and appetite-mediating hormones. In 3 replications, 270 one-day-old chicks were reared for 8 wk feeding on diets comprising 0.85, 1.14, and 1.42% lysine during the starter period and 0.75, 1.00, and 1.25% lysine during the grower period. These concentrations of lysine represent 75% (low lysine), 100% (control), and 125% (high lysine) of National Research Council recommendation for broiler chickens. Feed and water were provided for ad libitum consumption. At 8 wk of age, liver, pancreas, brain, and hypothalamus tissues were collected from 18 birds randomly selected from each treatment, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at -80°C until use. Total RNA was extracted, and cDNA was synthesized for quantitative real-time PCR assays. Low lysine concentration caused slow growth and high mortality. There was significant upregulation of ghrelin in the hypothalamus and pancreas, and leptin and adiponectin in the hypothalamus and liver, and downregulation of ghrelin in the intestines. At low lysine concentrations, adiponectin was not expressed in both pancreas and intestines. High lysine concentration exhibited increased growth, upregulation of ghrelin in the liver, and downregulation of ghrelin in the intestines, and both adiponectin and leptin in the liver. The expression of ghrelin was negatively correlated with the expression of adiponectin and leptin (P < 0.05) in the liver, hypothalamus, and pancreas. Expression of leptin was positively correlated with adiponectin in the hypothalamus and liver (P < 0.05), exhibiting satiety effects when the concentrations of lysine were low.
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Kokkinos A, Tsilingiris D, le Roux CW, Rubino F, Mantzoros CS. Will medications that mimic gut hormones or target their receptors eventually replace bariatric surgery? Metabolism 2019; 100:153960. [PMID: 31412266 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2019.153960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective therapeutic modality through which sustained beneficial effects on weight loss and metabolic improvement are achieved. During recent years, indications for bariatric surgery have been expanded to include cases of poorly controlled type 2 (T2DM) diabetes mellitus in lesser extremes of body weight. A spectrum of the beneficial effects of surgery is attributed to robust changes of postprandial gut peptide responses that are observed post operatively. Consolidated knowledge regarding gut peptide physiology as well as emerging new evidence shedding light on the mode of action of previously overlooked gut hormones provide appealing potential obesity and T2DM therapeutic perspectives. The accumulation of evidence from the effect of exogenous administration of native gut peptides alone or in combinations to humans as well as the development of mimetic agents exerting agonistic effects on combinations of gut hormone receptors pave the way for future integrated gut peptide-based treatments, which may mimic the effects of bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kokkinos
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
| | - Dimitrios Tsilingiris
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Carel W le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Francesco Rubino
- Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, Diabetes and Nutritional Science Division, King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, USA
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Ahmed M, Ahmed S. Functional, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Aspects of Gastrointestinal Hormones. Gastroenterology Res 2019; 12:233-244. [PMID: 31636773 PMCID: PMC6785288 DOI: 10.14740/gr1219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) hormones are essential to many physiologic functions in our body. They have many GI and extra-GI functions. Some of the functions of these hormones, which have GI and extra-GI sources, are still unknown. Specific GI hormones can affect the brain to control food intake, while others can proliferate normal and neoplastic tissue when their receptors are expressed in certain neoplasms. GI hormones also have many diagnostic and therapeutic roles. Physiologic and pathophysiologic aspects as well as the diagnostic and therapeutic values of GI hormones are elaborated in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monjur Ahmed
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.,Both authors contributed equally to write the manuscript
| | - Sarah Ahmed
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.,Both authors contributed equally to write the manuscript
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Zeng F, Sun R, He Z, Chen Y, Lei D, Yin T, Liu X, Yang Y, Ma P, Qu Y, Zhang D, Lang C, Park J, Lu J, Lan L, Li Z, Gong Q, Liang F, Kong J. Altered Functional Connectivity of the Amygdala and Sex Differences in Functional Dyspepsia. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2019; 10:e00046. [PMID: 31136362 PMCID: PMC6613861 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The influence of sex on the prevalence and clinical manifestations of functional dyspepsia (FD) has recently been a topic of increasing interest. However, brain MRI pathology based on sexual dimorphism in FD has not yet been investigated. The amygdala, which plays a vital role in processing gastrointestinal signals, may be associated with the sex-related pathophysiology of FD. METHODS We investigated the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of amygdala subregions in patients with FD and healthy subjects as well as the sex differences between male and female FD patients. RESULTS The results showed that FD patients manifested altered rsFC in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and centromedial amygdala subregions compared with HS and that female FD patients showed increased BLA rsFC with the insula (INS) and decreased BLA rsFC with the medial prefrontal cortex and dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex compared with male FD patients and female HS. DISCUSSION Our findings suggest that FD females tend to have more severe dysfunction of cognitive-affective processing among the brain regions associated with the salience network, central executive network, and default mode network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zeng
- Brain Research Center, Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ruirui Sun
- Brain Research Center, Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhaoxuan He
- Brain Research Center, Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Brain Research Center, Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Du Lei
- Departments of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Yin
- Brain Research Center, Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Brain Research Center, Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Department of Radiology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peihong Ma
- Brain Research Center, Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuzhu Qu
- Brain Research Center, Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Danhua Zhang
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation of the 181st Chinese People's Liberation Army Hospital, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Courtney Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joel Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jin Lu
- Brain Research Center, Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Lan
- Brain Research Center, Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhengjie Li
- Brain Research Center, Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Departments of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Fanrong Liang
- Brain Research Center, Acupuncture and Tuina School/The 3rd Teaching Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jian Kong
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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Li B, Lin Q, Guo H, Liu L, Li Y. Ghrelin regulates sepsis‑induced rat acute gastric injury. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:5424-5432. [PMID: 31059095 PMCID: PMC6522907 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin, a peptide expressed in the gastric mucosa, has an essential role in sustaining the normal function of the digestive system. Sepsis is one of the primary causes of mortality in intensive care units and can lead to multiple organ dysfunction, especially in the gastrointestinal system. The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of ghrelin on gastric blood flow in a rat model of sepsis, as well as the effect of ghrelin on the expression of the apoptotic markers, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X (Bax), in gastric tissues. The sepsis model was established using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The expression levels of apoptosis-related factors in gastric epithelial cell were determined by immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription quantitative-PCR and western blotting. Collectively, the present results suggested that ghrelin administration attenuated sepsis symptoms induced by CLP. Blood flow in the stomach greater curvature was significantly higher in the CLP-induced sepsis group rats (284.3±95.7 perfusion units) compared with the sham operation group (317.8±5.2 perfusion units; P<0.05), whereas there was no difference between the CLP group treated with ghrelin (377.8±99.0 perfusion units) and the sham rats. Ghrelin administration also reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines compared with the CLP-induced sepsis group rats. In addition, CLP significantly reduced the expression of Bcl-2 and enhanced the expression of the pro-apoptotic proteins, Bax and cleaved caspase-3; whereas, ghrelin application reversed the effects of CLP on these apoptosis-associated proteins. In conclusion, the present study revealed that ghrelin has the ability to increase blood flow in the gastrointestinal tract in a sepsis model and can also regulate the expressions of apoptosis-associated factors in gastric tissues. These results suggest that ghrelin could be a novel treatment for sepsis-induced gastric injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Qingling Lin
- Department of Intensive Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Hong Guo
- Department of Intensive Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Intensive Medicine, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yumin Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
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Ertosun MG, Kocak G, Ozes ON. The regulation of circadian clock by tumor necrosis factor alpha. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 46:10-16. [PMID: 31000463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
All organisms display circadian rhythms which are under the control of the circadian clock located in the hypothalamus at the suprachiasmatic nucleus, (SCN). The circadian rhythms allow individuals to adjust their physiological activities and daily behavior for the diurnal changes in the living environment. To achieve these, all metabolic processes are aligned with the sleep/wake and fasting/feeding cycles. Subtle changes of daily behavior or food intake can result in misalignment of circadian rhythms. This can cause development of variety of metabolic diseases and even cancer. Although light plays a pivotal role for the activation of the master clock in SCN, the peripheral secondary clocks (or non-SCN), such as melatonin, growth hormone (GH), insulin, adiponectin and Ghrelin also are important in maintaining the circadian rhythms in the brain and peripheral organs. In recent years, growing body of evidence strongly suggest that CA2+ signaling, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) also play very important roles in the regulation of circadian rhythms by regulating the transcription of the clock genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Gokhan Ertosun
- Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive & Anesthetic Surgery, Turkey.
| | - Gamze Kocak
- Akdeniz University School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Turkey.
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Abstract
Gut hormones have many key roles in the control of metabolism, as they target diverse tissues involved in the control of intestinal function, insulin secretion, nutrient assimilation and food intake. Produced by scattered cells found along the length of the intestinal epithelium, gut hormones generate signals related to the rate of nutrient absorption, the composition of the luminal milieu and the integrity of the epithelial barrier. Gut hormones already form the basis for existing and developing therapeutics for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, exemplified by the licensed glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) mimetics and dipeptidyl peptidase inhibitors that enhance GLP1 receptor activation. Modulating the release of the endogenous stores of GLP1 and other gut hormones is thought to be a promising strategy to mimic bariatric surgery with its multifaceted beneficial effects on food intake, body weight and blood glucose levels. This Review focuses on the molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of gut hormone release by food ingestion, obesity and the gut microbiota. Depending on the nature of the stimulus, release of gut hormones involves recruitment of a variety of signalling pathways, including G protein-coupled receptors, nutrient transporters and ion channels, which are targets for future therapeutics for diabetes mellitus and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona M Gribble
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Frank Reimann
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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31
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Stempniewicz A, Ceranowicz P, Warzecha Z. Potential Therapeutic Effects of Gut Hormones, Ghrelin and Obestatin in Oral Mucositis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071534. [PMID: 30934722 PMCID: PMC6479885 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy and/or head and neck radiotherapy are frequently associated with oral mucositis. Oral pain, odynophagia and dysphagia, opioid use, weight loss, dehydration, systemic infection, hospitalization and introduction of a feeding tube should be mentioned as the main determinated effect of oral mucositis. Oral mucositis leads to a decreased quality of life and an increase in treatment costs. Moreover, oral mucositis is a life-threatening disease. In addition to its own direct life-threatening consequences, it can also lead to a reduced survival due to the discontinuation or dose reduction of anti-neoplasm therapy. There are numerous strategies for the prevention or treatment of oral mucositis; however, their effectiveness is limited and does not correspond to expectations. This review is focused on the ghrelin and obestatin as potentially useful candidates for the prevention and treatment of chemo- or/and radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Stempniewicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Ceranowicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Zygmunt Warzecha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16 St., 31-531 Krakow, Poland.
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32
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Seminara RS, Jeet C, Biswas S, Kanwal B, Iftikhar W, Sakibuzzaman M, Rutkofsky IH. The Neurocognitive Effects of Ghrelin-induced Signaling on the Hippocampus: A Promising Approach to Alzheimer's Disease. Cureus 2018; 10:e3285. [PMID: 30443455 PMCID: PMC6235652 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.3285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system (CNS) allows for certain peptide hormones to influence neurocognitive function. Ghrelin, also known as the 'hunger hormone,' has the unique ability to enter the CNS and interact with the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) within the hippocampus. Upon interaction with ghrelin, a conformational change in the receptor causes an increase in transcription factors to foster a wide array of physiologic changes in response to caloric deprivation. With the GHS-R in a relatively high concentration within the hippocampus, ghrelin can promote memory, spatial, learning, and behavioral effects. In fact, ghrelin appears to also have a neuroprotective and neuromodulatory response once active within the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Through the GHS-R, higher levels of ghrelin may alter cognitive circuitry and offer a possible link to the treatment of some pathologies implicated in neurological dysfunction. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is already becoming a significant target for ghrelin neuroreceptor therapy. In such experimental models, ghrelin has been shown to combat this degenerative process by eliciting an ameliorative and regenerative response. Although trials and research are still ongoing, further studies are indicated as early research into this adjuvant therapy is promising. The research team explored the effects of ghrelin by reviewing the downstream signaling modifications of ghrelin's interaction with a specific CNS receptor, the GHS-R. Although the GHS-R is found in multiple locations within the CNS, the team investigated the role of the GHS-R within the hippocampus to focus solely on the neurocognitive implications of ghrelin. The team noted which signaling pathways in particular that ghrelin initiated and used this approach to determine whether ghrelin may have any therapeutic benefits. The team explored the possible therapeutic indications of ghrelin by looking at studies conducted with a specific neurodegenerative disease known to target the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Seminara
- Neuroscience, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Charan Jeet
- Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Sharmi Biswas
- Pediatrics, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Bushra Kanwal
- Department of Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Waleed Iftikhar
- Internal Medicine, CMH Lahore Medical College and Institute of Dentistry, Lahore, PAK
| | - Md Sakibuzzaman
- Neuroscience, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ian H Rutkofsky
- Medicine, International American University College of Medicine, Washington, D.C., USA
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Reda RM, Selim KM, Mahmoud R, El-Araby IE. Effect of dietary yeast nucleotide on antioxidant activity, non-specific immunity, intestinal cytokines, and disease resistance in Nile Tilapia. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:281-290. [PMID: 29894741 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of yeast nucleotides on the hematology, antioxidant activity, non-specific immunity, expression of intestinal cytokines, and disease resistance in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fish weighing 42.90 ± 0.14 g were randomly divided into four groups. Each group was set in triplicate (15 fish per replicate). Fish were fed on four dietary levels of yeast nucleotides (NTs) supplemented with the basal diet 0% (control), 0.05%, 0.15%, and 0.25% NTs. Significantly higher total serum protein, albumin, total serum globulin, total WBC counts, and lymphocyte and granulocyte contents were recorded in 0.25% NT group as compared to the control. The albumin/globulin ratio (A:G) showed a considerable decrease in the 0.25% NT group. The non-specific immune parameters; serum killing percentage, lysozyme activity, nitric oxide assay, IgM levels, and anti-protease activity, were significantly higher in the 0.25% NT group as compared to the control. Moreover, a 15-day feeding trial demonstrated improved results in terms of serum lysozyme activity, nitric oxide assay, IgM levels, and anti-protease activity than a 30-day feeding trial. A significant increase in the anti-oxidant status of O. niloticus was noticed, as reflected by increased superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde activity in the serum of 0.25% NT group compared to the control, while glutathione peroxidase displayed a significant increase in all groups as compared to the control. The intestinal cytokines TGF-β, IL-1β, IL-10β, and TNF-α mRNA levels showed a pattern of 0.25% NT > 0.15% NT > 0.05% NT > 0% NT, as relative to the control Ef-1α levels. The relative survival percentages of fish fed on yeast nucleotide-supplemented diets, as analyzed by exposure to Aeromonas sobria, were significantly better than the control group. In conclusion, dietary yeast nucleotide administration at 0.25% improved blood proteins, leukocytes, antioxidant activity, non-specific immunity, cytokine gene expression, and disease resistance of Nile Tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha M Reda
- Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt.
| | | | - Rania Mahmoud
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt.
| | - Iman E El-Araby
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Sharkia, Egypt.
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Bliss ES, Whiteside E. The Gut-Brain Axis, the Human Gut Microbiota and Their Integration in the Development of Obesity. Front Physiol 2018; 9:900. [PMID: 30050464 PMCID: PMC6052131 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a global epidemic, placing socioeconomic strain on public healthcare systems, especially within the so-called Western countries, such as Australia, United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. Obesity results from an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure, where energy intake exceeds expenditure. Current non-invasive treatments lack efficacy in combating obesity, suggesting that obesity is a multi-faceted and more complex disease than previously thought. This has led to an increase in research exploring energy homeostasis and the discovery of a complex bidirectional communication axis referred to as the gut-brain axis. The gut-brain axis is comprised of various neurohumoral components that allow the gut and brain to communicate with each other. Communication occurs within the axis via local, paracrine and/or endocrine mechanisms involving a variety of gut-derived peptides produced from enteroendocrine cells (EECs), including glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1), cholecystokinin (CCK), peptide YY3-36 (PYY), pancreatic polypeptide (PP), and oxyntomodulin. Neural networks, such as the enteric nervous system (ENS) and vagus nerve also convey information within the gut-brain axis. Emerging evidence suggests the human gut microbiota, a complex ecosystem residing in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), may influence weight-gain through several inter-dependent pathways including energy harvesting, short-chain fatty-acids (SCFA) signalling, behaviour modifications, controlling satiety and modulating inflammatory responses within the host. Hence, the gut-brain axis, the microbiota and the link between these elements and the role each plays in either promoting or regulating energy and thereby contributing to obesity will be explored in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S. Bliss
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, Australia
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35
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Lo Cascio P, Calabrò C, Bertuccio C, Iaria C, Marino F, Denaro MG. Immunohistochemical Characterization of PepT1 and Ghrelin in Gastrointestinal Tract of Zebrafish: Effects of Spirulina Vegetarian Diet on the Neuroendocrine System Cells After Alimentary Stress. Front Physiol 2018; 9:614. [PMID: 29881359 PMCID: PMC5976732 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal function in vertebrates is influenced by stressors, such as fasting and refeeding, different types of diet and hormonal factors. The aim of this paper was to analyze the effect of a Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) diet, a microalga known for its nutraceutical properties, on the gastrointestinal tract of zebrafish (Danio rerio) regarding expression of oligopeptide transporter 1 (PepT1) and ghrelin (GHR). Food deprivation and refeeding was investigated to elucidate expression of PepT1 and GHR at a gastrointestinal level and the zebrafish compensatory mechanism. PepT1 is responsible for absorbing di- and tripeptides through a brush border membrane of intestinal mucosa. GHR is a brain-gut peptide in fish and mammals, stimulating growth hormone secretion and regulating appetite. Samples were taken after 2 and 5 days of specimen fasting, and 2 and 5 days of refeeding with Sera Spirulina tabs, in which the major constituent is Spirulina sp. (50.2% protein). Morphological and immunohistochemical analysis of PepT1 and GHR were carried out. Control specimen intestinal tract showed normal morphology of the digestive tract. Fasting caused fold structural changes and intestinal lumen constriction. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a PepT1 level reduction after fasting and an increase after refeeding, reaching very high levels after 5 days, compared to controls. GHR levels increased after food deprivation and gradually decreased after refeeding. Increased expression of PepT1 in refeeding fish suggests a compensatory physiological mechanism, as does the increase in GHR levels in fasting fish followed by a reduction after refeeding. A compensatory mechanism may be induced by fasting and refeeding and by a higher protein Spirulina diet. The microalga, for its nutraceutical properties, is an excellent candidate for animal breeding and human diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Lo Cascio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Concetta Calabrò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Clara Bertuccio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Carmelo Iaria
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Fabio Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maria G Denaro
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmacological and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Orellana ER, Jamis C, Horvath N, Hajnal A. Effect of vertical sleeve gastrectomy on alcohol consumption and preferences in dietary obese rats and mice: A plausible role for altered ghrelin signaling. Brain Res Bull 2018; 138:26-36. [PMID: 28802901 PMCID: PMC6537102 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) are the most common surgical options for the treatment of obesity and metabolic disorder. Whereas RYGB may result in greater and more durable weight loss, recent clinical and pre-clinical studies in rats have raised concerns that RYGB surgery may increase risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD). In contrast, recent clinical reports suggest a lesser risk for AUD following VSG, although no preclinical studies have been done to confirm that. Therefore, the present study sought to determine the effects of VSG on ethanol intake and preferences in rodent models using protocols similar to those previously used in animal studies for RYGB. Male Sprague Dawley rats and male C57B6 mice were made obese on a high fat diet (60%kcal from fat) and received VSG or no surgery (controls). All animals then were given access to increasing concentrations of ethanol (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%), presented for few days each. Compared to controls, VSG rats consumed significantly less of 2, 6 and 8% ethanol and showed significantly reduced preferences to 6 and 8% ethanol over water. VSG mice also displayed reduced intake and preference for 6 and 8% ethanol solutions. After a two-week period of forced abstinence, 8% ethanol was reintroduced and the VSG rats and mice continued to exhibit reduced consumption and less preference for ethanol. Regarding the underlying mechanism, we hypothesized that the removal of the ghrelin producing part of the stomach in the VSG surgery is a possible contributor to the observed reduced ethanol preference. To test for functional changes at the ghrelin receptors, the VSG and control rats were given IP injections of acyl-ghrelin (2.5nmol and 5nmol) prior to ethanol access. Neither concentration of ghrelin resulted in a significant increase in 8% ethanol consumption of VSG or control subjects. Next, the rats were given IP injections of the ghrelin receptor antagonist, JMV (2.5mg/kg body weight). This dose induced a significant reduction in 8% ethanol consumption in the VSG group, but no effect on ethanol intake in the controls. While ghrelin injection was uninformative, increased sensitivity to subthreshold doses of the ghrelin receptor antagonist may indicate reduced ghrelin signaling following VSG. Overall, these findings suggest that bariatric patients with increased susceptibility to AUD may benefit from receiving VSG instead of RYGB surgery, and that changes in ghrelin signaling, at least in part, may play a role in the differential AUD risks between the two most commonly performed bariatric surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise R Orellana
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Catherine Jamis
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Nelli Horvath
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Andras Hajnal
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The pathophysiologic processes underlying the regulation of glucose homeostasis are considerably complex at both cellular and systemic level. A comprehensive and structured specification for the several layers of abstraction of glucose metabolism is often elusive, an issue currently solvable with the hierarchical description provided by multi-level models. In this study we propose a multi-level closed-loop model of whole-body glucose homeostasis, coupled with the molecular specifications of the insulin signaling cascade in adipocytes, under the experimental conditions of normal glucose regulation and type 2 diabetes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The ordinary differential equations of the model, describing the dynamics of glucose and key regulatory hormones and their reciprocal interactions among gut, liver, muscle and adipose tissue, were designed for being embedded in a modular, hierarchical structure. The closed-loop model structure allowed self-sustained simulations to represent an ideal in silico subject that adjusts its own metabolism to the fasting and feeding states, depending on the hormonal context and invariant to circadian fluctuations. The cellular level of the model provided a seamless dynamic description of the molecular mechanisms downstream the insulin receptor in the adipocytes by accounting for variations in the surrounding metabolic context. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The combination of a multi-level and closed-loop modeling approach provided a fair dynamic description of the core determinants of glucose homeostasis at both cellular and systemic scales. This model architecture is intrinsically open to incorporate supplementary layers of specifications describing further individual components influencing glucose metabolism.
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Hamdy M, Kassim SK, Khairy E, Maher M, Mansour KA, Albreedy AM. Ghrelin gene polymorphism as a genetic biomarker for prediction of therapy induced clearance in Egyptian chronic HCV patients. Gene 2018; 649:74-79. [PMID: 29374597 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin (GHRL) has important implications for liver disease. It has anti-inflammatory effects, regulates cell proliferation, modulates the fibrogenic response and protects liver tissue. Genetic variations in the GHRL gene may play a crucial role in the development of chronic hepatitis (CH), liver cirrhosis (LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, we examined the association of GHRL gene polymorphisms (rs26312 and rs27647), and its serum level to virologic responses to combined sofosbuvir and Simeprevir therapy for a course of 12 successive weeks in Egyptian chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients. METHODS Human genomic and clinical data were collected from 100 Egyptian participants in this study, 90 HCV patients who received sofosbuvir and Simeprevir and 10 non-HCV healthy subjects. Genotyping of GHRL rs26312 and rs27647, were determined with the TaqMan qRT-PCR allele detection assay. The serum GHRL concentrations were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS GHRL polymorphisms (rs26312 and rs27647) genotype distributions and allele frequencies did not differ between HCV patients and normal healthy subjects or between patient groups when compared according to the therapeutic response. In addition, we found significant lower serum GHRL levels in CHC patients compared with the healthy controls. However, there was no significant association of the GHRL rs26312 and rs27647 polymorphisms with GHRL levels in CHC patients. We conclude that GHRL SNPs (rs26312 and rs27647) do not affect response to combined sofosbuvir and Simeprevir treatment in chronic Egyptian HCV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Hamdy
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt, P.O. box 11381
| | - Samar Kamal Kassim
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt, P.O. box 11381
| | - Eman Khairy
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt, P.O. box 11381.
| | - Mohsen Maher
- General Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled Amr Mansour
- General Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ashraf M Albreedy
- Tropical Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
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Oberbach A, Schlichting N, Heinrich M, Kullnick Y, Retschlag U, Lehmann S, Khashab MA, Kalloo AN, Kumbhari V. Gastric mucosal devitalization reduces adiposity and improves lipid and glucose metabolism in obese rats. Gastrointest Endosc 2018; 87:288-299.e6. [PMID: 28479494 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2017.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The gastric mucosa is an endocrine organ that regulates satiation pathways by expression of orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) excludes gastric mucosa and reduces gastric volume. Our study aimed to investigate the independent effects of altering gastric mucosa on obesity and its related comorbidities. METHODS Gastric mucosa devitalization (GMD) of 70% of the stomach was achieved by argon plasma coagulation in a high-fat diet rat model and was compared with VSG and sham surgery. In an 8-week follow-up study, we quantified body weight, visceral adiposity, insulin resistance index, cholesterol profiles, and free fatty acid profiles by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Following a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test, the kinetics of ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1, peptide YY, and serum and liver bile acid levels were measured. Liver lipid content was quantified by ELISA. RESULTS GMD resulted in significant reductions in body weight, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, and hepatic steatosis as well as an improvement in lipid metabolism. GMD resulted in significant reductions in food intake and intestinal malabsorption of free fatty acids, both contributing to improved body composition and metabolic profile. Mechanistically, GMD resulted in a significant reduction in serum palmitate levels as well as an increase in serum and liver bile acid levels, known to alter glucose and lipid metabolism. Similar changes were noted when VSG rats were compared with sham surgery rats. CONCLUSIONS Devitalization of gastric mucosa, independent of altering gastric volume, was able to reduce obesity-related comorbidities. The gastric mucosa may be a potential target for treating obesity and its associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Oberbach
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nadine Schlichting
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marco Heinrich
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yvonne Kullnick
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulf Retschlag
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefanie Lehmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mouen A Khashab
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony N Kalloo
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vivek Kumbhari
- Department of Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Unacylated ghrelin prevents mitochondrial dysfunction in a model of ischemia/reperfusion liver injury. Cell Death Discov 2017; 3:17077. [PMID: 29354291 PMCID: PMC5712633 DOI: 10.1038/cddiscovery.2017.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common cause of liver dysfunction during hepatectomy, liver transplantation procedures and in generalized shock. Although effort has been dedicated to rescuing tissue damage in these clinical settings, there is still an urgent need for an effective treatment to protect the liver from the burden of I/R injury. In this study, we have investigated the potential clinical impact of unacylated-ghrelin (UnAG) in a liver I/R rat model. Particular attention has been paid to mitochondria. We demonstrate that UnAG was able to reduce the lag-phase time in response to ADP administration and increase oxygen consumption in ex vivo experiments using liver mitochondria recovered from rats subjected to I/R. Moreover, we found that UnAG rescued the expression of a key regulator of mitochondrial morphology and electron transport chain function; the optic atrophy 1 (Opa1) protein. Cytochrome c oxidase (COX), ATP synthase (complex V) activity and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening were also affected by UnAG administration in vivo. An in vitro, hepatic I/R model was used to validate these data. We demonstrate that UnAG upregulates the expression of Cox subunit IV (CoxIV) and increases cellular ATP content. This results in Bcl-2 upregulation and protection against apoptosis. Opa1 silencing shows that Opa1 is crucial for a UnAG-induced increase in cellular ATP content, apoptosis resistance, Bcl-2 and CoxIV expression. Finally, we show that UnAG improves Opa1's interaction with MIC60 in the I/R setting, hinting at its role in cristae shape regulation. Our results demonstrate that UnAG administration rescues the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway triggered by I/R damage. Opa1's contribution in mediating this effect is also reported. This suggests that UnAG can interfere with mitochondrial dysfunction, via Opa1, in a preclinical liver I/R model. We therefore provide the rationale for exploiting UnAG as an alternative means to rescuing mitochondrial damage and organ dysfunction.
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Rocha NDN, de Oliveira MV, Braga CL, Guimarães G, Maia LDA, Padilha GDA, Silva JD, Takiya CM, Capelozzi VL, Silva PL, Rocco PRM. Ghrelin therapy improves lung and cardiovascular function in experimental emphysema. Respir Res 2017; 18:185. [PMID: 29100513 PMCID: PMC5670513 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0668-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Emphysema is a progressive disease characterized by irreversible airspace enlargement followed by a decline in lung function. It also causes extrapulmonary effects, such as loss of body mass and cor pulmonale, which are associated with shorter survival and worse clinical outcomes. Ghrelin, a growth-hormone secretagogue, stimulates muscle anabolism, has anti-inflammatory effects, promotes vasodilation, and improves cardiac performance. Therefore, we hypothesized that ghrelin might reduce lung inflammation and remodelling as well as improve lung mechanics and cardiac function in experimental emphysema. Methods Forty female C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into two main groups: control (C) and emphysema (ELA). In the ELA group (n=20), animals received four intratracheal instillations of pancreatic porcine elastase (PPE) at 1-week intervals. C animals (n=20) received saline alone (50 μL) using the same protocol. Two weeks after the last instillation of saline or PPE, C and ELA animals received ghrelin or saline (n=10/group) intraperitoneally (i.p.) daily, during 3 weeks. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), echocardiography, lung mechanics, histology, and molecular biology were analysed. Results In elastase-induced emphysema, ghrelin treatment decreased alveolar hyperinflation and mean linear intercept, neutrophil infiltration, and collagen fibre content in the alveolar septa and pulmonary vessel wall; increased elastic fibre content; reduced M1-macrophage populations and increased M2 polarization; decreased levels of keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC, a mouse analogue of interleukin-8), tumour necrosis factor-α, and transforming growth factor-β, but increased interleukin-10 in lung tissue; augmented static lung elastance; reduced arterial pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy on echocardiography; and increased lean mass. Conclusion In the elastase-induced emphysema model used herein, ghrelin not only reduced lung damage but also improved cardiac function and increased lean mass. These findings should prompt further studies to evaluate ghrelin as a potential therapy for emphysema. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12931-017-0668-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazareth de Novaes Rocha
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Milena Vasconcellos de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Cássia Lisboa Braga
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Guimarães
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lígia de Albuquerque Maia
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Gisele de Araújo Padilha
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Johnatas Dutra Silva
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christina Maeda Takiya
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vera Luiza Capelozzi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Leme Silva
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia Rieken Macedo Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, s/n, Bloco G-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil. .,National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Poppitt SD, Shin HS, McGill AT, Budgett SC, Lo K, Pahl M, Duxfield J, Lane M, Ingram JR. Duodenal and ileal glucose infusions differentially alter gastrointestinal peptides, appetite response, and food intake: a tube feeding study. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:725-735. [PMID: 28701300 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.157248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Activation of the ileal brake through the delivery of nutrients into the distal small intestine to promote satiety and suppress food intake provides a new target for weight loss. Evidence is limited, with support from naso-ileal lipid infusion studies.Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate whether glucose infused into the duodenum and ileum differentially alters appetite response, food intake, and secretion of satiety-related gastrointestinal peptides.Design: Fourteen healthy male participants were randomly assigned to a blinded 4-treatment crossover, with each treatment of single-day duration. On the day before the intervention (day 0), a 380-cm multilumen tube (1.75-mm diameter) with independent port access to the duodenum and ileum was inserted, and position was confirmed by X-ray. Subsequently (days 1-4), a standardized breakfast meal was followed midmorning by a 90-min infusion of isotonic glucose (15 g, 235 kJ) or saline to the duodenum or ileum. Appetite ratings were assessed with the use of visual analog scales (VASs), blood samples collected, and ad libitum energy intake (EI) measured at lunch, afternoon snack, and dinner.Results: Thirteen participants completed the 4 infusion days. There was a significant effect of nutrient infused and site (treatment × time, P < 0.05) such that glucose-to-ileum altered VAS-rated fullness, satisfaction, and thoughts of food compared with saline-to-ileum (Tukey's post hoc, P < 0.05); decreased ad libitum EI at lunch compared with glucose-to-duodenum [-22%, -988 ± 379 kJ (mean ± SEM), Tukey's post hoc, P < 0.05]; and increased glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) compared with all other treatments (Tukey's post hoc, P < 0.05).Conclusions: Macronutrient delivery to the proximal and distal small intestine elicits different outcomes. Glucose infusion to the ileum increased GLP-1 and PYY secretion, suppressed aspects of VAS-rated appetite, and decreased ad libitum EI at a subsequent meal. Although glucose to the duodenum also suppressed appetite ratings, eating behavior was not altered. This trial was registered at www.anzctr.org.au as ACTRN12612000429853.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally D Poppitt
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences and Department of Medicine,
| | - Hyun Sang Shin
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences and Department of Medicine
| | - Anne-Thea McGill
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences and Department of Medicine.,School of Population Health, and
| | | | - Kim Lo
- Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand; and
| | - Malcolm Pahl
- Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand; and
| | - Janice Duxfield
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark Lane
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John R Ingram
- Plant and Food Research Ltd., Auckland, New Zealand; and
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Tamboli RA, Antoun J, Sidani RM, Clements BA, Eckert EA, Marks-Shulman P, Gaylinn BD, Williams DB, Clements RH, Albaugh VL, Abumrad NN. Metabolic responses to exogenous ghrelin in obesity and early after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in humans. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19:1267-1275. [PMID: 28345790 PMCID: PMC5568950 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Ghrelin is a gastric-derived hormone that stimulates growth hormone (GH) secretion and has a multi-faceted role in the regulation of energy homeostasis, including glucose metabolism. Circulating ghrelin concentrations are modulated in response to nutritional status, but responses to ghrelin in altered metabolic states are poorly understood. We investigated the metabolic effects of ghrelin in obesity and early after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). MATERIALS AND METHODS We assessed central and peripheral metabolic responses to acyl ghrelin infusion (1 pmol kg-1 min-1 ) in healthy, lean subjects (n = 9) and non-diabetic, obese subjects (n = 9) before and 2 weeks after RYGB. Central responses were assessed by GH and pancreatic polypeptide (surrogate for vagal activity) secretion. Peripheral responses were assessed by hepatic and skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity during a hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp. RESULTS Ghrelin-stimulated GH secretion was attenuated in obese subjects, but was restored by RYGB to a response similar to that of lean subjects. The heightened pancreatic polypeptide response to ghrelin infusion in the obese was attenuated after RYGB. Hepatic glucose production and hepatic insulin sensitivity were not altered by ghrelin infusion in RYGB subjects. Skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity was impaired to a similar degree in lean, obese and post-RYGB individuals in response to ghrelin infusion. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that obesity is characterized by abnormal central, but not peripheral, responsiveness to ghrelin that can be restored early after RYGB before significant weight loss. Further work is necessary to fully elucidate the role of ghrelin in the metabolic changes that occur in obesity and following RYGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn A. Tamboli
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Joseph Antoun
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Reem M. Sidani
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - B. Austin Clements
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Emily A. Eckert
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Pam Marks-Shulman
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Bruce D. Gaylinn
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | | | - Ronald H. Clements
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Vance L. Albaugh
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Naji N. Abumrad
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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Melanocortin neurons: Multiple routes to regulation of metabolism. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2477-2485. [PMID: 28499988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The burden of disability, premature death, escalating health care costs and lost economic productivity due to obesity and its associated complications including hypertension, stroke, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes is staggering [1,2]. A better understanding of metabolic homeostatic pathways will provide us with insights into the biological mechanisms of obesity and how to fundamentally address this epidemic [3-6]. In mammals, energy balance is maintained via a homeostatic system involving both peripheral and central melanocortin systems; changes in body weight reflect an unbalance of the energetic state [7-9]. Although the primary cause of obesity is unknown, there is significant effort to understand the role of the central melanocortin pathway in the brain as it has been shown that deficiency of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) [10,11] and melanocortin 4 receptors (MC4R) [12-15] in both rodents and humans results in severe hyperphagia and obesity [16-23]. In this review, we will summarize how the central melanocortin pathway helps regulate body mass and adiposity within a 'healthy' range through the 'nutrient sensing' network [24-28]. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Melanocortin Receptors - edited by Ya-Xiong Tao.
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Navarro-Guillén C, Yúfera M, Engrola S. Ghrelin in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) post-larvae: Paracrine effects on food intake. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2017; 204:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Microencapsulated bitter compounds (from Gentiana lutea) reduce daily energy intakes in humans. Br J Nutr 2016; 116:1841-1850. [PMID: 27829482 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516003858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Mounting evidence showed that bitter-tasting compounds modulate eating behaviour through bitter taste receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. This study aimed at evaluating the influence of microencapsulated bitter compounds on human appetite and energy intakes. A microencapsulated bitter ingredient (EBI) with a core of bitter Gentiana lutea root extract and a coating of ethylcellulose-stearate was developed and included in a vanilla microencapsulated bitter ingredient-enriched pudding (EBIP). The coating masked bitterness in the mouth, allowing the release of bitter secoiridoids in the gastrointestinal tract. A cross-over randomised study was performed: twenty healthy subjects consumed at breakfast EBIP (providing 100 mg of secoiridoids) or the control pudding (CP) on two different occasions. Blood samples, glycaemia and appetite ratings were collected at baseline and 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after breakfast. Gastrointestinal peptides, endocannabinoids (EC) and N-acylethanolamines (NAE) were measured in plasma samples. Energy intakes were measured at an ad libitum lunch 3 h after breakfast and over the rest of the day (post lunch) through food diaries. No significant difference in postprandial plasma responses of gastrointestinal hormones, glucose, EC and NAE and of appetite between EBIP and CP was found. However, a trend for a higher response of glucagon-like peptide-1 after EBIP than after CP was observed. EBIP determined a significant 30 % lower energy intake over the post-lunch period compared with CP. These findings were consistent with the tailored release of bitter-tasting compounds from EBIP along the gastrointestinal tract. This study demonstrated that microencapsulated bitter secoiridoids were effective in reducing daily energy intake in humans.
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Lee IS, Kim KS, Kim KH, Park J, Jeong HS, Kim Y, Na YC, Lee SG, Ahn KS, Lee JH, Jang HJ. Anti-diabetic and anti-obesitic effects of aqueous extracts of Yangkyuksanhwa-tang and its two major compositions on db/db mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:431-438. [PMID: 27424324 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- In-Seung Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Suk Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Park
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Soo Jeong
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yumi Kim
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea; Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, 150 Bugahyeon-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-140, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Cheol Na
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Geun Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Seok Ahn
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hee Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyeung-Jin Jang
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
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Heshmat R, Shafiee G, Qorbani M, Azizi-Soleiman F, Djalalinia S, Esmaeil Motlagh M, Ardalan G, Ahadi Z, Safari O, Safiri S, Kelishadi R. Association of ghrelin with cardiometabolic risk factors in Iranian adolescents: the CASPIAN-III study. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2016; 8:107-112. [PMID: 27777695 PMCID: PMC5075358 DOI: 10.15171/jcvtr.2016.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Current evidence suggests that ghrelin could contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adults, but limited experience exists in adolescents. This study aims to explore the association of ghrelin levels with the MetS components among Iranian adolescents.
Methods: In this case-control study, 32 adolescents with MetS and 148 healthy controls were selected randomly from the childhood and Adolescence Surveillance and Prevention of Adult Non communicable disease (CASPIAN-III) study. MetS was defined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) criteria modified for children and adolescents. Anthropometric measures (including body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC] and waist to height ratio [WHtR]), blood pressure (BP) and biochemical data (including fasting blood sugar [FBS], triglyceride [TG], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], total cholesterol [TC] and gerlin) were measured.
Results: Total ghrelin level was significantly higher in students without MetS compared to those
with MetS (748.89 ± 85.04 vs. 728.72 ± 90.36 [pg/mL]; P < 0.001). Significant negative correlations
were seen between ghrelin levels and BMI, WC, WHtR, TG, and TC. Ghrelin had also relatively
strong inverse correlations with FBS (r = −0.59, P< 0.001), LDL-C (r = −0.56, P < 0.001), and
positive correlation with HDL-C (r = 0.60, P < 0.001). Compared with the children with MetS, in
those without MetS, ghrelin was significantly associated with HDL-C and LDL-C. A decreasing
trend was observed in the mean ghrelin level across increasing number of MetS components (P
for trend <0.001).
Conclusion: We observed a relationship between ghrelin concentration and MetS components in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramin Heshmat
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gita Shafiee
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Qorbani
- Department of Community Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran ; Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Azizi-Soleiman
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non- Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shirin Djalalinia
- Development of Research & Technology Center, Deputy of Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Gelayol Ardalan
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non- Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zeinab Ahadi
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Safari
- Department of Pediatrics, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Saeid Safiri
- Managerial Epidemiology Research Center, Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non- Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Kong J, Chuddy J, Stock IA, Loria PM, Straub SV, Vage C, Cameron KO, Bhattacharya SK, Lapham K, McClure KF, Zhang Y, Jackson VM. Pharmacological characterization of the first in class clinical candidate PF-05190457: a selective ghrelin receptor competitive antagonist with inverse agonism that increases vagal afferent firing and glucose-dependent insulin secretion ex vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1452-64. [PMID: 26784385 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Ghrelin increases growth hormone secretion, gastric acid secretion, gastric motility and hunger but decreases glucose-dependent insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity in humans. Antagonizing the ghrelin receptor has potential as a therapeutic approach in the treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the aim was to pharmacologically characterize the novel small-molecule antagonist PF-05190457 and assess translational pharmacology ex vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Radioligand binding in filter and scintillation proximity assay formats were used to evaluate affinity, and europium-labelled GTP to assess functional activity. Rat vagal afferent firing and calcium imaging in dispersed islets were used as native tissues underlying food intake and insulin secretion respectively. KEY RESULTS PF-05190457 was a potent and selective inverse agonist on constitutively active ghrelin receptors and acted as a competitive antagonist of ghrelin action, with a human Kd of 3 nM requiring 4 h to achieve equilibrium. Potency of PF-05190457 was similar across different species. PF-05190457 increased intracellular calcium within dispersed islets and increased vagal afferent firing in a concentration-dependent manner with similar potency but was threefold less potent as compared with the in vitro Ki in recombinant overexpressing cells. The effect of PF-05190457 on rodent islets was comparable with glibenclamide, but glucose-dependent and additive with the insulin secretagogue glucagon-like peptide-1. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Together, these data provide the pharmacological in vitro and ex vivo characterization of the first ghrelin receptor inverse agonist, which has advanced into clinical trials to evaluate the therapeutic potential of blocking ghrelin receptors in obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kong
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 01239, USA
| | - J Chuddy
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 01239, USA
| | - I A Stock
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 01239, USA
| | - P M Loria
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 01239, USA
| | - S V Straub
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 01239, USA
| | - C Vage
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 01239, USA
| | - K O Cameron
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 01239, USA
| | - S K Bhattacharya
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 01239, USA
| | - K Lapham
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 01239, USA
| | - K F McClure
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 01239, USA
| | - Y Zhang
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 01239, USA
| | - V M Jackson
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA, 01239, USA
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Khandekar N, Berning BA, Sainsbury A, Lin S. The role of pancreatic polypeptide in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418 Pt 1:33-41. [PMID: 26123585 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Imbalances in normal regulation of food intake can cause obesity and related disorders. Inadequate therapies for such disorders necessitate better understanding of mechanisms that regulate energy homeostasis. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP), a robust anorexigenic hormone, effectively modulates food intake and energy homeostasis, thus potentially aiding anti-obesity therapeutics. Intra-gastric and intra-intestinal infusion of nutrients stimulate PP secretion from the gastrointestinal tract, leading to vagal stimulation that mediates complex actions via the neuropeptide Y4 receptor in arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, subsequently activating key hypothalamic nuclei and dorsal vagal complex of the brainstem to influence energy homeostasis and body composition. Novel studies indicate affinity of PP for the relatively underexplored neuropeptide y6 receptor, mediating actions via the suprachiasmatic nucleus and pathways involving vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and insulin like growth factor 1. This review highlights detailed mechanisms by which PP mediates its actions on energy balance through various areas in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Khandekar
- Neurological Diseases Division, Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Britt A Berning
- Neurological Diseases Division, Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Amanda Sainsbury
- The Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise & Eating Disorders, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Shu Lin
- Neurological Diseases Division, Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria Street, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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