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Morcel J, Béghin L, Michels N, De Ruyter T, Drumez E, Cailliau E, Polito A, Le Donne C, Barnaba L, Azzini E, De Henauw S, Miguel Berges ML, Cacau LT, Moreno LA, Gottrand F. Nutritional and physical fitness parameters in adolescence impact cardiovascular health in adulthood. Clin Nutr 2024; 43:1857-1864. [PMID: 38959665 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2024.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide, originating in the first decades of life. A better understanding of their early determinants would allow for better prevention. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of nutritional and activity-related characteristics during adolescence on young adult cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS The Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) study included adolescents (aged 12.5-17.5 years) in 10 European centres. Four centres designed a nested cohort including 236 participants who were reassessed as young adults (21-32 years). Food consumption was evaluated by dietary recalls, physical activity by accelerometers, physical fitness using physical tests and nutritional knowledge by questionnaires. Cardiovascular health was assessed by Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Study risk scores and its components. Factors associated with cardiovascular risk were identified using a multivariable regression model. RESULTS Higher Diet Quality Index (DQI, P = 0.012) and nutritional knowledge (P = 0.015) were significantly associated with lower modified PDAY risk scores. Ultra-processed foods were associated with a lower non-high-density lipoprotein (non-HDL) cholesterol (P = 0.003), whereas DQI (P = 0.014) and Planetary Health Diet Index (P = 0.016) were associated with a higher HDL cholesterol. Higher DQI was also related to a lower body mass index (BMI, P = 0.006). In addition, cardiorespiratory fitness was related to a lower BMI (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Nutritional knowledge, diet quality and adherence to a sustainable diet in adolescence decrease cardiovascular risk in adulthood, whereas ultra-processed food consumption increases risk. These factors appear as targeted prevention tools for promoting a healthier adolescent lifestyle to decrease long-term cardiovascular risk. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NUMBER Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02899416.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Morcel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, and CIC 1403 - Clinical Investigation Center, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Laurent Béghin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, and CIC 1403 - Clinical Investigation Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Michels
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thaïs De Ruyter
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elodie Drumez
- CHU Lille, Département de Biostatistiques, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emeline Cailliau
- CHU Lille, Département de Biostatistiques, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Angela Polito
- Agricultural Research Council - Research Center on Food and Nutrition - (formerly INRAN), Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Le Donne
- Agricultural Research Council - Research Center on Food and Nutrition - (formerly INRAN), Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Barnaba
- Agricultural Research Council - Research Center on Food and Nutrition - (formerly INRAN), Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Azzini
- Agricultural Research Council - Research Center on Food and Nutrition - (formerly INRAN), Rome, Italy
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maria Luisa Miguel Berges
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Escuela Universitaria de Ciencas de la Salud, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain; Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Leandro Teixeira Cacau
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-904, Brazil
| | - Luis A Moreno
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Escuela Universitaria de Ciencas de la Salud, Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain; Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Frédéric Gottrand
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286 - INFINITE - Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, and CIC 1403 - Clinical Investigation Center, F-59000 Lille, France
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Kulkarni S, Faconti L, Partridge S, Delles C, Glover M, Lewis P, Gray A, Hodson E, Macintyre I, Maniero C, McEniery CM, Sinha MD, Walsh SB, Wilkinson IB. Investigation and management of young-onset hypertension: British and Irish hypertension society position statement. J Hum Hypertens 2024; 38:544-554. [PMID: 38942895 PMCID: PMC11239491 DOI: 10.1038/s41371-024-00922-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
National and international hypertension guidelines recommend that adults with young-onset hypertension (aged <40 years at diagnosis) are reviewed by a hypertension specialist to exclude secondary causes of hypertension and optimise therapeutic regimens. A recent survey among UK secondary care hypertension specialist physicians highlighted variations in the investigation of such patients. In this position statement, the British and Irish Hypertension Society seek to provide clinicians with a practical approach to the investigation and management of adults with young-onset hypertension. We aim to ensure that individuals receive consistent and high-quality care across the UK and Ireland, to highlight gaps in the current evidence, and to identify important future research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spoorthy Kulkarni
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Luca Faconti
- King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, 4th Floor, North Wing, St. Thomas' Hospital, Westminster Bridge, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Sarah Partridge
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PH, UK.
| | - Christian Delles
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Mark Glover
- Deceased, formerly Division of Therapeutics and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2QL, UK
| | - Philip Lewis
- Stockport NHS Foundation Trust, Stockport, SK2 7JE, UK
| | - Asha Gray
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Emma Hodson
- Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Iain Macintyre
- Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, National Health Service Lothian, Lothian, EH16 4SA, UK
| | - Carmen Maniero
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Carmel M McEniery
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Manish D Sinha
- Kings College London, Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guys & St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, 3rd Floor Beckett House, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Stephen B Walsh
- London Tubular Centre, Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Free NHS Trust, University College London, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Ian B Wilkinson
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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Kartiosuo N, Raitakari OT, Juonala M, Viikari JSA, Sinaiko AR, Venn AJ, Jacobs DR, Urbina EM, Woo JG, Steinberger J, Bazzano LA, Daniels SR, Magnussen CG, Rahimi K, Dwyer T. Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Childhood and Adulthood and Cardiovascular Disease in Middle Age. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2418148. [PMID: 38913374 PMCID: PMC11197443 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.18148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance Recent evidence suggests that childhood levels of serum lipids, blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), and smoking contribute to adult risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Evidence is lacking on whether this is independent of adult risk levels. Objective To quantify direct and indirect effects of childhood risk factors on adult CVD via adulthood risk factors using mediation analysis, and to quantify their relative importance during different life-course stages using a life-course approach. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective cohort study followed participants from the US, Finland, and Australia from childhood (1970s-1990s) until 2019, with data on CVD risk factors in childhood and adulthood. Longitudinal childhood and adulthood risk factors were summarized to describe BMI, lipids, and blood pressure cumulatively. Childhood and adulthood smoking were assessed with questionnaires. Data analysis was performed May 2022 to August 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcomes were fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events in adulthood. Mediation analysis was used to estimate the direct and indirect effects of the childhood risk factors with CVD events, reported as incidence rate ratios (RRs) and 95% CIs. Results A total of 10 634 participants (4506 male participants [42.4%]; mean [SD] age at childhood visit, 13.3 [3.0] years; mean [SD] age at adulthood visit, 32.3 [6.0] years) were included in the cohort. The mean (SD) age at CVD event or censoring was 49.2 (7.0) years. The median (IQR) follow-up time was 23.6 (18.7-30.2) years. Childhood risk factors, (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], total cholesterol [TC], triglycerides, systolic blood pressure [SBP], smoking, BMI, and a combined score of these) were associated with CVD. BMI (direct effect for incidence RR per 1 SD unit, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.05-1.34) and LDL-C (direct effect incidence RR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.01-1.34) in particular were found to play an important role via direct pathways, whereas the indirect effects were larger for TC, triglycerides, SBP, and the combined score. Childhood smoking only affected CVD via adulthood smoking. Life-course models confirmed that for the risk of CVD, childhood BMI plays nearly as important role as adulthood BMI, whereas for the other risk factors and the combined score, adulthood was the more important period. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of 10 634 participants, childhood risk factors were found to be associated both directly and indirectly to adult CVD, with the largest direct effect seen for BMI and LDL-C. These findings suggest that intervention for childhood risk factors, in particular BMI, is warranted to reduce incidence of adult CVD as it cannot be fully mitigated by risk factor management in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noora Kartiosuo
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Markus Juonala
- Division of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jorma S. A. Viikari
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Alan R. Sinaiko
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Alison J. Venn
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - David R. Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Elaine M. Urbina
- Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jessica G. Woo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Julia Steinberger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
| | - Lydia A. Bazzano
- Department of Epidemiology, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Stephen R. Daniels
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Anschutz Medical Campus, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora
| | - Costan G. Magnussen
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kazem Rahimi
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Terence Dwyer
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Moghaddaszadeh A, Roudier E, Edgell H, Vinet A, Belcastro AN. A 5-Week Guided Active Play Program Modulates Skin Microvascular Reactivity in Healthy Children. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38684217 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2023-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Children's poor levels of physical activity (PA) participation and early-onset vascular aging are identified as global health challenges. Children's guided activity play (GAP)-based PA programs have emerged as effective strategies to improve cardiovascular risk factors and health-related fitness. This study proposes to investigate whether GAP improves children's cutaneous microvascular reactivity and health-related fitness. METHODS Children's (n = 18; 9.8 [1.5] y) PA during a 5-week (4 d/wk; 1 h/d) GAP program was assessed (accelerometry) with preassessments and postassessments for anthropometric, musculoskeletal fitness, blood pressure, estimated aerobic power, and cutaneous microvascular reactivity. RESULTS PA averaged 556 (132) kcal·week-1 at 34.7% (7.5%) time at moderate to vigorous intensity. Resting heart rate (-9.5%) and diastolic blood pressure (-7.8%) were reduced without changes in health-related fitness indices. Cutaneous microvascular reactivity to sodium nitroprusside iontophoresis increased the average perfusion (+36.8%), average cutaneous vascular conductance (+30%), the area under the curve (+28.8%), and a faster rise phase (+40%) of perfusion (quadratic modeling; P ≤ .05). Chi-square and crosstabulation analysis revealed significant association between children's PA levels and sodium nitroprusside average perfusion levels, where children with PA levels ≥205.1 kcal.55 minute-1 were overrepresented in the medium/high levels of sodium nitroprusside perfusion. CONCLUSION A 5-week GAP modified the microvascular reactivity in children without changes in body mass, musculoskeletal fitness, or estimated aerobic power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asal Moghaddaszadeh
- Pediatric Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON,Canada
| | - Emilie Roudier
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON,Canada
- Muscle Health Research Center, York University, Toronto, ON,Canada
| | - Heather Edgell
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON,Canada
- Muscle Health Research Center, York University, Toronto, ON,Canada
| | - Agnes Vinet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Expérimentale Cardiovasculaire, Faculté des Sciences, Avignon Université, Avignon,France
| | - Angelo N Belcastro
- Pediatric Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON,Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, York University, Toronto, ON,Canada
- Muscle Health Research Center, York University, Toronto, ON,Canada
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Sotomayor Julio AD, Montana-Jimenez LP, Bernal Torres W, López Ponce de León JD, Zambrano Franco JA, Coca A, Camafort M, Vesga Reyes C. [Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, adult and pediatric population. A narrative review]. HIPERTENSION Y RIESGO VASCULAR 2024; 41:104-117. [PMID: 38480108 DOI: 10.1016/j.hipert.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Hypertension has become a central risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease, underscoring the importance of its accurate diagnosis. Numerous studies have established a close relationship between elevated systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure and an increased risk of cardiovascular event (CVE). Traditionally, blood pressure (BP) measurements performed in clinical settings have been the main method for diagnosing and assessing hypertension. However, in recent years, it has been recognized that BP measurements obtained outside the clinical setting, using self-monitoring blood pressure (SMBP) and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), offer a more realistic perspective of patients' daily lives and therefore provide more reliable results. Given the evolution of medical devices, diagnostic criteria, and the increasing relevance of certain components of ABPM in the prediction of adverse cardiovascular outcomes, a comprehensive update that is practical for daily clinical practice is required. The main objective of this article is to provide an updated review of ABPM, focusing on its importance in the evaluation of hypertension and its impact on public health in Colombia. In addition, it will discuss the implications of changes in diagnostic thresholds and provide concrete recommendations for the effective implementation of ABPM in clinical practice, allowing health professionals to make informed decisions and improve the care of their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Sotomayor Julio
- Departamento de Cardiología, Fundación Valle del Lili, Valle del Cauca, Cali, Colombia; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia.
| | - L P Montana-Jimenez
- Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - W Bernal Torres
- Centro de Investigaciones Clínicas, Hospital Universitario Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - J D López Ponce de León
- Centro de Investigaciones Clínicas, Hospital Universitario Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - J A Zambrano Franco
- Departamento de Cardiología, Fundación Valle del Lili, Valle del Cauca, Cali, Colombia; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - A Coca
- Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - M Camafort
- Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, España
| | - C Vesga Reyes
- Departamento de Cardiología, Fundación Valle del Lili, Valle del Cauca, Cali, Colombia; Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
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Daouda M, Kaali S, Spring E, Mujtaba MN, Jack D, Dwommoh Prah RK, Colicino E, Tawiah T, Gennings C, Osei M, Janevic T, Chillrud SN, Agyei O, Gould CF, Lee AG, Asante KP. Prenatal Household Air Pollution Exposure and Childhood Blood Pressure in Rural Ghana. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:37006. [PMID: 38506828 PMCID: PMC10953816 DOI: 10.1289/ehp13225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between prenatal household air pollution (HAP) exposure and childhood blood pressure (BP) is unknown. OBJECTIVE Within the Ghana Randomized Air Pollution and Health Study (GRAPHS) we examined time-varying associations between a) maternal prenatal and b) first-year-of-life HAP exposure with BP at 4 years of age and, separately, whether a stove intervention delivered prenatally and continued through the first year of life could improve BP at 4 years of age. METHODS GRAPHS was a cluster-randomized cookstove intervention trial wherein n = 1,414 pregnant women were randomized to one of two stove interventions: a) a liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stove or improved biomass stove, or b) control (open fire cooking). Maternal HAP exposure over pregnancy and child HAP exposure over the first year of life was quantified by repeated carbon monoxide (CO) measurements; a subset of women (n = 368 ) also performed one prenatal and one postnatal personal fine particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) measurement. Systolic and diastolic BP (SBP and DBP) were measured in n = 667 4-y-old children along with their PM 2.5 exposure (n = 692 ). We examined the effect of the intervention on resting BP z -scores. We also employed reverse distributed lag models to examine time-varying associations between a) maternal prenatal and b) first-year-of-life HAP exposure and resting BP z -scores. Among those with PM 2.5 measures, we examined associations between PM 2.5 and resting BP z -scores. Sex-specific effects were considered. RESULTS Intention-to-treat analyses identified that DBP z -score at 4 years of age was lower among children born in the LPG arm (LPG β = - 0.20 ; 95% CI: - 0.36 , - 0.03 ) as compared with those in the control arm, and females were most susceptible to the intervention. Higher CO exposure in late gestation was associated with higher SBP and DBP z -score at 4 years of age, whereas higher late-first-year-of-life CO exposure was associated with higher DBP z -score. In the subset with PM 2.5 measurements, higher maternal postnatal PM 2.5 exposure was associated with higher SBP z -scores. DISCUSSION These findings suggest that prenatal and first-year-of-life HAP exposure are associated with child BP and support the need for reductions in exposure to HAP, with interventions such as cleaner cooking beginning in pregnancy. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13225.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misbath Daouda
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Seyram Kaali
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo North Municipality, Ghana
| | - Emma Spring
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Mohammed N. Mujtaba
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo North Municipality, Ghana
| | - Darby Jack
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rebecca Kyerewaa Dwommoh Prah
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo North Municipality, Ghana
| | - Elena Colicino
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Theresa Tawiah
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo North Municipality, Ghana
| | - Chris Gennings
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Musah Osei
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo North Municipality, Ghana
| | - Teresa Janevic
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Steven N. Chillrud
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Oscar Agyei
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo North Municipality, Ghana
| | - Carlos F. Gould
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Alison G. Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kwaku Poku Asante
- Kintampo Health Research Centre, Research and Development Division, Ghana Health Service, Kintampo North Municipality, Ghana
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Stankute I, Dulskiene V, Kuciene R. Associations between Neck Circumference, Mid-Upper Arm Circumference, Wrist Circumference, and High Blood Pressure among Lithuanian Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2024; 16:677. [PMID: 38474805 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: High blood pressure (HBP) and obesity are significant and growing public health issues worldwide. Our study aimed to evaluate the associations of neck circumference (NC), mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), and wrist circumference (WrC) with HBP among Lithuanian children and adolescents aged 7-17 years. (2) Methods: In this cross-sectional study, data on BP and anthropometric measurements were analysed in 3688 children and adolescents aged 7-17 years. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the associations between anthropometric indices and HBP. (3) Results: Overall, the prevalence rates of elevated BP and hypertension were 13.7% and 12.9%, respectively. After adjustment for age, BMI, and WC, statistically significant elevated aORs were observed for associations between greater NC, MUAC, WrC, and HBP in boys (aORs: 2.13, 2.46, and 2.48, respectively) and in girls (aORs: 2.01, 2.36, and 2.09, respectively). Moreover, per-unit increase in NC, MUAC, and WrC was also associated with greater odds of HBP in boys (aORs: 1.20, 1.21, and 1.37, respectively) and in girls (aORs: 1.10, 1.10, and 1.21, respectively). The analysed anthropometric indices presented higher area under the curve values for predicting HBP in boys than in girls. (4) Conclusions: This study suggests that higher NC, MUAC, and WrC are associated with increased odds of HBP in Lithuanian children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Stankute
- Institute of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu 15, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Virginija Dulskiene
- Institute of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu 15, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Renata Kuciene
- Institute of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu 15, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Almora-Orellana MA, Espinoza-Guevara J. [Letter to the editor regarding "Prevalence of arterial hypertension in hospitalized pediatric patients"]. ARCHIVOS DE CARDIOLOGIA DE MEXICO 2024; 94:261-262. [PMID: 38359469 PMCID: PMC11160550 DOI: 10.24875/acm.23000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
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Zhao L, Qu H, Ouyang J, Meng Y, Gao Z. Hypertension in non-obese children and BMI in adulthood: the Bogalusa heart study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2024; 24:20. [PMID: 38172674 PMCID: PMC10765895 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-023-03699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explored the association between hypertension(HTN) in non-obese children body mass index (BMI) in adulthood. METHODS A retrospective analysis of 1111 participants from the Bogalusa Heart Study was conducted, in which data on hypertension history during childhood in non-obese children, anthropometric and cardiovascular risk factors and other indicators from cross-sectional examinations in adulthood were collected. BMI was used as both a continuous and a categorical variable, and multivariate linear regression modelling and logistic regression modelling were used. RESULTS Of the 1111 participants finally enrolled, 40 (3.60%) had HTN during childhood. After adjusting for demographic characteristics, lipid, glucose and insulin levels in childhood, and smoking status, alcohol intake, and disease history as adults, HTN among non-obese children was positively associated with BMI in adulthood (β = 2.64 kg/m2, 95% CI: 0.88-4.40, P = 0.0033), and the odds of being overweight or obese was 3.71 times higher in the group with a history of hypertension in childhood than those without a history of HTN(95% CI: 1.11-12.46, P = 0.0337). CONCLUSION Among non-obese children, hypertension is at risk for higher levels of BMI in adulthood. Identifying and controlling blood pressure and childhood may aid in the prevention of adult obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Zhao
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.1 Xiyuan Playground, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Hua Qu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.1 Xiyuan Playground, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Jiahui Ouyang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yanyan Meng
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.1 Xiyuan Playground, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Zhuye Gao
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No.1 Xiyuan Playground, Haidian District, Beijing, 100091, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, 100091, China.
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Kasap Demir B, Başaran C, Demircan T, Erfidan G, Özdemir Şimşek Ö, Arslansoyu Çamlar S, Alaygut D, Mutlubaş F, Karadeniz C. The Effect of "Unclassified" Blood Pressure Phenotypes on Left Ventricular Hypertrophy. Turk Arch Pediatr 2024; 59:43-48. [PMID: 38454259 PMCID: PMC10837538 DOI: 10.5152/turkarchpediatr.2024.23109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of the "unclassified" blood pressure phenotypes on left ventricular hypertrophy in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS All children evaluated with ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the pediatric nephrology department between October 2018 and January 2021 were included in the study. Prehypertension, normotensive, white coat hypertension, masked hypertension, ambulatory hypertension groups and 2 other groups including increased blood pressure load, normal ambulatory blood pressure measurements, but normal (unclassified group 1) or high (unclassified group 2) office blood pressure measurements were defined according to the American Heart Association 2014 statement. Left ventricular mass index, left ventricular mass index/95 percentile values, and left ventricular hypertrophy ratios were compared between the groups separately to establish the influence of the unclassified cases. RESULTS A total of 497 children were included. There were 52 cases in normotensive, 47 cases in unclassified group 1, 50 cases in masked hypertension, 79 cases in white coat hypertension, 104 cases in unclassified group 2, and 165 cases in the ambulatory hypertension group. Left ventricular mass index/95 percentile and left ventricular hypertrophy in masked hypertension were significantly higher than normotensive but similar between normotensive and unclassified group 1 groups. Left ventricular hypertrophy was significantly higher in the ambulatory hypertension group compared to white coat hypertension, and similar between white coat hypertension and unclassified group 2 groups. CONCLUSION Independent of age, we have found that interpretation of blood pressure load not only has a limited predictable effect on left ventricular hypertrophy but also causes a large group of patients to be unclassified. Cite this article as: Kasap-Demir B, Başaran C, Demircan T, et al. The effect of "unclassified" blood pressure phenotypes on left ventricular hypertrophy. Turk Arch Pediatr. 2024;59(1):43-48.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belde Kasap Demir
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, İzmir Katip Çelebi University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Cemaliye Başaran
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Sciences, İzmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Tülay Demircan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Health Sciences, İzmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Gökçen Erfidan
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Health Sciences, İzmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Özgür Özdemir Şimşek
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Health Sciences, İzmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Seçil Arslansoyu Çamlar
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Health Sciences School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Demet Alaygut
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Health Sciences School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Fatma Mutlubaş
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, University of Health Sciences School of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Cem Karadeniz
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, İzmir Katip Çelebi University Faculty of Medicine, İzmir, Turkey
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Li Y, Yang Y, Ju L, Piao W, Wei X, Zhao L, Yu D. Association of the Protective Dietary Pattern for Blood Pressure with Elevated Blood Pressure and Hypertension among Chinese Children and Adolescents Aged 6-17 Years Old: Data from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2015-2017). Nutrients 2023; 15:4927. [PMID: 38068785 PMCID: PMC10708381 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies focused on the association between dietary patterns and elevated blood pressure (BP) and hypertension (HTN) among children and adolescents remain insufficient. This study aimed to explore a dietary pattern that could be helpful for the prevention of abnormal BP and to investigate the association between this dietary pattern and elevated BP and HTN among Chinese children and adolescents. A total of 52,080 Chinese children and adolescents aged 6~17 years old from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (CNHS) 2015-2017 were included in the current study. The reduced rank regression (RRR) method was applied to derive a dietary pattern that is associated with BP. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between dietary pattern (DP) and elevated BP and HTN. The Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) score was also calculated for each participant as a comparative method to validate the dietary pattern derived with the RRR method. A protective dietary pattern (PDP) for BP among Chinese children and adolescents was derived, which was characterized by high intakes of dairy products, mushrooms/edible fungi, fresh vegetables, fresh fruits, fresh eggs, aquatic products, mixed legumes, soybeans and related products, offal, dried fruits, and coarse cereals, with low intakes of refined grains. After multiple adjustments, there were significant inverse associations between PDP scores and the odds of elevated BP and HTN (elevated BP: Q5 vs. Q1, OR = 0.849, 95%CI = 0.755-0.931, P-trend < 0.05; HTN: Q5 vs. Q1, OR = 0.795, 95%CI = 0.694-0.911, P-trend < 0.05). The DASH diet was also observed to have protective effects on elevated BP in model I (Q5 vs. Q1, OR = 0.899, 95%CI = 0.828-0.975, P-trend < 0.05), but was not observed to have protective effects on HTN (HTN: Q5 vs. Q1, OR = 0.958, 95%CI = 0.876-1.048, P-trend > 0.05). The current study suggested that greater adherence to the PDP for BP among Chinese children and adolescents might be associated with lower odds of elevated BP and HTN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dongmei Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Y.); (L.J.); (W.P.); (X.W.); (L.Z.)
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12
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Azegami T, Uchida K, Sato Y, Murai-Takeda A, Inokuchi M, Itoh H, Mori M. Pediatric blood pressure category predicts longitudinal blood pressure change in adolescence and early adulthood. Pediatr Res 2023; 94:1731-1737. [PMID: 37253789 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-023-02675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patterns of blood pressure (BP) change from early adolescence to young adulthood have not been well-described. The objective of this study was to examine the predictive value of pediatric BP classification on BP change and identify subpopulations with large BP increases during adolescence and early adulthood. METHODS Baseline data were obtained from medical checkups of Japanese adolescents aged 12-13 years in 2009 or 2010 and subsequent BP values were followed for a 9-year period. Mixed-effects models were used to estimate the effects of baseline factors on subsequent BP changes. RESULTS Hypertensive and elevated BP group consistently had higher BP values than normal BP group throughout the observation period. Multivariate mixed-effects model analyses revealed group-by-time interactions between systolic BP change and BP category in males and uric acid category in females, and between diastolic BP change and white blood cell count in males and obesity and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in females; however, these factors had limited effects on the rate of BP increase, indicating that they are not suitable as clinical predictors of BP increase. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric BP category predicted BP values, but there was no factor that identified subpopulations with large BP increases in adolescence and early adulthood. IMPACT Blood pressure category in the American Academy of Pediatrics clinical practice guideline at age 12-13 years predicted subsequent blood pressure values during adolescence and early adulthood. No baseline factor that identified a subpopulation with large increase in blood pressure during adolescence and early adulthood in clinical practice was found. Our study contributes to the existing literature by demonstrating the usefulness of the American Academy of Pediatrics clinical practice guideline for blood pressure classification in a Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Azegami
- Keio University Health Center, Yokohama-shi, Japan.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Keiko Uchida
- Keio University Health Center, Yokohama-shi, Japan
| | - Yasunori Sato
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Mori
- Keio University Health Center, Yokohama-shi, Japan
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13
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Zhang X, Zhou Y, Yang J, Wang Y, Xiang Y, Ma H, Lu W. Trend of blood pressure changes among children from 2012 to 2022: findings from student health surveillance in Eastern China. J Hypertens 2023; 41:1821-1830. [PMID: 37682062 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study is to examine the secular trends in blood pressure levels from 2012 to 2022 in eastern China. Additionally, to compare two standards [International Blood Pressure Reference for Children and Adolescents (ICBP) and the National Blood Pressure Reference for Chinese Han Children and Adolescents (CCBP)], we calculate the 95th percentile of blood pressure levels for students in developed regions (ECCBP). Secondly, the study aims to investigate potential contributors to elevated blood pressure, including sex, age, behaviors, and mental health. Lastly, the study seeks to estimate the total population aged 7-18 years with elevated blood pressure in Eastern China based on three references. METHODS The data used in this study were obtained from the Student Health Surveillance program in Jiangsu Province, which has been collecting data since 2012. Trained project members, skilled nurses, and doctors measured anthropometric variables. Additionally, online student questionnaires were administered in 2017, 2019, and 2021 to collect personal information behavior patterns, and mental health. RESULTS The study examined blood pressure changes in 123 013 children and adolescents in Eastern China from 2012 to 2022. Significant increases were observed in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and pulse pressure difference. Prevalence of elevated blood pressure followed a similar trend with ECCBP and CCBP, ranging from 17.2%/16.3% (2012-2015) to 11.6%/14.6% (2020-2022). Notably, BP with ICBP showed a significant increase in both prevalence and population, from 12.6% [6 713 679, 95% confidence interval (CI): 6 708 931 to 6 718 427] to 14.5% (7 004 208, 95% CI: 6 999 411 to 7 009 004). The study further emphasizes the significant impact of various risk factors on elevated blood pressure among children and adolescents, particularly the detrimental effect of depression on blood pressure, with the odds ratios (OR) in 2021 being 1.310 (95% CI, 1.290-1.330) for ECCBP, 1.239 (95% CI, 1.223-1.255) for CCBP, and 1.189 (95% CI, 1.176-1.202) for ICBP. CONCLUSION The study revealed significant changes in the population and prevalence of elevated blood pressure in Eastern China from 2012 to 2022. The findings indicate a decline in the prevalence of elevated blood pressure (referred to as CCBP or ECCBP), while highlighting an increasing trend in elevated blood pressure (referred to as ICBP). Untreated high blood pressure can lead to serious cardiovascular diseases in adulthood, underscoring the importance of early prevention and management, particularly through nonpharmacological methods and regular monitoring for students in Eastern China. Raising awareness among educators, parents, and healthcare providers about the association between mental health and elevated blood pressure is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyan Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonglin Zhou
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Jie Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Yao Xiang
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention
| | - Hongxia Ma
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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14
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Engwa GA, Anye PC, Goswami N, Nkeh-Chungag BN. Assessment of the Performance of Obesity Measures in the Screening of Hypertension in a South African Adolescent Population. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1520. [PMID: 37761481 PMCID: PMC10527748 DOI: 10.3390/children10091520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is known to be one of the most significant risk factors for essential hypertension in childhood. However, whether obesity cut-offs may predict hypertension screening in adolescents remains controversial. This study investigated the performance of obesity cut-off values for the screening of hypertension in a South African adolescent population. In this cross-sectional study, 1144 adolescents aged between 11 and 17 years were recruited from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Anthropometric and blood pressure (BP) parameters including diastolic blood pressure (DBP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and heart rate (HR) were measured. Assessment of the sensitivity and specific of obesity cut-off values in predicting hypertension was performed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Obesity was positively associated (p < 0.01) with hypertension. Obese individuals, based on the predicted obesity using BMI percentile cut-off (pBMI85.2%), were more likely to develop hypertension (odds ratio: 2.070; p < 0.001) than their counterparts based on the observed obesity cut-off (pBMI95%) (Odd ratio: 1.748 p = 0.004). The area under the curve (AUC) of BMI percentile and WHtR for screening SBP percentile, and DBP percentile and HR as per ROC analysis, was low (<0.65). Equally, the sensitivity and specificity were low (<0.6) for all BP measures (SBP, DBP, and HR). Furthermore, the cut-off values for blood pressure measures, as established by ROC analysis using anthropometric measures, were far below the recommended cut-off values for hypertension screening. The obesity cut-offs for BMI percentile and WHtR established in this populations showed poor performance in diagnosing hypertension even though they were strong predictors of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwill Azeh Engwa
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University PBX1, Mthatha 5117, South Africa; (N.G.); (B.N.N.-C.)
| | - Paul Chungag Anye
- MBCHB Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University PBX1, Mthatha 5117, South Africa;
| | - Nandu Goswami
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University PBX1, Mthatha 5117, South Africa; (N.G.); (B.N.N.-C.)
- Gravitational Physiology and Medicine Research Unit, Division of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center of Vascular Biology, Immunity and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
- Department of Health Sciences, Alma Mater Europaea, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
| | - Benedicta Ngwenchi Nkeh-Chungag
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University PBX1, Mthatha 5117, South Africa; (N.G.); (B.N.N.-C.)
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15
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Umano GR, Cirillo G, Rondinelli G, Sanchez G, Marzuillo P, Guarino S, Di Sessa A, Papparella A, Miraglia del Giudice E. LSS rs2254524 Increases the Risk of Hypertension in Children and Adolescents with Obesity. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1618. [PMID: 37628669 PMCID: PMC10454860 DOI: 10.3390/genes14081618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood obesity and its related comorbidities have become major health issues over the last century. Among these comorbidities, cardiovascular diseases, especially hypertension, are the most significant. Recently, a polymorphism affecting the activity of lanosterol synthase has been associated with an increased risk of hypertension in adolescents. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of LSS rs2254524 polymorphism on blood pressure in children and adolescents with obesity. We enrolled 828 obese children aged 6-17 years. Subjects carrying the A allele showed higher rates of systolic and diastolic stage I hypertension and stage II hypertension. Carriers of the A allele showed a 2.4-fold (95% C.I. 1.5-4.7, p = 0.01) higher risk for stage II hypertension and a 1.9-fold higher risk for stage I hypertension (95% C.I. 1.4-2.6, p < 0.0001). The risk was independent of confounding factors. In conclusion, LSS rs2254524 worsens the cardiovascular health of children and adolescents with obesity, increasing their blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Rosaria Umano
- Department of the Woman, the Child, of General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.C.); (G.R.); (G.S.); (P.M.); (S.G.); (A.D.S.); (A.P.); (E.M.d.G.)
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Cui Y, Zhang F, Wang H, Wu J, Zhang D, Xing Y, Shen X. Children who appeared or remained overweight or obese predict a higher follow-up blood pressure and higher risk of hypertension: a 6-year longitudinal study in Yantai, China. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:1840-1849. [PMID: 37095339 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01286-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Few longitudinal studies have examined the effect of weight status change on blood pressure change over time and incidence of hypertension among Chinese children. The longitudinal study enrolled 17,702 Chinese children aged 7 years in Yantai in 2014 as baseline, with a continuous 5 years of follow-up to 2019. Generalized estimating equation model was fitted to examine the main and interaction effects of weight status change and time with blood pressure and the incidence of hypertension. Compared with the participants who remained normal weight, the participants who remained overweight or obese had higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) (β = 2.89, p < 0.001) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (β = 1.79, p < 0.001). Significant interactions were identified between weight status change and time with SBP (χ2interaction = 697.77, p < 0.001) and DBP (χ2interaction = 270.49, p < 0.001). The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of hypertension were 1.70 (1.59-1.82) for participants who appeared overweight or obese, 2.26 (2.14-2.40) for participants who remained overweight or obese, compared with the participants who remained normal weight. Those who switched from overweight or obesity to normal weight had almost the same risk of developing hypertension (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.02 to 1.26) as children who remained normal weight. Children who appeared or remained overweight or obese predict a higher follow-up blood pressure and higher risk of hypertension, whereas losing weight could reduce blood pressure and the risk of hypertension. Children who appeared or remained overweight or obese predict a higher follow-up blood pressure and higher risk of hypertension, whereas losing weight could reduce blood pressure and the risk of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Cui
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jianyan Wu
- Department of Anesthetized One, Jiaozhou People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Dongfeng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yufang Xing
- Institute of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Xiaoli Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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17
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Urbina EM, Daniels SR, Sinaiko AR. Blood Pressure in Children in the 21st Century: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go From Here? Hypertension 2023; 80:1572-1579. [PMID: 37278234 PMCID: PMC10524445 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The association between hypertension in adulthood and cardiovascular morbidity and death is well known. Based on that association, a diagnosis of elevated blood pressure in children has been clinically interpreted as early cardiovascular disease. The objective of this review is to discuss historical data and new research on the relationship between elevated blood pressure and early preclinical and later adult cardiovascular disease. After summarizing the evidence, we will address the gaps in knowledge around Pediatric hypertension in an effort to stimulate research into the important role that control of blood pressure in youth may play in preventing adult cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M. Urbina
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati
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18
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Zhang Y, Chen S, Chen L, Wu Y, Wei J, Ma T, Chen M, Ma Q, Liu J, Wang X, Xing Y, Wu L, Li W, Liu X, Guo X, Ma J, Dong Y, Zhang J. Association of SO 2/CO exposure and greenness with high blood pressure in children and adolescents: A longitudinal study in China. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1097510. [PMID: 37304113 PMCID: PMC10248062 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1097510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We aimed to investigate the association between greenness around schools, long-term gaseous air pollution exposure (SO2 and CO), and blood pressure in children and adolescents. Methods From 2006 to 2018, a total of 219,956 Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-17 years in Beijing and Zhongshan were included in this longitudinal study. Annual average concentrations of SO2 and CO and the mean values of normalized difference vegetation index around schools were calculated. We used the generalized estimation equation model, restricted cubic spline model, and Cox model to analyze the health effects. Results Among all the subjects, 52,515 had the first onset of HBP. During the follow-up, HBP's cumulative incidence and incidence density were 23.88% and 7.72 per 100 person-year respectively. Exposures to SO2 and CO were significantly associated with SBP [β = 1.30, 95% CI: (1.26, 1.34) and 0.78 (0.75, 0.81)], DBP [β = 0.81 (0.79, 0.84) and 0.46 (0.44, 0.48)] and HBP [HR = 1.58 (1.57, 1.60) and 1.42 (1.41, 1.43)]. The risks of HBP attributed to SO2 and CO pollution would be higher in school-aged children in the low greenness group: the attributable fractions (AFs) were 26.31% and 20.04%, but only 13.90% and 17.81% in the higher greenness group. The AFs were also higher for normal-BMI children and adolescents in the low greenness group (AFs = 30.90% and 22.64%, but 14.41% and 18.65% in the high greenness group), while the AFs were not as high as expected for obese children in the low greenness group (AFs = 10.64% and 8.61%), nor was it significantly lower in the high greenness group (AFs = 9.60% and 10.72%). Discussion Greenness could alleviate the damage effects of SO2/CO exposure on the risks of HBP among children and adolescents, and the benefit is BMI sensitivity. It might offer insights for policymakers in making effective official interventions to prevent and control the prevalence of childhood HBP and the future disease burden caused by air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Beijing Physical Examination Center, Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wu
- School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Tao Ma
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing, China
| | - Manman Chen
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Ma
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jieyu Liu
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yi Xing
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Capital Medical University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Capital Medical University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangtong Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Capital Medical University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuhua Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Capital Medical University School of Public Health, Beijing, China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui Dong
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jingbo Zhang
- Beijing Physical Examination Center, Beijing, China
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19
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Liu Y, Li Y, Xu H, Zhao X, Zhu Y, Zhao B, Yao Q, Duan H, Guo C, Li Y. Pre- and postnatal particulate matter exposure and blood pressure in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 223:115373. [PMID: 36731599 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early life is a susceptible period of air pollution-related adverse health effects. Hypertension in children might be life-threatening without prevention or treatment. Nevertheless, the causative association between environmental factors and childhood hypertension was limited. In the light of particulate matter (PM) as an environmental risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, this study investigated the association of pre- and postnatal PM exposure with blood pressure (BP) and hypertension among children and adolescents. METHOD Four electronic databases were searched for related epidemiological studies published up to September 13, 2022. Stata 14.0 was applied to examine the heterogeneity among the studies and evaluate the combined effect sizes per 10 μg/m3 increase of PM by selecting the corresponding models. Besides, subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias test were also conducted. RESULTS Prenatal PM2.5 exposure was correlated with increased diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in offspring [1.14 mmHg (95% CI: 0.12, 2.17)]. For short-term postnatal exposure effects, PM2.5 (7-day average) was significantly associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) [0.20 mmHg (95% CI: 0.16, 0.23)] and DBP [0.49 mmHg (95% CI: 0.45, 0.53)]; and also, PM10 (7-day average) was significantly associated with SBP [0.14 mmHg (95% CI: 0.12, 0.16)]. For long-term postnatal exposure effects, positive associations were manifested in SBP with PM2.5 [β = 0.44, 95% CI: 0.40, 0.48] and PM10 [β = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.51]; DBP with PM1 [β = 0.45, 95% CI: 0.42, 0.49], PM2.5 [β = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.35] and PM10 [β = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.45]; and hypertension with PM1 [OR = 1.43, 95% CI: 1.40, 1.46], PM2.5 [OR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.29, 2.11] and PM10 [OR = 1.26, 95% CI: 1.09, 1.45]. CONCLUSION Both prenatal and postnatal exposure to PM can increase BP, contributing to a higher prevalence of hypertension in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Liu
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hailin Xu
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xinying Zhao
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yawen Zhu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Bosen Zhao
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qing Yao
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Huawei Duan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Caixia Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Yanbo Li
- Department of Toxicology and Sanitary Chemistry, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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20
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Li C, Liu Z, Zhao M, Zhang C, Bovet P, Xi B. Weight status change from birth to childhood and the odds of high blood pressure among Chinese children. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1135994. [PMID: 37089505 PMCID: PMC10116612 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1135994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundIt is well documented that birth weight and childhood weight are associated with the blood pressure (BP) levels in childhood. However, the impact of weight status change from birth to childhood on BP among children is less well described. We aimed to assess the association between changes in weight status from birth to childhood and high BP in childhood.Methods and resultsData were obtained from a cross-sectional survey conducted in Jinan, China, and a total of 5,546 children aged 6–17 years were included in this study. Based on the birth weight status [high weight (> 4,000 g) vs. normal weight (2,500–4,000 g)] and childhood weight status during the survey period [high weight (overweight and obesity) vs. normal weight], children were assigned into four groups: persistently normal weight (normal birth weight and normal childhood weight), resolved high weight (high birth weight but normal childhood weight), incident high weight (normal birth weight but high childhood weight), and persistently high weight (high birth weight and high childhood weight). After adjustment for sex and age, BP in childhood was more responsive to current body mass index (BMI) than birth weight. After adjustment for the potential covariates, compared with children who had persistently normal weight from birth to childhood, those with incident high weight (odds ratio [OR] = 3.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.29–4.57) and persistently high weight (OR = 3.52, 95% CI = 2.71–4.57) were associated with the increased odds of childhood high BP. However, children who had resolved high weight did not have significantly increased odds of high BP in childhood (OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.59–1.25).ConclusionThe association of BP with recent BMI was stronger than with birth weight. Children who had incident or persistently high weight from birth to childhood had increased odds of high BP in childhood, whereas the odds was not significantly increased among those with high birth weight but changed to normal weight in childhood. Our findings highlight the importance of maintaining an appropriate weight in the early lifetime for the prevention of high BP and other related diseases, especially for those with high birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ziqi Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Pascal Bovet
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bo Xi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Bo Xi,
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Wang YM, Dandoy CE, Smith DF, Hogenesch J. Go to bed!: Sleep as a risk factor for adolescent hypertension. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2023.101613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Basalely A, Hill-Horowitz T, Sethna CB. Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Pediatrics, an Update on Interpretation and Classification of Hypertension Phenotypes. Curr Hypertens Rep 2023; 25:1-11. [PMID: 36434426 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-022-01231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review highlights the major changes reflected in the 2022 American Heart Association (AHA) Scientific Statement on Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) in Children and Adolescents with a specific focus on the newly defined phenotypes of hypertension and their epidemiology and associated outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS The 2022 AHA guidelines' most notable changes include the following: (1) alignment of blood pressure (BP) thresholds with the 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) clinical practice guidelines, 2017 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/AHA hypertension guidelines, and 2016 European Society of Hypertension (ESH) pediatric recommendations; (2) expansion of the use of ABPM to diagnose and phenotype pediatric hypertension in all pediatric patients; (3) removal of BP loads from diagnostic criteria; and (4) simplified classification of new hypertension phenotypes to prognosticate risks and guide clinical management. Recent studies suggest that utilizing the 2022 AHA pediatric ABPM guidelines will increase the prevalence of pediatric ambulatory hypertension, especially for wake ambulatory hypertension in older, taller males and for nocturnal hypertension in both males and females ≥ 8 years of age. The new definitions simplify the ambulatory hypertension criteria to include only the elements most predictive of future health outcomes, increase the sensitivity of BP thresholds in alignment with recent data and other guidelines, and thus make hypertension diagnoses more clinically meaningful. This guideline will also aid in the transition of adolescents and young adults to adult medical care. Further studies will be necessary to study ambulatory BP norms in a more diverse pediatric population and evaluate the impact of these guidelines on prevalence and future outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby Basalely
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 420 Lakeville Road, New Hyde Park, NY, 11042, USA.,Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Taylor Hill-Horowitz
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 420 Lakeville Road, New Hyde Park, NY, 11042, USA
| | - Christine B Sethna
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children's Medical Center, 420 Lakeville Road, New Hyde Park, NY, 11042, USA. .,Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
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Abstract
Primary hypertension (PH) is most common during adolescence with increasing prevalence globally, alongside the epidemic of obesity. Unlike in adults, there are no data on children with uncontrolled hypertension and their future risk of hard cardiovascular and cerebrovascular outcomes. However, hypertension in childhood is linked to hypertensive-mediated organ damage (HMOD) which is often reversible if treated appropriately. Despite differing guidelines regarding the threshold for defining hypertension, there is consensus that early recognition and prompt management with lifestyle modification escalating to antihypertensive medication is required to ameliorate adverse outcomes. Unfortunately, many unknowns remain regarding pathophysiology and optimum treatment of childhood hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Haseler
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guys & St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, 3rd Floor Beckett House, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom; Kings College London, United Kingdom
| | - Manish D Sinha
- Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guys & St Thomas NHS Foundation Trust, Westminster Bridge Road, 3rd Floor Beckett House, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom; Kings College London, United Kingdom.
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24
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Vasudevan A, Thomas T, Kurpad A, Sachdev HS. Prevalence of and Factors Associated With High Blood Pressure Among Adolescents in India. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2239282. [PMID: 36315144 PMCID: PMC9623439 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.39282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE High blood pressure (BP) in children and adolescents is becoming one of the most common health conditions worldwide and is much more widely prevalent than previously thought. OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of high BP in adolescents in India and identify associated factors. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study is a secondary analysis of data from the Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey (CNNS, 2016-2018), which used a multistage, stratified, probability proportion to size cluster sampling design to enroll a nationally representative sample of households and individuals aged 10 to 19 years across all states and union territories of India. Adolescents with acute or chronic illness, physical deformity, mental illness, or cognitive disability were excluded from the survey. Because BP was measured only in children between 10 and 19 years of age, only data from children within this age group were included for secondary analyses. Data analysis was performed from March 2021 to April 2022. EXPOSURES Anthropometry. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES On the basis of the 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines, high BP was defined as stage 1 and 2 hypertension, with BP above the 95th percentile in children younger than 13 years and greater than 130/80 mm Hg in children 13 years or older. The association of age, sex, region, socioeconomic status, body mass index, fasting blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and lipid profile with high BP were examined using log binomial regression. RESULTS Among 16 182 eligible children aged 10 to 19 years (mean [SD] age, 14.2 [2.8] years; 7849 [48.5%] female and 8333 [51.5%] male), 11 718 had valid BP data with 3 repeated readings. the prevalence of high BP was 35.1% (95% CI, 31.5%-38.9%) in children aged 10 to 12 years and 25.1% (95% CI, 22.5%-28.0%) in children 13 years or older. Overweight and obesity were associated with a higher risk of high BP in both younger (prevalence ratio, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.04-1.34) and older children (prevalence ratio, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.18-1.49). The prevalence of high BP in younger children with stunting was high at 40.1% (95% CI, 31.9%-48.9%) and was 21.9% (95% CI, 18.2%-26.1%) among older children with stunting. In both age groups, high BP coexisted with other cardiovascular disease risk factors, such that adolescents with high fasting blood glucose, high hemoglobin A1c, high triglyceride, and high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels had a higher risk of high BP. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cross-sectional study, the prevalence of high BP, along with cardiovascular risk factors, was substantial in Indian adolescents. There is a need to screen and identify adolescents who have high BP and initiate interventions to control the burden of hypertension and its consequences in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Vasudevan
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, St Johns Medical College and Hospital, St John’s Medical College, Bengaluru, India
| | - Tinku Thomas
- Department of Biostatistics, St John’s Medical College, Bengaluru, India
| | - Anura Kurpad
- Department of Physiology, St John’s Medical College, Bengaluru, India
| | - Harshpal S. Sachdev
- Paediatrics and Clinical Epidemiology, Sitaram Bhartia Institute of Science and Research, New Delhi, India
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25
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Zeng H, Wang Q, Wang H, Guo L, Fang B, Zhang L, Wang X, Wang Q, Yang W, Wang M. Exposure to barium and blood pressure in children and adolescents: results from the 2003-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:68476-68487. [PMID: 35538347 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20507-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Barium (Ba) is ubiquitous in the environment, and humans are primarily exposed to it through ingestion of drinking water. Previous studies focused on the exposure to lead, cadmium, and arsenic, but have not focused on exposure to Ba. Recent studies found a significant association between Ba exposure and elevated blood pressure in pregnant women and adults. However, there are no studies regarding the effect of Ba exposure on blood pressure in children and adolescents, and the potential biological mechanisms remain unclear. We evaluated the associations between urinary Ba and systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and pulse pressure (PP) among 8- to 17-year-old participants (n = 3707) of the 2003-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Furthermore, the potential roles of inflammation in these associations were explored. Weighted linear regression was used to analyze the association between urinary Ba and blood pressure, and mediation analyses were used to estimate the potential role of white blood cell count (WBC) in these associations. Quantile g-computation models were used to explore the effect of co-exposure to Ba and other metals on blood pressure. After adjusting for covariates, a two-fold increase in urinary Ba concentration was associated with a 0.41 (95% CI 0.12, 0.70) mmHg increase in SBP, a 1.04 (95% CI 0.55, 1.53) mmHg increase in PP, but a -0.63 (95% CI -1.04, -0.22) mmHg decrease in DBP. WBC significantly mediated 6% of the association between urinary Ba and SBP. Quantile g-computation models suggested that urinary Ba was the main contributor to the elevation of SBP and PP in the urinary metal mixture. Our findings revealed that exposure to Ba was associated with elevated SBP and PP among children and adolescents. Inflammation may play an important role in the associations of Ba exposure with SBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zeng
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No.21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Heart Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The First People's Hospital of Yinchuan, No.2 Liqun West Street, Ningxia, 750001, Yinchuan, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No.21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Linan Guo
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No.21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Bo Fang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No.21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China
- Affiliated Huaihe Hospital, Henan University, 115 Ximen Street, Kaifeng, 475000, Henan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No.21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China
- Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Xuesheng Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No.21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No.21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China.
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China.
| | - Wenqi Yang
- Affiliated Hospital, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063000, China
| | - Manman Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, No.21 Bohai Road, Caofeidian, Tangshan, 063210, Hebei, China
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei, China
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Kang KT, Weng WC, Chiu SN, Lee PL, Hsu WC. Office Blood Pressure Monitoring in Children with Obesity and Obstructive Sleep Apnea. J Pediatr 2022; 246:138-144.e2. [PMID: 35314156 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relative contributions of obesity and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) to unfavorable blood pressure in children. STUDY DESIGN Children aged 3-18 years with OSA-related symptoms were recruited. All children underwent office blood pressure (BP) monitoring and full-night polysomnography. Obesity was defined as a body mass index ≥95th percentile. OSA severity was divided into primary snoring (apnea-hypopnea index [AHI] <1), mild OSA (5> AHI ≥1), and moderate to severe OSA (AHI ≥5). Age- and sex-adjusted logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the associations among OSA, obesity, and elevated BP. RESULTS This cross-sectional study enrolled 1689 children (66% boys), with a mean age of 7.9 years. Compared with children with primary snoring, children with moderate to severe OSA had significantly higher systolic BP (108.1 mmHg vs 105.6 mmHg), diastolic BP (75.0 mmHg vs 70.4 mmHg), systolic BP percentile (75.0 vs 70.4), and diastolic BP percentile (74.0 vs 69.2). The rate of unfavorable BP (ie, elevated BP or hypertension level BP) also was significantly higher in children with more severe OSA. Children with obesity had higher BP and BP percentile. Logistic regression analysis revealed that children with obesity and moderate to severe OSA have a 3-fold greater risk of unfavorable BP compared with children without obesity and primary snoring. CONCLUSIONS We identified a 3-fold greater risk of unfavorable BP in children with obesity and moderate to severe OSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Tai Kang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Otolaryngology, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei City, Taiwan; Institute of Health Policy and Management, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chin Weng
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Sleep Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuenn-Nan Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lin Lee
- Sleep Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Hsu
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Sleep Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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27
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Álvarez J, Aguilar F, Lurbe E. La medida de la presión arterial en niños y adolescentes: Elemento clave en la evaluación de la hipertensión arterial. An Pediatr (Barc) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2022.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Associations of maternal periconceptional alcohol consumption with offspring prehypertension/hypertension at age 6 years: the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes prospective mother-offspring cohort study. J Hypertens 2022; 40:1212-1222. [PMID: 35703883 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the relationship of the levels of maternal alcohol consumption during the 1 year before pregnancy recognition with childhood cardiorenal, metabolic, and neurocognitive health. METHODS In 1106 women and their children from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes mother-offspring cohort, quantity of maternal alcohol consumption in the 12 months prior to pregnancy recognition was categorized as high (≥75th percentile: 1.9 g/day), low (<1.9 g/day), and none, and frequency of alcohol consumption was categorized as high (≥2-3 times/week), low (<2-3 times/week), and none. Offspring MRI-based abdominal fat depot, kidney, and brain volumes, blood pressure, metabolic syndrome score, and cognitive intelligence scores were assessed. Child prehypertension/hypertension at age 6 years was defined using a simplified pediatric threshold of 110/70 mmHg. RESULTS The average maternal alcohol consumption in the year prior to pregnancy recognition was 2.5 g/day, which is lower than the daily maximal limit of one standard drink (10 g) recommended for women by Singapore's Ministry of Health. After adjusting for participant characteristics, alcohol consumption at least 1.9 g/day was associated with over two-fold higher risk (risk ratio = 2.18, P = 0.013) of child prehypertension and 15% greater kidney growth between early infancy and age 6 years (P = 0.040) compared with abstinence. Alcohol consumption was not associated with metabolic and neurocognitive health at age 6-7 years. The associations with high frequency of alcohol consumption were concordant with those obtained for quantity of alcohol consumption. CONCLUSION Maternal self-reported alcohol consumption at least 1.9 g/day prior to pregnancy recognition was associated with increased risk of child prehypertension and rapid kidney growth. Our findings highlight the potential detrimental effects of low periconceptional alcohol consumption, below national guidelines on offspring cardiorenal health.
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29
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Álvarez J, Aguilar F, Lurbe E. Blood pressure measurement in children and adolescents: key element in the evaluation of arterial hypertension. ANALES DE PEDIATRÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2022; 96:536.e1-536.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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30
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Flynn JT, Urbina EM, Brady TM, Baker-Smith C, Daniels SR, Hayman LL, Mitsnefes M, Tran A, Zachariah JP. Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Children and Adolescents: 2022 Update: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension 2022; 79:e114-e124. [PMID: 35603599 DOI: 10.1161/hyp.0000000000000215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children and adolescents has markedly increased since publication of the last American Heart Association scientific statement on pediatric ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in 2014. In addition, there has also been significant expansion of the evidence base for use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the pediatric population, including new data linking ambulatory blood pressure levels with the development of blood pressure-related target organ damage. Last, additional data have recently been published that enable simplification of the classification of pediatric ambulatory monitoring studies. This scientific statement presents a succinct review of this new evidence, guidance on optimal application of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in the clinical setting, and an updated classification scheme for the interpretation of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children and adolescents. We also highlight areas of uncertainty where additional research is needed.
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Jacobs DR, Woo JG, Sinaiko AR, Daniels SR, Ikonen J, Juonala M, Kartiosuo N, Lehtimäki T, Magnussen CG, Viikari JSA, Zhang N, Bazzano LA, Burns TL, Prineas RJ, Steinberger J, Urbina EM, Venn AJ, Raitakari OT, Dwyer T. Childhood Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Adult Cardiovascular Events. N Engl J Med 2022; 386:1877-1888. [PMID: 35373933 PMCID: PMC9563825 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2109191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood cardiovascular risk factors predict subclinical adult cardiovascular disease, but links to clinical events are unclear. METHODS In a prospective cohort study involving participants in the International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort (i3C) Consortium, we evaluated whether childhood risk factors (at the ages of 3 to 19 years) were associated with cardiovascular events in adulthood after a mean follow-up of 35 years. Body-mass index, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol level, triglyceride level, and youth smoking were analyzed with the use of i3C-derived age- and sex-specific z scores and with a combined-risk z score that was calculated as the unweighted mean of the five risk z scores. An algebraically comparable adult combined-risk z score (before any cardiovascular event) was analyzed jointly with the childhood risk factors. Study outcomes were fatal cardiovascular events and fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular events, and analyses were performed after multiple imputation with the use of proportional-hazards regression. RESULTS In the analysis of 319 fatal cardiovascular events that occurred among 38,589 participants (49.7% male and 15.0% Black; mean [±SD] age at childhood visits, 11.8±3.1 years), the hazard ratios for a fatal cardiovascular event in adulthood ranged from 1.30 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.14 to 1.47) per unit increase in the z score for total cholesterol level to 1.61 (95% CI, 1.21 to 2.13) for youth smoking (yes vs. no). The hazard ratio for a fatal cardiovascular event with respect to the combined-risk z score was 2.71 (95% CI, 2.23 to 3.29) per unit increase. The hazard ratios and their 95% confidence intervals in the analyses of fatal cardiovascular events were similar to those in the analyses of 779 fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular events that occurred among 20,656 participants who could be evaluated for this outcome. In the analysis of 115 fatal cardiovascular events that occurred in a subgroup of 13,401 participants (31.0±5.6 years of age at the adult measurement) who had data on adult risk factors, the adjusted hazard ratio with respect to the childhood combined-risk z score was 3.54 (95% CI, 2.57 to 4.87) per unit increase, and the mutually adjusted hazard ratio with respect to the change in the combined-risk z score from childhood to adulthood was 2.88 (95% CI, 2.06 to 4.05) per unit increase. The results were similar in the analysis of 524 fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular events. CONCLUSIONS In this prospective cohort study, childhood risk factors and the change in the combined-risk z score between childhood and adulthood were associated with cardiovascular events in midlife. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health.).
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Jacobs
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health (D.R.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School (A.R.S., J.S.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (J.G.W., N.Z.), and the Heart Institute (E.M.U.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (J.G.W., N.Z., E.M.U.) - both in Cincinnati; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado - both in Aurora (S.R.D.); the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), and the Departments of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.) and Mathematics and Statistics (N.K.), University of Turku, and the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Division of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.), and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and the Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere (T.L.) - all in Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS (C.G.M., A.J.V., T.D.), and the Heart Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC (T.D.) - both in Australia; the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans (L.A.B.); the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City (T.L.B.); the Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (R.J.P.); and the Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (T.D.)
| | - Jessica G Woo
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health (D.R.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School (A.R.S., J.S.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (J.G.W., N.Z.), and the Heart Institute (E.M.U.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (J.G.W., N.Z., E.M.U.) - both in Cincinnati; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado - both in Aurora (S.R.D.); the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), and the Departments of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.) and Mathematics and Statistics (N.K.), University of Turku, and the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Division of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.), and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and the Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere (T.L.) - all in Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS (C.G.M., A.J.V., T.D.), and the Heart Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC (T.D.) - both in Australia; the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans (L.A.B.); the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City (T.L.B.); the Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (R.J.P.); and the Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (T.D.)
| | - Alan R Sinaiko
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health (D.R.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School (A.R.S., J.S.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (J.G.W., N.Z.), and the Heart Institute (E.M.U.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (J.G.W., N.Z., E.M.U.) - both in Cincinnati; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado - both in Aurora (S.R.D.); the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), and the Departments of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.) and Mathematics and Statistics (N.K.), University of Turku, and the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Division of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.), and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and the Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere (T.L.) - all in Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS (C.G.M., A.J.V., T.D.), and the Heart Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC (T.D.) - both in Australia; the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans (L.A.B.); the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City (T.L.B.); the Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (R.J.P.); and the Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (T.D.)
| | - Stephen R Daniels
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health (D.R.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School (A.R.S., J.S.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (J.G.W., N.Z.), and the Heart Institute (E.M.U.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (J.G.W., N.Z., E.M.U.) - both in Cincinnati; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado - both in Aurora (S.R.D.); the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), and the Departments of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.) and Mathematics and Statistics (N.K.), University of Turku, and the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Division of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.), and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and the Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere (T.L.) - all in Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS (C.G.M., A.J.V., T.D.), and the Heart Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC (T.D.) - both in Australia; the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans (L.A.B.); the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City (T.L.B.); the Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (R.J.P.); and the Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (T.D.)
| | - Johanna Ikonen
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health (D.R.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School (A.R.S., J.S.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (J.G.W., N.Z.), and the Heart Institute (E.M.U.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (J.G.W., N.Z., E.M.U.) - both in Cincinnati; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado - both in Aurora (S.R.D.); the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), and the Departments of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.) and Mathematics and Statistics (N.K.), University of Turku, and the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Division of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.), and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and the Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere (T.L.) - all in Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS (C.G.M., A.J.V., T.D.), and the Heart Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC (T.D.) - both in Australia; the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans (L.A.B.); the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City (T.L.B.); the Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (R.J.P.); and the Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (T.D.)
| | - Markus Juonala
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health (D.R.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School (A.R.S., J.S.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (J.G.W., N.Z.), and the Heart Institute (E.M.U.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (J.G.W., N.Z., E.M.U.) - both in Cincinnati; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado - both in Aurora (S.R.D.); the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), and the Departments of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.) and Mathematics and Statistics (N.K.), University of Turku, and the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Division of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.), and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and the Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere (T.L.) - all in Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS (C.G.M., A.J.V., T.D.), and the Heart Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC (T.D.) - both in Australia; the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans (L.A.B.); the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City (T.L.B.); the Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (R.J.P.); and the Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (T.D.)
| | - Noora Kartiosuo
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health (D.R.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School (A.R.S., J.S.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (J.G.W., N.Z.), and the Heart Institute (E.M.U.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (J.G.W., N.Z., E.M.U.) - both in Cincinnati; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado - both in Aurora (S.R.D.); the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), and the Departments of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.) and Mathematics and Statistics (N.K.), University of Turku, and the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Division of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.), and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and the Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere (T.L.) - all in Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS (C.G.M., A.J.V., T.D.), and the Heart Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC (T.D.) - both in Australia; the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans (L.A.B.); the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City (T.L.B.); the Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (R.J.P.); and the Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (T.D.)
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health (D.R.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School (A.R.S., J.S.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (J.G.W., N.Z.), and the Heart Institute (E.M.U.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (J.G.W., N.Z., E.M.U.) - both in Cincinnati; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado - both in Aurora (S.R.D.); the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), and the Departments of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.) and Mathematics and Statistics (N.K.), University of Turku, and the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Division of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.), and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and the Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere (T.L.) - all in Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS (C.G.M., A.J.V., T.D.), and the Heart Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC (T.D.) - both in Australia; the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans (L.A.B.); the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City (T.L.B.); the Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (R.J.P.); and the Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (T.D.)
| | - Costan G Magnussen
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health (D.R.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School (A.R.S., J.S.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (J.G.W., N.Z.), and the Heart Institute (E.M.U.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (J.G.W., N.Z., E.M.U.) - both in Cincinnati; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado - both in Aurora (S.R.D.); the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), and the Departments of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.) and Mathematics and Statistics (N.K.), University of Turku, and the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Division of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.), and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and the Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere (T.L.) - all in Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS (C.G.M., A.J.V., T.D.), and the Heart Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC (T.D.) - both in Australia; the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans (L.A.B.); the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City (T.L.B.); the Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (R.J.P.); and the Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (T.D.)
| | - Jorma S A Viikari
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health (D.R.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School (A.R.S., J.S.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (J.G.W., N.Z.), and the Heart Institute (E.M.U.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (J.G.W., N.Z., E.M.U.) - both in Cincinnati; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado - both in Aurora (S.R.D.); the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), and the Departments of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.) and Mathematics and Statistics (N.K.), University of Turku, and the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Division of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.), and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and the Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere (T.L.) - all in Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS (C.G.M., A.J.V., T.D.), and the Heart Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC (T.D.) - both in Australia; the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans (L.A.B.); the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City (T.L.B.); the Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (R.J.P.); and the Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (T.D.)
| | - Nanhua Zhang
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health (D.R.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School (A.R.S., J.S.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (J.G.W., N.Z.), and the Heart Institute (E.M.U.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (J.G.W., N.Z., E.M.U.) - both in Cincinnati; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado - both in Aurora (S.R.D.); the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), and the Departments of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.) and Mathematics and Statistics (N.K.), University of Turku, and the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Division of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.), and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and the Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere (T.L.) - all in Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS (C.G.M., A.J.V., T.D.), and the Heart Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC (T.D.) - both in Australia; the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans (L.A.B.); the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City (T.L.B.); the Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (R.J.P.); and the Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (T.D.)
| | - Lydia A Bazzano
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health (D.R.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School (A.R.S., J.S.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (J.G.W., N.Z.), and the Heart Institute (E.M.U.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (J.G.W., N.Z., E.M.U.) - both in Cincinnati; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado - both in Aurora (S.R.D.); the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), and the Departments of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.) and Mathematics and Statistics (N.K.), University of Turku, and the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Division of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.), and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and the Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere (T.L.) - all in Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS (C.G.M., A.J.V., T.D.), and the Heart Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC (T.D.) - both in Australia; the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans (L.A.B.); the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City (T.L.B.); the Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (R.J.P.); and the Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (T.D.)
| | - Trudy L Burns
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health (D.R.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School (A.R.S., J.S.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (J.G.W., N.Z.), and the Heart Institute (E.M.U.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (J.G.W., N.Z., E.M.U.) - both in Cincinnati; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado - both in Aurora (S.R.D.); the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), and the Departments of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.) and Mathematics and Statistics (N.K.), University of Turku, and the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Division of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.), and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and the Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere (T.L.) - all in Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS (C.G.M., A.J.V., T.D.), and the Heart Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC (T.D.) - both in Australia; the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans (L.A.B.); the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City (T.L.B.); the Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (R.J.P.); and the Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (T.D.)
| | - Ronald J Prineas
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health (D.R.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School (A.R.S., J.S.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (J.G.W., N.Z.), and the Heart Institute (E.M.U.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (J.G.W., N.Z., E.M.U.) - both in Cincinnati; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado - both in Aurora (S.R.D.); the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), and the Departments of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.) and Mathematics and Statistics (N.K.), University of Turku, and the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Division of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.), and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and the Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere (T.L.) - all in Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS (C.G.M., A.J.V., T.D.), and the Heart Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC (T.D.) - both in Australia; the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans (L.A.B.); the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City (T.L.B.); the Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (R.J.P.); and the Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (T.D.)
| | - Julia Steinberger
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health (D.R.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School (A.R.S., J.S.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (J.G.W., N.Z.), and the Heart Institute (E.M.U.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (J.G.W., N.Z., E.M.U.) - both in Cincinnati; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado - both in Aurora (S.R.D.); the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), and the Departments of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.) and Mathematics and Statistics (N.K.), University of Turku, and the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Division of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.), and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and the Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere (T.L.) - all in Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS (C.G.M., A.J.V., T.D.), and the Heart Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC (T.D.) - both in Australia; the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans (L.A.B.); the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City (T.L.B.); the Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (R.J.P.); and the Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (T.D.)
| | - Elaine M Urbina
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health (D.R.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School (A.R.S., J.S.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (J.G.W., N.Z.), and the Heart Institute (E.M.U.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (J.G.W., N.Z., E.M.U.) - both in Cincinnati; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado - both in Aurora (S.R.D.); the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), and the Departments of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.) and Mathematics and Statistics (N.K.), University of Turku, and the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Division of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.), and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and the Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere (T.L.) - all in Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS (C.G.M., A.J.V., T.D.), and the Heart Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC (T.D.) - both in Australia; the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans (L.A.B.); the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City (T.L.B.); the Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (R.J.P.); and the Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (T.D.)
| | - Alison J Venn
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health (D.R.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School (A.R.S., J.S.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (J.G.W., N.Z.), and the Heart Institute (E.M.U.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (J.G.W., N.Z., E.M.U.) - both in Cincinnati; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado - both in Aurora (S.R.D.); the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), and the Departments of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.) and Mathematics and Statistics (N.K.), University of Turku, and the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Division of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.), and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and the Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere (T.L.) - all in Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS (C.G.M., A.J.V., T.D.), and the Heart Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC (T.D.) - both in Australia; the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans (L.A.B.); the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City (T.L.B.); the Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (R.J.P.); and the Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (T.D.)
| | - Olli T Raitakari
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health (D.R.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School (A.R.S., J.S.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (J.G.W., N.Z.), and the Heart Institute (E.M.U.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (J.G.W., N.Z., E.M.U.) - both in Cincinnati; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado - both in Aurora (S.R.D.); the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), and the Departments of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.) and Mathematics and Statistics (N.K.), University of Turku, and the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Division of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.), and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and the Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere (T.L.) - all in Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS (C.G.M., A.J.V., T.D.), and the Heart Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC (T.D.) - both in Australia; the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans (L.A.B.); the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City (T.L.B.); the Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (R.J.P.); and the Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (T.D.)
| | - Terence Dwyer
- From the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health (D.R.J.), and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School (A.R.S., J.S.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; the Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology (J.G.W., N.Z.), and the Heart Institute (E.M.U.), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine (J.G.W., N.Z., E.M.U.) - both in Cincinnati; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado - both in Aurora (S.R.D.); the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Research Center of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), and the Departments of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.) and Mathematics and Statistics (N.K.), University of Turku, and the Center for Population Health Research (J.I., N.K., C.G.M., O.T.R.), the Division of Medicine (M.J., J.S.A.V.), and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine (O.T.R.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, and the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, and the Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center, and the Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere (T.L.) - all in Finland; Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS (C.G.M., A.J.V., T.D.), and the Heart Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC (T.D.) - both in Australia; the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans (L.A.B.); the Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City (T.L.B.); the Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (R.J.P.); and the Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (T.D.)
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Identification of Lifestyle Risk Factors in Adolescence Influencing Cardiovascular Health in Young Adults: The BELINDA Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102089. [PMID: 35631230 PMCID: PMC9146351 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. These diseases originate in childhood, and a better understanding of their early determinants and risk factors would allow better prevention. The BELINDA (BEtter LIfe by Nutrition During Adulthood) study is a 10−14-year follow-up of the HEalthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence study (the HELENA study, a European cross-sectional study in adolescents). The study aims to evaluate cardiovascular risk using the PDAY (Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth) risk score during young adulthood (21−32 years), and to examine the impact of risk factors identified during adolescence (12.5−17.5 years). Our secondary objective is to compare the characteristics of the BELINDA study population with the HELENA population not participating in the follow-up study. The HELENA study recruited 3528 adolescents during 2006−2007 and reassessed 232 of them 10−14 years later as young adults. We assessed clinical status, anthropometry, nutrition, physical activity (including sedentary behavior), physical fitness, and mental health parameters, and collected biological samples (blood, stool, and hair). Dietary intake, and physical activity and fitness data were also collected. A multivariable linear regression model will be used for the analysis of the primary outcome. A Chi-square and T-test were conducted for the comparison of the descriptive data (gender, age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and maternal school level) between participating and non-participating BELINDA adolescents. When comparing the 1327 eligible subjects with the 232 included in the BELINDA study, no significant differences regarding gender (p = 0.72), age (p = 0.60), height (p = 0.11), and weight (p = 0.083) at adolescence were found. However, the participating population had a lower BMI (20.4 ± 3.1 kg/m2 versus 21.2 ± 3.6 kg/m2; p < 0.001) and a higher maternal educational level (46.8% high school or university level versus 38.6%; p = 0.027) than the HELENA population who did not participate in the BELINDA study. The complete phenotyping obtained at adolescence through the HELENA study is a unique opportunity to identify adolescent risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. This paper will serve as a methodological basis for future analysis of this study.
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Mannemuddhu SS, Macumber I, Samuels JA, Flynn JT, South AM. When Hypertension Grows Up: Implications for Transitioning Care of Adolescents and Young Adults With Hypertension From Pediatric to Adult Health Care Providers. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2022; 29:263-274. [PMID: 36084973 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension (HTN) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children as well as adults. HTN and related adverse cardiovascular health develop and progress on a continuum across an individual's life course. Pediatric HTN, or even isolated elevated blood pressure as a child, increases the risk of sustained HTN and cardiovascular disease in later adulthood. Transitioning the care of adolescents and young adults who have HTN is an important but unmet health care need that could potentially have a dramatic effect on mitigating the risk of cardiovascular disease in adulthood. However, very little has been published about the transition process in this population, and considerable gaps in the field remain. We discuss the epidemiology, etiology, and management approach in youth with HTN and how they differ from adults. We contextualize HTN and cardiovascular health on a continuum across the life course. We discuss key considerations for the transition process for adolescents and young adults with HTN including the major barriers that exist. Finally, we review key immediate health care needs that are particularly important around the time of the transfer of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Sudha Mannemuddhu
- East Tennessee Children's Hospital, Knoxville, TN; Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center-College of Medicine, Knoxville, TN
| | - Ian Macumber
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Joshua A Samuels
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Nephrology & Hypertension, McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - Joseph T Flynn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Division of Nephrology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA.
| | - Andrew M South
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nephrology, Wake Forest School of Medicine and Brenner Children's Hospital, Winston Salem, NC; Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC; Cardiovascular Sciences Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
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Khoury M. Measuring cardiovascular risk across the lifespan: when should we start checking and what should we do about it? Can J Cardiol 2022; 38:1141-1143. [PMID: 35489670 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Khoury
- Department of Pediatrics. University of Alberta. Stollery Children's Hospital.
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Hyde NK, Dowty JG, Scovelle A, Armstrong G, Sutherland G, Olive L, Lycett K, O'Neil A. Association between maternal adversity, DNA methylation, and cardiovascular health of offspring: a longitudinal analysis of the ALSPAC cohort study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e053652. [PMID: 35332037 PMCID: PMC8948393 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Maternal adversity during pregnancy has been shown to be associated with some health outcomes in the offspring. This study investigated the association of maternal adversity during pregnancy and DNA methylation with offspring cardiovascular (CV) health. DESIGN Longitudinal observational cohort study SETTING: All pregnant residents in county Avon (∼0.9 million), UK, were eligible to participate if their estimated delivery date was between 1 April 1991 and 31 December 1992. PARTICIPANTS Mother-offspring pairs enrolled in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort at seven (n=7431) and 17 years of age (n=3143). PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Offspring CV health primary measures were heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP) and secondary measures were pulse-wave velocity and carotid intima-media thickness. RESULTS Overall, there was no association between maternal adversity scores (number or perceived impact) and primary CV measures (Perceived impact; HR: 0.999-fold change 95% CI 0.998 to 1.001; systolic BP (SBP): 1.000-fold change 95% CI 0.999 to 1.001; diastolic BP: 1.000-fold change 95% CI 0.999 to 1.002). Some small offspring sex effects were observed and there was also a small association between methylation of some CpG sites and offspring BP measures. CONCLUSIONS We found little evidence to support the overall association of maternal adversity during pregnancy and DNA methylation with offspring CV measures. Offspring sex-specific and age-specific associations require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie K Hyde
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation,School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - James G Dowty
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anna Scovelle
- Centre for Health Equity, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gregory Armstrong
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Georgina Sutherland
- Centre for Mental Health, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lisa Olive
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation,School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychology, Deakin, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate Lycett
- School of Psychology, Deakin, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Community Child Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrienne O'Neil
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation,School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Oh E, Choi KH, Kim SR, Kwon HJ, Bae S. Association of indoor and outdoor short-term PM2.5 exposure with blood pressure among school children. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13013. [PMID: 35347791 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The association between particulate matter and children's increased blood pressure is inconsistent, and few studies have evaluated indoor exposure, accounting for time-activity. The present study aimed to examine the association between personal short-term exposure to PM2.5 and blood pressure in children. We conducted a panel study with up to three physical examinations during different seasons of 2018 (spring, summer, and fall) among 52 children. The indoor PM2.5 concentration was continuously measured at home and classroom of each child using indoor air quality monitors. The outdoor PM2.5 concentration was measured from the nearest monitoring station. We constructed a mixed effect model to analyze the association of short-term indoor and outdoor PM2.5 exposure accounting for time-activity of each participant with blood pressure. The average PM2.5 concentration was 34.3 ± 9.2 μg/m3 and it was highest in the spring. The concentration measured at homes was generally higher than that measured at outdoor monitoring station. A 10-μg/m3 increment of the up to previous 3-day mean (lag0-3) PM2.5 concentration was associated with 2.7 mmHg (95%CI = 0.8, 4.0) and 2.1 mmHg (95%CI = 0.3, 4.0) increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, respectively. In a panel study comprehensively evaluating both indoor and outdoor exposures, which enabled more accurate exposure assessment, we observed a statistically significant association between blood pressure and PM2.5 exposure in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjin Oh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwa Choi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sung Roul Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Soon Chun Hyang University, Asan, Korea
| | - Ho-Jang Kwon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sanghyuk Bae
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Environmental Health Center, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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High blood pressure in children and adolescents: current perspectives and strategies to improve future kidney and cardiovascular health. Kidney Int Rep 2022; 7:954-970. [PMID: 35570999 PMCID: PMC9091586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2022.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is one of the most common causes of preventable death worldwide. The prevalence of pediatric hypertension has increased significantly in recent decades. The cause of this is likely multifactorial, related to increasing childhood obesity, high dietary sodium intake, sedentary lifestyles, perinatal factors, familial aggregation, socioeconomic factors, and ethnic blood pressure (BP) differences. Pediatric hypertension represents a major public health threat. Uncontrolled pediatric hypertension is associated with subclinical cardiovascular disease and adult-onset hypertension. In children with chronic kidney disease (CKD), hypertension is also a strong risk factor for progression to kidney failure. Despite these risks, current rates of pediatric BP screening, hypertension detection, treatment, and control remain suboptimal. Contributing to these shortcomings are the challenges of accurately measuring pediatric BP, limited access to validated pediatric equipment and hypertension specialists, complex interpretation of pediatric BP measurements, problematic normative BP data, and conflicting society guidelines for pediatric hypertension. To date, limited pediatric hypertension research has been conducted to help address these challenges. However, there are several promising signs in the field of pediatric hypertension. There is greater attention being drawn on the cardiovascular risks of pediatric hypertension, more emphasis on the need for childhood BP screening and management, new public health initiatives being implemented, and increasing research interest and funding. This article summarizes what is currently known about pediatric hypertension, the existing knowledge-practice gaps, and ongoing research aimed at improving future kidney and cardiovascular health.
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Dzhambov AM, Lercher P, Markevych I, Browning MHEM, Rüdisser J. Natural and built environments and blood pressure of Alpine schoolchildren. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:111925. [PMID: 34437849 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early life environments may influence children's blood pressure (BP), but evidence on the combined effects of natural and built environment exposures is scarce. The present study investigates the associations of natural and built environment indicators, traffic noise, and air pollution with BP in children living in Alpine valleys. METHODS In 2004/2005, 1251 school children (8-12 years old) were sampled for a cross-sectional survey in several Austrian and Italian mountain valleys. Children's mothers completed a questionnaire. The outcomes of interest were systolic and diastolic BP measured with a calibrated oscillometric device. Indicators of land cover assigned to the residential and school coordinates within 100 and 1000 m included normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), tree canopy cover, and a broader naturalness indicator titled distance to nature (D2N). The presence of a home garden was also measured via self-report. Imperviousness density served as a proxy for the built environment. Residential air pollution (NO2) and noise (Lden) from traffic were calculated using bespoke modeling. NO2, Lden, physical activity, and body mass index (BMI) were treated as mediating pathways. RESULTS Higher NDVI and tree cover levels in residential and school surroundings and home gardens were consistently associated with lower BP. The built environment was associated with higher BP. Counterintuitive inverse associations between NO2 and Lden and BP were also found. Structural equation modeling showed that higher levels of greenspace and presence of a home garden were weakly associated with more outdoor play spaces, and in turn with lower BMI, and ultimately with lower BP. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to natural environments may help maintain normal BP in children, while built environment may increase children's BP. Outdoor play and less adiposity in greener areas may mediate some of these associations. Evidence on air pollution and noise remains controversial and difficult to explain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel M Dzhambov
- Department of Hygiene, Faculty of Public Health, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Institute for Highway Engineering and Transport Planning, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.
| | - Peter Lercher
- Institute for Highway Engineering and Transport Planning, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Iana Markevych
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Matthew H E M Browning
- Department of Park, Recreation, and Tourism Management, Clemson University, Clemson, USA
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Kennedy KG, Grigorian A, Mitchell RHB, McCrindle BW, MacIntosh BJ, Goldstein BI. Association of blood pressure with brain structure in youth with and without bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord 2022; 299:666-674. [PMID: 34920038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously found that blood pressure (BP) is elevated, and associated with poorer neurocognition, in youth with bipolar disorder (BD). While higher BP is associated with smaller brain structure in adults, studies have not examined this topic in BD or youth. METHODS Participants were 154 youth, ages 13-20 (n = 81 BD, n = 73 HC). Structural magnetic resonance imaging and diastolic (DBP), and systolic (SBP) pressure were obtained. Region of interest (ROI; anterior cingulate cortex [ACC], insular cortex, hippocampus) and vertex-wise analyses controlling for age, sex, body-mass-index, and intracranial volume investigated BP-neurostructural associations; a group-by-BP interaction was also assessed. RESULTS In ROI analyses, higher DBP in the overall sample was associated with smaller insular cortex area (β=-0.18 p = 0.007) and was associated with smaller ACC area to a significantly greater extent in HC vs. BD (β=-0.14 p = 0.015). In vertex-wise analyses, higher DBP and SBP were associated with smaller area and volume in the insular cortex, frontal, parietal, and temporal regions in the overall sample. Additionally, higher SBP was associated with greater thickness in temporal and parietal regions. Finally, higher SBP was associated with smaller area and volume in frontal, parietal, and temporal regions to a significantly greater extent in BD vs. HC. LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional design, single assessment of BP. CONCLUSION BP is associated with brain structure in youth, with variability related to structural phenotype (volume vs. thickness) and psychiatric diagnosis (BD vs. HC). Future studies evaluating temporality of these findings, and the association of BP changes on brain structure in youth, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kody G Kennedy
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Rm 4326, 100 stokes street Way, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anahit Grigorian
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Rm 4326, 100 stokes street Way, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada
| | - Rachel H B Mitchell
- Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brian W McCrindle
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bradley J MacIntosh
- Brain Sciences, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Benjamin I Goldstein
- Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Rm 4326, 100 stokes street Way, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Khoury M, Khoury P, Bazzano L, Burns TL, Daniels S, Dwyer T, Ikonen J, Jacobs DR, Juonala M, Kähönen M, Prineas R, Raitakari OT, Steinberger J, Venn A, Viikari J, Woo JG, Sinaiko A, Urbina EM. Prevalence Implications of the 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics Hypertension Guideline and Associations with Adult Hypertension. J Pediatr 2022; 241:22-28.e4. [PMID: 34619113 PMCID: PMC8924915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the impact of the 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics hypertension Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG), compared with the previous guideline ("Fourth Report"), on the frequency of hypertensive blood pressure (BP) measurements in childhood and associations with hypertension in adulthood using data from the International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort Consortium. STUDY DESIGN Childhood BPs were categorized in normal, prehypertensive/elevated, and hypertensive (stage 1 and 2) ranges using the Fourth Report and the CPG. Participants were contacted in adulthood to assess self-reported hypertension. The associations between childhood hypertensive range BPs and self-reported adult hypertension were evaluated. RESULTS Data were available for 34 014 youth (10.4 ± 3.1 years, 50.6% female) with 92 751 BP assessments. Compared with the Fourth Report, the CPG increased hypertensive readings from 7.6% to 13.5% and from 1.3% to 2.5% for stage 1 and 2 hypertensive range, respectively (P < .0001). Of 12 761 adults (48.8 ± 7.9 years, 43% male), 3839 (30.1%) had self-reported hypertension. The sensitivity for predicting adult hypertension among those with hypertensive range BPs at any point in childhood, as defined by the Fourth Report and the CPG, respectively, was 13.4% and 22.4% (specificity 92.3% and 85.9%, P < .001), with no significant impact on positive and negative predictive values. Associations with self-reported adult hypertension were similar and weak (c-statistic range 0.61-0.68) for hypertensive range BPs as defined by the Fourth Report and CPG. CONCLUSIONS The CPG significantly increased the prevalence of childhood BPs in hypertensive ranges and improved the sensitivity, without an overall strengthened association, of predicting self-reported adult hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Khoury
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Philip Khoury
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Lydia Bazzano
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Trudy L. Burns
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Terence Dwyer
- Oxford Martin School, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Ikonen
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Markus Juonala
- Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Ronald Prineas
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland,Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Alison Venn
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jorma Viikari
- Department of Medicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jessica G. Woo
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH
| | | | - Elaine M. Urbina
- Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati OH
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Climie RE, Tafflet M, van Sloten T, de Lauzon-Guillain B, Bernard JY, Dargent-Molina P, Plancoulaine S, Lioret S, Jouven X, Charles MA, Heude B, Empana JP. Cardiovascular Health at Age 5 Years: Distribution, Determinants, and Association With Neurodevelopment. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:827525. [PMID: 35479759 PMCID: PMC9035843 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.827525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood may represent an opportune time to commence primordial prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD, i.e., prevention of risk factors onset), but epidemiological evidence is scarce. We aimed to examine the distribution and parental and early life determinants of ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) in children up to 5 years and to compare the level of cognitive development between children with and without ideal CVH at age 5 years. METHODS Using data from the Etude sur les déterminants pré et post natals précoces du Développement psychomoteur et de la santé de l'Enfant (EDEN) study, a French population-based mother-child cohort study, CVH was examined in children at 5 years of age based on the American Heart Association CVH metrics (ideal body mass index, physical activity, diet, blood pressure, cholesterol and glucose levels, and passive smoking, considered in sensitivity analysis only). Children were categorized as having ideal (five to six ideal metrics) or non-ideal CVH (<5 ideal metrics). Intelligence quotient (IQ) at age 5 years was assessed using the French version of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence. RESULTS Among the 566 children (55% boys), only 34% had ideal CVH. In fully adjusted logistic regression, boys compared to girls (OR = 1.77, 95% CI 1.13-2.78), children with intermediate (1.77, 1.05-2.98) or ideal (2.58, 1.38-4.82) behavioral CVH at age 3 years and children who spent < 30 min/day watching television (1.91, 1.09-3.34) at age 3 years were more likely to have ideal CVH at age 5 years. At age 5 years, there was a significant 2.98-point difference (95% CI 0.64-5.32) in IQ between children with and without ideal biological CVH after adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSION This study highlights that only a third of children aged 5 years had ideal CVH and identified modifiable determinants of ideal CVH and is suggestive of an association between CVH and neurodevelopment at a young age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Climie
- Université de Paris, Inserm, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Integrative Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease, Paris, France.,Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmanian, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,Sports Cardiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Muriel Tafflet
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris, France
| | - Thomas van Sloten
- Université de Paris, Inserm, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Integrative Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease, Paris, France.,Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Blandine de Lauzon-Guillain
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Y Bernard
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris, France.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patricia Dargent-Molina
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris, France
| | - Sabine Plancoulaine
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Lioret
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris, France
| | - Xavier Jouven
- Université de Paris, Inserm, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Integrative Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Alines Charles
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris, France
| | - Barbara Heude
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, INRAE, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and StatisticS (CRESS), Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Empana
- Université de Paris, Inserm, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Integrative Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease, Paris, France
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Causative Mechanisms of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity Leading to Adult Cardiometabolic Disease: A Literature Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112311565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The past few decades have shown a worrisome increase in the prevalence of obesity and its related illnesses. This increasing burden has a noteworthy impact on overall worldwide mortality and morbidity, with significant economic implications as well. The same trend is apparent regarding pediatric obesity. This is a particularly concerning aspect when considering the well-established link between cardiovascular disease and obesity, and the fact that childhood obesity frequently leads to adult obesity. Moreover, most obese adults have a history of excess weight starting in childhood. In addition, given the cumulative character of both time and severity of exposure to obesity as a risk factor for associated diseases, the repercussions of obesity prevalence and related morbidity could be exponential in time. The purpose of this review is to outline key aspects regarding the current knowledge on childhood and adolescent obesity as a cardiometabolic risk factor, as well as the most common etiological pathways involved in the development of weight excess and associated cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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A demographic approach to assess elevated blood pressure and obesity in prepubescent children: the ExAMIN Youth South Africa study. J Hypertens 2021; 39:2190-2199. [PMID: 34620809 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and hypertension prevalence among children are a concern, with limited evidence available on sex and ethnic differences in childhood blood pressure. We aimed to determine the number of children with hypertension and obesity to identify unique adiposity and blood pressure characteristics by sex and ethnicity, and to estimate the odds of having elevated blood pressure with increasing adiposity. METHODS We included 1062 healthy children (5-9 years of age) in an observational school-based study in South Africa. Pediatric validated automated devices were used to measure brachial blood pressure and performed pulse wave analysis to assess central hemodynamics. Standard anthropometry was carried out to determine body composition and demographic questionnaires were completed. RESULTS Almost 20% of children were overweight/obese and 14.1% had elevated blood pressure or hypertension (22.8%). Ethnic differences included greater adiposity in white compared with black children (all P < 0.0001), but higher DBP and total vascular resistance in black compared with white children (both P < 0.05). DBP and total vascular resistance were also higher in girls than boys (both P < 0.01). A 51-60% increased risk of developing elevated blood pressure was observed for 1SD (standard deviation) increase of sex-specific BMI [1.60 (1.4-1.8); P < 0.0001] and waist/height ratio [1.51 (1.3-1.7); P < 0.0001]. CONCLUSION Unique sex and ethnic differences in body composition and blood pressure exist in prepubescent children, with overweight/obesity increasing the risk of elevated blood pressure. Our findings support primary prevention strategies to combat the growing burden of hypertension and obesity-related diseases in youth. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04056377).
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Zhang Z, Zhang L, Sun L, Wang B, Yuan Y, Gao H, Fu L. Relative children's lipid accumulation with hypertension in Chinese children and adolescents. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1884. [PMID: 34663277 PMCID: PMC8524786 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11868-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to develop a novel indicator associated with hypertension in Chinese children and adolescents, the relative children’s lipid accumulation product (RCLAP). Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018. A total of 683 students aged 8–15 years were recruited via a stratified cluster sampling Methods. Anthropometric indexes (waist circumference (WC), Body mass index (BMI), Waist-height ratio (WHtR), logarithm children LAP (LnCLAP), RCLAP per height (RCLAP-H)) were standardized using a z-score method (standardized variables: SWC, SBMI, SWHtR, SLnCLAP, SRCLAP-H). A logistic regression model was performed to evaluate the association of the above indicators with the outcome of hypertension. Results The overall prevalence of hypertension was 5.7% (5.5% in boys, 6.0% in girls). SWC ≥ P75, SBMI ≥ P75, SWHtR ≥ P75, SlnCLAP ≥ P75 and SRCLAP-H ≥ P75 significantly increased risk of hypertension, with odds ratios (OR) of 2.21 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13, 4.30), 2.30 (1.18, 4.49), 2.64 (1.35, 5.14), 4.43 (2.28, 8.61), and 4.49 (2.31, 8.71), respectively. Conclusion RCLAP is a novel indicator associated with hypertension in Chinese children and adolescents, and it performs better than WC, BMI, WHtR and children LAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizhe Zhang
- Department of child and adolescent health, School of public health, Bengbu Medical College, No. 2600 east sea avenue, Room 207, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of child and adolescent health, School of public health, Bengbu Medical College, No. 2600 east sea avenue, Room 207, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Lili Sun
- Department of child and adolescent health, School of public health, Bengbu Medical College, No. 2600 east sea avenue, Room 207, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Bangxuan Wang
- Department of child and adolescent health, School of public health, Bengbu Medical College, No. 2600 east sea avenue, Room 207, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Yongting Yuan
- Department of child and adolescent health, School of public health, Bengbu Medical College, No. 2600 east sea avenue, Room 207, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China
| | - Huaiquan Gao
- Department of child and adolescent health, School of public health, Bengbu Medical College, No. 2600 east sea avenue, Room 207, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China.
| | - Lianguo Fu
- Department of child and adolescent health, School of public health, Bengbu Medical College, No. 2600 east sea avenue, Room 207, Bengbu, 233030, Anhui, China.
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Association of dietary patterns with blood pressure and body adiposity in adolescents: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Nutr 2021; 75:1440-1453. [PMID: 33531634 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-00850-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper aimed to systematically review the results of observational studies that investigated the association of dietary patterns with blood pressure and body adiposity markers in adolescents. Articles were searched in July 2020 in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO). Of the 3408 studies found, 24 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were considered in this review. Almost all studies (n = 23) identified at least one unhealthy pattern, predominantly characterized as consumption of confectionery, refined grains, sweets, sweetened drinks, red meats, and processed meats. Fourteen of the twenty-four studies found a significant association between any dietary pattern and blood pressure and/or body adiposity markers. There was a positive association of dietary patterns - characterized by the consumption of foods rich in sodium, animal fat, refined carbohydrates, and low in fiber - with increased blood pressure and body adiposity. Our findings highlight the importance of studies with this scope, whose results can support the surveillance of adolescent's health. However, considering the limited number of studies that found a significant association and their limitations, the present results should be interpreted carefully. More prospective studies are needed to determine how adherence to dietary patterns could influence blood pressure and body adiposity markers in the long term.
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Rigatto K. Pre-Hypertension in Adolescents: A New Old Issue. Arq Bras Cardiol 2021; 117:655-656. [PMID: 34709292 PMCID: PMC8528357 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20210702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katya Rigatto
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto AlegrePorto AlegreRSBrasilUniversidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS – Brasil
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Liu M, Guo W, Zhao L, Yang H, Fang Q, Li M, Shu J, Chen S, Lai X, Yang L, Zhang X. Association of personal fine particulate matter and its respiratory tract depositions with blood pressure in children: From two panel studies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126120. [PMID: 34492915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is limited regarding the acute effects of personal fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure and its respiratory tract depositions on the alteration of children's blood pressure (BP). We conducted 2 longitudinal panel studies in 2 cities to evaluate the relations of 72-h real-time personal PM2.5 exposure and its depositions in 3 respiratory tract regions over different lag times with BP and the risk of prehypertension and hypertension among 286 children aged 4-12 years. We found the strongest effects of PM2.5 exposure on increased BP and risk of prehypertension and hypertension at lag 2 day, in dose-response manner, even when PM2.5 below Chinese Ambient Air Quality Standard (CAAQS) Grade II. Moreover, compared to PM2.5, tracheobronchial and alveolar depositions displayed more evident effects on BP outcomes. Interestingly, all above relationships were stronger among children in Guangzhou with lower PM2.5 and its deposited doses than those in Weinan. Additionally, boys and those with daily extra-school activity ≥ 1 h were more susceptible to PM2.5-induced BP effects with significant interactions. Our results highlighted that short-term PM2.5 exposure and its respiratory tract depositions were dose-responsive related to higher BP, prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension among children, even when PM2.5 below CAAQS II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenting Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huihua Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qin Fang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Department of Medical Affairs, Zhuhai People's Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jingyi Shu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuefeng Lai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liangle Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Climie RE, Park C, Avolio A, Mynard JP, Kruger R, Bruno RM. Vascular Ageing in Youth: A Call to Action. Heart Lung Circ 2021; 30:1613-1626. [PMID: 34275753 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2021.06.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extensive evidence shows that risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) begin to develop early in life. Childhood obesity and elevated blood pressure (BP) have become overwhelmingly challenging, with 57% of today's children predicted to be obese by the age of 35 years, and global rates of hypertension in children and adolescents increasing by 75% from 2000 to 2015. Thus, there is an urgent need for tools that can assess early CVD risk in youth, which may lead to better risk stratification, preventative intervention, and personalised medicine. Vascular ageing (the deterioration in vascular structure and function) is a pivotal progenitor of health degeneration associated with elevated BP. Exposure to adverse environmental and genetic factors from fetal life promotes the development and accumulation of subclinical vascular changes that direct an individual towards a trajectory of early vascular ageing (EVA)-an independent predictor of target organ damage in the heart, brain, and kidneys. Therefore, characterising vascular ageing from youth may provide a window into cardiovascular risk later in life. However, vascular ageing measurements only have value when techniques are accurate/validated and when reliable thresholds are available for defining normal ranges and ranges that signal increased risk of disease. The aim of this paper is to summarise current evidence on the importance of vascular ageing assessment in youth and the impact of interventions to prevent or delay EVA, to highlight the need for standardisation and validation of measurement techniques in children and adolescents, and the importance of establishing reference values for vascular ageing measures in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Climie
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tas, Australia; Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Université de Paris, INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Paris, France.
| | - C Park
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, UCL, London, UK
| | - A Avolio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J P Mynard
- Heart Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia; Department of Cardiology, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
| | - R Kruger
- Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART); North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa; MRC Research Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - R-M Bruno
- Université de Paris, INSERM, U970, Paris Cardiovascular Research Center (PARCC), Paris, France. https://twitter.com/rosam_bruno
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Azegami T, Uchida K, Arima F, Sato Y, Awazu M, Inokuchi M, Murai-Takeda A, Itoh H, Tokumura M, Mori M. Association of childhood anthropometric measurements and laboratory parameters with high blood pressure in young adults. Hypertens Res 2021; 44:711-719. [PMID: 33504993 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-021-00615-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Early intervention to manage high blood pressure (BP) in young adulthood is a promising approach for the prevention of future cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to examine the ability of childhood health information to predict the incidence of young adults with high BP. This cohort study included baseline clinical data of Japanese individuals aged 12-13 years. A total of 1129 participants were followed up for an average of 8.6 years. We examined the association of childhood variables consisting of body weight, body mass index, systolic BP, white blood cell count, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelet count, uric acid, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with the development of high BP defined as ≥120/80 mmHg at 18-22 years old. At follow-up, the prevalence of high BP was 42.2% in men and 7.7% in women. Young men with high BP had childhood baseline characteristics that included higher body weight, body mass index, systolic BP, red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and uric acid than normotensive men. Young women with high BP had higher body weight, systolic BP, and uric acid at baseline. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that a model including body weight, systolic BP, hematocrit, and uric acid had the highest predictive power (AUC 0.65 [95% CI, 0.62-0.69]) for men, and a model including body weight, systolic BP, and uric acid had the highest predictive power (AUC 0.70 [95% CI, 0.58-0.81]) for women. Comprehensive childhood health information contributes to the prediction of high BP in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiko Azegami
- Keio University Health Center, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 223-8521, Japan. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Keiko Uchida
- Keio University Health Center, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 223-8521, Japan
| | - Fujiyo Arima
- Keio University Health Center, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 223-8521, Japan
| | - Yasunori Sato
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Midori Awazu
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mikako Inokuchi
- Keio University Health Center, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 223-8521, Japan
| | - Ayano Murai-Takeda
- Keio University Health Center, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 223-8521, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Itoh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Tokumura
- Keio University Health Center, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 223-8521, Japan
| | - Masaaki Mori
- Keio University Health Center, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, 223-8521, Japan
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Khoury M, Urbina EM. Hypertension in adolescents: diagnosis, treatment, and implications. THE LANCET CHILD & ADOLESCENT HEALTH 2021; 5:357-366. [DOI: 10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30344-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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