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Kopp W. Aging and "Age-Related" Diseases - What Is the Relation? Aging Dis 2024:AD.2024.0570. [PMID: 39012663 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The study explores the intricate relationship between aging and the development of noncommunicable diseases [NCDs], focusing on whether these diseases are inevitable consequences of aging or primarily driven by lifestyle factors. By examining epidemiological data, particularly from hunter-gatherer societies, the study highlights that many NCDs prevalent in modern populations are rare in these societies, suggesting a significant influence of lifestyle choices. It delves into the mechanisms through which poor diet, smoking, and other lifestyle factors contribute to systemic physiological imbalances, characterized by oxidative stress, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, and dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and the immune system. The interplay between this pattern and individual factors such as genetic susceptibility, biological variability, epigenetic changes and the microbiome is proposed to play a crucial role in the development of a range of age-related NCDs. Modified biomolecules such as oxysterols and advanced glycation end products also contribute to their development. Specific diseases such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, Parkinson's disease, glaucoma and osteoarthritis are analyzed to illustrate these mechanisms. The study concludes that while aging contributes to the risk of NCDs, lifestyle factors play a crucial role, offering potential avenues for prevention and intervention through healthier living practices. One possible approach could be to try to restore the physiological balance, e.g. through dietary measures [e.g. Mediterranean diet, Okinawan diet or Paleolithic diet] in conjunction with [a combination of] pharmacological interventions and other lifestyle changes.
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Henderson BJ, Tetteh-Quarshie S, Olszewski NA. Modulators of nicotine reward and reinforcement. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2024; 99:355-386. [PMID: 38467487 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Nicotine has been well-characterized for its ability to alter neurophysiology to promote rewarding and reinforcing properties. However, several exogenous chemicals possess properties that modulate or enhance nicotine's ability to alter neurophysiology. This chapter focuses on nicotine's impact on behavior through changes in neurophysiology and several chemical entities that in-turn modulate nicotine's ability to act as a neuromodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Henderson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States.
| | - Samuel Tetteh-Quarshie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
| | - Nathan A Olszewski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine at Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
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3
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Kopp W. Pathogenesis of (smoking-related) non-communicable diseases-Evidence for a common underlying pathophysiological pattern. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1037750. [PMID: 36589440 PMCID: PMC9798240 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1037750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases, like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, osteoporosis, arthritis, Alzheimer's disease and other more are a leading cause of death in almost all countries. Lifestyle factors, especially poor diet and tobacco consumption, are considered to be the most important influencing factors in the development of these diseases. The Western diet has been shown to cause a significant distortion of normal physiology, characterized by dysregulation of the sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin aldosterone system, and immune system, as well as disruption of physiological insulin and oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis, all of which play critical roles in the development of these diseases. This paper addresses the question of whether the development of smoking-related non-communicable diseases follows the same pathophysiological pattern. The evidence presented shows that exposure to cigarette smoke and/or nicotine causes the same complex dysregulation of physiology as described above, it further shows that the factors involved are strongly interrelated, and that all of these factors play a key role in the development of a broad spectrum of smoking-related diseases. Since not all smokers develop one or more of these diseases, it is proposed that this disruption of normal physiological balance represents a kind of pathogenetic "basic toolkit" for the potential development of a range of non-communicable diseases, and that the decision of whether and what disease will develop in an individual is determined by other, individual factors ("determinants"), such as the genome, epigenome, exposome, microbiome, and others. The common pathophysiological pattern underlying these diseases may provide an explanation for the often poorly understood links between non-communicable diseases and disease comorbidities. The proposed pathophysiological process offers new insights into the development of non-communicable diseases and may influence the direction of future research in both prevention and therapy.
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Shih YL, Huang TC, Shih CC, Chen JY. Relationship between Leptin and Insulin Resistance among Community-Dwelling Middle-Aged and Elderly Populations in Taiwan. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11185357. [PMID: 36143007 PMCID: PMC9505128 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11185357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between leptin and insulin resistance among middle-aged and elderly populations in Asia is seldom reported. Our research included 398 middle-aged and elderly Taiwanese individuals. First, we divided participants into three groups according to the tertiles of the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) to analyze the parameters between each group. Pearson’s correlation was then applied to calculate the correlation between HOMA-IR and cardiometabolic risk factors after adjusting for age. A scatter plot indicated a relationship between serum leptin levels and the HOMA-IR index. Finally, the coefficients of the serum leptin level and HOMA-IR were assessed by multivariate linear regression. The participants in the high HOMA-IR index group were more likely to have higher serum leptin levels. Meanwhile, the HOMA-IR index was positively correlated with serum leptin levels, even after adjusting for age. Serum leptin levels were positively correlated with the HOMA-IR index (β = 0.226, p < 0.01) in the multivariate linear regression after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, drinking, BMI, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, uric acid, ALT, and creatinine. Furthermore, the leptin−creatinine ratio also showed a significantly positive relationship with HOMA-IR in the same multivariate linear regression model. In conclusion, serum leptin levels showed a positive relationship with insulin resistance in middle-aged and elderly people in Taiwan. Furthermore, serum leptin levels may be an independent risk factor for insulin resistance according to our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Shih
- Department of Family Medicine, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Cheng Huang
- Department of Family Medicine, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chuan Shih
- United Safety Medical Group, General Administrative Department, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Yuan Chen
- Department of Family Medicine, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Branch, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Espinoza-Derout J, Shao XM, Lao CJ, Hasan KM, Rivera JC, Jordan MC, Echeverria V, Roos KP, Sinha-Hikim AP, Friedman TC. Electronic Cigarette Use and the Risk of Cardiovascular Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:879726. [PMID: 35463745 PMCID: PMC9021536 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.879726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes or e-cigarettes are the most frequently used tobacco product among adolescents. Despite the widespread use of e-cigarettes and the known detrimental cardiac consequences of nicotine, the effects of e-cigarettes on the cardiovascular system are not well-known. Several in vitro and in vivo studies delineating the mechanisms of the impact of e-cigarettes on the cardiovascular system have been published. These include mechanisms associated with nicotine or other components of the aerosol or thermal degradation products of e-cigarettes. The increased hyperlipidemia, sympathetic dominance, endothelial dysfunction, DNA damage, and macrophage activation are prominent effects of e-cigarettes. Additionally, oxidative stress and inflammation are unifying mechanisms at many levels of the cardiovascular impairment induced by e-cigarette exposure. This review outlines the contribution of e-cigarettes in the development of cardiovascular diseases and their molecular underpinnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Espinoza-Derout
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xuesi M. Shao
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Candice J. Lao
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kamrul M. Hasan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Juan Carlos Rivera
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Maria C. Jordan
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Valentina Echeverria
- Research and Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, United States
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Kenneth P. Roos
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Amiya P. Sinha-Hikim
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Theodore C. Friedman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Friends Research Institute, Cerritos, CA, United States
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Woldu MA, Minzi O, Engidawork E. Dyslipidemia and associated cardiovascular risk factors in HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients visiting ambulatory clinics: A hospital-based study. JRSM Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 11:20480040221114651. [PMID: 35898404 PMCID: PMC9309774 DOI: 10.1177/20480040221114651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dyslipidemia is a well-known risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD),
accounting for more than half of all instances of coronary artery disease
globally (CAD). Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine lipid-related cardiovascular risks
in HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals by evaluating lipid profiles,
ratios, and other related parameters. Methods A hospital-based study was carried out from January 2019 to February 2021 in
both HIV + and HIV- ambulatory patients. Results High TG (p = .003), high TC (p = .025), and low HDL (p < .001) were all
associated with a two-fold increased risk of CVD in people aged 45 and up.
Due to higher TG (p < .001) and lower HDL (p < .001), males were found
to have a higher risk of atherogenic dyslipidemia. A twofold increase in the
likelihood of higher TG levels has been associated with smoking (p = .032)
and alcohol intake (p = .022). A twofold increase in a high TC/HDL ratio and
an elevated TG/HDL ratio was observed with an increase in waist-to-height
ratio (p = .030) and a high level of FBS (126 mg/dl) and/or validated
diabetes (p = .017), respectively. In HIV + participants, central obesity
(p < .001), diabetes (p < .001), and high blood pressure (p < .001)
were all less common than in HIV- participants. Conclusions Dyslipidemia is linked to advanced age, male gender, diabetes, smoking,
alcohol consumption, and increased waist circumference, all of which could
lead to an increased risk of CVD, according to the study. The study also
revealed that the risks are less common in HIV + people than in HIV-negative
ambulatory patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyahil A Woldu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (www.muhas.ac.tz), Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University (www.aad.edu.et), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Omary Minzi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (www.muhas.ac.tz), Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Ephrem Engidawork
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University (www.aad.edu.et), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Jarab AS, Alefishat EA, Al-Qerem W, Mukattash TL, Al-Hajjeh DM. Lipid control and its associated factors among patients with dyslipidaemia in Jordan. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14000. [PMID: 33400313 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid control represents a cornerstone in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Nevertheless, little research has explored the factors associated with poor lipid control in patients with dyslipidaemia. OBJECTIVE The study aim was to investigate the variables associated with poor lipid control among patients with dyslipidaemia in Jordan. METHOD In addition to socio-demographics, disease and medication-related variables, lipid profile including total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C and triglyceride and other biomedical variables were collected for patients diagnosed with dyslipidaemia using hospital medical charts at three major outpatient clinics in Jordan. The validated 4-item medication adherence scale and the beliefs about medications questionnaire were used to evaluate medication adherence and medication beliefs among the study participants. The participants were classified to have controlled and uncontrolled dyslipidaemia using recent AHA guidelines. A stepwise forward conditional binary regression was conducted to explore the variables significantly and independently associated with dyslipidaemia control. A P-value of < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 228 patients participated in the study. Most of the study participants (61%) were classified to have uncontrolled lipid profile and 60.1% of them were found to have ASCVD. Regression analysis revealed that increased necessity for dyslipidaemia medications increased the odds of dyslipidaemia control (OR = 1.14), whereas active smoking (OR = 0.42), low medication adherence (OR = 0.0.8) and the presence of ASCVD (odd ratio = 0.24) were significantly associated with poor dyslipidaemia control. CONCLUSION Lipid profile has considerable scope for improvement in patients with dyslipidaemia in Jordan. Improving medication adherence by emphasising on medication necessity and simplifying the prescribed dosage regimen, particularly in smoking patients and those who have ASCVD, should be particularly considered in future clinical pharmacy service programmes aim at improving lipid control and health outcomes in patients with dyslipidaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anan S Jarab
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Eman A Alefishat
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Walid Al-Qerem
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Tareq L Mukattash
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Dua'a M Al-Hajjeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Hsia SH, Nisis ML, Lee ML, Goldstein C, Friedman TC. Metabolic parameters in smokers undergoing smoking reduction. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND TRANSLATIONAL ENDOCRINOLOGY 2021; 23:100249. [PMID: 33717989 PMCID: PMC7933731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcte.2021.100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Few human studies have explored the mechanisms of smoking-induced insulin resistance. Aims: To prospectively examine the metabolic changes of smoking reduction. Methods Cigarette smokers (n = 22; ½-2 packs per day) were enrolled in a smoking reduction program (counseling plus bupropion × 8 weeks; Phase I) followed by monitoring only (no counseling or bupropion × 16 weeks; Phase II). We serially measured exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) and urine nicotine metabolites; fat distribution, and metabolic parameters by hyperinsulinemic clamps including hepatic glucose output (HGO) and indirect calorimetry, adjusted for total caloric intake and expenditure. Results CO and nicotine metabolite levels fell with smoking reduction during Phase I (all p < 0.05), without any further changes through Phase II. Central-to-peripheral fat ratio increased during Phase I, but then fell during Phase II (all p < 0.05). Over 24 weeks, basal HGO fell (p = 0.02); and falling CO and nicotine metabolite levels correlated inversely with changes in glucose oxidation, and directly with changes in weight (all p < 0.05). Conclusions Smoking reduction produced a transient worsening of central fat redistribution followed by a more significant improvement; along with other net beneficial metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley H Hsia
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120 Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Monica L Nisis
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120 Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Martin L Lee
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120 Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Candice Goldstein
- Department of General Studies, College of Science and Health, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120 Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA
| | - Theodore C Friedman
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 East 120 Street, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA.,Friends Research Institute, Inc., 17215 Studebaker Road, Suite 380, Cerritos, CA 90703, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Cichosz SL, Jensen MH, Hejlesen O. Associations between smoking, glucose metabolism and lipid levels: A cross-sectional study. J Diabetes Complications 2020; 34:107649. [PMID: 32534887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate glucose profiles assessed by oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT), fasting glucose, and lipid profiles among smokers, ex-smokers and never-smokers. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study design used was a cross-sectional analysis of data from several years of the NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) from 2005 to 2014. A total of 12,460 participants with measures of OGTT, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were included for the data analysis. Outcomes were all assessed in an unadjusted and in an adjusted gender analysis. A GLM model was used to assess 2-hour OGTT, fasting plasma glucose, difference between fasting plasma glucose and OGTT, HbA1c, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride in relation to current smoking, ex-smoking and never smoking. The effects were adjusted with covariates: gender, BMI, age, alcohol usage, educational level and ethnicity. RESULTS The OGTT results was lower for the group smoking (-10.1 [-13.2; -7.1], p < 0.001), and no effect was observed from ex-smoking (-2.7 [-5.7; 0.8], p = 0.08). Fasting glucose was not different for smokers (-0.2 [-1.6; 1.2], p = 0.80) or ex-smokers (0.1 [-1.3; 1.5], p = 0.90). For smokers', triglycerides (1.2 [1.1; 1.3], p < 0.001), LDL-cholesterol (7.7 [6.0; 9.3], p < 0.001) were increased and HDL-cholesterol was decreased (-2.1 [-2.8; -1.5], p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Although this study is cross-sectional and cannot, by the same nature of the design, prove a cause-effect relationship, the present results indicate that cigarette smoking may be associated with factors that are adversely related to the metabolic syndrome. But the evidence from our results are not unanimous pointing in the same direction as 2-hour OGTT measurements are considerably lower in participants smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morten Hasselstrøm Jensen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark; Steno Diabetes Center North Denmark, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Ole Hejlesen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark
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Seoane-Collazo P, Diéguez C, Nogueiras R, Rahmouni K, Fernández-Real JM, López M. Nicotine' actions on energy balance: Friend or foe? Pharmacol Ther 2020; 219:107693. [PMID: 32987056 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has reached pandemic proportions and is associated with severe comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hepatic and cardiovascular diseases, and certain cancer types. However, the therapeutic options to treat obesity are limited. Extensive epidemiological studies have shown a strong relationship between smoking and body weight, with non-smokers weighing more than smokers at any age. Increased body weight after smoking cessation is a major factor that interferes with their attempts to quit smoking. Numerous controlled studies in both humans and rodents have reported that nicotine, the main bioactive component of tobacco, exerts a marked anorectic action. Furthermore, nicotine is also known to modulate energy expenditure, by regulating the thermogenic activity of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and the browning of white adipose tissue (WAT), as well as glucose homeostasis. Many of these actions occur at central level, by controlling the activity of hypothalamic neuropeptide systems such as proopiomelanocortin (POMC), or energy sensors such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). However, direct impact of nicotine on metabolic tissues, such as BAT, WAT, liver and pancreas has also been described. Here, we review the actions of nicotine on energy balance. The relevance of this interaction is interesting, because considering the restricted efficiency of obesity treatments, a possible complementary approach may focus on compounds with known pharmacokinetic profile and pharmacological actions, such as nicotine or nicotinic acetylcholine receptors signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Seoane-Collazo
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain; International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Rubén Nogueiras
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain
| | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain; Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition (UDEN), Hospital of Girona "Dr Josep Trueta" and Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 15706, Spain.
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Koo HJ, Lee KR, Kim HS, Lee BM. Detoxification effects of aloe polysaccharide and propolis on the urinary excretion of metabolites in smokers. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 130:99-108. [PMID: 31112706 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Nakagomi A, Sunami Y, Okada S, Fujisawa T, Kobayashi Y. Synergistic Effects of 1 h Post-Load Plasma Glucose and Smoking on Arterial Stiffness in Apparently Healthy Men: A Cross-sectional Study. J Atheroscler Thromb 2018; 26:505-512. [PMID: 30449816 PMCID: PMC6545458 DOI: 10.5551/jat.46193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: One-hour post-load plasma glucose (1h-PG) during an oral glucose tolerance test and smoking are associated with arterial stiffness. However, it remains unknown whether there are synergistic effects of these two factors on arterial stiffness. This study aimed to investigate the interaction between 1h-PG and smoking in relation to brachial–ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) in young men with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Methods: The study included 25-, 30-, 35-, 40-, and 45-year-old non-industrial male workers (n = 2189) who underwent a detailed health check-up. Normotensive participants with NGT and taking no medication were included. Results: A univariate linear regression analysis showed that 1h-PG correlated with baPWV (r = 0.13, p < 0.001), but the correlation was not significant in the multivariate analysis (β = 0.02, p = 0.24). However, we found a significant interaction between 1h-PG levels and smoking status in relation to baPWV (p = 0.048). Therefore, further analyses were conducted in nonsmokers and smokers. A multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that 1h-PG significantly correlated with baPWV in smokers (β = 0.11, p = 0.02), but not in nonsmokers (β = 0.01, p = 0.79). The correlation remained significant even after adjustment for the number of cigarettes smoked per day (β = 0.096, p = 0.048) or the Brinkman index (β = 0.097, p = 0.043). Conclusion: A significant interaction between 1h-PG and smoking in relation to baPWV was found in apparently healthy men younger than 50 years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Nakagomi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yuko Sunami
- Chiba Foundation for Health Promotion & Disease Prevention
| | - Sho Okada
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Yoshio Kobayashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine
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Siti Hajar MH, Zulkefli S, Juwita S, Norhayati MN, Siti Suhaila MY, Rasool AHG, Harmy MY. Metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers in women exposed to secondhand smoke. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5758. [PMID: 30356972 PMCID: PMC6196072 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure has adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. This study aimed to determine the effects of SHS on the cardiovascular disease biomarkers, namely the metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress markers in healthy adult women. Methods This comparative cross-sectional study was conducted among healthy women. The cases included those women exposed to SHS, and the controls included those women not exposed to SHS. SHS exposure was defined as being exposed to SHS for at least 15 min for 2 days per week. Venous blood was taken to measure the metabolic markers (high molecular weight adiponectin, insulin level, insulin resistance, and nonesterified fatty acids), oxidative stress markers (oxidized low density lipoprotein cholesterol and 8-isoprostane), and inflammatory markers (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and interleukin-6). A hair nicotine analysis was also performed. An analysis of covariance and a simple linear regression analysis were conducted. Results There were 101 women in the SHS exposure group and 91 women in the non-SHS exposure group. The mean (with standard deviation) of the hair nicotine levels was significantly higher in the SHS exposure group when compared to the non-SHS exposure group [0.22 (0.62) vs. 0.04 (0.11) ng/mg; P = 0.009]. No significant differences were observed in the high molecular weight adiponectin, insulin and insulin resistance, nonesterified fatty acids, 8-isoprostane, oxidized low density lipoprotein cholesterol, interleukin-6, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein between the two groups. The serum high molecular weight adiponectin was negatively associated with the insulin level and insulin resistance in the women exposed to SHS. However, no significant relationships were seen between the high molecular weight adiponectin and nonesterified fatty acids, 8-isoprostane, oxidized low density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in the SHS group. Discussion There were no significant differences in the metabolic, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers between the SHS exposure and non-SHS exposure healthy women. A low serum level of high molecular weight adiponectin was associated with an increased insulin level and resistance in the women exposed to SHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Hanaffi Siti Hajar
- Department of Family Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Sanip Zulkefli
- Central Research Laboratory, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Shaaban Juwita
- Department of Family Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Noor Norhayati
- Department of Family Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yusoff Siti Suhaila
- Department of Family Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Aida Hanum Ghulam Rasool
- Pharmacology Vascular Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Yusoff Harmy
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
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14
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Artese A, Stamford BA, Moffatt RJ. Cigarette Smoking: An Accessory to the Development of Insulin Resistance. Am J Lifestyle Med 2017; 13:602-605. [PMID: 31662726 DOI: 10.1177/1559827617726516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a condition characterized by decreased sensitivity of a skeletal or adipose cell to insulin, resulting in decreased glucose uptake by the cell. This can lead to hyperinsulinemia and further reduce insulin sensitivity. Insulin resistance is one of the primary factors contributing to metabolic syndrome (MetS), causing elevated glucose and fatty acid concentrations in the blood. Smoking is associated with insulin resistance in a dose-dependent manner. It directly increases the risk for insulin resistance, mainly via hormone activation, and may indirectly cause insulin resistance due to its effects on abdominal obesity. Nicotine may be the factor underlying these potential mechanisms. With the prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes on the rise, and considering the role of smoking and its relationship to insulin resistance, smoking reduction or cessation may be a viable option for those who are at risk or already identified as insulin resistant. Therefore, smoking cessation or reduction would serve as a beneficial component in any diabetes prevention or treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Artese
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida (AA, RJM).,Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Hanover College, Hanover, Indiana (BAS)
| | - Bryant A Stamford
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida (AA, RJM).,Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Hanover College, Hanover, Indiana (BAS)
| | - Robert J Moffatt
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, College of Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida (AA, RJM).,Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Hanover College, Hanover, Indiana (BAS)
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15
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Conklin DJ, Malovichko MV, Zeller I, Das TP, Krivokhizhina TV, Lynch BH, Lorkiewicz P, Agarwal A, Wickramasinghe N, Haberzettl P, Sithu SD, Shah J, O’Toole TE, Rai SN, Bhatnagar A, Srivastava S. Biomarkers of Chronic Acrolein Inhalation Exposure in Mice: Implications for Tobacco Product-Induced Toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2017; 158:263-274. [PMID: 28482051 PMCID: PMC5837482 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to tobacco smoke, which contains several harmful and potentially harmful constituents such as acrolein increases cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Although high acrolein levels induce pervasive cardiovascular injury, the effects of low-level exposure remain unknown and sensitive biomarkers of acrolein toxicity have not been identified. Identification of such biomarkers is essential to assess the toxicity of acrolein present at low levels in the ambient air or in new tobacco products such as e-cigarettes. Hence, we examined the systemic effects of chronic (12 weeks) acrolein exposure at concentrations similar to those found in tobacco smoke (0.5 or 1 ppm). Acrolein exposure in mice led to a 2- to 3-fold increase in its urinary metabolite 3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid (3-HPMA) with an attendant increase in pulmonary levels of the acrolein-metabolizing enzymes, glutathione S-transferase P and aldose reductase, as well as several Nrf2-regulated antioxidant proteins. Markers of pulmonary endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation were unchanged. Exposure to acrolein suppressed circulating levels of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and specific leukocyte subsets (eg, GR-1+ cells, CD19+ B-cells, CD4+ T-cells; CD11b+ monocytes) whilst other subsets (eg, CD8+ cells, NK1.1+ cells, Ly6C+ monocytes) were unchanged. Chronic acrolein exposure did not affect systemic glucose tolerance, platelet-leukocyte aggregates or microparticles in blood. These findings suggest that circulating levels of EPCs and specific leukocyte populations are sensitive biomarkers of inhaled acrolein injury and that low-level (<0.5 ppm) acrolein exposure (eg, in secondhand smoke, vehicle exhaust, e-cigarettes) could increase CVD risk by diminishing endothelium repair or by suppressing immune cells or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Conklin
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine School of Medicine
| | - Marina V. Malovichko
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine School of Medicine
| | - Iris Zeller
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine School of Medicine
| | - Trinath P. Das
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine School of Medicine
| | - Tatiana V. Krivokhizhina
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine School of Medicine
| | - Blake H. Lynch
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine School of Medicine
| | - Pawel Lorkiewicz
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine School of Medicine
| | - Abhinav Agarwal
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine School of Medicine
| | - Nalinie Wickramasinghe
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine School of Medicine
| | - Petra Haberzettl
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine School of Medicine
| | - Srinivas D. Sithu
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
| | - Jasmit Shah
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- School of Public Health & Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Timothy E. O’Toole
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine School of Medicine
| | - Shesh N. Rai
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- School of Public Health & Information Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine School of Medicine
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center
- Diabetes and Obesity Center
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine School of Medicine
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16
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Maddatu J, Anderson-Baucum E, Evans-Molina C. Smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Transl Res 2017; 184:101-107. [PMID: 28336465 PMCID: PMC5429867 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite accumulating evidence demonstrating strong epidemiologic and mechanistic associations between cigarette smoking, hyperglycemia, and the development of type 2 diabetes, tobacco abuse has not been uniformly recognized as a modifiable risk factor in diabetes prevention or screening strategies. In this review, we highlight population-based studies that have linked cigarette smoking with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and summarize clinical and preclinical studies offering insight into mechanisms through which cigarette smoking and nicotine exposure impact body composition, insulin sensitivity, and pancreatic β cell function. Key questions for future studies are identified and strategies for smoking cessation as a means to decrease diabetes risk are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Maddatu
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | | | - Carmella Evans-Molina
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind; Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind; Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind; Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Ind.
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17
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Baba S, Takashima T, Hirota M, Kawashima M, Horikawa E. Relationship between pulmonary function and elevated glycated hemoglobin levels in health checkups: A cross-sectional observational study in Japanese participants. J Epidemiol 2017; 27:511-515. [PMID: 28142050 PMCID: PMC5608596 DOI: 10.1016/j.je.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Insulin resistance has been associated with cytokines, including interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha soluble receptor, both of which are elevated in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Few studies have investigated the relationship between pulmonary function tests using spirometry (PFT) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) or glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels in Japanese participants. The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between PFT in Japanese people who had health checkups and their FPG or HbA1c levels. In the context of preventative medicine, we intend to connect early detection of COPD to an index of blood sugar. Methods From August 2013 through March 2014, 1019 participants underwent health checkups. PFT, FPG, and HbA1c measurements were conducted. HbA1c levels were measured according to National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program guidelines. Results Participants with FPG ≥100 mg/dL and HbA1c ≥5.6% showed a significantly lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s:forced vital capacity ratio (FEV1/FVC) compared to participants with lower FPG and Hb1Ac levels. Prevalence of FEV1/FVC values <70% in PFT differed significantly depending on sex, age, body mass index, FPG, HbA1c, and smoking habits. Age (≥60 years), HbA1c (≥5.6%), and current or former smoking were associated with FEV1/FVC values <70%. Conclusion In Japan, HbA1c levels were higher in participants with FEV1/FVC values <70% in PFT than in those with FEV1/FVC ≥70%. In preventive medicine, PFT by spirometry should be performed in elderly participants with elevated HbA1c levels who are current or former smokers. Participants with FEV1/FVC values <70% had significantly elevated HbA1c levels. Age, HbA1c, and current or former smoking were associated with FEV1/FVC values <70%. Elderly ever smokers with elevated HbA1c should undergo screened for COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saigo Baba
- International University of Health and Welfare, Department of Nursing, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Toru Takashima
- International University of Health and Welfare, Department of Nursing, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miki Hirota
- Japan Community Health Care Organization (JCHO), Saga Central Hospital Health Administration Center, Saga, Japan
| | - Michihiro Kawashima
- Japan Community Health Care Organization (JCHO), Saga Central Hospital, Saga, Japan
| | - Etsuo Horikawa
- Mobility Research Laboratory, Center for Comprehensive and Community Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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18
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Effects of alcohol abstinence on glucose metabolism in Japanese men with elevated fasting glucose: A pilot study. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40277. [PMID: 28067302 PMCID: PMC5220444 DOI: 10.1038/srep40277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that moderate alcohol consumption provides protection against the development of type 2 diabetes. However, several other reports suggested that moderate alcohol intake may increase the risk of type 2 diabetes in non-obese Japanese. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of 1-week alcohol abstinence on hepatic insulin sensitivity and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in non-obese Japanese men. We recruited 8 non-obese Japanese men with mildly elevated FPG and drinking habits alcohol (mean frequency; 5.6 ± 2.5 times/week, mean alcohol consumption; 32.1 ± 20.0 g/day). Before and after the 1-week alcohol abstinence, we used the 2-step hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp to measure endogenous glucose production (EGP) and insulin sensitivity (IS) in muscle and liver. One-week alcohol abstinence significantly reduced both FPG by 7% (from 105.5 ± 11.7 to 98.2 ± 7.8 mg/dl, P < 0.01) and fasting EGP by 6% (from 84.1 ± 4.2 to 77.6 ± 1.6 mg/m2 per min, P < 0.01), respectively. Two–step clamp study showed that alcohol abstinence significantly improved hepatic-IS, but not muscle-IS. In conclusion, one week alcohol abstinence improved hepatic IS and FPG in non-obese Japanese men with mildly elevated FPG and drinking habits alcohol.
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19
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Prevalence of concealed and overt chronic renal failure in patients with COPD. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF CHEST DISEASES AND TUBERCULOSIS 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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20
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Serum levels of nitric oxide and cytokines in smokers at the beginning and after 4months of treatment for smoking cessation. Int J Cardiol 2016; 230:327-331. [PMID: 28040275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.12.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nitric oxide (NO) modulates inflammatory reactions, having beneficial or toxic effects depending on the concentration. Its elevation can cause proinflammatory effects amplifying the inflammatory process with the participation of cytokines. Smoking has a negative impact on health and is considered one of the risk factors that influence disease development facilitating inflammatory processes. AIM To compare the serum concentration of NO and cytokines in smokers at baseline and after 4months of abstinence treatment. METHODS Blood samples which were collected to obtain the serum, at baseline and after 4months, were stored at -80°C until analysis. NO was measured by the total dose of nitrite determined by the Greiss method. CBA was the used technique to determine the concentration of cytokines in supernatants serum. The initial and final results of NO, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12 that remained after 4months treatment were compared. Wilcoxon test was used to compare the data and Spearman test for correlations between NO and other variables. A significance level of p<0.05 was adopted. RESULTS The analysis of NO observed a significant reduction (p=0.001) of the initial median value of 18.80 (3.55-80.01) μmol/L to 8.10 (2.85-14.97) μmol/L after 4months of treatment. There were no significant differences in cytokines from baseline to the end of treatment. CONCLUSION The results may not mean harm to the body, but an adaptive process, decreasing the metabolism of abstinents due to the reduction of the use of nicotine.
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21
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Sanip ZB, Suhaimi MZ, Man CN, Rasool AH, Yusoff HB. Relationship between hair nicotine levels with blood pressure, body composition, lipid profile and leptin among healthy male smokers in Kelantan. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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Haj Mouhamed D, Ezzaher A, Neffati F, Douki W, Gaha L, Najjar MF. Effect of cigarette smoking on insulin resistance risk. Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) 2016; 65:21-5. [PMID: 25620470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ancard.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Smoking is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The mechanism(s) of the effects of smoking on CVD are not clearly understood; however, a number of atherogenic characteristics, such as insulin resistance have been reported. We aim to investigate the effects of cigarette smoking on insulin resistance and to determine the correlation between this parameter with smoking status characteristics. STUDY DESIGN This study was conducted on 138 non-smokers and 162 smokers aged respectively 35.6±16.0 and 38.5±21.9 years. All subjects are not diabetic. METHODS Fasting glucose was determined by enzymatic methods and insulin by chemiluminescence method. Insulin resistance (IR) was estimated using the Homeostasis Model of Assessment equation: HOMA-IR=[fasting insulin (mU/L)×fasting glucose (mmol/L)]/22.5. IR was defined as the upper quartile of HOMA-IR. Values above 2.5 were taken as abnormal and reflect insulin resistance. RESULTS Compared to non-smokers, smokers had significantly higher levels of fasting glucose, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR index. These associations remained significant after adjustment for confounding factors (age, gender, BMI and alcohol consumption). A statistically significant association was noted between the smoking status parameters, including both the number of cigarettes smoked/day and the duration of smoking, and fasting insulin levels as well for HOMA-IR index. Among smokers, we noted a positive correlation between HOMA-IR index and both plasma thiocyanates and urinary cotinine. CONCLUSION Our results show that smokers have a high risk to developing an insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, compared with a matched group of non-smokers, and may help to explain the high risk of cardiovascular diseases in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Haj Mouhamed
- Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Monastir University Hospital, Monastir 5000, Tunisia; Research Laboratory "Vulnerability to Psychotic disorders LR 05 ES 10", Department of Psychiatry, Monastir University Hospital, Monastir 5000, Tunisia.
| | - A Ezzaher
- Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Monastir University Hospital, Monastir 5000, Tunisia; Research Laboratory "Vulnerability to Psychotic disorders LR 05 ES 10", Department of Psychiatry, Monastir University Hospital, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - F Neffati
- Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Monastir University Hospital, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - W Douki
- Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Monastir University Hospital, Monastir 5000, Tunisia; Research Laboratory "Vulnerability to Psychotic disorders LR 05 ES 10", Department of Psychiatry, Monastir University Hospital, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - L Gaha
- Research Laboratory "Vulnerability to Psychotic disorders LR 05 ES 10", Department of Psychiatry, Monastir University Hospital, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
| | - M F Najjar
- Biochemistry and Toxicology Laboratory, Monastir University Hospital, Monastir 5000, Tunisia
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Wang C, Wang Y, Wu J, Liu S, Zhu Y, Lv S, Lin P, Wang X, Xu Y, Yu S, Chen G, Xiang Q. Current Smoking Dose-Dependently Associated with Decreased β-Cell Function in Chinese Men without Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:841768. [PMID: 26236748 PMCID: PMC4506814 DOI: 10.1155/2015/841768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between chronic smoking and insulin resistance and β-cell function in Chinese men without diabetes. A total of 1,568 participants were recruited by multistage sampling. Using homeostatic model assessment (HOMA), geometric means of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and β-cell function (HOMA-β) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated by general linear model. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CI were estimated to evaluate the associations between smoking status and insulin resistance and β-cell deficiency under a logistic regression model. Current smokers had higher levels of 2 h glucose (6.66 versus 6.48 mmol/L) for oral glucose tolerance test and lower levels of fasting insulin (5.68 versus 6.03 mU/L) than never smokers. The adjusted means for HOMA-β (%) were 54.86 in current smokers and 58.81 in never smokers (P = 0.0257). Current smoking was associated with β-cell deficiency (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.01-1.64) compared to never smoking. The β-cell function gradually decreased with increasing smoking intensity (P trend = 0.0026), and the differences were statistically significant when the pack-year of smoking was 20 or above. No association was observed between smoking status and HOMA-IR. Our study suggested that chronic smoking may dose-dependently suppress insulin secretion in Chinese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, China
| | - Yijun Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, China
| | - Junxia Wu
- Department of Comprehensive Statistics, The Third People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, China
| | - Suyi Liu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Computer Science, School of Computer Science and Technology, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, China
| | - Shurong Lv
- Department of Chronic Non-Communicable Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Ping Lin
- Department of Chronic Non-Communicable Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Xiaoke Wang
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Chronic Non-Communicable Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Shali Yu
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226000, China
| | - Quanyong Xiang
- Department of Chronic Non-Communicable Disease Control, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
- *Quanyong Xiang:
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Piatti P, Setola E, Galluccio E, Costa S, Fontana B, Stuccillo M, Crippa V, Cappelletti A, Margonato A, Bosi E, Monti LD. Smoking is associated with impaired glucose regulation and a decrease in insulin sensitivity and the disposition index in first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetes subjects independently of the presence of metabolic syndrome. Acta Diabetol 2014; 51:793-9. [PMID: 24934227 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-014-0599-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate glucose tolerance, insulin secretion and insulin resistance according to smoking habits in first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetes patients, a population at high risk for developing diabetes. One thousand three hundred (646 females and 654 males) subjects underwent an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to investigate their glucose metabolism and answered questionnaires about their lifestyle habits. Smoker subjects showed significant impairment compared with non-smoker subjects in 2-h post-oral glucose tolerance test (2hOGTT, 129.3 ± 40.2 vs. 117.7 ± 37.6 mg/dl, p < 0.001), the OGTT insulin sensitivity (386.3 ± 54.9 vs. 400.5 ± 53.4 ml min(-1) m(2), p < 0.01) method and the insulin sensitivity and secretion index-2 (ISSI-2, 1.7 ± 0.8 vs. 2.0 ± 1.0, p < 0.005). Metabolic syndrome (MS) was higher in the smoker than in the non-smoker group (46.5 vs. 29.7 %, p < 0001), and smokers were more sedentary than non-smokers (3.94 ± 3.77 vs. 4.86 ± 4.41 h/week, p < 0.001). Smokers showed an increased risk of impaired glucose regulation (IGR: impaired glucose tolerance or diabetes mellitus) with a hazard ratio (HR) adjusted by gender, metabolic syndrome and physical activity of 1.78, 95 % CI 1.27-2.47 (p < 0.001). The association between smoking and MS conferred a risk of IGR that was five times higher (HR 5.495, 95 % CI 4.07-7.41, p < 0.001). Smoking habit was a significant explanatory variable in a multiple forward stepwise regression analysis performed using 2hOGTT and ISSI-2 as dependent variables (p < 0.0001, R = 0.313 and p < 0.0001, R = 0.347, respectively). In conclusions, our results show that tobacco smoking is tightly associated with impairments in glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- PierMarco Piatti
- Cardio-Metabolism and Clinical Trials Unit, Diabetes Research Institute, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infective Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, IRCCS San Raffaele, Milan, Italy,
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25
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Sobngwi E, Kengne AP, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Choukem S, Sobngwi-Tambekou J, Balti EV, Pearce MS, Siaha V, Mamdjokam AS, Effoe V, Lontchi-Yimagou E, Donfack OT, Atogho-Tiedeu B, Boudou P, Gautier JF, Mbanya JC. Fasting insulin sensitivity indices are not better than routine clinical variables at predicting insulin sensitivity among Black Africans: a clamp study in sub-Saharan Africans. BMC Endocr Disord 2014; 14:65. [PMID: 25106496 PMCID: PMC4130121 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6823-14-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to evaluate the predictive utility of common fasting insulin sensitivity indices, and non-laboratory surrogates [BMI, waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR)] in sub-Saharan Africans without diabetes. METHODS We measured fasting glucose and insulin, and glucose uptake during 80/mU/m2/min euglycemic clamp in 87 Cameroonians (51 men) aged (SD) 34.6 (11.4) years. We derived insulin sensitivity indices including HOMA-IR, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), fasting insulin resistance index (FIRI) and glucose-to-insulin ratio (GIR). Indices and clinical predictors were compared to clamp using correlation tests, robust linear regressions and agreement of classification by sex-specific thirds. RESULTS The mean insulin sensitivity was M = 10.5 ± 3.2 mg/kg/min. Classification across thirds of insulin sensitivity by clamp matched with non-laboratory surrogates in 30-48% of participants, and with fasting indices in 27-51%, with kappa statistics ranging from -0.10 to 0.26. Fasting indices correlated significantly with clamp (/r/=0.23-0.30), with GIR performing less well than fasting insulin and HOMA-IR (both p < 0.02). BMI, WC and WHtR were equal or superior to fasting indices (/r/=0.38-0.43). Combinations of fasting indices and clinical predictors explained 25-27% of variation in clamp values. CONCLUSION Fasting insulin sensitivity indices are modest predictors of insulin sensitivity measured by euglycemic clamp, and do not perform better than clinical surrogates in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Sobngwi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
- National Obesity Centre, Yaounde Central Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Biotechnology Centre, Nkolbisson, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Andre-Pascal Kengne
- South African Medical Research Council & University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, Australia
| | - Justin B Echouffo-Tcheugui
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Simeon Choukem
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Douala General Hospital, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Joelle Sobngwi-Tambekou
- Centre of Higher Education in Health Sciences, Catholic University of Central Africa, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Eric V Balti
- National Obesity Centre, Yaounde Central Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Diabetes Research Center, Brussels Free University-(VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mark S Pearce
- Institute of Health & Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Valentin Siaha
- National Obesity Centre, Yaounde Central Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Aissa S Mamdjokam
- National Obesity Centre, Yaounde Central Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Valery Effoe
- National Obesity Centre, Yaounde Central Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eric Lontchi-Yimagou
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Biotechnology Centre, Nkolbisson, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Oliver T Donfack
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Biotechnology Centre, Nkolbisson, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Barbara Atogho-Tiedeu
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Metabolism, Biotechnology Centre, Nkolbisson, University of Yaounde 1, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Philippe Boudou
- Unit of Transfer in Molecular Oncology and Hormonology, Saint-Louis University Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Francois Gautier
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Saint-Louis University Hospital, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris-Diderot Paris-7, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Mbanya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaounde, Cameroon
- National Obesity Centre, Yaounde Central Hospital, Yaounde, Cameroon
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de Oliveira Fontes Gasperin L, Neuberger M, Tichy A, Moshammer H. Cross-sectional association between cigarette smoking and abdominal obesity among Austrian bank employees. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e004899. [PMID: 25079922 PMCID: PMC4120441 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-004899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There is increasing evidence that smoking is associated with abdominal obesity and other risk factors for the metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study is to investigate these associations in a sample of healthy Austrian adults. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Data of 986 employees of an Austrian company (405 men and 581 women; participation rate approximately 80%) obtained during their annual medical check-up at the workplace were analysed. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Information on smoking status, education level, physical activity, diet, body weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference and biochemical parameters was obtained. The influence of smoking on health and anthropometric measures was investigated. RESULTS No differences in total body fat and/or body fat distribution were found between non-smokers, smokers and former smokers; however, among daily smokers, the number of cigarettes smoked per day was significantly associated with higher body weight (p=0.001) and BMI (p=0.009). Male and female smokers had significantly higher white cell count than non-smokers and former smokers. Heavy smokers also had an unhealthier lipid profile (lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol) and higher fasting glucose levels even after controlling for physical activity and calorie intake. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to the beliefs of many smokers, heavy smoking is associated with higher body weight and unfavourable metabolic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manfred Neuberger
- Institute of Environmental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Tichy
- Platform Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans Moshammer
- Institute of Environmental Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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27
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Otake T, Fukumoto J, Abe M, Takemura S, Mihn PN, Mizoue T, Kiyohara C. Linking lifestyle factors and insulin resistance, based on fasting plasma insulin and HOMA-IR in middle-aged Japanese men: a cross-sectional study. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2014; 74:536-45. [PMID: 24830843 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2014.913304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin resistance (IR) is regarded as one of the earliest features of many metabolic diseases, and major efforts are aimed at improving insulin function to confront this issue. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of body mass index (BMI), cigarette smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, green tea and coffee consumption to IR. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study of 1542 male self defense officials. IR was defined as the highest quartile of the fasting plasma insulin (≥ 50 pmol/L) or the homeostasis model assessment-estimated IR (HOMA-IR ≥ 1.81). An unconditional logistic model was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between IR and influential factors. Stratified analysis by obesity status (BMI < 25 kg/m(2), non-obese; ≥ 25 kg/m(2), obese) was performed. RESULTS IR was significantly positively related to BMI and glucose tolerance, negatively related to alcohol use. Independent of obesity status, significant trends were observed between IR and alcohol use. Drinking 30 mL or more of ethanol per day reduced IR by less than 40%. Strong physical activity was associated with decreased risk of IR based on fasting plasma insulin only in the obese. Coffee consumption was inversely associated with the risk of IR based on HOMA-IR in the non-obese group. CONCLUSION Higher coffee consumption may be protective against IR among only the non-obese. Further studies are warranted to examine the effect modification of the obesity status on the coffee-IR association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshie Otake
- Self Defense Forces Fukuoka Hospital , Kasuga, Fukuoka , Japan
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Gupta RK, Gupta R, Maheshwari VD, Mawliya M. Impact of smoking on microalbuminuria and urinary albumin creatinine ratio in non-diabetic normotensive smokers. Indian J Nephrol 2014; 24:92-6. [PMID: 24701041 PMCID: PMC3968616 DOI: 10.4103/0971-4065.127893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking is associated with an excessive morbidity and mortality from a variety of diseases. The aim of this study was to find out the effects of smoking on renal function study in non-diabetic, normotensive subjects. A community-based, prospective, cross-sectional cohort study was conducted on 120 subjects; 80 (66.66%) were smokers and 40 (33.33%) age matched non-smokers; with age range of 30 to 70 years. Measurement of fasting sugar, urea, creatinine, lipids and one time screening of urinary albumin and urinary creatinine was done. Smokers had significantly higher urinary albumin and albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) (52.84 ± 46.42 mg/L, 93.98 ± 78.68 μg/mg) than non-smokers (19.25 ± 7.77 mg/L, 18.99 ± 6.65 μg/mg), respectively (P =< 0.001, P =< 0.001). Microalbuminuria and urinary ACR level were directly related to the amount of smoking (pack-years). Among smokers, 73 (91.25%) had microalbuminuria (>20 mg/L) and 64 (80%) had increased urinary ACR (>30 μg/mg). Smoker had significantly lower high-density lipoprotein level (36.66 ± 10.28 mg/dl) compared to non-smokers (41.22 ± 11.72 mg/dl) (P = 0.031). Urea, creatinine, creatinine clearance, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, triglyceride levels were comparable (p = NS). In conclusion, smokers have a 4-fold higher prevalence of microalbuminuria than non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - R Gupta
- Department of Paediatrics, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - V D Maheshwari
- Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - M Mawliya
- Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
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Ebersbach-Silva P, Alves T, Fonseca ATS, Oliveira MADN, Machado UF, Seraphim PM. Cigarette smoke exposure severely reduces peripheral insulin sensitivity without changing GLUT4 expression in oxidative muscle of Wistar rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 57:19-26. [PMID: 23440095 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302013000100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of exposure to cigarette smoke and running training on a treadmill on the expression of glucose transporter GLUT4 in oxidative soleus muscle of rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats were divided into: (C) control, (E) exercise control, (SS), sedentary smoker, and (ES) exercise smoker. Insulin Tolerance Test, Western blotting, and RT-PCR were performed for the evaluation of GLUT4 levels. RESULTS The SS group presented lower insulin sensitivity with reduced GLUT4 protein in the plasma membrane (PM), no changes in the microsomal fraction, but increased mRNA content. Training reversed this condition. No intervention altered total GLUT4 content of the oxidative muscle. CONCLUSION These results suggest that passive smoking stimulates GLUT4 transcription without changing total protein content, but impairs the ability of GLUT4 translocation to the PM. On the other hand, training seems to reduce the deleterious effects, even under the influence of cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ebersbach-Silva
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Science and Technology, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Cena H, Tesone A, Niniano R, Cerveri I, Roggi C, Turconi G. Prevalence rate of Metabolic Syndrome in a group of light and heavy smokers. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2013; 5:28. [PMID: 23721527 PMCID: PMC3673853 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-5-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is widely accepted as a major risk factor for metabolic and cardiovascular disease. Smoking reduces insulin sensitivity or induces insulin resistance and enhances cardiovascular risk factors such as elevated plasma triglycerides, decreases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and causes hyperglycemia. Several studies show that smoking is associated with metabolic abnormalities and increases the risk of Metabolic Syndrome. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in a group of light and heavy smokers, wishing to give up smoking. METHODS In this cross-sectional study all the enrolled subjects voluntary joined the smoking cessation program held by the Respiratory Pathophysiology Unit of San Matteo Hospital, Pavia, Northern Italy.All the subjects enrolled were former smokers from at least 10 years and had no cancer or psychiatric disorders, nor history of diabetes or CVD or coronary artery disease and were not on any medication. RESULTS The subjects smoke 32.3 ± 16.5 mean Pack Years. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome is 52.1%: 57.3% and 44.9% for males and females respectively. Analysing the smoking habit influence on the IDF criteria for the metabolic syndrome diagnosis we found that all the variables show an increasing trend from light to heavy smokers, except for HDL cholesterol. A statistical significant correlation among Pack Years and waist circumference (R = 0.48, p < 0.0001), Systolic Blood Pressure (R = 0.18, p < 0.05), fasting plasma glucose (R = 0.19, p < 0.005) and HDL cholesterol (R = -0.26, p = 0.0005) has been observed. CONCLUSIONS Currently smoking subjects are at high risk of developing the metabolic syndrome.Therapeutic lifestyle changes, including smoking cessation are a desirable Public health goal and should successfully be implemented in clinical practice at any age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellas Cena
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Tesone
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Rosanna Niniano
- Respiratory Pathophysiology Unit, Policlinico San Matteo IRCCS, Viale Golgi, 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Isa Cerveri
- Respiratory Pathophysiology Unit, Policlinico San Matteo IRCCS, Viale Golgi, 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carla Roggi
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Turconi
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Human Nutrition, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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Bergman BC, Perreault L, Hunerdosse D, Kerege A, Playdon M, Samek AM, Eckel RH. Novel and reversible mechanisms of smoking-induced insulin resistance in humans. Diabetes 2012; 61:3156-66. [PMID: 22966072 PMCID: PMC3501865 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is the most common cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in the United States, in part because it is an independent risk factor for the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. However, mechanisms responsible for smoking-induced insulin resistance are unclear. In this study, we found smokers were less insulin sensitive compared with controls, which increased after either 1 or 2 weeks of smoking cessation. Improvements in insulin sensitivity after smoking cessation occurred with normalization of IRS-1(ser636) phosphorylation. In muscle cell culture, nicotine exposure significantly increased IRS-1(ser636) phosphorylation and decreased insulin sensitivity, recapitulating the phenotype of smoking-induced insulin resistance in humans. The two pathways known to stimulate IRS-1(ser636) phosphorylation (p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase [MAPK] and mammalian target of rapamycin [mTOR]) were both stimulated by nicotine in culture. Inhibition of mTOR, but not p44/42 MAPK, during nicotine exposure prevented IRS-1(ser636) phosphorylation and normalized insulin sensitivity. These data indicate nicotine induces insulin resistance in skeletal muscle by activating mTOR. Therapeutic agents designed to oppose skeletal muscle mTOR activation may prevent insulin resistance in humans who are unable to stop smoking or are chronically exposed to secondhand smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C Bergman
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado, USA.
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Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a well-known risk factor in many diseases, including various kinds of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Many studies have also reported the unfavorable effects of smoking for diabetes mellitus. Smoking increases the risk of developing diabetes, and aggravates the micro- and macro-vascular complications of diabetes mellitus. Smoking is associated with insulin resistance, inflammation and dyslipidemia, but the exact mechanisms through which smoking influences diabetes mellitus are not clear. However, smoking cessation is one of the important targets for diabetes control and the prevention diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Ah Chang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Lain KY, Catalano PM. Factors that affect maternal insulin resistance and modify fetal growth and body composition. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2012; 4:91-100. [PMID: 18370755 DOI: 10.1089/met.2006.4.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal growth is multifactorial and can be altered by a variety of extrinsic and intrinsic factors. The maternal, placental, and fetal contribution to growth must all be considered. Of particular interest are maternal metabolic regulation and the availability of nutrients to the developing fetus. Weight gain, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance occur as a normal adaptation to pregnancy. Obesity and underlying insulin resistance among women of reproductive age are rapidly increasing, and the contribution of pregnancy on this abnormal metabolic background poses additional maternal and fetal challenges. Many components of the metabolic syndrome have been associated with changes in fetal growth, including obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance or glucose intolerance. Additional factors affect fetal growth and include diet, exercise, and smoking. In this review, we briefly discuss the importance and descriptions of fetal growth, followed by a discussion of several of the extrinsic and intrinsic established factors affecting fetal growth. We highlight factors that may modify fetal growth and body composition directly or indirectly through alterations in maternal metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Y Lain
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Kentucky; Lexington, Kentucky
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Hulthe J, Fagerberg B. Alcohol Consumption and Insulin Sensitivity: AReview. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2012; 3:45-50. [PMID: 18370709 DOI: 10.1089/met.2005.3.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J Hulthe
- Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular Research, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Nicotine exposure exacerbates development of cataracts in a type 1 diabetic rat model. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:349320. [PMID: 23049540 PMCID: PMC3459283 DOI: 10.1155/2012/349320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes and smoking are known risk factors for cataract development. In this study, we evaluated the effect of nicotine on the progression of cataracts in a type 1 diabetic rat model. Diabetes was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by a single injection of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin. Daily nicotine injections were administered subcutaneously. Forty-five rats were divided into groups of diabetics with and without nicotine treatment and controls with and without nicotine treatment. Progression of lens opacity was monitored using a slit lamp biomicroscope and scores were assigned. To assess whether systemic inflammation played a role in mediating cataractogenesis, we studied serum levels of eotaxin, IL-6, and IL-4. The levels of the measured cytokines increased significantly in nicotine-treated and untreated diabetic animals versus controls and demonstrated a positive trend in the nicotine-treated diabetic rats. Our data suggest the presence of a synergistic relationship between nicotine and diabetes that accelerated cataract formation via inflammatory mediators.
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Lee K, Lee CM, Kwon HT, Oh SW, Choi H, Park JH, Cho B. Associations of smoking and smoking cessation with CT-measured visceral obesity in 4656 Korean men. Prev Med 2012; 55:183-7. [PMID: 22728048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although obesity is shown to be less common among current smokers than never smokers, the association between visceral obesity and smoking remains uncertain. METHODS For this cross-sectional analysis, we recruited 4656 Korean men of 19 to 79 years who received a regular checkup at a health examination center between 2008 and 2010. Computed tomography was performed to measure the area of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue (VAT and SAT). We compared the mean VAT by multiple regression analysis across smoking status after adjusting for confounders. RESULTS Both current and former smokers had more mean VAT than never smokers. Current smokers who consumed more than 20 cigarettes per day had 11% higher mean VAT than never smokers (P<0.01). Longer smoking duration, higher daily cigarette consumption before quitting, and shorter abstinence duration among ex-smokers were associated with increasing mean VAT (all P for trend<0.01). The mean VAT in former smokers was highest within 2 years of abstinence. There was no significant difference of mean VAT between ex-smokers with >20 years of abstinence duration and never smokers. CONCLUSION Both current and former smoking is associated with increased VAT. The risk of visceral obesity is proportional to the degree of exposure to cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiheon Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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Nakajima K, Oshida H, Muneyuki T, Kakei M. Pancrelipase: an evidence-based review of its use for treating pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. CORE EVIDENCE 2012; 7:77-91. [PMID: 22936895 PMCID: PMC3426252 DOI: 10.2147/ce.s26705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) is often observed in patients with pancreatic diseases, including chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, and tumors, or after surgical resection. PEI often results in malnutrition, weight loss and steatorrhea, which together increase the risk of morbidity and mortality. Therefore, nutritional interventions, such as low-fat diets and pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT), are needed to improve the clinical symptoms, and to address the pathophysiology of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. PERT with delayed-release pancrelipase is now becoming a standard therapy for pancreatic exocrine insufficiency because it significantly improves the coefficients of fat and nitrogen absorption as well as clinical symptoms, without serious treatment-emergent adverse events. The major adverse events were tolerable gastrointestinal tract symptoms, such as stomach pain, nausea, and bloating. Fibrosing colonopathy, a serious complication, is associated with high doses of enzymes. Several pancrelipase products have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in recent years. Although many double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of pancrelipase products have been conducted in recent years, these studies have enrolled relatively few patients and have often been less than a few weeks in duration. Moreover, few studies have addressed the issue of pancreatic diabetes, a type of diabetes that is characterized by frequent hypoglycemia, which is difficult to manage. In addition, it is unclear whether PERT improves morbidity and mortality in such settings. Therefore, large, long-term prospective studies are needed to identify the optimal treatment for pancreatic exocrine insufficiency. The studies should also examine the extent to which PERT using pancrelipase improves mortality and morbidity. The etiology and severity of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency often differ among patients with gastrointestinal diseases or diabetes (type 1 and type 2), and among elderly subjects. Finally, although there is currently limited clinical evidence, numerous extrapancreatic diseases and conditions that are highly prevalent in the general population may also be considered potential targets for PERT and related treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Nakajima
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medical Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Keyakidai, Sakado
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The relationship between working schedule patterns and the markers of the metabolic syndrome: Comparison of shift workers with day workers. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2012; 25:383-91. [DOI: 10.2478/s13382-012-0051-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
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Silva PE, Alves T, Fonseca ÁTS, Oliveira MADN, Machado UF, Seraphim PM. O exercício físico melhora a sensibilidade à insulina de ratos expostos à fumaça de cigarro. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922011000300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO E OBJETIVO: Sabe-se que o tabagismo pode provocar alterações cardiovasculares e redução na sensibilidade à insulina, e que o exercício físico melhora este quadro. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tabagismo e da prática de atividade física sobre a sensibilidade à insulina em músculo cardíaco de ratos, através da avaliação de expressão do transportador de glicose GLUT4. MÉTODOS: Ratos machos Wistar foram divididos em quatro grupos: (CS) controle, (CE) controle exercitado, (FS) fumante sedentário e (FE) fumante submetido ao exercício físico. Os grupos FS e FE foram submetidos à combustão de quatro cigarros/30 min/60 dias, 2x/dia. Os grupos CE e FE executaram corrida em esteira rolante durante 60 min/60 dias. Foi realizado teste de tolerância à insulina, e a expressão de GLUT4 no coração foi feita através de Western Blotting - ECL e RT-PCR. Foi utilizado método estatístico descritivo e o teste ANOVA, e as diferenças entre os grupos foram consideradas significantes quando P < 0,05. RESULTADOS: Nem o tabagismo nem a atividade física alteraram o peso corpóreo (CS: 364,7 ± 9,7; CE: 372,4 ± 7,2, FS: 368,9 ± 6,7; FE: 376,4 ± 7,8g) e o peso do coração (CS: 1,12 ± 0,05; CE: 1,16 ± 0,04; FS: 1,14 ± 0,05; FE: 1,19 ± 0,05g). A sensibilidade à insulina foi reduzida no grupo fumante, porém, a prática de exercício físico melhorou este quadro (CS: 3,7 ± 0,3; CE: 5,28 ± 0,5*; FS: 2,1 ± 0,7*; FE: 4,8 ± 0,09** %/min; *P < 0,05 vs. CS, **P < 0,05 vs. FS). Os conteúdos de RNAm e de proteína não se alteraram entre os grupos. Porém, quando se calculou o conteúdo total de proteína GLUT4 por grama de tecido, observou-se que o tabagismo causou redução e que o exercício induziu aumento neste parâmetro (CS: 119,72 ± 9,98; CE: 143,09 ± 9,09; FS: 84,36 ± 10,99*; FE: 132,18 ± 11,40# UA/g tecido, *P < 0,05 vs. CS, #P < 0,01 vs. FS). CONCLUSÃO: Conclui-se que o tabagismo reduz a sensibilidade à insulina e a capacidade do coração captar glicose. Já a prática de exercício físico moderado reverte este quadro por completo.
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Decreased oral cancer risk by moderate alcohol consumption in non-smoker postmenopausal women. Oral Oncol 2011; 47:537-40. [PMID: 21550294 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcohol consumption is a strong risk factor for oral cancer however; an ambiguous biphasic impact of moderate and excessive alcohol intake on the risk of upper aerodigestive tract cancers has also been published. The aim of the present study was to clarify the dose-related risk of alcohol consumption for oral cancer, in male and female cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six-hundred and eight non-smoker patients (466 males and 142 females) with squamous cell oral carcinomas (OCs) and 406 non-smoker tumor free controls (264 males and 142 females) were included into the study. Data of three groups; abstinent cases, moderate and excessive alcohol consumers were recorded according to the drinking habits of both OC cases and their controls. Blood glucose levels in male and female cases and menopausal state of women were also registered. RESULTS Mean age of female patients was significantly higher than of male cases (p<0.01). Excessive alcohol consumption was a strong risk factor for both sexes, however moderate alcohol intake proved to be an OC risk for men (OR: 1.4) and decreased the OC risk for women (OR: 0.7). Elevated blood glucose level proved to be an OC risk factor for the predominantly postmenopausal women (OR: 1.6), whereas did not affect the OC risk among men. CONCLUSION The presented findings are controversial to the hypothesis that women are more vulnerable to alcohol-induced carcinogenesis as compared with men. Increased insulin sensitivity and higher estrogen levels are advantageous systemic effects of moderate ethanol intake and they might reduce the risk for OC in postmenopausal women.
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Nakajima K, Nemoto T, Muneyuki T, Kakei M, Fuchigami H, Munakata H. Low serum amylase in association with metabolic syndrome and diabetes: A community-based study. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011; 10:34. [PMID: 21496338 PMCID: PMC3102610 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-10-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Low serum amylase levels may reflect impaired exocrine-endocrine relationship in the pancreas. However, few clinical studies have addressed this issue. Therefore, in this epidemiological study, we investigated whether low serum amylase was associated with the pathogenesis of impaired insulin action: metabolic syndrome (MetS) and diabetes. Research Design and Methods Serum amylase, cardiometabolic risk factors, MetS (Adult Treatment Panel III criteria), and diabetes were examined in 2,425 asymptomatic subjects aged 30-80 years who underwent medical checkups recently (April 2009-March 2010) and 5 years ago. Results Clinical variables, except for age and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), shifted favorably with increasing serum amylase levels. Plasma glucose levels at 1- and 2-hr during OGTT increased significantly with decreasing serum amylase levels. Multiple logistic analyses showed that, compared with highest quartile of serum amylase, lowest quartile was associated with increased risk for MetS and diabetes after adjustment for confounding factors [odds ratio (95% CI), 2.07 (1.39-3.07) and 2.76 (1.49-5.11), respectively]. In subjects who underwent checkups 5 years ago (n = 571), lower amylase at the previous checkup were associated with larger numbers of metabolic abnormalities at the recent checkup. The fluctuation over time in serum amylase levels in subjects with low serum amylase at the previous checkup was slight and was unaffected by kidney dysfunction. Conclusions Our results indicate that low serum amylase is associated with increased risk of metabolic abnormalities, MetS and diabetes. These results suggest a pancreatic exocrine-endocrine relationship in certain clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Nakajima
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Medical Dietetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama, 350-0295, Japan.
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Reaven GM. Insulin Resistance, Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia, and Coronary Heart Disease: Syndrome X Revisited. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp070238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Haskins AE, Bertone-Johnson ER, Pekow P, Carbone E, Fortner RT, Chasan-Taber L. Smoking during pregnancy and risk of abnormal glucose tolerance: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2010; 10:55. [PMID: 20849607 PMCID: PMC2946270 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-10-55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disturbances in glucose metabolism during pregnancy are associated with negative sequalae for both mother and infant. The association between smoking and abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT) remains controversial. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the relationship between smoking prior to and during pregnancy and risk of AGT. METHODS We utilized data from a prospective cohort of 1,006 Hispanic (predominantly Puerto Rican) prenatal care patients in Western Massachusetts. Women reported pre- and early pregnancy smoking at recruitment (mean = 15 weeks) and mid pregnancy smoking at a second interview (mean = 28 weeks). AGT was defined as > 135 mg/dL on the routine 1-hour glucose tolerance test (1-hr OGTT). We used multivariable regression to assess the effect of pre, early, and mid-pregnancy smoking on risk of AGT and screening plasma glucose value from the 1-hr OGTT. RESULTS In age-adjusted models, women who smoked > 0-9 cigarettes/day in pre-pregnancy had an increased risk of AGT (OR = 1.90; 95% CI 1.02-3.55) compared to non-smokers; this was attenuated in multivariable models. Smoking in early (OR = 0.48; 95% CI 0.21-1.10) and mid pregnancy (OR = 0.38; 95% CI 0.13-1.11) were not associated with AGT in multivariable models. Smoking during early and mid pregnancy were independently associated with lower glucose screening values, while smoking in pre-pregnancy was not. CONCLUSIONS In this prospective cohort of Hispanic women, we did not observe an association between smoking prior to or during pregnancy and risk of AGT. Findings from this study, although based on small numbers of cases, extend prior research to the Hispanic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Haskins
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Maine Medical Center, Portland, ME, USA
- Division of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Bertone-Johnson
- Division of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Penelope Pekow
- Division of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Elena Carbone
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Renée T Fortner
- Division of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Lisa Chasan-Taber
- Division of Biostatistics & Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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Kim HY, Yun WJ, Shin MH, Kweon SS, Ahn HR, Choi SW, Lee YH, Cho DH, Rhee JA. [Management of diabetic mellitus in low-income rural patients]. J Prev Med Public Health 2009; 42:315-22. [PMID: 19806004 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.2009.42.5.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Knowledge about the management status of diabetic mellitus (DM) is essential to improve diabetic management. Moreover, low income is associated with poor adherence to treatment and increased mortality. This study was performed to evaluate the management status of DM in low-income patients in a rural area. METHODS We enrolled 370 patients with type 2 DM living in Gokseong county, JeollaNamdo. A well-trained examiner measured the height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood sugar and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. Carotid ultrasonography was used to measure carotid artery carotid artery intima media thickness (IMT) and plaque. ankle-brachial index (ABI) was used to evaluate peripheral artery disease. A fundoscopic examination was performed to evaluate diabetic retinopathy. A history of diabetes complications and health-related questionnaires were also completed. RESULTS The age of diabetic subjects was 68.7+/-8.7 years and the duration of diabetes was 8.9+/-8.2 years. Most (63.5%) had hypertension, and 45.7% had triglycerides below 150 mg/dl, 38.1% had low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) cholesterol below 100 mg/dl, 48.7% had urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) below 30 mg/g. Less than half (45.9%) achieved the goal of HbA1c less than 7% suggested by the American Diabetes Association (ADA). 10.6% had peripheral vascular disease, 11.9% had retinopathy, and 60.8% had chronic kidney disease. CONCLUSIONS DM management in low income patients is very poor and requires further work to improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Yeon Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School
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Bergman BC, Perreault L, Hunerdosse DM, Koehler MC, Samek AM, Eckel RH. Intramuscular lipid metabolism in the insulin resistance of smoking. Diabetes 2009; 58:2220-7. [PMID: 19581421 PMCID: PMC2750212 DOI: 10.2337/db09-0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Smoking decreases insulin action and increases the risk of type 2 diabetes in humans. Mechanisms responsible for smoking-induced insulin resistance are unclear. We hypothesized smokers would have increased intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) and diacylglycerol (DAG) concentration and decreased fractional synthesis rate (FSR) compared with nonsmokers. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Nonsmokers (n = 18, aged 20 +/- 0.5 years, BMI 22 +/- 0.4 kg/m(2), body fat 20 +/- 2%, 0 cigarettes per day) and smokers (n = 14, aged 21 +/- 0.7 years, BMI 23 +/- 0.4 kg/m(2), body fat 20 +/- 3%, 18 +/- 0.7 cigarettes per day) were studied in a fasted condition after a standardized diet. [U-(13)C]palmitate was infused during 4 h of rest followed by a skeletal muscle biopsy and intravenous glucose tolerance test. RESULTS Smokers were less insulin sensitive (S(i)) compared with nonsmokers (S(i) 5.28 +/- 0.5 nonsmokers vs. 3.74 +/- 0.3 smokers 10(-4) x microU(-1) x ml(-1), P = 0.03). There were no differences in IMTG or DAG concentration (IMTG 24.2 +/- 3.4 nonsmokers vs. 27.2 +/- 5.9 smokers microg/mg dry wt, DAG 0.34 +/- 0.02 nonsmokers vs. 0.35 +/- 0.02 smokers microg/mg dry wt) or IMTG FSR between groups (0.66 +/- 0.1 nonsmokers vs. 0.55 +/- 0.09 smokers %/hr). Intramuscular lipid composition was different, with increased percent saturation of IMTG (32.1 +/- 1.2 nonsmokers vs. 35.2 +/- 1.0 smokers %, P = 0.05) and DAG (52.8 +/- 1.7 nonsmokers vs. 58.8 +/- 2.2 smokers %, P = 0.04) in smokers. Smokers had significantly decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (1.76 +/- 0.1 nonsmokers vs. 1.42 +/- 0.11 smokers arbitrary units [AU], P = 0.03) and increased monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (3.11 +/- 0.41 nonsmokers vs. 4.83 +/- 0.54 smokers AU, P = 0.02) mRNA expression compared with nonsmokers. We also found increased insulin receptor substrate-1 Ser(636) phosphorylation in smokers compared with nonsmokers (0.73 +/- 0.08 nonsmokers vs. 1.14 +/- 0.09 smokers AU, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest: 1) IMTG concentration and turnover are not related to alterations in insulin action in smokers compared to nonsmokers, 2) increased saturation of IMTG and DAG in skeletal muscle may be related to insulin action, and 3) basal inhibition of insulin receptor substrate-1 may decrease insulin action in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C Bergman
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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Suba Z, Maksa G, Mihályi S, Takács D. [Role of hormonal risk factors in oral cancer development]. Orv Hetil 2009; 150:791-9. [PMID: 19362935 DOI: 10.1556/oh.2009.28595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Male: female ratio of oral cancer cases (OC) is fairly high. Lower rate of female cases as compared with males suggests that some endocrine factors may play role in the development of tumors. The aim of the present study was to clarify the differences of risk factors for OC among male and female cases. In the Oral and Maxillofacial Department of Semmelweis University 2660 OC (2130 males and 530 females) patients were included into the study. Ratio of smoking, alcohol consumption, elevated serum glucose level and menopausal data of the female patients were registered. Concordant to the literary data, smoking and excessive alcohol consumption proved to be an important risk factor for OC both among male and female patients. However, moderate alcohol consumption was a weak risk factor among male and no risk factor among female cases. Elevated serum glucose level was not significant OC risk among male cases, but was a high risk factor among female patients, especially in gingival cancer cases. The female OC cases were near exclusively postmenopausal, and the term between the time of menopause and clinical OC diagnosis was fairly long (average: 17 year). These results suggest that estrogen-deficiency may play an important role in the initiation of OC. In the female OC cases menopause appeared in significantly younger age, and the rate of hysterectomy was also significantly higher as compared with the tumor-free control cases. These data also support the estrogen-deficiency theory of cancer initiation. In postmenopausal female patients both estrogen-deficiency and elevated fasting glucose proved to be risk factors for OC. These results reveal new aspects concerning the etiology of OC and give a possible explanation how smoking-associated tumors may develop even without smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Suba
- Semmelweis Egyetem, Fogorvostudományi Kar, Arc-Allcsont-Szájsebészeti és Fogászati Klinika, Orálpatológiai Részleg, Budapest.
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Tonstad S. Cigarette smoking, smoking cessation, and diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009; 85:4-13. [PMID: 19427049 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence for increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes among cigarette smokers. In addition, smoking-associated health risks can exacerbate major conditions that precede or accompany diabetes, such as cardiovascular and kidney diseases. Smoking cessation can result in weight gain and a short-term worsening of some diabetic symptoms that may deter smokers with diabetes from attempting to quit. Additionally, there is limited evidence regarding the efficacy/safety of smoking cessation pharmacotherapies in this population and the general effects of smoking cessation, particularly for type 1 diabetes. Smoking cessation in diabetes therefore remains a highly relevant subject for further research.
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Smoking habits and the risk of type 2 diabetes: A case-control study. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2009; 35:192-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 11/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sundbeck M, Grahn M, Lönngren V, Månsson NO, Råstam L, Lindblad U. Snuff use associated with abdominal obesity in former smokers. Scand J Public Health 2009; 37:487-93. [DOI: 10.1177/1403494809105546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Aim: To describe the consumption of snuff in a rural male population and to explore associations between snuff use and obesity. Participants and Methods: Tobacco use was explored in 834 men aged 30—75 years old who participated in a cross-sectional population survey in the municipality of Vara (participation rate was 81%). Self-reported questionnaires assessed the habits of smoking and snuff use. Anthropometric measures were obtained during a health examination. Results: Of these men 21% (n = 179) were snuff users, 13% (n = 109) current smokers, and 65% (n = 546) were non-users. Of all snuff users 65% (n = 116) were former smokers, and 35% (n = 63) were exclusive snuff users (current users who never smoked). Among non-users 65% (n = 357) were never users and 35% (n = 189) had quit smoking without nicotine substitution. These men were characterized by abdominal obesity; OR 1.84 (1.08—3.12) (p = 0.002) (WHR 41.0) and OR 1.71 (1.08—2.72) (p = 0.022) (waist circumference 4102 cm). One can/week use of snuff among ex-smokers was associated with a 1.21 cm wider (0.05—2.36) (p = 0.041) waist circumference and 0.01 (0.00—0.02) units higher (p = 0.021) WHR. There were statistically significant associations between former smoking without current nicotine substitute and both general and abdominal obesity. No similar association with abdominal obesity was seen among exclusive snuff users. Conclusions: Abdominal obesity in current snuff users is limited to former smokers. The remaining effect of previous smoking has to be considered in future studies on obesity and related disorders in snuff users. Counselling among people who substitute snuff for smoking should include measures to prevent weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathias Grahn
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Malmö University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | | | - Lennart Råstam
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Ulf Lindblad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden, , Skaraborg Institute, Skövde, Sweden, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine/Primary Health Care, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Sweden
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