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Azimi MN, Rahman MM. Unveiling the health consequences of air pollution in the world's most polluted nations. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9856. [PMID: 38684837 PMCID: PMC11058277 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60786-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Air pollution poses a persuasive threat to global health, demonstrating widespread detrimental effects on populations worldwide. Exposure to pollutants, notably particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 µm (PM2.5), has been unequivocally linked to a spectrum of adverse health outcomes. A nuanced understanding of the relationship between them is crucial for implementing effective policies. This study employs a comprehensive investigation, utilizing the extended health production function framework alongside the system generalized method of moments (SGMM) technique, to scrutinize the interplay between air pollution and health outcomes. Focusing on a panel of the top twenty polluted nations from 2000 to 2021, the findings yield substantial insights. Notably, PM2.5 concentration emerges as a significant factor, correlating with a reduction in life expectancy by 3.69 years and an increase in infant mortality rates by 0.294%. Urbanization is found to increase life expectancy by 0.083 years while concurrently decreasing infant mortality rates by 0.00022%. An increase in real per capita gross domestic product corresponds with an improvement in life expectancy by 0.21 years and a decrease in infant mortality rates by 0.00065%. Similarly, an elevated school enrollment rate is associated with a rise in life expectancy by 0.17 years and a decline in infant mortality rates by 0.00032%. However, a higher population growth rate is found to modestly decrease life expectancy by 0.019 years and slightly elevate infant mortality rates by 0.000016%. The analysis reveals that per capita greenhouse gas emissions exert a negative impact, diminishing life expectancy by 0.486 years and elevating infant mortality rates by 0.00061%, while per capita energy consumption marginally reduces life expectancy by 0.026 years and increases infant mortality rates by 0.00004%. Additionally, economic volatility shock presents a notable decrement in life expectancy by 0.041 years and an increase in infant mortality rates by 0.000045%, with inflationary shock further exacerbating adverse health outcomes by lowering life expectancy by 0.70 years and elevating infant mortality rates by 0.00025%. Moreover, the study scrutinizes the role of institutional quality, revealing a constructive impact on health outcomes. Specifically, the institutional quality index is associated with an increase in life expectancy by 0.66% and a decrease in infant mortality rates by 0.0006%. Extending the analysis to examine the nuanced dimensions of institutional quality, the findings discern that economic institutions wield a notably stronger positive influence on health outcomes compared to political and institutional governance indices. Finally, the results underscore the pivotal moderating role of institutional quality in mitigating the deleterious impact of PM2.5 concentration on health outcomes, counterbalancing the influence of external shocks, and improving the relationships between explanatory variables and health outcome indicators. These findings offer critical insights for guiding evidence-based policy implications, with a focus on fostering resilient, sustainable, and health-conscious societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Naim Azimi
- School of Business, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD, 4350, Australia.
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2
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Lien L, Bonsaksen T, Holte Stea T, Kleppang AL, Steigen AM, Leonhardt M. Time trends in self-reported depressive symptoms, prescription of antidepressants, sedatives and hypnotics and the emergence of social media among Norwegian adolescents. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295384. [PMID: 38150420 PMCID: PMC10752533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research has shown increased mental health problems and use of prescription drugs among adolescents in recent years and social media use has been linked to poorer mental health. However, trend studies concerning these topics are scarce. The purpose of this study was to analyze gender-specific trends in a) symptoms of depression and loneliness, and b) prescription of antidepressants, hypnotics and sedatives, in relation to the emergence of social media among adolescents in Norway. METHODS This is an ecological study using data from the 'Young in Oslo' surveys from 1996 to 2021. The surveys included approximately 110 000 students, 14-17 years of age, and yielded a response rate varying from 95% in 1996 to 64% in 2021. A self-report questionnaire was used to collect information on symptoms of depression and loneliness. Information on antidepressant and sleep medication prescription was retrieved from the Norwegian Prescription Database for the age group 15 to 19 years. A graphical approach and logistic regression models were used to examine gender-specific time-trends between 1996 to 2021. RESULTS We found a doubling in self-reported symptoms of depression and loneliness among girls between 1996 and 2021, with the steepest increase in the period from 2006 to 2012, when Facebook and other social media were introduced. A similar trend was observed in the prescription of antidepressants among girls, with the steepest increase between 2011 and 2013. Among both boys and girls, 'worried too much about things' and 'had sleep problems' were the two symptoms with the greatest changes. CONCLUSION A significant upward trend in self-reported depressive symptoms and medication use was observed over the past 25 years, with variations in the rate of increase, including a steeper trajectory during certain periods immediately after the introduction of social media platforms in Norway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Lien
- Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway
| | - Tore Bonsaksen
- Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
- Department of Health, Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Tonje Holte Stea
- Department of Health and Nursing Science, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Annette Løvheim Kleppang
- Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
- Department of Health and Nursing Science, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Anne Mari Steigen
- Faculty of Social and Health Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Elverum, Norway
| | - Marja Leonhardt
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Brumunddal, Norway
- Faculty of Health Studies, VID Specialized University, Oslo, Norway
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3
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Andrade CAS, Mahrouseh N, Gabrani J, Charalampous P, Cuschieri S, Grad DA, Unim B, Mechili EA, Chen-Xu J, Devleesschauwer B, Isola G, von der Lippe E, Baravelli CM, Fischer F, Weye N, Balaj M, Haneef R, Economou M, Haagsma JA, Varga O. Inequalities in the burden of non-communicable diseases across European countries: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study. Int J Equity Health 2023; 22:140. [PMID: 37507733 PMCID: PMC10375608 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-023-01958-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although overall health status in the last decades improved, health inequalities due to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) persist between and within European countries. There is a lack of studies giving insights into health inequalities related to NCDs in the European Economic Area (EEA) countries. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to quantify health inequalities in age-standardized disability adjusted life years (DALY) rates for NCDs overall and 12 specific NCDs across 30 EEA countries between 1990 and 2019. Also, this study aimed to determine trends in health inequalities and to identify those NCDs where the inequalities were the highest. METHODS DALY rate ratios were calculated to determine and compare inequalities between the 30 EEA countries, by sex, and across time. Annual rate of change was used to determine the differences in DALY rate between 1990 and 2019 for males and females. The Gini Coefficient (GC) was used to measure the DALY rate inequalities across countries, and the Slope Index of Inequality (SII) to estimate the average absolute difference in DALY rate across countries. RESULTS Between 1990 and 2019, there was an overall declining trend in DALY rate, with larger declines among females compared to males. Among EEA countries, in 2019 the highest NCD DALY rate for both sexes were observed for Bulgaria. For the whole period, the highest DALY rate ratios were identified for digestive diseases, diabetes and kidney diseases, substance use disorders, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and chronic respiratory diseases - representing the highest inequality between countries. In 2019, the highest DALY rate ratio was found between Bulgaria and Iceland for males. GC and SII indicated that the highest inequalities were due to CVD for most of the study period - however, overall levels of inequality were low. CONCLUSIONS The inequality in level 1 NCDs DALYs rate is relatively low among all the countries. CVDs, digestive diseases, diabetes and kidney diseases, substance use disorders, and chronic respiratory diseases are the NCDs that exhibit higher levels of inequality across countries in the EEA. This might be mitigated by applying tailored preventive measures and enabling healthcare access.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alexandre Soares Andrade
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 26 Kassai Street, 4028, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nour Mahrouseh
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 26 Kassai Street, 4028, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Jonila Gabrani
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Periklis Charalampous
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Cuschieri
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Diana Alecsandra Grad
- Department of Public Health, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
- RoNeuro Institute for Neurological Research and Diagnostic, Cluj-Napoca-Napoca, Romania
| | - Brigid Unim
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore Di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Enkeleint A Mechili
- Department of Healthcare, Faculty of Health, University of Vlora, Vlora, Albania
- Clinic of Social and Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Crete, Greece
| | - José Chen-Xu
- Public Health Unit, Primary Healthcare Cluster Baixo Mondego, Coimbra, Portugal
- National School of Public Health, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gaetano Isola
- Department of General Surgery and Surgical Medical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Elena von der Lippe
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Florian Fischer
- Institute of Public Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nanna Weye
- Department of Disease Burden, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mirza Balaj
- Department of Sociology and Political Science, Centre for Global Health Inequalities Research (CHAIN), Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Romana Haneef
- Department of Non-Communicable Diseases and Injuries, Santé Publique France, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Mary Economou
- Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Juanita A Haagsma
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Orsolya Varga
- Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 26 Kassai Street, 4028, Debrecen, Hungary.
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McNamara CL, Kotzias V, Bambra C, Labonté R, Stuckler D. Have COVID-19 Stimulus Packages Mitigated the Negative Health Impacts of Pandemic-Related Job Losses? A Systematic Review of Global Evidence from the First Year of the Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND HEALTH SERVICES 2023; 53:311-322. [PMID: 37272269 PMCID: PMC10243096 DOI: 10.1177/27551938231176374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Social protection can buffer the negative impacts of unemployment on health. Have stimulus packages introduced during the COVID-19 pandemic mitigated potential harms to health from unemployment? We performed a systematic review of the health effects of job loss during the first year of the pandemic. We searched three electronic databases and identified 49 studies for inclusion. Three United States-based studies found that stimulus programs mitigated the impact of job loss on food security and mental health. Furloughs additionally appeared to reduce negative impacts when they were paid. However, despite the implementation of large-scale stimulus packages to reduce economic harms, we observed a clear pattern that job losses were nevertheless significantly associated with negative impacts, particularly on mental health, quality of life, and food security. We also observe suggestive evidence that COVID-related job loss was associated with child maltreatment, worsening dental health, and poor chronic disease outcomes. Overall, although we did find evidence that income-support policies appeared to help protect people from the negative health consequences of pandemic-related job loss, they were not sufficient to fully offset the threats to health. Future research should ascertain how to ensure adequate access to and generosity of social protection programs during epidemics and economic downturns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L. McNamara
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Centre for Global Health Inequalities Research (CHAIN). Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Virginia Kotzias
- Centre for Global Health Inequalities Research (CHAIN). Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Clare Bambra
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Centre for Global Health Inequalities Research (CHAIN). Department of Sociology and Political Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ronald Labonté
- School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - David Stuckler
- Dondena Centre for Research on Social Dynamics and Department of Social & Political Sciences, Bocconi University, Milano, Italy
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Charpantidis S, Siopi M, Pappas G, Theodoridou K, Tsiamis C, Samonis G, Chryssou SE, Gregoriou S, Rigopoulos D, Tsakris A, Vrioni G. Changing Epidemiology of Tinea Capitis in Athens, Greece: The Impact of Immigration and Review of Literature. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:703. [PMID: 37504692 PMCID: PMC10381159 DOI: 10.3390/jof9070703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mass population movements have altered the epidemiology of tinea capitis (TC) in countries receiving refugees. Periodic monitoring of the local pathogen profiles may serve as a basis for both the selection of appropriate empirical antifungal therapy and the implementation of preventive actions. Therefore, we investigated the impact of an unprecedented immigration wave occurring in Greece since 2015 on the epidemiological trends of TC. All microbiologically confirmed TC cases diagnosed during the period 2012-2019 in a referral academic hospital for dermatological disorders in Athens, Greece, were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 583 patients were recorded, where 348 (60%) were male, 547 (94%) were children and 160 (27%) were immigrants from Balkan, Middle Eastern, Asian as well as African countries. The overall annual incidence of TC was 0.49, with a significant increase over the years (p = 0.007). M. canis was the predominant causative agent (74%), followed by T. violaceum (12%), T. tonsurans (7%) and other rare dermatophyte species (7%). M. canis prevalence decreased from 2014 to 2019 (84% to 67%, p = 0.021) in parallel with a three-fold increase in T. violaceum plus T. tonsurans rates (10% to 32%, p = 0.002). An increasing incidence of TC with a shift towards anthropophilic Trichophyton spp. in Greece could be linked to the immigration flows from different socioeconomic backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Charpantidis
- Department of Microbiology, "Elena Venizelou" Maternity Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Siopi
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, "Attikon" University General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Pappas
- Institute of Continuing Medical Education of Ioannina, 45333 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Theodoridou
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Department of Microbiology, "Andreas Syggros" Hospital for Skin and Venereal Diseases, 16121 Athens, Greece
| | - Constantinos Tsiamis
- Department of Public and Integrated Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - George Samonis
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion Crete, Greece
| | - Stella-Eugenia Chryssou
- Department of Microbiology, "Andreas Syggros" Hospital for Skin and Venereal Diseases, 16121 Athens, Greece
| | - Stamatios Gregoriou
- 1st Department of Dermatology and Venereology, "Andreas Syggros" Hospital for Skin and Venereal Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 16121 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Rigopoulos
- 1st Department of Dermatology and Venereology, "Andreas Syggros" Hospital for Skin and Venereal Diseases, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 16121 Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Vrioni
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Department of Microbiology, "Andreas Syggros" Hospital for Skin and Venereal Diseases, 16121 Athens, Greece
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6
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Martins LOM, dos Reis MF, Chaoubah A, Rego G. Ethnic-Regional Differences in the Allocation of High Complexity Spending in Brazil: Time Analysis 2010-2019. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3006. [PMID: 36833703 PMCID: PMC9965174 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The following paper presents as a research problem the ethnic-regional differences in the allocation of high complexity spending in Brazil in an analysis from 2010 to 2019. This is a descriptive research in which a generalized linear model (GLM) was developed to analyze these hospital expenditures with high complexity procedures. The total spending on high complexity procedures in Brazil has increased over the past decade. The study shows that the lowest average expenditures are found in the North and Northeast regions. When comparing the spending between different ethnicities, it was observed that the only decrease between the years 2010 and 2019 was in the amount spent on procedures in indigenous people. The spending on male patients was significantly higher compared to female patients. The highest expenditures, on the other hand, are concentrated in the regions of state capitals favoring the strengthening of hub municipalities. Geographic inequalities in access still persist, even with most states already offering almost all procedures. The Brazilian territory is very heterogeneous and needs to organize its health system by regions, therefore integrated public policies and economic and social development are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcio Fernandes dos Reis
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Centro Universitário Presidente Antônio Carlos UNIPAC, Juiz de Fora 36025-030, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Chaoubah
- Departamento de Estatística, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora UFJF, Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil
| | - Guilhermina Rego
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
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7
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Park SH, Hong SH, Kim K, Lee SW, Yon DK, Jung SJ, Abdeen Z, Ghayda RA, Ahmed MLCB, Serouri AA, Al‐Herz W, Al‐Shamsi HO, Ali S, Ali K, Baatarkhuu O, Nielsen HB, Bernini‐Carri E, Bondarenko A, Cassell A, Cham A, Chua MLK, Dadabhai S, Darre T, Davtyan H, Dragioti E, East B, Edwards RJ, Ferioli M, Georgiev T, Ghandour LA, Harapan H, Hsueh P, Mallah SI, Ikram A, Inoue S, Jacob L, Janković SM, Jayarajah U, Jesenak M, Kakodkar P, Kapata N, Kebede Y, Khader Y, Kifle M, Koh D, Maleš VK, Kotfis K, Koyanagi A, Kretchy J, Lakoh S, Lee J, Lee JY, Mendonça MDLL, Ling L, Llibre‐Guerra J, Machida M, Makurumidze R, Memish ZA, Mendoza I, Moiseev S, Nadasdy T, Nahshon C, Ñamendys‐Silva SA, Yongsi BN, Nicolasora AD, Nugmanova Z, Oh H, Oksanen A, Owopetu O, Ozguler ZO, Parperis K, Perez GE, Pongpirul K, Rademaker M, Radojevic N, Roca A, Rodriguez‐Morales AJ, Roshi E, Saeed KMI, Sah R, Sakakushev B, Sallam DE, Sathian B, Schober P, Ali PSS, Simonović Z, Singhal T, Skhvitaridze N, Solmi M, Subbaram K, Tizaoui K, Tlhakanelo JT, Torales J, Torres‐Roman JS, Tsartsalis D, Tsolmon J, Vieira DN, Rosa SGV, Wanghi G, Wollina U, Xu R, Yang L, Zia K, Zildzic M, Il Shin J, Smith L. Nonpharmaceutical interventions reduce the incidence and mortality of COVID‐19: A study based on the survey from the International COVID‐19 Research Network (ICRN). J Med Virol 2023; 95. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1002/jmv.28354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe recently emerged novel coronavirus, “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2),” caused a highly contagious disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). It has severely damaged the world's most developed countries and has turned into a major threat for low‐ and middle‐income countries. Since its emergence in late 2019, medical interventions have been substantial, and most countries relied on public health measures collectively known as nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). We aimed to centralize the accumulative knowledge of NPIs against COVID‐19 for each country under one worldwide consortium. International COVID‐19 Research Network collaborators developed a cross‐sectional online survey to assess the implications of NPIs and sanitary supply on the incidence and mortality of COVID‐19. The survey was conducted between January 1 and February 1, 2021, and participants from 92 countries/territories completed it. The association between NPIs, sanitation supplies, and incidence and mortality were examined by multivariate regression, with the log‐transformed value of population as an offset value. The majority of countries/territories applied several preventive strategies, including social distancing (100.0%), quarantine (100.0%), isolation (98.9%), and school closure (97.8%). Individual‐level preventive measures such as personal hygiene (100.0%) and wearing facial masks (94.6% at hospitals; 93.5% at mass transportation; 91.3% in mass gathering facilities) were also frequently applied. Quarantine at a designated place was negatively associated with incidence and mortality compared to home quarantine. Isolation at a designated place was also associated with reduced mortality compared to home isolation. Recommendations to use sanitizer for personal hygiene reduced incidence compared to the recommendation to use soap. Deprivation of masks was associated with increased incidence. Higher incidence and mortality were found in countries/territories with higher economic levels. Mask deprivation was pervasive regardless of economic level. NPIs against COVID‐19 such as using sanitizer, quarantine, and isolation can decrease the incidence and mortality of COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyun Park
- Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hwi Hong
- Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kwanghyun Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Public Health Yonsei University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Precision Medicine Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine Suwon Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Keon Yon
- Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Jae Jung
- Department of Preventive Medicine Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
- Department of Public Health Yonsei University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Ziad Abdeen
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine Al‐Quds University East Jerusalem Palestine
| | - Ramy Abou Ghayda
- Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Ohio United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Humaid O. Al‐Shamsi
- Burjeel Cancer Institute, Burjeel Medical City Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Sheeza Ali
- School of Medicine, The Maldives National University Male Maldives
| | - Kosar Ali
- University of Sulaimani College of Medicine Sulaymaniyah Iraq
| | - Oidov Baatarkhuu
- Department of Infectious Diseases Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences Ulaanbaatar Mongolia
| | - Henning Bay Nielsen
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Zealand University Hospital Roskilde Roskilde Denmark
- Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Enrico Bernini‐Carri
- European Centre for Disaster Medicine, Council of Europe (CEMEC) Strasbourg France
| | - Anastasiia Bondarenko
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology, Infectious and Rare Diseases International European University Kyiv Ukraine
| | - Ayun Cassell
- John F. Kennedy Medical Center, Edison New Jersey United States of America
| | - Akway Cham
- School of Medicine, University of Juba Juba South Sudan
| | - Melvin L. K. Chua
- Department of Head and Neck and Thoracic Cancers, Division of Radiation Oncology National Cancer Centre Singapore Singapore Singapore
- Oncology Academic Programme, Duke‐NUS Medical School Singapore Singapore
- Division of Medical Sciences National Cancer Centre Singapore Singapore Singapore
| | - Sufia Dadabhai
- Department of Epidemiology Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Baltimore Maryland United States of America
| | - Tchin Darre
- Department of Pathology University of Lomé Lome Togo
| | - Hayk Davtyan
- Tuberculosis Research and Prevention Center Yerevan Armenia
| | - Elena Dragioti
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Linköping University Linköping Sweden
| | - Barbora East
- 3rd Department of Surgery 1st Medical Faculty of Charles University, Motol University Hospital Prague Czech Republic
| | | | - Martina Ferioli
- Respiratory and Critical Care Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna Bologna Italy
| | - Tsvetoslav Georgiev
- First Department of Internal Medicine Medical University—Varna Varna Bulgaria
| | | | - Harapan Harapan
- Department of Microbiology Universitas Syiah Kuala Banda Aceh Indonesia
| | - Po‐Ren Hsueh
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine China Medical University Hospital China Medical University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Saad I. Mallah
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland ‐ Bahrain Al Sayh Bahrain
| | - Aamer Ikram
- National Institute of Health, Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Shigeru Inoue
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Louis Jacob
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Dr. Antoni Pujadas Barcelona Spain
- Faculty of Medicine University of Versailles Saint‐Quentin‐en‐Yvelines, Montigny‐le‐Bretonneux France
| | | | - Umesh Jayarajah
- Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo Colombo Sri Lanka
| | - Milos Jesenak
- Department of Pediatrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin University Teaching Hospital in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava Bratislava Slovakia
| | | | - Nathan Kapata
- Zambia National Public Health Institute Lusaka Zambia
| | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society Jimma University Jimma Ethiopia
| | - Yousef Khader
- Department of Public Health Jordan University of Science and Technology Irbid Jordan
| | - Meron Kifle
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom
| | - David Koh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health National University of Singapore, Singapore Singapore
| | - Višnja Kokić Maleš
- Clinical Hospital Centre Split, University Department of Health Studies University of Split Croatia
| | - Katarzyna Kotfis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin Szczecin Poland
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, ICREA, CIBERSAM, ISCIII Barcelona Spain
| | - James‐Paul Kretchy
- Public Health Unit, School of Medicine and Health Sciences Central University Accra Ghana
| | - Sulaiman Lakoh
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences University of Sierra Leone Freetown Sierra Leone
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Department of Psychiatry Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju‐si Gangwon‐do Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Lee
- Department of Nephrology Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju‐si Gangwon‐do Republic of Korea
| | | | - Lowell Ling
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR China
| | | | - Masaki Machida
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Tokyo Medical University Tokyo Japan
| | - Richard Makurumidze
- Family Medicine, Global and Public Health Unit University of Zimbabwe Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences Harare Zimbabwe
| | - Ziad A. Memish
- Director Research and Innovation Center, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health & College of Medicine Alfaisal University Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Ivan Mendoza
- Tropical Cardiology Central University of Venezuela, Caracas Venezuela
| | - Sergey Moiseev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University Moscow Russia
| | | | - Chen Nahshon
- Department of Gynecologic Surgery & Oncology Carmel Medical Center Haifa Israel
| | - Silvio A. Ñamendys‐Silva
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia Mexico City Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Hans Oh
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles California United States of America
| | - Atte Oksanen
- Faculty of Social Sciences Tampere University Tampere Finland
| | - Oluwatomi Owopetu
- Department of Community Medicine University College Hospital Ibadan Nigeria
| | - Zeynep Ozge Ozguler
- General Directorate of Public Health Ministry of Health of Turkey Adnan Saygun St, Çankaya Ankara Turkey
| | | | | | - Krit Pongpirul
- School of Global Health and Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Chulalongkorn University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Marius Rademaker
- Clinical Trials New Zealand, Waikato Hospital Campus Hamilton New Zealand
| | | | - Anna Roca
- MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara Gambia
| | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez‐Morales
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Americas ‐ Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas Pereira Colombia
- Master of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Cientifica del Sur Lima Peru
- Gilbert and Rose‐Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University Beirut Lebanon
| | - Enver Roshi
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine University of Medicine of Tirana Albania
| | | | - Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine Kathmandu Nepal
| | - Boris Sakakushev
- RIMU/Research Institute of Medical University Plovdiv Bulgaria
- Chair of Propedeutics of Surgical Diseases
- University Hospital St. George, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Dina E. Sallam
- Pediatrics and Pediatric Nephrology Department Faculty of Medicine Ain Shams University Cairo Egypt
| | - Brijesh Sathian
- Geriatrics and Long Term Care Department Rumailah Hospital Doha Qatar
| | - Patrick Schober
- Department of Anesthesiology Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam Amsterdam Netherlands
| | | | | | - Tanu Singhal
- Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Research Institute Mumbai India
| | | | - Marco Solmi
- Department of Psychiatry University of Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Mental Health Ontario Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI) Clinical Epidemiology Program University of Ottawa, Ottawa Ontario Canada
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin Germany
| | - Kannan Subbaram
- School of Medicine, The Maldives National University Male Maldives
| | - Kalthoum Tizaoui
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Actives Biomolecules, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis University Tunis El Manar Tunis Tunisia
| | - John Thato Tlhakanelo
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health University of Botswana, Faculty of Medicine Gaborone Botswana
| | - Julio Torales
- National University of Asunción, School of Medical Sciences San Lorenzo Paraguay
| | | | | | - Jadamba Tsolmon
- Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS) Ulaanbaatar Mongolia
| | | | | | - Guy Wanghi
- Department of Basic Sciences, University of Kinshasa Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Physiology Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology Städtisches Klinikum Dresden – Academic Teaching Hospital Dresden Germany
| | - Ren‐He Xu
- Faculty of Health Sciences University of Macau Macau China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services School of Medicine, University of Calgary Calgary Canada
| | - Kashif Zia
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow Glasgow United Kingdom
| | - Muharem Zildzic
- Academy of Medical Science of Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics Yonsei University College of Medicine Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Lee Smith
- Centre for Health Performance and Wellbeing Anglia Ruskin University Cambridge United Kingdom
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8
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Park SH, Hong SH, Kim K, Lee SW, Yon DK, Jung SJ, Abdeen Z, Brahim Ahmed MLC, Serouri AA, Al‐Herz W, Subbaram K, Shaik Syed P, Ali S, ALI KOSAR, Al‐Shamsi HO, Baatarkhuu O, Nielsen HB, BERNINI‐CARRI E, Bondarenko A, Cassell A, Cham A, Chua MLK, Dadabhai S, Darre T, Davtyan H, Dragioti E, East B, Jeffrey Edwards R, Ferioli M, Georgiev T, Ghandour L, Harapan H, Hsueh P, Ikram A, Inoue S, Jacob L, Janković S, Jayarajah U, Jesenak M, Kakodkar P, Kapata N, Kebede Y, Khader Y, Kifle M, Koh D, Maleš VK, Kotfis K, Koyanagi A, Kretchy J, Lakoh S, Lee J, Lee JY, Mendonça MDLL, Ling L, Llibre‐Guerra J, Machida M, Makurumidze R, Mallah S, Memish ZA, MENDOZA IVAN, Moiseev S, Nadasdy T, Nahshon C, ÑAMENDYS‐SILVA SILVIOA, Yongsi BN, Nicolasora AD, Nugmanova Z, Oh H, Oksanen A, OWOPETU OLUWATOMI, Ozguler ZO, Perez GE, Pongpirul K, Rademaker M, Radojevic N, Roca A, Rodriguez‐Morales AJ, Viveiros Rosa SG, Roshi E, SAEED KMI, Sah R, Sakakushev B, Sallam DE, SATHIAN BRIJESH, Schober P, Simonović Z, Singhal T, Skhvitaridze N, Solmi M, Tizaoui K, TLHAKANELO JOHNTHATO, Torales J, Torres‐Roman S, Tsartsalis D, Tsolmon J, Vieira DN, Wanghi G, Wollina U, Xu R, Yang L, Zia K, Zildzic M, Il Shin J, Smith L. Nonpharmaceutical interventions reduce the incidence and mortality of COVID-19: A study based on the survey from the International COVID-19 Research Network (ICRN). J Med Virol 2022; 95:e28354. [PMID: 36447130 PMCID: PMC9878143 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The recently emerged novel coronavirus, "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)," caused a highly contagious disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It has severely damaged the world's most developed countries and has turned into a major threat for low- and middle-income countries. Since its emergence in late 2019, medical interventions have been substantial, and most countries relied on public health measures collectively known as nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). We aimed to centralize the accumulative knowledge of NPIs against COVID-19 for each country under one worldwide consortium. International COVID-19 Research Network collaborators developed a cross-sectional online survey to assess the implications of NPIs and sanitary supply on the incidence and mortality of COVID-19. The survey was conducted between January 1 and February 1, 2021, and participants from 92 countries/territories completed it. The association between NPIs, sanitation supplies, and incidence and mortality were examined by multivariate regression, with the log-transformed value of population as an offset value. The majority of countries/territories applied several preventive strategies, including social distancing (100.0%), quarantine (100.0%), isolation (98.9%), and school closure (97.8%). Individual-level preventive measures such as personal hygiene (100.0%) and wearing facial masks (94.6% at hospitals; 93.5% at mass transportation; 91.3% in mass gathering facilities) were also frequently applied. Quarantine at a designated place was negatively associated with incidence and mortality compared to home quarantine. Isolation at a designated place was also associated with reduced mortality compared to home isolation. Recommendations to use sanitizer for personal hygiene reduced incidence compared to the recommendation to use soap. Deprivation of masks was associated with increased incidence. Higher incidence and mortality were found in countries/territories with higher economic levels. Mask deprivation was pervasive regardless of economic level. NPIs against COVID-19 such as using sanitizer, quarantine, and isolation can decrease the incidence and mortality of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sung Hwi Hong
- Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Kwanghyun Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoulKorea,Department of Public HealthYonsei UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Seung Won Lee
- Department of Data Science, Sejong University College of Software ConvergenceSeoulSouth Korea,Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of MedicineSuwonRepublic of Korea
| | - Dong Keon Yon
- Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of MedicineSeoulSouth Korea
| | - Sun Jae Jung
- Department of Public HealthYonsei UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Ziad Abdeen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Augusta Victoria Hospital, Address: Al Tour, East Jerusalem
| | | | | | | | - Kannan Subbaram
- School of Medicine, The Maldives National University School of MedicineMaldives
| | - P. Shaik Syed
- School of Medicine, The Maldives National University School of MedicineMaldives
| | - Sheeza Ali
- School of Medicine, The Maldives National University School of MedicineMaldives
| | - KOSAR ALI
- University of Sulaimani college of medicine
| | - Humaid O. Al‐Shamsi
- Burjeel Cancer Institute, Burjeel Medical City, Abu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Oidov Baatarkhuu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences
| | - Henning Bay Nielsen
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Zealand University Hospital RoskildeRoskildeDenmark,Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of CopenhagenDenmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Melvin LK Chua
- National Cancer Centre Singapore,Duke‐NUS medical school
| | - Sufia Dadabhai
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; BlantyreMalawi
| | - Tchin Darre
- Department of Pathology, University of LoméTogo
| | | | - Elena Dragioti
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Barbora East
- 3rd, Department of Surgery, 1st Medical Faculty of Charles University, Motol University HospitalPrague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Martina Ferioli
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Respiratory and Critical Care UnitBolognaItaly,Department of Clinical, Integrated and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum UniversityBolognaItaly
| | | | | | - Harapan Harapan
- Medical Research UnitUniversitas Syiah KualaBanda AcehIndonesia
| | - Po‐Ren Hsueh
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, China Medical University HospitalChina Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | | | - Shigeru Inoue
- Tokyo Medical University, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
| | - Louis Jacob
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de LlobregatBarcelona08830Spain,Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint‐Quentin‐en‐Yvelines78180Montigny‐le‐BretonneuxFrance
| | | | - Umesh Jayarajah
- Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of ColomboSri Lanka
| | - Milos Jesenak
- Department of Pediatrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in MartinComenius University in Bratislava, University Teaching Hospital in Martin
| | | | | | - Yohannes Kebede
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma UniversityEthiopia
| | | | - Meron Kifle
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - David Koh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore
| | | | - Katarzyna Kotfis
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications, Pomeranian Medical University in SzczecinPoland
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Parc Sanitari San Joan de Deu, ICREA, CIBERSAM, ISCIII
| | - James‐Paul Kretchy
- Public Health Unit, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Central University, P. O. Box2305AccraGhana
| | - Sulaiman Lakoh
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone
| | - Jinhee Lee
- Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | - Masaki Machida
- Tokyo Medical University, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
| | - Richard Makurumidze
- University of Zimbabwe Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Family Medicine, Global and Public Health Unit
| | - Saad Mallah
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland ‐Bahrain
| | - Ziad A Memish
- Director Research and Innovation Center, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of health
| | - IVAN MENDOZA
- Tropical Cardiology. Central University of Venezuela
| | | | | | - Chen Nahshon
- Department of Gynecologic Surgery & Oncology, Carmel Medical Center, HaifaIsrael
| | - SILVIO A. ÑAMENDYS‐SILVA
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran; Instituto Nacional de CancerologiaMexico CityMexico
| | | | - Amalea Dulcene Nicolasora
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, Muntinlupa CityPhilippines1781
| | | | - Hans Oh
- University of Southern California
| | - Atte Oksanen
- Faculty of social sciencesTampere UniversityFinland
| | - OLUWATOMI OWOPETU
- Department of Community Medicine, University College HospitalIbadanNigeria
| | | | | | | | - Marius Rademaker
- Marius Rademaker Waikato Clinical Campus, University of Auckland Medical SchoolHamiltonNew Zealand
| | | | - Anna Roca
- MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, The Gambia
| | - Alfonso J. Rodriguez‐Morales
- Grupo de Investigación BiomedicinaFaculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las AmericasPereiraColombia,Universidad Cientifica del SurLimaPeru
| | | | | | | | - Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine
| | - Boris Sakakushev
- RIMU/Research Institute of Medical University Plovdiv,Chair of Propedeutics of Surgical Diseases,University Hospital St George Plovdiv
| | - Dina Ebrahem Sallam
- Pediatrics & Pediatric Nephrology Department, Faculty of MedicineAin Shams UniversityCairoEgypt
| | - BRIJESH SATHIAN
- Geriatrics and long term care department, Rumailah HospitalDohaQatar
| | - Patrick Schober
- Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of AnesthesiologyAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Tanu Singhal
- Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute
| | | | - Marco Solmi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of OttawaOntarioCanada,Department of Mental HealthThe Ottawa HospitalOntarioCanada,Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI) Clinical Epidemiology Program University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité UniversitätsmedizinBerlinGermany
| | - kalthoum Tizaoui
- Laboratory of Microorganisms and Actives Biomolecules, Faculty of Sciences of TunisUniversity Tunis El Manar
| | | | - Julio Torales
- National University of Asunción, School of Medical SciencesParaguay
| | - Smith Torres‐Roman
- South American Center for Education and Research in Public Health, Universidad Norbert WienerLima15108Peru
| | - Dimitrios Tsartsalis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hippokration Hospital, Address: Leof Vasilissis Sofias 8011527AthensGreece
| | | | | | - Guy Wanghi
- University of Kinshasa Faculty of Medicine
| | - Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden – Academic Teaching HospitalDresdenGermany
| | - Ren‐He Xu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services; School of Medicine, University of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | - Kashif Zia
- School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, U.K
| | | | - Jae Il Shin
- Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Lee Smith
- Centre for Health Performance and WellbeingAnglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK, CB1 1PT
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9
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Hodgins M, van Leeuwen D, Braithwaite J, Hanefeld J, Wolfe I, Lau C, Dickins E, McSweeney J, McCaskill M, Lingam R. The COVID-19 System Shock Framework: Capturing Health System Innovation During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int J Health Policy Manag 2022; 11:2155-2165. [PMID: 34814662 PMCID: PMC9808299 DOI: 10.34172/ijhpm.2021.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in over 2 million deaths globally. The experience in Australia presents an opportunity to study contrasting responses to the COVID-19 health system shock. We adapted the Hanefeld et al framework for health systems shocks to create the COVID-19 System Shock Framework (CSSF). This framework enabled us to assess innovations and changes created through COVID-19 at the Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (SCHN), the largest provider of children's health services in the Southern hemisphere. METHODS We used ethnographic methods, guided by the CSSF, to map innovations and initiatives implemented across SCHN during the pandemic. An embedded field researcher shadowed members of the emergency operations centre (EOC) for nine months. We also reviewed clinic and policy documents pertinent to SCHN's response to COVID-19 and conducted interviews and focus groups with stakeholders, including clinical directors, project managers, frontline clinicians, and other personnel involved in implementing innovations across SCHN. RESULTS The CSSF captured SCHN's complex response to the pandemic. Responses included a COVID-19 assessment clinic, inpatient and infectious disease management services, redeploying and managing a workforce working from home, cohesive communication initiatives, and remote delivery of care, all enabled by a dedicated COVID-19 fund. The health system values that shaped SCHN's response to the pandemic included principles of equity of healthcare delivery, holistic and integrated models of care, and supporting workforce wellbeing. SCHN's resilience was enabled by innovation fostered through a non-hierarchical governance structure and responsiveness to emerging challenges balanced with a singular vision. CONCLUSION Using the CSSF, we found that SCHN's ability to innovate was key to ensuring its resilience during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeffrey Braithwaite
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Johanna Hanefeld
- Department of Global Health and Development, Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ingrid Wolfe
- Institute for Women and Children's Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christine Lau
- Integrated Care Project, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma Dickins
- Integrated Care Project, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joeanne McSweeney
- Integrated Care Project, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mary McCaskill
- Integrated Care Project, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Raghu Lingam
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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10
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Rahimi-Ardabili H, Feng X, Nguyen PY, Astell-Burt T. Have Deaths of Despair Risen during the COVID-19 Pandemic? A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12835. [PMID: 36232135 PMCID: PMC9564909 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review synthesized literature on potential impacts of protracted isolation and other disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic on deaths of despair (suicide, overdoses, and drug-related liver diseases). Five electronic databases were searched yielding 70 eligible articles. Extant evidence mostly from high-income countries indicates COVID-19-related disruption may not have influenced suicide rates so far, but there have been reports of increased drug-related and liver disease mortality. Minority groups and women were more vulnerable, indicating the need for stronger equity focus on pandemic recovery and resilience strategies. Further high-quality studies with longer-term follow-up, especially from low-income countries, will inform these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hania Rahimi-Ardabili
- Centre for Health Informatics, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney 2109, Australia
- Population Wellbeing and Environment Research Lab (PowerLab), Wollongong 2522, Australia
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Xiaoqi Feng
- Population Wellbeing and Environment Research Lab (PowerLab), Wollongong 2522, Australia
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Phi-Yen Nguyen
- Population Wellbeing and Environment Research Lab (PowerLab), Wollongong 2522, Australia
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
| | - Thomas Astell-Burt
- Population Wellbeing and Environment Research Lab (PowerLab), Wollongong 2522, Australia
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
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11
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Bister L, Janssen F, Vogt T. Early-life exposure to economic stress and metabolic risks in young adulthood: the children of the reunification in East Germany. J Epidemiol Community Health 2022; 76:786-791. [PMID: 35738894 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2021-218637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on the long-term health consequences of early-life exposure to economic crises is scarce. We examine for the first time the long-term effects of early-life exposure to an economic crisis on metabolic health risks. We study objective health measures, and exploit the quasi-experimental situation of the postreunification economic crisis in East Germany. METHODS Data were drawn from two waves of the longitudinal German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (2003-2006, 2014-2017). We compared 392 East Germans who were exposed to the economic crisis in utero and at ages 0-5 with 1123 of their West German counterparts using propensity score matching on individual and family characteristics. We assessed blood pressure, cholesterol, blood fat and body mass index (BMI); both combined as above-average metabolic health risks and individually at ages 19-30. RESULTS Early-life exposure to the economic crisis significantly increased the number of above-average metabolic health risks in young adulthood by 0.1482 (95% CI 0.0169 to 0.2796), which was 5.8% higher compared with no exposure. Among individuals exposed in utero, only females showed significant effects. Early-life exposure to the economic crisis was associated with increased systolic (0.9969, 95% CI -0.2806 to 2.2743) and diastolic blood pressure (0.6786, 95% CI -0.0802 to 1.4373), and with increased BMI (0.0245, 95% CI -0.6516 to 0.7001). CONCLUSION The increased metabolic health risks found for women exposed to the postreunification economic crisis in-utero are likely attributable to increased economic stress. While the observed differences are small, they may foreshadow the emergence of greater health disparities in older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Bister
- Population Research Centre, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fanny Janssen
- Population Research Centre, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Interdisciplinary Demographic Institute - KNAW / University of Groningen, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Vogt
- Population Research Centre, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy for Higher Education, Manipal, India
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12
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Guðmundsdóttir RB, Jónsson BGG, Valdimarsdottir U, Carlsen HK, Hlodversdottir H, Song H, Thordardottir EB, Pétursdóttir G, Briem H, Gislason T, Gudnason T, Thorsteinsson T, Zoega H, Hauksdóttir A. Medication use in populations exposed to the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption: an interrupted time series analysis. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e059375. [PMID: 35534080 PMCID: PMC9086619 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the trends in medication use indicative of physical and psychological morbidity following the 2010 volcanic eruption in Eyjafjallajökull immediately after and during a 3-year period following the eruption. DESIGN Population-based register study. SETTING Eyjafjallajökull eruption in Iceland, 2007-2013. PARTICIPANTS All residents in Iceland who received at least one medication dispensing were identified. Residents of exposed areas were classified into exposure groups (individual-level data) and residents in other parts of Iceland were included as a non-exposed group (aggregated data). INTERVENTION/EXPOSURE Eyjafjallajökull erupted on 14 April 2010 and continued for 39 days, producing heavy ash fall in South Iceland. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Using interrupted time series analysis, we examined annual and quarterly changes in medicine use, measured as number of dispensed defined daily dose (DDD) per 1000 individuals. We calculated the level shift (immediate change) and change in slope from pre-eruption to post-eruption (long-term change) in medication dispensing. RESULTS Among exposed residents, there was a 6% decrease (95% CI -7% to -4%) in the annual number of dispensed DDDs 1-year post-eruption in the overall medication class, including analgesics (-5%, 95% CI -6% to -3%), hypnotics and sedatives (-9%, 95% CI -11% to -7%) and respiratory medications (-7%, 95% CI -9% to -5%; -8%, 95% CI -11% to -4%). Simultaneously, there was a 9% decrease (95% CI -14% to -4%) in the overall medication class among non-exposed residents. Moreover, among exposed residents, we observed change in slope of -4% (95% CI -7% to -1%) in the overall medication class, including for analgesics (-6%, 95% CI -8% to -3%) and other respiratory drugs (-10%, 95% CI -16% to -4%). CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the eruption did not lead to increases in medication dispensing among residents of exposed areas, rather decreases for some medicine classes. The results should be interpreted with caution since the content of each eruption differs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekka Björg Guðmundsdóttir
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, School of Health Sciences, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Unnur Valdimarsdottir
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, School of Health Sciences, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanne Krage Carlsen
- Environment and Natural Resources, University of Iceland, School of Health Sciences, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Section of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gotheburg, Sweden
| | - Heidrun Hlodversdottir
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, School of Health Sciences, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Huan Song
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, School of Health Sciences, Reykjavik, Iceland
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Edda Bjork Thordardottir
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, School of Health Sciences, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Guðrún Pétursdóttir
- Institute for Sustainability Studies, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Haraldur Briem
- Centre for Health Threats and Communicable Diseases, Directorate of Health, Chief Epidemiologis, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thorarinn Gislason
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, School of Health Sciences, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Landspítali, National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thorolfur Gudnason
- Centre for Health Threats and Communicable Diseases, Directorate of Health, Chief Epidemiologis, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Centre for Health Threats and Communicable Diseases, Government of Iceland Directorate of Health, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thröstur Thorsteinsson
- Environment and Natural Resources, University of Iceland, School of Health Sciences, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Helga Zoega
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, School of Health Sciences, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Centre for Big Data Research in Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Arna Hauksdóttir
- Centre of Public Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, School of Health Sciences, Reykjavik, Iceland
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13
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Backhaus I, Hoven H, Di Tecco C, Iavicoli S, Conte A, Dragano N. Economic change and population health: lessons learnt from an umbrella review on the Great Recession. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e060710. [PMID: 35379647 PMCID: PMC8980730 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Worldwide, the COVID-19 pandemic triggered the sharpest economic downturn since the Great Recession. To prepare for future crises and to preserve public health, we conduct an overview of systematic reviews to examine the evidence on the effect of the Great Recession on population health. METHODS We searched PubMed and Scopus for systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses focusing specifically on the impact of the Great Recession on population health (eg, mental health). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses guidelines were followed throughout this review and critical appraisal of included systematic reviews was performed using Assessing the Methodological Quality of Systematic Reviews. RESULTS Twenty-one studies were identified and consistently showed that the Great Recession was most risky to health, the more a country's economy was affected and the longer strict austerity policies were in place. Consequently, a deterioration of health was highest in countries that had implemented strict austerity measures (eg, Greece), but not in countries that rejected austerity measures (eg, Germany). Moreover, the impact of the Great Recession fell disproportionately on the most vulnerable groups such as people in unemployment, at risk of unemployment and those living in poverty. CONCLUSIONS The experiences of the last economic crisis show that it is possible to limit the consequences for health. Prioritising mental healthcare and prevention, foregoing austerity measures in the healthcare system and protecting vulnerable groups are the most important lessons learnt. Moreover, given the further aggravating social inequalities, a health in all policies approach, based on a comprehensive Health Impact Assessment, is advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insa Backhaus
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hanno Hoven
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Cristina Di Tecco
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, Italian Workers' Compensation Authority (INAIL), Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Iavicoli
- Directorate for Communication and International Affairs, Ministry of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Arne Conte
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nico Dragano
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Centre for Health and Society, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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14
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Dragano*1 N, Reuter*1 […]*2 M, Berger K. Increase in Mental Disorders During the COVID-19 Pandemic-The Role of Occupational and Financial Strains. DEUTSCHES ARZTEBLATT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 119:179-187. [PMID: 35197188 PMCID: PMC9229580 DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have reported an increase in mental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic, but the exact reasons for this development are not well understood. In this study we investigate whether pandemic-related occupational and financial changes (e.g., reduced working hours, working from home, financial losses) were associated with increased symptoms of depression and anxiety compared with the situation before the pandemic. METHODS We analyzed data from the German National Cohort (NAKO) Study. Between May and November 2020, 161 849 study participants answered questions on their mental state and social circumstances. Their responses were compared with data from the baseline survey before the pandemic (2014-2019). Linear fixed-effects models were used to determine whether individual changes in the severity of symptoms of depression (PHQ-9) or anxiety (GAD-7) were associated with occupational/ financial changes (controlling for various covariates). RESULTS The prevalence of moderate or severe symptoms of depression and anxiety increased by 2.4% and 1.5%, respectively, during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with the preceding years. The mean severity of the symptoms rose slightly. A pronounced increase in symptoms was observed among those who became unemployed during the pandemic (+ 1.16 points on the depression scale, 95% confidence interval [0.91; 1.41], range 0-27). Increases were also seen for reduced working hours with no short-time allowance, increased working hours, working from home, insecurity regarding employment, and financial strain. The deterioration in mental health was largely statistically explained by the occupational and financial changes investigated in the model. CONCLUSION Depressive symptoms and anxiety disorders increased slightly in the study population during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Occupational and financial difficulties were an essential contributory factor. These strains should be taken into account both in the care of individual patients and in the planning of targeted prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Dragano*1
- *1 All authors are co-first authors.,Institute of Medical Sociology, Center for Health and Society, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany,*Institut für Medizinische Soziologie Centre for Health and Society Medizinische Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Marvin Reuter*1 […]*2
- *1 All authors are co-first authors.,*2 Additional authors have contributed to this publication. They are listed under “cite this as” and at the end of this article together with their affiliations.,Institute of Medical Sociology, Center for Health and Society, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, Münster, Germany
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15
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Sangaramoorthy M, Yang J, Guan A, DeRouen MC, Tana MM, Somsouk M, Thompson CA, Gibbons J, Ho C, Chu JN, Cheng I, Gomez SL, Shariff-Marco S. Asian American/Pacific Islander and Hispanic Ethnic Enclaves, Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidence in California: An Update. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022; 31:382-392. [PMID: 34853019 PMCID: PMC8825691 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-21-1035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using more recent cancer registry data, we analyzed disparities in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence by ethnic enclave and neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES) among Asian American/Pacific Islander (AAPI) and Hispanic populations in California. METHODS Primary, invasive HCC cases were identified from the California Cancer Registry during 1988-1992, 1998-2002, and 2008-2012. Age-adjusted incidence rates (per 100,000 population), incidence rate ratios, and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated for AAPI or Hispanic enclave, nSES, and the joint effects of ethnic enclave and nSES by time period (and the combination of the three periods), sex, and race/ethnicity. RESULTS In the combined time period, HCC risk increased 25% for highest versus lowest quintile of AAPI enclave among AAPI males. HCC risk increased 22% and 56% for lowest versus highest quintile of nSES among AAPI females and males, respectively. In joint analysis, AAPI males living in low nSES areas irrespective of enclave status were at 17% to 43% increased HCC risk compared with AAPI males living in areas of nonenclave/high nSES. HCC risk increased by 22% for Hispanic females living in areas of low nSES irrespective of enclave status and by 19% for Hispanic males living in areas of nonenclave/low nSES compared with their counterparts living in areas of nonenclave/high nSES. CONCLUSIONS We found significant variation in HCC incidence by ethnic enclave and nSES among AAPI and Hispanic populations in California by sex and time period. IMPACT Future studies should explore how specific attributes of enclaves and nSES impact HCC risk for AAPI and Hispanic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera Sangaramoorthy
- Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Juan Yang
- Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Alice Guan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Mindy C DeRouen
- Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Michele M Tana
- Division of Gastroenterology at Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ma Somsouk
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Division of Gastroenterology at Zuckerberg San Francisco General, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Caroline A Thompson
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
- Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Joseph Gibbons
- Department of Sociology, College of Arts and Letters, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Chanda Ho
- Department of Transplantation, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Janet N Chu
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Iona Cheng
- Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Scarlett Lin Gomez
- Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Salma Shariff-Marco
- Greater Bay Area Cancer Registry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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16
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Mamali V, Siopi M, Charpantidis S, Samonis G, Tsakris A, Vrioni G. Increasing Incidence and Shifting Epidemiology of Candidemia in Greece: Results from the First Nationwide 10-Year Survey. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020116. [PMID: 35205870 PMCID: PMC8879520 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, candidemia displays geographical variety in terms of epidemiology and incidence. In that respect, a nationwide Greek study was conducted, reporting the epidemiology of Candida bloodstream infections and susceptibility of isolates to antifungal agents providing evidence for empirical treatment. All microbiologically confirmed candidemia cases in patients hospitalized in 28 Greek centres during the period 2009–2018 were recorded. The study evaluated the incidence of infection/100,000 inhabitants, species distribution, and antifungal susceptibilities of isolated strains. Overall, 6057 candidemic episodes occurred during the study period, with 3% of them being mixed candidemias. The average annual incidence was 5.56/100,000 inhabitants, with significant increase over the years (p = 0.0002). C. parapsilosis species complex (SC) was the predominant causative agent (41%), followed by C. albicans (37%), C. glabrata SC (10%), C. tropicalis (7%), C. krusei (1%), and other rare Candida spp. (4%). C. albicans rates decreased from 2009 to 2018 (48% to 31%) in parallel with a doubling incidence of C. parapsilosis SC rates (28% to 49%, p < 0.0001). Resistance to amphotericin B and flucytosine was not observed. Resistance to fluconazole was detected in 20% of C. parapsilosis SC isolates, with a 4% of them being pan-azole-resistant. A considerable rising rate of resistance to this agent was observed over the study period (p < 0.0001). Echinocandin resistance was found in 3% of C. glabrata SC isolates, with 70% of them being pan-echinocandin-resistant. Resistance rate to this agent was stable over the study period. This is the first multicentre nationwide study demonstrating an increasing incidence of candidemia in Greece with a species shift toward C. parapsilosis SC. Although the overall antifungal resistance rates remain relatively low, fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis SC raises concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Mamali
- Department of Microbiology, Tzaneio General Hospital, 18536 Piraeus, Greece;
| | - Maria Siopi
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, “Attikon” University General Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece;
| | - Stefanos Charpantidis
- Department of Microbiology, “Elena Venizelou” Maternity Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece;
| | - George Samonis
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Athanasios Tsakris
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Georgia Vrioni
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-746-2129
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Jarroch R, Tajik B, Tuomainen TP, Kauhanen J. Economic Recession and the Long Term Risk of Psychiatric Disorders and Alcohol Related Diseases-A Cohort Study From Eastern Finland. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:794888. [PMID: 35250662 PMCID: PMC8891480 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.794888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term development of psychiatric disorders and alcohol-related diseases after economic recessions is insufficiently studied. We investigated the overall impact of the economic recession between 1991 and 1994 in Finland on the long-term incidence of psychiatric and alcohol-related diseases. METHODS A population-based sample of 1,774 women and men aged 53-73 years were examined between 1998 and 2001 from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study (KIHD). Participants completed comprehensive questionnaires on the possible impact of the 1990s recession in Finland on their lives. They were followed-up until 2018. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) of new incident psychiatric and alcohol-related disorders during the 20-years follow-up after linkage to the National Hospital Registry. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) of psychiatric disorders at baseline. RESULTS At baseline, 93 participants had psychiatric disorders. During 20-years follow-up, 138 new psychiatric disorders and 45 alcohol-related diseases were developed. The covariate-adjusted risk of psychiatric disorders was over twice higher among men who experienced recession-induced hardships compared to those who did not (HR = 2.20, 95%CI = 1.04-4.70, p = 0.04). The risk of alcohol-related diseases was more than four times higher among men with hardships (HR = 4.44, 95%CI = 1.04-18.90, p = 0.04). No such associations were observed among women. No association was observed between recession-induced hardships and having psychiatric disorders at baseline in both genders (multivariate-adjusted p = 0.63 for women, multivariate-adjusted p = 0.36 for men). CONCLUSION Long-term risk of psychiatric disorders and alcohol-related diseases was increased after the 1990s economic recession in Finland, but only among middle-age and older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rand Jarroch
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Behnam Tajik
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jussi Kauhanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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18
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Gimbrone C, Rutherford C, Kandula S, Martínez-Alés G, Shaman J, Olfson M, Gould MS, Pei S, Galanti M, Keyes KM. Associations between COVID-19 mobility restrictions and economic, mental health, and suicide-related concerns in the US using cellular phone GPS and Google search volume data. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260931. [PMID: 34936666 PMCID: PMC8694413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, US populations have experienced elevated rates of financial and psychological distress that could lead to increases in suicide rates. Rapid ongoing mental health monitoring is critical for early intervention, especially in regions most affected by the pandemic, yet traditional surveillance data are available only after long lags. Novel information on real-time population isolation and concerns stemming from the pandemic's social and economic impacts, via cellular mobility tracking and online search data, are potentially important interim surveillance resources. Using these measures, we employed transfer function model time-series analyses to estimate associations between daily mobility indicators (proportion of cellular devices completely at home and time spent at home) and Google Health Trends search volumes for terms pertaining to economic stress, mental health, and suicide during 2020 and 2021 both nationally and in New York City. During the first pandemic wave in early-spring 2020, over 50% of devices remained completely at home and searches for economic stressors exceeded 60,000 per 10 million. We found large concurrent associations across analyses between declining mobility and increasing searches for economic stressor terms (national proportion of devices at home: cross-correlation coefficient (CC) = 0.6 (p-value <0.001)). Nationally, we also found strong associations between declining mobility and increasing mental health and suicide-related searches (time at home: mood/anxiety CC = 0.53 (<0.001), social stressor CC = 0.51 (<0.001), suicide seeking CC = 0.37 (0.006)). Our findings suggest that pandemic-related isolation coincided with acute economic distress and may be a risk factor for poor mental health and suicidal behavior. These emergent relationships warrant ongoing attention and causal assessment given the potential for long-term psychological impact and suicide death. As US populations continue to face stress, Google search data can be used to identify possible warning signs from real-time changes in distributions of population thought patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Gimbrone
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Caroline Rutherford
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Sasikiran Kandula
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Gonzalo Martínez-Alés
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Shaman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Mark Olfson
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Madelyn S. Gould
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Sen Pei
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Marta Galanti
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Katherine M. Keyes
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
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Aringhieri R, Hirsch P, Rauner MS, Reuter-Oppermanns M, Sommersguter-Reichmann M. Central European journal of operations research (CJOR) "operations research applied to health services (ORAHS) in Europe: general trends and ORAHS 2020 conference in Vienna, Austria". CENTRAL EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH 2021; 30:1-18. [PMID: 34908906 PMCID: PMC8663758 DOI: 10.1007/s10100-021-00792-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This articles provides a short summary of the research topics and latest research results of the European Working Group "Operations Research Applied to Health Services" (ORAHS) organized as an e-conference in Juli 2020 at the University of Vienna, Austria (https://orahs2020.univie.ac.at/). Furthermore, challenges for OR in health care including application areas, decision support systems, general trends, and modelling techniques are briefly illustrated from an European and international perspective by providing selected essential literature reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Aringhieri
- Dipartimento di Informatica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Corso Svizzera 185, 10149 Torino, Italy
| | - Patrick Hirsch
- Institute of Production and Logistics, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Feistmantelstraße 4, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marion S. Rauner
- School of Business, Economics, and Statistics, Department of Business Decisions and Analytics, University of Vienna, Oskar-Morgenstern-Platz 1, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Reuter-Oppermanns
- Department of Law and Economics, Information Systems, Software and Digital Business Group, Technical University of Darmstadt, Hochschulstr. 1, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Margit Sommersguter-Reichmann
- School of Business, Economics, and Social Sciences, Department of Finance, Karl-Franzens University Graz, Universitaetsstraße 15, Resowi G2, 8010 Graz, Austria
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20
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Zuo F, Zhai S. The Influence of China's COVID-19 Treatment Policy on the Sustainability of Its Social Health Insurance System. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:4243-4252. [PMID: 34703336 PMCID: PMC8523901 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s322040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While past experiences show that a health system financing mechanism can support resilience to shocks, the impact on the sustainability of the financing system is exceptionally important considering the magnitude of the COVID-19 pandemic. The role of Social Health Insurance (SHI) in responding to the pandemic brings about an influence on insurance system sustainability. This study investigates the impact of China’s COVID-19 treatment policy on the sustainability of its SHI system, explores influences of the policy on Wuhan’s system, and discusses the effects of an assumed equivalent emergency on SHI funds for five other provincial capital cities in China. Methods The study was conducted using pay-as-you-go actuarial models of Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance (UEBMI) and Urban and Rural Residents Basic Medical Insurance (URRBMI) funds, which constitute China’s basic health insurance system. Current and accumulated balances of the funds in 2020 are predicted and utilized to measure the sustainability of health insurance funds during emergencies. Results The findings suggest a disparity in the capacities of insurance schemes and localities. If the surplus before 2018 is not considered, it is likely that the URRBMI fund of Wuhan would suffer a deficit, whereas the UEBMI would retain a considerable surplus. To maintain the current actuarial balance of the URRBMI fund, coverage for ordinary inpatient and outpatient expenses would have to be significantly reduced in Wuhan, potentially affecting enrollees’ wellbeing. A similar situation may occur in three other cities, some with underdeveloped economies and lower per capita income are likely to be encountered with worse situation than Wuhan. Conclusion Concerning fragmentation of China’s SHI system, to strengthen longer-term preparedness to manage future emergencies, this study suggests the integration of insurance schemes and provincial pooling, fund balance adjusting and an emergency safety net are also advised. All options call for more public health investments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zuo
- Department of Finance, Economics and Management School, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoguo Zhai
- Department of Social Security, Public Management School, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
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21
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Socioeconomic Inequalities in Chronic Liver Diseases and Cirrhosis Mortality in European Urban Areas before and after the Onset of the 2008 Economic Recession. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168801. [PMID: 34444557 PMCID: PMC8391471 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To analyse the trends in chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis mortality, and the associated socioeconomic inequalities, in nine European cities and urban areas before and after the onset of the 2008 financial crisis. Methods: This is an ecological study of trends in three periods of time: two before (2000–2003 and 2004–2008), and one after (2009–2014) the onset of the economic crisis. The units of analysis were the geographical areas of nine cities or urban areas in Europe. We analysed chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis standardised mortality ratios, smoothing them with a hierarchical Bayesian model by each city, area, and sex. An ecological regression model was fitted to analyse the trends in socioeconomic inequalities, and included the socioeconomic deprivation index, the period, and their interaction. Results: In general, chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis mortality rates were higher in men than in women. These rates decreased in all cities during the financial crisis, except among men in Athens (rates increased from 8.50 per 100,000 inhabitants during the second period to 9.42 during the third). Socioeconomic inequalities in chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis mortality were found in six cities/metropolitan areas among men, and in four among women. Finally, in the periods studied, such inequalities did not significantly change. However, among men they increased in Turin and Barcelona and among women, several cities had lower inequalities in the third period. Conclusions: There are geographical socioeconomic inequalities in chronic liver diseases and cirrhosis mortality, mainly among men, that did not change during the 2008 financial crisis. These results should be monitored in the long term.
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22
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Sane Schepisi M, Di Napoli A, Asciutto R, Vecchi S, Mirisola C, Petrelli A. The 2008 Financial Crisis and Changes in Lifestyle-Related Behaviors in Italy, Greece, Spain, and Portugal: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8734. [PMID: 34444482 PMCID: PMC8392284 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Italy, Greece, Spain, and Portugal have all been strongly affected by the 2008 financial crisis, which has had a negative impact on health. We systematically evaluated the effects of the crisis on lifestyle and socioeconomic inequalities. We conducted a literature search using MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and health economics databases for studies reporting quantitative comparisons before and after (or during) the crisis on the following risk behaviors: alcohol consumption, smoking habit, healthy diet, physical activity, and psychotropic drugs and substance abuse, without setting any age restrictions. We selected 34 original articles published between 2011 and 2020. During/after the crisis, alcohol consumption and substance abuse decreased, while psychotropic drug use increased. We also observed a deterioration in healthy eating behavior, with a reduction in fruit and vegetable consumption. Smoking habit and physical activity showed a more complex, controversial trend. Socioeconomic inequalities were affected by the recession, and the negative effects on unhealthy lifestyle tended to be more pronounced among the disadvantaged. These results suggest the need to implement health policies and interventions aimed at monitoring risk behaviors, with special regard to disadvantaged people, and considering the potential additional impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Sane Schepisi
- National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty (INMP), 00153 Rome, Italy; (M.S.S.); (A.D.N.); (R.A.); (C.M.)
- Ministry of Health—General Directorate for Health Prevention, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Anteo Di Napoli
- National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty (INMP), 00153 Rome, Italy; (M.S.S.); (A.D.N.); (R.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Rosario Asciutto
- National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty (INMP), 00153 Rome, Italy; (M.S.S.); (A.D.N.); (R.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Simona Vecchi
- Department of Epidemiology—Lazio Region, ASL Rome 1, 00147 Rome, Italy;
| | - Concetta Mirisola
- National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty (INMP), 00153 Rome, Italy; (M.S.S.); (A.D.N.); (R.A.); (C.M.)
| | - Alessio Petrelli
- National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty (INMP), 00153 Rome, Italy; (M.S.S.); (A.D.N.); (R.A.); (C.M.)
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23
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Social Determinants of Health Influencing the New Zealand COVID-19 Response and Recovery: A Scoping Review and Causal Loop Diagram. SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/systems9030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Coronavirus pandemic of 2019–20 (COVID-19) affected multiple social determinants of health (SDH) across the globe, including in New Zealand, exacerbating health inequities. Understanding these system dynamics can support decision making for the pandemic response and recovery measures. This study combined a scoping review with a causal loop diagram to further understanding of the connections between SDH, pandemic measures, and both short- and long-term outcomes in New Zealand. The causal loop diagram showed the reinforcing nature of structural SDH, such as colonization and socio-economic influences, on health inequities. While balancing actions taken by government eliminated COVID-19, the diagram showed that existing structural SDH inequities could increase health inequities in the longer term, unless the opportunity is taken for socio-economic policies to be reset. Such policy resets would be difficult to implement, as they are at odds with the current socio-economic system. The causal loop diagram highlighted that SDH significantly influenced the dynamics of the COVID-19 impact and response, pointing to a need for purposeful systemic action to disrupt the reinforcing loops which increase health inequities over time. This will require strong systems leadership, and coordination between policy makers and implementation at local level.
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24
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Borrell C, Palència L, Marí Dell'Olmo M, Morrisson J, Deboosere P, Gotsens M, Dzurova D, Costa C, Lustigova M, Burstrom B, Rodríguez-Sanz M, Bosakova L, Zengarini N, Katsouyanni K, Santana P. Socioeconomic inequalities in suicide mortality in European urban areas before and during the economic recession. Eur J Public Health 2021; 30:92-98. [PMID: 31410446 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckz125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have assessed the impact of the financial crisis on inequalities in suicide mortality in European urban areas. The objective of the study was to analyse the trend in area socioeconomic inequalities in suicide mortality in nine European urban areas before and after the beginning of the financial crisis. METHODS This ecological study of trends was based on three periods, two before the economic crisis (2000-2003, 2004-2008) and one during the crisis (2009-2014). The units of analysis were the small areas of nine European cities or metropolitan areas, with a median population ranging from 271 (Turin) to 193 630 (Berlin). For each small area and sex, we analysed smoothed standardized mortality ratios of suicide mortality and their relationship with a socioeconomic deprivation index using a hierarchical Bayesian model. RESULTS Among men, the relative risk (RR) comparing suicide mortality of the 95th percentile value of socioeconomic deprivation (severe deprivation) to its 5th percentile value (low deprivation) were higher than 1 in Stockholm and Lisbon in the three periods. In Barcelona, the RR was 2.06 (95% credible interval: 1.24-3.21) in the first period, decreasing in the other periods. No significant changes were observed across the periods. Among women, a positive significant association was identified only in Stockholm (RR around 2 in the three periods). There were no significant changes across the periods except in London with a RR of 0.49 (95% CI: 0.35-0.68) in the third period. CONCLUSIONS Area socioeconomic inequalities in suicide mortality did not change significantly after the onset of the crisis in the areas studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carme Borrell
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Palència
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Service of Health Information Systems, Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Marí Dell'Olmo
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Service of Environmental Quality and Intervention, Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joana Morrisson
- Institute of Health Equity at the Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick Deboosere
- Department of Sociology, Interface Demography, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mercè Gotsens
- Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Service of Prevention and Attention of Drug Use, Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dagmar Dzurova
- Department of Social Geography and Regional Development, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Claudia Costa
- Department of Geography and Tourism, Centre of Studies in Geography and Spatial Planning (CEGOT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Michala Lustigova
- Department of Social Geography and Regional Development, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Bo Burstrom
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maica Rodríguez-Sanz
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.,Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Unit of Research, Training and Communication, Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucia Bosakova
- Department of Health Psychology, Medical Faculty, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic.,Olomouc University Social Health Institute (OUSHI), Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Klea Katsouyanni
- Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece.,Department of Population Health Sciences, and Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, King's College, London, UK
| | - Paula Santana
- Department of Geography and Tourism, Centre of Studies in Geography and Spatial Planning (CEGOT), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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25
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Kang YJ, Kim T, Lee DW, Kang MY. Self-Rated Health Trajectory Changes According to Employment Transition: A Korean Prospective Cohort Study. J Occup Environ Med 2021; 62:532-537. [PMID: 32730030 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000001890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of employment transitions on self-rated health (SRH) trajectories. METHODS We used data from the Korean Labor and Income Panel Study 2003 to 2016. Employment transitions were measured using four categories: continuously non-working, continuously working, labor force exit, and labor force entry. For examination of the time trends in the likelihood of poor SRH, we calculated the annual odds ratios with those from 2003 as the reference, using generalized estimating equations. RESULTS The time trends in the likelihood of poor SRH showed a significant increasing trend in the labor force exit group, while continuously working group and labor force entry group showed significantly decreasing patterns. CONCLUSIONS Labor force exit was associated with a substantial increase in prevalence of poor SRH, while labor force entry was associated with a decrease in prevalence of that.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Joong Kang
- Incheon Hospital, Korea Workers' Compensation & Welfare Service, Incheon (Dr Kang); Health Care Center, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University (Dr Kim); Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine (Dr Lee); Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea (Dr Kang), Seoul, Republic of Korea
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26
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Muzy J, Campos MR, Emmerick I, Silva RSD, Schramm JMDA. [Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its complications and characterization of healthcare gaps based on triangulation of studies]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2021; 37:e00076120. [PMID: 34076095 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00076120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide and is among the leading causes of loss of healthy years of life, which is aggravated in Brazil by accelerated population aging. This study aims to measure the problem of diabetes mellitus and its complications and characterize healthcare for diabetics in Brazil, according to regions. Prevalence rates were estimated using a multinomial regression model, and characterization of healthcare was based on triangulation between the Brazilian National Health Survey (PNS), the National Program for Improving Access and Quality in Primary Care (PMAQ-AB), and data from the Popular Pharmacy program. Diabetes prevalence in Brazil was 9.2%, according to the multinomial model, and prevalence in the corrected PNS (self-report + altered glycated hemoglobin - HbA1c ≥ 6.5) was 9.4%. The proportion of diabetes mellitus underreporting in the country was 42.5%, reaching 72.8% in the North. Among individuals diagnosed with diabetes mellitus, half presented HbA1c ≥ 6.5. Insufficient fundus eye examination (only 40% on average), with major regional variation (North 25% - Southeast 52%), is reflected in the high prevalence of retinopathy. Insufficient examination of feet (only 30%), can lead to more amputations. About 80% of diabetics used medications, indicating a persistently high proportion still without treatment. Healthcare deficiencies for diabetics lead to greater morbidity, hospitalizations (15%), and visits to emergency departments (27%, PMAQ). The scenario in 2012, although not ideal, occurred in a context of strengthening of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS). The growing prevalence of diabetes mellitus and cutbacks in public health budgeting call for serious reflection on control of the disease in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Muzy
- Escola Nacional de Sáude Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Mônica Rodrigues Campos
- Escola Nacional de Sáude Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Isabel Emmerick
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, U.S.A
| | - Raulino Sabino da Silva
- Escola Nacional de Sáude Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Ortega-Loubon C, Ruiz López Del Prado G, Muñoz-Moreno MF, Gómez-Sánchez E, López-Herrero R, Sánchez-Quirós B, Lorenzo-Lopez M, Gómez-Pesquera E, Jorge-Monjas P, Bustamante-Munguira J, Álvarez FJ, Resino S, Tamayo E, Heredia-Rodríguez M. Impact of the Economic Crisis on Endocarditis Mortality in Spain: A Nationwide Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH SERVICES 2021; 52:383-391. [PMID: 33913368 DOI: 10.1177/00207314211012357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Economic recession has dire consequences on overall health. None have explored the impact of economic crisis (EC) on infective endocarditis (IE) mortality. We conducted a retrospective, nationwide, temporal trend study analyzing mortality trends by age, sex, and adverse outcomes in patients diagnosed with IE in Spain from 1997 to 2014. Data were divided into two subperiods: pre-EC (January 1997-August 2008) and post-EC (September 2008-December 2014). A total of 25 952 patients presented with IE. The incidence increased from 301.4 to 365.1 per 10 000 000 habitants, and the mortality rate rose from 24.3% to 28.4%. Those aged >75 years experienced more adverse outcomes. Complications due to sepsis, shock, acute kidney injury requiring dialysis, and heart failure increased after the EC onset, and expenditures soared to €16 216. Expenditure per community was related to mortality (P < .001). The EC resulted as an independent predictor for mortality (hazard ratio 1.06; 95% confidence interval 1.01-1.11). Incidence and mortality rate in patients with IE after the onset of the EC have increased as a result of rising adverse outcomes despite an overall increased investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ortega-Loubon
- Clinic University Hospital of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Valladolid, Spain
| | | | | | - Esther Gómez-Sánchez
- Clinic University Hospital of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rocío López-Herrero
- Clinic University Hospital of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Belén Sánchez-Quirós
- Clinic University Hospital of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Mario Lorenzo-Lopez
- Clinic University Hospital of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Estefanía Gómez-Pesquera
- Clinic University Hospital of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pablo Jorge-Monjas
- Clinic University Hospital of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - F Javier Álvarez
- Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Valladolid, Spain.,16782University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Salvador Resino
- Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Valladolid, Spain.,38176Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Tamayo
- Clinic University Hospital of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Valladolid, Spain
| | - María Heredia-Rodríguez
- Clinic University Hospital of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain.,Group for Biomedical Research in Critical Care Medicine (BioCritic), Valladolid, Spain
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28
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Jarroch R, Tajik B, Tuomainen TP, Kauhanen J. ECONOMIC RECESSION AND THE RISK OF CANCER - A Cohort Study from Eastern Finland. J Epidemiol 2021; 32:384-390. [PMID: 33716271 PMCID: PMC9263616 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20200595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundLittle is known about the role of economic recessions in the risk of cancer. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of the severe economic recession in Finland between 1991-1994 on the incidence of all cancers and cancer subtypes among middle-age and older population.MethodsFrom the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study (KIHD), a population-based sample of 1620 women and men aged 53-73 years were examined between 1998-2001. The cancer-free participants completed a questionnaire on the possible impact of the 1990s recession in Finland on their lives. Incident cases of cancer were obtained through record linkage with the Finnish Cancer Registry. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) of incident cancer events after adjusting for possible confounders.ResultsA total of 1096 cancer-free participants had experienced socioeconomic hardships due to the recession at the baseline. During 20 years of follow-up, 473 participants developed cancer. After adjustment for age, baseline socioeconomic position and lifestyle factors, the risk of all cancers was 32% higher among men who experienced socioeconomic hardships compared to those who did not (HR 1.32, 95%CI, 0.99-1.75, p=0.05). Prostate-genital cancer was 71% higher among men with hardships (n=103, HR=1.71, 95%CI, 1.06-2.74, p=0.02). No association was observed between socioeconomic hardships and subsequent risk of total or any subtype of cancer among women.Conclusions:The 1990s economic recession was associated with increased risk of all cancers, especially prostate-genital cancer among Finnish middle-age and older men, but no association with cancer was observed in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rand Jarroch
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition
| | - Behnam Tajik
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition
| | - Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition
| | - Jussi Kauhanen
- University of Eastern Finland, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition
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29
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Reinstadler V, Ausweger V, Grabher AL, Kreidl M, Huber S, Grander J, Haslacher S, Singer K, Schlapp-Hackl M, Sorg M, Erber H, Oberacher H. Monitoring drug consumption in Innsbruck during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown by wastewater analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:144006. [PMID: 33310574 PMCID: PMC7681035 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has developed into a serious pandemic with millions of cases diagnosed worldwide. To fight COVID-19 pandemic, over 100 countries instituted either a full or partial lockdown, affecting billions of people. In Tyrol, first lockdown measures were taken on 10 March 2020. On 16 March 2020, a curfew went into force which ended on 1 May 2020. On 19 March 2020, Tyrol as a whole was placed in quarantine which ended on 7 April 2020. The governmental actions helped reducing the spread of COVID-19 at the cost of significant effects on social life and behaviour. Accordingly, to provide a comprehensive picture of the population health status not only input from medical and biological sciences is required, but also from other sciences able to provide lifestyle information such as drug use. Herein, wastewater-based epidemiology was used for studying temporal trends of licit and illicit drug consumption during lockdown and quarantine in the area of the Tyrolean capital Innsbruck (174,000 inhabitants). On 35 days between 12 March 2020 and 15 April 2020, loads of 23 markers were monitored in wastewater. Loads determined on 292 days between March 2016 and January 2020 served as reference. During lockdown, changes in the consumption patterns of recreational drugs (i.e. cocaine, amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, methamphetamine, and alcohol) and pharmaceuticals for short-term application (i.e. acetaminophen, codeine, and trimethoprim) were detected. For illicit drugs and alcohol, it is very likely that observed changes were linked to the shutdown of the hospitality industry and event cancelation which led to a reduced demand of these compounds particularly on weekends. For the pharmaceuticals, further work will be necessary to clarify if the observed declines are indicators of improved population health or of some kind of restraining effect that reduced the number of consultations of medical doctors and pharmacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Reinstadler
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Muellerstrasse 44, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Ausweger
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Muellerstrasse 44, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna-Lena Grabher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Muellerstrasse 44, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marco Kreidl
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Muellerstrasse 44, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Susanne Huber
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Muellerstrasse 44, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julia Grander
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Muellerstrasse 44, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandra Haslacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Muellerstrasse 44, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Singer
- Innsbrucker Kommunalbetriebe AG, Salurner Straße 11, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Manuel Sorg
- Innsbrucker Kommunalbetriebe AG, Salurner Straße 11, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Harald Erber
- Innsbrucker Kommunalbetriebe AG, Salurner Straße 11, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Muellerstrasse 44, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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30
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Ruiz-Frutos C, Ortega-Moreno M, Allande-Cussó R, Domínguez-Salas S, Dias A, Gómez-Salgado J. Health-related factors of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic among non-health workers in Spain. SAFETY SCIENCE 2021; 133:104996. [PMID: 32952305 PMCID: PMC7489927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-health workers engaged in essential activities during the pandemic are less researched on the effects of COVID-19 than health workers. OBJECTIVE to study the differences between those who work away from home and those who do so from home, when the effects of fear of contagion cross with those of confinement, about the psychological distress during the COVID-19 in Spain. DESIGN Observational descriptive cross-sectional study. DATA SOURCES The study was carried out receiving 1089 questionnaires from non-health workers that were working away from home and doing so from their homes. The questionnaire included sociodemographic and occupational data, physical symptoms, self-perceived health, use of preventive measures and possible contacts, and the Goldberg GHQ-12. RESULTS 71.6% of non-health female workers and 52.4% of non-health male workers had psychological distress, with differences among those working away from home and those working from home. The level of psychological distress among non-health workers is predicted by 66.5% through the variables: being a woman, 43 years old or younger, having a home with no outdoor spaces, poor perception of health, number of symptoms, and having been in contact with contaminated people or material. Among workers who work away from home, being self-employed is another predictive variable of distress. CONCLUSION More than the half of the sample showed inadequate management of the psychological distress. There are modifiable factors which provide necessary elements to support a positive attitude of the workers, such as: knowledge of hygiene, transmission of the virus, protective measures, and social distancing measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ruiz-Frutos
- Department of Sociology, Social Work and Public Health, Faculty of Labour Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
- Safety and Health Postgraduate Programme, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Guayaquil 092301, Ecuador
| | | | - Regina Allande-Cussó
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy, and Podiatry, University of Seville, Seville 41009, Spain
| | - Sara Domínguez-Salas
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, 41704 Dos Hermanas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Adriano Dias
- Department of Sociology, Social Work and Public Health, Faculty of Labour Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
- Collective/Public Health Postgraduate Program. Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University/Unesp, Botucatu/São Paulo, 18618-687, Brazil
| | - Juan Gómez-Salgado
- Department of Sociology, Social Work and Public Health, Faculty of Labour Sciences, University of Huelva, 21007 Huelva, Spain
- Safety and Health Postgraduate Programme, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Guayaquil 092301, Ecuador
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31
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Seixas BV, Mitton C. Using a Formal Strategy of Priority Setting to Mitigate Austerity Effects Through Gains in Value: The Role of Program Budgeting and Marginal Analysis (PBMA) in the Brazilian Public Healthcare System. APPLIED HEALTH ECONOMICS AND HEALTH POLICY 2021; 19:9-15. [PMID: 32468409 DOI: 10.1007/s40258-020-00591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The fiscal regime implemented in Brazil with the constitutional amendment 95 (EC-95) of December 2016 froze primary expenditures for 20 years, including healthcare spending. Previous studies have estimated strong negative effects of this policy on the health of Brazilians. Although there has been a constant pressure to repeal EC-95, this policy is unlikely to be changed in the near future. Thus, there is also a need to take actions within its own terms in order to mitigate its harmful consequences on population health. Shedding light on the existing evidence about the impact of austerity on health, the present work discusses how decision-makers can use a formal framework of decision making in priority setting and resource allocation to tackle the amplified budgetary strain. Drawing on principles of Program Budgeting and Marginal Analysis (PBMA), efficiency can be improved by shifting spending from low-value to higher-value areas, avoiding the "across-the-board cut" caused by non-differential consideration of expenditures in a context of mismatched growth of demand and supply of healthcare. By evaluating opportunity costs of investment and disinvestment proposals on the basis of multiple criteria and marginal analysis, the Brazilian public healthcare system could obtain gains in value, achieving better performance and attenuating the relative decline in spending on health brought by an austerity scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brayan V Seixas
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- UCLA Center for Health Policy Research (CHPR), Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Craig Mitton
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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32
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Macchia A, Mariani J, Nul D, Grancelli H, Tognoni G, Doval HC. An analysis of death trends in Argentina, 1990-2017, with emphasis on the effects of economic crises. J Glob Health 2020; 10:020441. [PMID: 33312505 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.10.020441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Economic crises have heterogeneous effects on population-level mortality between high- and low- or middle-income countries. Argentina - a middle income country- has suffered economic crises repeatedly over the past 30 years and is a model case study for the effects of economic crises on mortality. Methods Over 28 years (1990-2017), all death records in Argentina were analysed at the most disaggregated level possible (departments, that is, second-level administrative divisions). Age-and-sex-standardized all-cause mortality, premature death (<75 years) and the probability of death at different ages for both the entire population and each socio-economic quintile were calculated by level of unsatisfied basic needs (UBNs). Standardized rates are reported as biannual average and 95% confidence interval. Results Considered globally since the beginning of the series and using the 1990-1 biennium as a reference category, the standardized death rate was significantly reduced from biennium 2 (1992-3) to biennium 14 (2016-7), interrupted by two statistically significant increases in mortality, in years 2002-3 and 2016-7. In 2002-3, women had greater increase in mortality than men, and in 2016-7, even more so. The probability of dying before 75 years of age increased significantly in the last biennium, mostly among people between 50 and 74 years in the most deprived quintiles. Conclusions Despite significant overall improvement over time, economic crises impose severe increases in mortality, especially among vulnerable groups such as the poor, the elderly, and women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Nul
- GESICA Foundation, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Gianni Tognoni
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano
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Macchia A, Mariani J, Nul D, Grancelli H, Tognoni G, Doval HC. An analysis of death trends in Argentina, 1990-2017, with emphasis on the effects of economic crises. J Glob Health 2020; 10:020441. [PMID: 33312505 PMCID: PMC7719272 DOI: 10.7189/jogh-10-020441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Economic crises have heterogeneous effects on population-level mortality between high- and low- or middle-income countries. Argentina - a middle income country- has suffered economic crises repeatedly over the past 30 years and is a model case study for the effects of economic crises on mortality. METHODS Over 28 years (1990-2017), all death records in Argentina were analysed at the most disaggregated level possible (departments, that is, second-level administrative divisions). Age-and-sex-standardized all-cause mortality, premature death (<75 years) and the probability of death at different ages for both the entire population and each socio-economic quintile were calculated by level of unsatisfied basic needs (UBNs). Standardized rates are reported as biannual average and 95% confidence interval. RESULTS Considered globally since the beginning of the series and using the 1990-1 biennium as a reference category, the standardized death rate was significantly reduced from biennium 2 (1992-3) to biennium 14 (2016-7), interrupted by two statistically significant increases in mortality, in years 2002-3 and 2016-7. In 2002-3, women had greater increase in mortality than men, and in 2016-7, even more so. The probability of dying before 75 years of age increased significantly in the last biennium, mostly among people between 50 and 74 years in the most deprived quintiles. CONCLUSIONS Despite significant overall improvement over time, economic crises impose severe increases in mortality, especially among vulnerable groups such as the poor, the elderly, and women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Nul
- GESICA Foundation, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Gianni Tognoni
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano
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Brown TT, Ahn C, Huang H, Ibrahim Z. Reducing the prevalence of low-back pain by reducing the prevalence of psychological distress: Evidence from a natural experiment and implications for health care providers. Health Serv Res 2020; 55:631-641. [PMID: 33185925 DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether exogenously reduced psychological distress reduces reported low-back pain (LBP) and is associated with reduced medical visits for LBP. DATA SOURCES National Health Interview Survey, National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 1998-2004. STUDY DESIGN We estimate a fuzzy regression discontinuity model in which a discontinuity in the prevalence of psychological distress is identified by exogenous national events. We examine whether this discontinuity induced a corresponding discontinuity in the prevalence of LBP. We additionally estimate a regression discontinuity model to determine associated changes in medical visits with LBP as the primary complaint. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The prevalence of LBP was discontinuously reduced by one-fifth due to the exogenous national discontinuous reduction in psychological distress. This discontinuity in LBP cannot be explained by discontinuities in employment, insurance, injuries/poisoning, general health status, or other factors. We find an associated three-fifth discontinuous reduction in medical visits with LBP as the primary complaint. CONCLUSIONS On a monthly basis, 2.1 million (P < .01) adults ceased to suffer LBP due to the national reduction in psychological distress, and associated medical visits with LBP as the primary complaint declined by 685 000 (P < .01).
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy T Brown
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Christie Ahn
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Haoyue Huang
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
| | - Zaidat Ibrahim
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California
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Palència L, Ferrando J, Marí-Dell'Olmo M, Gotsens M, Morrison J, Dzurova D, Lustigova M, Costa C, Rodríguez-Sanz M, Bosakova L, Santana P, Borrell C. Socio-economic inequalities on cancer mortality in nine European areas: The effect of the last economic recession. Cancer Epidemiol 2020; 69:101827. [PMID: 33038640 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2020.101827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of inequalities aggravated by economic recessions in the mortality rates of certain diseases has been previously described. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between socio-economic deprivation and cancer mortality. We focused on lung, colon, prostate, and breast cancers in nine European urban areas over three periods: two before (2000-2003 and 2004-2008) and one after (2009-2014) the onset of the 2008 financial crisis. METHODS This is an ecological study of trends. The units of analysis were small areas within nine European urban areas. We used a composite deprivation index as a socio-economic indicator. As a mortality indicator, we used the smoothed standardized mortality ratio, calculated using the hierarchical Bayesian model proposed by Besag, York and Mollié. To analyze the evolution of socio-economic inequalities, we fitted an ecological regression model that included the socio-economic indicator, the period of time, and the interaction between these terms. RESULTS In men, socio-economic inequalities in all-cancer and lung cancer mortality were observed in most of the cities studied, but did not increase after the onset of the economic crisis. In women, only two cities (Stockholm and London) showed socio-economic inequalities in all-cancer and lung cancer mortality; there was also no increase in inequalities. CONCLUSIONS Our results did not validate our hypothesis that inequalities increase in times of crisis. However, they emphasize the importance of socio-economic measurements for understanding mortality inequalities, and can be used to inform prevention strategies and help plan local health programs aimed at reducing health inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Palència
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Marc Marí-Dell'Olmo
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mercè Gotsens
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joana Morrison
- Institute of Health Equity at the Research Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dagmar Dzurova
- Department of Social Geography and Regional Development, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Michala Lustigova
- Department of Social Geography and Regional Development, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Claudia Costa
- Centre of Studies in Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maica Rodríguez-Sanz
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucia Bosakova
- Department of Health Psychology and Research Methodology, Medical Faculty, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic; Olomouc University Social Health Institute (OUSHI), Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Paula Santana
- Centre of Studies in Geography and Spatial Planning, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carme Borrell
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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Oshio T. Lingering Impact of Starting Working Life During a Recession: Health Outcomes of Survivors of the "Employment Ice Age" (1993-2004) in Japan. J Epidemiol 2020; 30:412-419. [PMID: 31406050 PMCID: PMC7429149 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20190121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A growing amount of evidence demonstrates the adverse impacts of economic downturns on population health. However, the extent to which the macroeconomic conditions at labor market entry affect health outcomes in later life remains relatively understudied. This study focused on the health outcomes of the cohort who entered the labor market during the “employment ice age” (EIA; 1993–2004) in Japan, when young people had difficulty finding jobs after graduating from college or high school. Methods We used repeated cross-sectional data (N = 3,054,782; 1,500,618 men and 1,554,164 women) obtained from an 11-wave population-based nationwide survey conducted every 3 years from 1986 through 2016. We considered three health outcomes: being in hospital, subjective symptoms, and self-rated health (SRH). We employed two types of statistical analyses: an age-period-cohort (APC) analysis, which controlled for age and period (wave) effects, and a difference-in-differences (DiD) analysis, in which the EIA experience was regarded as a treatment. Results The APC analysis confirmed the relative disadvantage of the EIA cohort for all three outcomes; for instance, the odds ratio of poor SRH for the EIA cohort was 1.29 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.21–1.38) for men and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.17–1.34) for women. The DiD analysis confirmed the robustness of these results, especially for men. Conclusions The results underscored the lingering impact of the macroeconomic conditions at labor market entry on health outcomes in later life in Japan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Oshio
- Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University
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Wachtler B, Hoebel J. Soziale Ungleichheit und COVID-19: Sozialepidemiologische
Perspektiven auf die Pandemie. DAS GESUNDHEITSWESEN 2020; 82:670-675. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1226-6708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungDie neue Coronavirus-Erkrankung (COVID-19) trifft bestimmte
Bevölkerungsgruppen stärker als andere. Sozialepidemiologische
Muster der Pandemie, die über Alters- und Geschlechterunterschiede
hinausgehen, sind bislang jedoch kaum erforscht. Für Deutschland liegen
bisher nur sehr wenige Befunde zu den sozialen Determinanten von COVID-19 vor.
Erste Berichte aus anderen westlichen Industrieländern lassen erkennen,
dass Menschen in sozioökonomisch deprivierten Regionen und People of
Color ein erhöhtes Risiko haben, schwer an COVID-19 zu erkranken und
daran zu versterben. Hierfür dürften soziale Ungleichheiten im
Infektionsrisiko, die sich durch unterschiedliche Lebens- und Arbeitsbedingungen
ergeben, wie auch soziale Ungleichheiten in der Suszeptibilität und den
Risikofaktoren für schwere COVID-19-Krankheitsverläufe,
insbesondere das Vorhandensein von Vorerkrankungen, eine wesentliche Rolle
spielen. Diese sind auch für Deutschland umfassend dokumentiert. Somit
kann angenommen werden, dass auch hierzulande Menschen mit einem niedrigen
sozioökonomischen Status besonders stark betroffen sein könnten,
was vermutlich erst im weiteren Verlauf der Pandemie mehr zutage treten wird.
Auch die sozialen, ökonomischen und psychosozialen Folgen der
Maßnahmen, die zur Eindämmung der Pandemie getroffen werden,
könnten verschiedene sozioökonomische Gruppen ungleich stark
treffen. Damit hat die COVID-19-Pandemie insgesamt das Potenzial, soziale und
gesundheitliche Ungleichheiten zu verstärken. Es braucht
sozialepidemiologische Untersuchungen des COVID-19-Geschehens, um
Maßnahmen des Gesundheits- und Infektionsschutzes zielgruppengerecht,
evidenzbasiert und unter Berücksichtigung gesundheitlicher
Chancengerechtigkeit weiterentwickeln zu können.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Wachtler
- Fachgebiet Soziale Determinanten der Gesundheit, Abteilung für
Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsmonitoring, Robert Koch-Institut,
Berlin
| | - Jens Hoebel
- Fachgebiet Soziale Determinanten der Gesundheit, Abteilung für
Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsmonitoring, Robert Koch-Institut,
Berlin
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeram V Ramagopalan
- Global Access, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Radek Wasiak
- Cytel Ltd, Hamilton House, Mabledon Place, London WC1H 9BB, UK
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Brito Barros RM. Monitoring the financial evolution of Portuguese regional health administrations during adjustment that followed the European sovereign debt crisis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/20479700.2017.1359990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Townsend B, Strazdins L, Harris P, Baum F, Friel S. Bringing in critical frameworks to investigate agenda-setting for the social determinants of health: Lessons from a multiple framework analysis. Soc Sci Med 2020; 250:112886. [PMID: 32151781 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Public health scholars have increasingly called for greater attention to the political and policy processes that enable or constrain successful prioritisation of health on government agendas. Much research investigating policy agenda-setting in public health has focused on the use of single frameworks, in particular Kingdon's Multiple Streams Framework. More recently, scholars have argued that blending complementary policy frameworks can enable greater attention to a wider range of drivers that influence government agendas away from or towards progressive social and health policies. In this paper, we draw on multiple policy process frameworks in a study of agenda-setting for Australia's first national paid parental leave scheme. Introduced in 2011 after decades of advocacy, this scheme provides federal government-funded parental leave for eighteen weeks' pay at the minimum wage for primary caregivers, with evaluations showing improved health and equity outcomes. Drawing on empirical data collected from documentary sources and interviews with 25 key policy informants, we find that a combination of policy frameworks; in this case, Kingdon's Multiple Streams; Advocacy Coalition Framework; Punctuated Equilibrium; Narrative Policy Framework; and Policy Feedback helped explain how this landmark social policy came about. However, none of these frameworks were adequate without situating them within a critical feminist lens which enabled an explicit focus on the gendered nature of power. We argue that, alongside making use of policy process frameworks, social determinants of health policy research needs to engage with critical frameworks which share an explicit agenda for improving people's daily living conditions and the re-distribution of power, money, and resources in ways that promote health equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Townsend
- Menzies Centre for Health Governance, School of Regulation and Global Governance, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia.
| | - Lyndall Strazdins
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Patrick Harris
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fran Baum
- Southgate Institute for Health, Society and Equity, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Sharon Friel
- Menzies Centre for Health Governance, School of Regulation and Global Governance, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Siopi M, Tarpatzi A, Kalogeropoulou E, Damianidou S, Vasilakopoulou A, Vourli S, Pournaras S, Meletiadis J. Epidemiological Trends of Fungemia in Greece with a Focus on Candidemia during the Recent Financial Crisis: a 10-Year Survey in a Tertiary Care Academic Hospital and Review of Literature. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:e01516-19. [PMID: 31871083 PMCID: PMC7038287 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01516-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Updated information on the epidemiology of candidemia, particularly during severe socioeconomic events, is important for proper management of these infections. A systematic literature review on candidemia in Greece and a retrospective surveillance study were conducted in a tertiary university hospital during the years of the recent financial crisis (2009 to 2018) in order to assess changes in incidence rates, patient characteristics, species distribution, antifungal susceptibilities, and drug consumption. The average annual incidence of 429 candidemic episodes was 2.03/10,000 bed days, with 9.88 in adult intensive care units (ICUs), 1.74 in surgical wards, and 1.81 in internal medicine wards, where a significant increase was observed (1.15, 1.85, and 2.23/10,000 bed days in 2009 to 2011, 2012 to 2014, and 2015 to 2018, respectively; P = 0.004). Candida albicans was the most common species (41%), followed by Candida parapsilosis species complex [SC] (37%), Candida glabrata SC (11%), Candida tropicalis (7%), Candida krusei (1%), and other rare Candida spp. (3%). Mixed infections were found in 20/429 (4.7%) cases, while 33 (7%) cases were due to non-Candida spp. Overall, 44/311 (14%) isolates were resistant/non-wild type (WT) to the nine antifungals tested, with 23/113 (20%) C. parapsilosis SC and 2/34 (6%) C. glabrata SC isolates being resistant to fluconazole (1 panechinocandin and 2 panazole resistant). All isolates were susceptible/WT to amphotericin B and flucytosine. While the overall consumption of antifungals diminished (P = 0.02), with a mean of 17.93 defined daily doses (DDD)/100 bed days, increased micafungin use was correlated with the rise in C. parapsilosis SC (P = 0.04). A significant increase of candidemia in internal medicine wards and of C. parapsilosis SC infections was found during the years of financial crisis. Although resistance rates remain low (<14%), fluconazole-resistant C. parapsilosis SC and multidrug-resistant C. glabrata SC isolates are of major concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Siopi
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Tarpatzi
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Kalogeropoulou
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Damianidou
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandra Vasilakopoulou
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Vourli
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Spyros Pournaras
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Joseph Meletiadis
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Attikon University Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Gotsens M, Ferrando J, Marí-Dell’Olmo M, Palència L, Bartoll X, Gandarillas A, Sanchez-Villegas P, Esnaola S, Daponte A, Borrell C. Effect of the Financial Crisis on Socioeconomic Inequalities in Mortality in Small Areas in Seven Spanish Cities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030958. [PMID: 32033162 PMCID: PMC7037194 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the trend in socioeconomic inequalities in mortality in small areas due to several specific causes before (2001–2004, 2005–2008) and during (2009–2012) the economic crisis in seven Spanish cities. Methods: This ecological study of trends, with census tracts as the areas of analysis, was based on three periods. Several causes of death were studied. A socioeconomic deprivation index was calculated for each census tract. For each small area, we estimated standardized mortality ratios, and controlled for their variability using Bayesian models (sSMR). We also estimated the relative risk of mortality according to deprivation in the different cities, periods, and sexes. Results: In general, a similar geographical pattern was found for the socioeconomic deprivation index and sSMR. For men, there was an association in all cities between the deprivation index and all-cause mortality that remained stable over the three periods. For women, there was an association in Barcelona, Granada, and Sevilla between the deprivation index and all-cause mortality in the third period. Patterns by causes of death were more heterogeneous. Conclusions: After the start of the financial crisis, socioeconomic inequalities in total mortality in small areas of Spanish cities remained stable in most cities, although several causes of death showed a different pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Gotsens
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Ferrando
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Marí-Dell’Olmo
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Laia Palència
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Bartoll
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Gandarillas
- Dirección General de Salud Pública, Consejería de Sanidad, Comunidad de Madrid, 28035 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Sanchez-Villegas
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Observatorio de Salud y Medio Ambiente de Andalucía, Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, 18080 Granada, Spain
| | - Santi Esnaola
- Department of Health of the Basque Country, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Antonio Daponte
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Observatorio de Salud y Medio Ambiente de Andalucía, Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública, 18080 Granada, Spain
| | - Carme Borrell
- Agència de Salut Pública de Barcelona, 08023 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08002 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Risk of child poverty and social exclusion in two Spanish regions: social and family determinants. GACETA SANITARIA 2020; 35:216-223. [PMID: 31980149 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Describe the risk of poverty and social exclusion in children aged 8-11 years from Gipuzkoa and Valencia (Spain), through AROPE (At Risk Of Poverty or Social Exclusion) indicators, and evaluate their associated factors in the INMA Project (Childhood and Environment). METHOD Families in Gipuzkoa and Valencia (394 and 382, respectively) completed a questionnaire in 2015-2016. Low work intensity (LWI), at risk of poverty (RP) and material deprivation (MD) were estimated. AROPE consisted in meeting any of the previous sub-indicators. Socio-demographic, family and parental characteristics were considered. Frequencies, Venn's diagrams, and chi-square and Fisher tests were used in bivariate analysis and logistic regression in multivariate analysis. RESULTS For LWI, RP, MD and AROPE, prevalence of 2.5%, 5.6%, 2.3% and 7.2% were obtained in Gipuzkoa, and 8.1%, 31.5%, 7.8% and 34.7% in Valencia, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, the AROPE was associated in both areas with maternal social class and non-nuclear families. In Gipuzkoa, it was also related to maternal education. In Valencia, other factors were the mother's foreign origin, and paternal education and smoking. CONCLUSION There is higher AROPE prevalence in Valencia. Social class and family type were shared factors, but a differential pattern is observed in other social determinants. It is essential to implement social policies to reduce this axis of inequalities in health, especially in childhood.
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Rodríguez-Rodríguez V, Pérez-Garín D, Recio-Saboya P, Rico-Gómez A. [Financial fraud and health: a qualitative approach]. GACETA SANITARIA 2020; 34:268-275. [PMID: 31964535 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
During the economic crisis, developed countries have experienced financial fraud, with effects on the physical and mental health of the people affected, and on social domains. Based on the theoretical framework in literature reviews and in quantitative studies, this paper aims to obtain evidence on the effects of financial fraud on health and on the family and social environments of those affected. An intentional sample of 32 people affected by abusive and multi-currency mortgages, preferred and swap stock in Madrid was approached. In-depth interviews were conducted, and the resulting data was analysed using content analysis. Fraud-affected individuals had conditions of age, sex, educational level and occupations that possibly allowed them to accumulate economic resources throughout the course of their lives and, predictably in many cases, to take out fraudulent financial products, based on trust in the financial institutions. Financial fraud has led to the emergence of various processes of anomia and adverse health effects. The consequences on health were physical ailments (symptoms and diseases in various systems and parts of the body) and mental disorders (anxiety, depression, suicidal ideation), all affecting lifestyles, behaviour and personal and social relationships, both in affected individuals and their families. The increase in the use of medical drugs and health services serves as a final corollary to the imbalances on the affected people's health. Individuals and the Spanish society demand public health policy measures to mitigate the effects on health and the recovery of their confidence in the banking and political system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Economía, Geografía y Demografía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, España.
| | | | - Patricia Recio-Saboya
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, España
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König D, Swoboda P, Cramer RJ, Krall C, Postuvan V, Kapusta ND. Austrian firearm legislation and its effects on suicide and homicide mortality: A natural quasi-experiment amidst the global economic crisis. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 52:104-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBackground:Restriction of access to suicide methods has been shown to effectively reduce suicide mortality rates.Aims:To examine how the global economic crisis of 2008 and the firearm legislation reform of 1997 affected suicide and homicide mortality rate within Austria.Methods:Official data for the years 1985–2016 for firearm certificates, suicide, homicide, unemployment rates and alcohol consumption were examined using auto regressive error and Poisson regression models.Results:Firearm certificates, total suicide mortality rate, suicide and homicides by firearms, and the fraction of firearm suicides/homicides among all suicides/homicides decreased after the firearm legislation reform in 1997. However, significant trend changes can be observed after 2008. The availability of firearm certificates significantly increased and was accompanied by significant changes in trends of firearm suicide and homicide rates. Concurrently, the total suicide mortality rate in 2008, for the first time since 1985, stopped its decreasing trend. While the total homicide rate further decreased, the fraction of firearm homicides among all homicides significantly increased.Conclusion:The initially preventative effect of the firearm legislation reform in Austria in 1997 seems to have been counteracted by the global economic downturn of 2008. Increased firearm availability was associated with corresponding increases in both firearm suicide and firearm homicide mortality. Restrictive firearm legislation should be an imperative part of a country’s suicide prevention programme. Although firearm legislation reform may have long-lasting effects, societal changes may facilitate compensatory firearm acquisitions and thus counteract preventive efforts, calling in turn again for adapted counter-measures.
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Abstract
Social inequality refers to the inequitable distribution of social prosperity including the resource of health. The relationship between social inequality and mental health can be established by means of indicators of social inequality throughout all age groups in Germany. There are social gradients of mental health on the population level, i.e. the linear relationship between social classes or status and state of health. Fundamental determinants of health disparity are cultural, social, political, and geographical conditions, which interact with the genetic make-up and epigenetic processes. These determinants also influence the management of developmental tasks during the life course and are of utmost importance for the development of mental disorders. The maladaptation to chronic stress is at the core of health disparity. Interventions at the individual behavioral level should comprise the development of stress management and coping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hoell
- Arbeitsgruppe Versorgungsforschung, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim/Universität Heidelberg, 68159, Mannheim, Deutschland.
| | - H J Salize
- Arbeitsgruppe Versorgungsforschung, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Zentralinstitut für Seelische Gesundheit, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim/Universität Heidelberg, 68159, Mannheim, Deutschland
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Radojicic M, Jeremic V, Savic G. Going beyond health efficiency: What really matters? Int J Health Plann Manage 2019; 35:318-338. [PMID: 31680330 DOI: 10.1002/hpm.2914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Both citizens and policymakers demand the best possible results from a country's healthcare system. It is of utmost importance to accurately and objectively assess the efficiency of a healthcare system and to note the key indicators, where resources are lost, and possibilities for improvement. This paper evaluates the efficiency of health systems in 38 countries, mainly members of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, using data envelopment analysis (DEA). In the first stage, bootstrapped Ivanovic distance is used to generate weights for the indicators, thus taking into consideration different country's goals, but not to the extent of reducing the possibility of comparison. The analysis shows that human resources are the most important health system resource and countries should pay special attention to developing and employing competent medical workers. The reorganization of human resources and the funds allocated to them could also increase efficiency. The second stage examines environmental indicators to find the causes of inefficiency. No proof is found that any one basic health system funding model produces better health outcomes than the others. Obesity is identified as a major issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Radojicic
- Department of Operational Research and Statistics, Faculty of Organizational Science, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Veljko Jeremic
- Department of Operational Research and Statistics, Faculty of Organizational Science, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Savic
- Department of Operational Research and Statistics, Faculty of Organizational Science, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Nolasco A, Vicent-Castelló EM, Pereyra-Zamora P, Caballero-Pérez P, Moncho J. Mortalidad por complicaciones médicas y quirúrgicas, impacto de la crisis y gasto sanitario en España, 2002-2013. GACETA SANITARIA 2019; 33:504-510. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Nuzzo JB, Meyer D, Snyder M, Ravi SJ, Lapascu A, Souleles J, Andrada CI, Bishai D. What makes health systems resilient against infectious disease outbreaks and natural hazards? Results from a scoping review. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1310. [PMID: 31623594 PMCID: PMC6798426 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7707-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The 2014–2016 Ebola outbreak was a wake-up call regarding the critical importance of resilient health systems. Fragile health systems can become overwhelmed during public health crises, further exacerbating the human, economic, and political toll. Important work has been done to describe the general attributes of a health system resilient to these crises, and the next step will be to identify the specific capacities that health systems need to develop and maintain to achieve resiliency. Methods We conducted a scoping review of the literature to identify recurring themes and capacities needed for health system resiliency to infectious disease outbreaks and natural hazards and any existing implementation frameworks that highlight these capacities. We also sought to identify the overlap of the identified themes and capacities with those highlighted in the World Health Organization’s Joint External Evaluation. Sources of evidence included PubMed, Web of Science, OAIster, and the websites of relevant major public health organizations. Results We identified 16 themes of health system resilience, including: the need to develop plans for altered standards of care during emergencies, the need to develop plans for post-event recovery, and a commitment to quality improvement. Most of the literature described the general attributes of a resilient health system; no implementation frameworks were identified that could translate these elements into specific capacities that health system actors can employ to improve resilience to outbreaks and natural hazards in a variety of settings. Conclusions An implementation-oriented health system resilience framework could help translate the important components of a health system identified in this review into specific capacities that actors in the health system could work to develop to improve resilience to public health crises. However, there remains a need to further refine the concept of resilience so that health systems can simultaneously achieve sustainable transformations in healthcare practice and health service delivery as well as improve their preparedness for emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Nuzzo
- Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, 621 East Pratt Street, Suite 210, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Diane Meyer
- Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, 621 East Pratt Street, Suite 210, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA.
| | - Michael Snyder
- Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, 621 East Pratt Street, Suite 210, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Sanjana J Ravi
- Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, 621 East Pratt Street, Suite 210, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - Ana Lapascu
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jon Souleles
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Carolina I Andrada
- Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, 621 East Pratt Street, Suite 210, Baltimore, MD, 21202, USA
| | - David Bishai
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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Hammarström A, Virtanen P. The importance of financial recession for mental health among students: short- and long-term analyses from an ecosocial perspective. J Public Health Res 2019; 8:1504. [PMID: 31579674 PMCID: PMC6761466 DOI: 10.4081/jphr.2019.1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim: Referring to the ecosocial theory and utilising the ‘natural experiment’ setting provided by the global recession at the beginning of 1990s, the aim of our study was to analyse the short- and long-term associations between trade and mental health in young students followed until mid-adulthood. Method: The study was based on two prospective cohort studies, the older and the younger Northern Swedish Cohort which both consisted of all pupils in a middle-sized industrial town in Northern Sweden. At age 21, the younger cohort entered the labour market during the deep recession of the early 1990s, while the older cohort entered the labour market during the boom of the 1980s. Both cohorts were followed up with a high response rate in mid adulthood. For this study, all students were selected at age 21. Results: At age 21, those who studied during recession had more depressive and functional somatic symptoms than those who studied during boom. The cohort differences did not remain over age: by the follow-up in early middle age the differences between the cohorts were non-significant, most notably due to decreased depressive symptoms in the younger cohort and increase of functional somatic symptoms in the older cohort. Conclusions: The short-term mental health consequences of the business cycle seem to be more extensive than limited only to those who are unemployed, even though the possible long-term consequences seem to be more complex. Thus, the macrolevel had a great short-term impact on the individual level in relation to the microlevel setting of university/school. The chronosystem was also of major importance. Future research would benefit from taking the context into account. Significance for public health Although those who study at age 21 may be considered as a relatively healthy and advantaged population group in the long run, our results provide evidence for the significance of recession for mental health, not only among those suffering from concrete job loss but across all population groups. Students’ mental health should be given high priority during times of financial crisis. Mental health services for students should receive increased resources during times of recession. Even if young people may be reluctant to study after school during a financial crisis, it seems to be beneficial for their mental health in a long-term perspective. So, for them poorer mental health does not seem to be dangerous in the long run. Students surveys should pay special attention to understanding the relation between macroeconomic conditions and individual mental health symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Hammarström
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,The Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pekka Virtanen
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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