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Kelly BD. New technology, psychiatry, and the law: Panic, prudence, possibility. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2024; 94:101984. [PMID: 38522125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2024.101984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Throughout human history, all new technology has been met with surprise, anxiety, panic, and - eventually - prudent adoption of certain aspects of specific technological advances. This pattern is evident in the histories of most technologies, ranging from steam power in the nineteenth century, to television in the twentieth century, and - now - 'artificial intelligence' (AI) in the twenty-first century. Each generation believes that the technological advances of its era are quantitatively and qualitatively different to those of previous generations, but the underlying phenomenon is the same: the shock of the new, followed by more gradual adjustment to (and of) new technology. These concerns are apparent today in relation to AI, which reflects interesting but incremental advances on existing technologies, rather than stand-alone developments. The usual concerns with all technologies (e.g., that they will replace certain aspects of human function) are, perhaps, more concerning in fields such as mental capacity law, which often applies to people with impaired decision-making capacity who might be especially vulnerable to technologies which appear capable of encroaching disproportionately on decision-making or other areas of core human function. This paper approaches this topic from an historical standpoint, noting both previous technological panics in the past and the possibilities offered by AI today, provided it is approached in a proportionate, prudent, and person-centered way, underpinned by appropriate ethical guidance and active ethical awareness in clinical and legal practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan D Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Tallaght University Hospital, Tallaght, Dublin 24 D24 NR0A, Ireland.
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Van de Casteele M, Flamant N, Ponnet K, Soenens B, Van Hees V, Vansteenkiste M. Adolescents' mental health in the social-media era: The role of offline and online need-based experiences. J Adolesc 2024; 96:612-631. [PMID: 38112170 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Debate about the precise role of social media use (SMU) in the mental health of today's adolescents is still ongoing. The present study adds to the literature by focusing on adolescents' experiences during SMU and in their offline activities through the lens of basic psychological needs, which are central to self-determination theory. METHODS To examine the joint and supplementary effects of need-experiences in the offline and SMU domain (i.e., SMU satisfaction, offline satisfaction, SMU frustration, offline frustration) on several indicators of adolescents' mental health (i.e., vitality, life satisfaction, sleep quality, anxiety, and depression), polynomial regression analyses were used. Three cross-sectional samples were collected in Belgium, including early to mid-adolescents during the COVID-pandemic (Sample 1; N = 447; Mage = 14.26; 54.4% female) as well as postpandemic (Sample 2; N = 179, Mage = 15.25; 54.2% female), and among college students in postpandemic times (Sample 3; N = 4977; Mage = 20.72; 69.1% female). RESULTS The results showed that need-experiences common to both domains were a robust factor associated with mental health. This finding was obtained across all samples and outcomes, with need satisfaction playing a beneficial and need frustration a harmful role. We further found that offline need-experiences serve as a more crucial predictor of adolescents' mental health than need experiences on social media. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents' experiences of need satisfaction and need frustration on social media and in offline activities are central to their mental health. However, only relying on SMU as a single source of need satisfaction may not be recommended, given that offline experiences seem to be more decisive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Van de Casteele
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nele Flamant
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Koen Ponnet
- Media Innovation and Communication Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Soenens
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Valerie Van Hees
- Support Centre Inclusive Higher Education (SIHO), Ghent, Belgium
| | - Maarten Vansteenkiste
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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White B, Clark A, Miller M. Digital Being: social media and the predictive mind. Neurosci Conscious 2024; 2024:niae008. [PMID: 38504826 PMCID: PMC10949958 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Social media is implicated today in an array of mental health concerns. While concerns around social media have become mainstream, little is known about the specific cognitive mechanisms underlying the correlations seen in these studies or why we find it so hard to stop engaging with these platforms when things obviously begin to deteriorate for us. New advances in computational neuroscience, however, are now poised to shed light on this matter. In this paper, we approach the phenomenon of social media addiction through the lens of the active inference framework. According to this framework, predictive agents like us use a 'generative model' of the world to predict our own incoming sense data and act to minimize any discrepancy between the prediction and incoming signal (prediction error). In order to live well and be able to act effectively to minimize prediction error, it is vital that agents like us have a generative model, which not only accurately reflects the regularities of our complex environment but is also flexible and dynamic and able to stay accurate in volatile and turbulent circumstances. In this paper, we propose that some social media platforms are a spectacularly effective way of warping an agent's generative model and of arresting the model's ability to flexibly track and adapt to changes in the environment. We go on to investigate cases of digital tech, which do not have these adverse effects and suggest-based on the active inference framework-some ways to understand why some forms of digital technology pose these risks, while others do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben White
- School of Media, Arts and Humanities, University of Sussex, Arts A07, Brighton BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Clark
- School of Media, Arts and Humanities, University of Sussex, Arts A07, Brighton BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Macquarie University Wallumattagal Campus Macquarie Park, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Mark Miller
- Monash Centre for Consciousness and Contemplative Studies, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Psychology Department, University of Toronto, 100 St. George Street, 4th Floor, Sidney Smith Hall, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
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Huang S, Lai X, Ke L, Li Y, Wang H, Zhao X, Dai X, Wang Y. AI Technology panic-is AI Dependence Bad for Mental Health? A Cross-Lagged Panel Model and the Mediating Roles of Motivations for AI Use Among Adolescents. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:1087-1102. [PMID: 38495087 PMCID: PMC10944174 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s440889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The emergence of new technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI), may manifest as technology panic in some people, including adolescents who may be particularly vulnerable to new technologies (the use of AI can lead to AI dependence, which can threaten mental health). While the relationship between AI dependence and mental health is a growing topic, the few existing studies are mainly cross-sectional and use qualitative approaches, failing to find a longitudinal relationship between them. Based on the framework of technology dependence, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of experiencing AI dependence, to examine the cross-lagged effects between mental health problems (anxiety/depression) and AI dependence and to explore the mediating role of AI use motivations. Methods A two-wave cohort program with 3843 adolescents (Male = 1848, Mage = 13.21 ± 2.55) was used with a cross-lagged panel model and a half-longitudinal mediation model. Results 17.14% of the adolescents experienced AI dependence at T1, and 24.19% experienced dependence at T2. Only mental health problems positively predicted subsequent AI dependence, not vice versa. For AI use motivation, escape motivation and social motivation mediated the relationship between mental health problems and AI dependence whereas entertainment motivation and instrumental motivation did not. Discussion Excessive panic about AI dependence is currently unnecessary, and AI has promising applications in alleviating emotional problems in adolescents. Innovation in AI is rapid, and more research is needed to confirm and evaluate the impact of AI use on adolescents' mental health and the implications and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiong Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Digital Education, China National Academy of Educational Sciences, Beijing, 100088, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yajun Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Education Sciences, Shenzhen, 518001, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huanlei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinmei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinran Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People’s Republic of China
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Newson M, Zhao Y, Zein ME, Sulik J, Dezecache G, Deroy O, Tunçgenç B. Digital contact does not promote wellbeing, but face-to-face contact does: A cross-national survey during the COVID-19 pandemic. NEW MEDIA & SOCIETY 2024; 26:426-449. [PMID: 38174349 PMCID: PMC10758341 DOI: 10.1177/14614448211062164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
With restricted face-to-face interactions, COVID-19 lockdowns and distancing measures tested the capability of computer-mediated communication to foster social contact and wellbeing. In a multinational sample (n = 6436), we investigated how different modes of contact related to wellbeing during the pandemic. Computer-mediated communication was more common than face-to-face, and its use was influenced by COVID-19 death rates, more so than state stringency measures. Despite its legal and health threats, face-to-face contact was still positively associated with wellbeing, and messaging apps had a negative association. Perceived household vulnerability to COVID-19 reduced the positive effect of face-to-face communication on wellbeing, but surprisingly, people's own vulnerability did not. Computer-mediated communication was particularly negatively associated with the wellbeing of young and empathetic people. Findings show people endeavored to remain socially connected, yet however, maintain a physical distance, despite the tangible costs to their wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marwa El Zein
- University College London, UK; Max-Planck for Human Development, Germany
| | | | | | - Ophelia Deroy
- Ludwig Maximilian University, Germany; University of London, UK
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Paquin V, Philippe FL, Shannon H, Guimond S, Ouellet-Morin I, Geoffroy MC. Associations between digital media use and psychotic experiences in young adults of Quebec, Canada: a longitudinal study. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2024; 59:65-75. [PMID: 37516683 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-023-02537-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Digital media use has been associated with psychotic experiences in youth from the community, but the direction of association remains unclear. We aimed to examine between- and within-person associations of digital media use and psychotic experiences in youth. METHODS The sample included 425 participants aged 18-25 years (82.5% female) from the community, followed between May 2021 and January 2022 over 3 time points-of which 263 participants (61.9%) completed at least 2. Digital media use was self-reported as time spent daily on TV and streaming platforms, social media, and video games over the past 3 months. Psychotic experiences in the past 3 months were measured with the 15-item Community Assessment of Psychic Experiences. Associations between digital media use and psychotic experiences were estimated using a random-intercept cross-lagged panel model. RESULTS On average, individuals who reported greater digital media use also reported higher levels of psychotic experiences (r = 0.34, 95% CI 0.15, 0.53). However, a person's variation in digital media use, relative to their personal average, was not significantly associated with subsequent variations in their levels of psychotic experiences, or vice-versa. Results were similar across TV/streaming, social media and video game use, and after adjusting for age, sex, education, sleep, physical activity, and cannabis use. CONCLUSION Individuals with a tendency for higher levels of digital media use also had a tendency for higher levels of psychotic experiences. Understanding this association may help personalize mental health interventions for people with psychotic experiences, which may be offered digitally to promote their accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Paquin
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Ludmer Research and Training Building, 1033 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada.
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Frederick L Philippe
- Department of Psychology, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Holly Shannon
- The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research and Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Synthia Guimond
- The Royal's Institute of Mental Health Research and Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychoeducation and Psychology, University of Quebec in Outaouais, Gatineau, QC, Canada
| | - Isabelle Ouellet-Morin
- School of Criminology, University of Montreal, and Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Geoffroy
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Ludmer Research and Training Building, 1033 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, QC, H3A 1A1, Canada
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Bunker CJ, Kwan VSY. Deviation from Design: A Meta-Analytic Review on the Link Between Social Media Use and Less Connection Between the Self and Others. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2023; 26:805-822. [PMID: 37738319 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2022.0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Social media were designed to connect people and support interpersonal relationships. However, whether social media use is linked to the connection between the self and others is unknown. The present research reviewed findings across psychology to address whether social media use is linked to defining and expressing the self as connected to others (i.e., interdependence) versus separate from others (i.e., independence) and whether this link appears in both individualistic and collectivistic cultures. Eligible studies reported an association between social media use (e.g., time spent, frequency of use) and a characteristic supportive of independence (e.g., narcissism, envy, self-enhancement). Meta-analytic results of 133 effect sizes across the reviewed studies show that social media use is linked to independence rather than interdependence. This relationship was more pronounced in collectivistic cultures than in individualistic cultures. These findings suggest that characteristics linked to social media use differ from what one might expect based on the design of social media to connect people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Bunker
- Department of Marketing Communication, Emerson College, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Virginia S Y Kwan
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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Protzko J, Schooler JW. What I didn't grow up with is dangerous: personal experience with a new technology or societal change reduces the belief that it corrupts youth. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1017313. [PMID: 37904909 PMCID: PMC10613486 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1017313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Throughout history, technological and societal changes consistently receive suspicion. Their influences appear damaging, corrupting, and potential precursors to societal downfall, with today's youth often portrayed as the primary victims. This study aims to explore an underlying reason for these perceptions and to investigate why society frequently perceives technological and societal transitions as detrimental to the younger generation. Methods We conduct two studies across a total of 1,702 participants. In a pilot study, American adults generate a list of technological/societal innovations they believe to be especially problematic for youth in various ways. The second study maps beliefs that specific technological/societal shifts are corruptive, correlating with whether American adults experience them during their upbringing. Results People view recent technologies as particularly corrupting of today's youth. A notable within-person correlation exists between an individual's exposure to specific technologies during their youth and their belief that these technologies corrupt today's youth. Specifically, people are more inclined to view technological/societal shifts as corruptive if they don't experience them during their formative years (b = -0.09, p < 0.001, 95%CI = [-0.11, -0.09]). When reminded of their own exposure to a particular innovation during their upbringing, however, this relationship reduces. Discussion These findings suggest unfamiliarity currently stands as a pivotal factor in societal apprehensions regarding new technological and societal evolutions. As society welcomes new innovations, an enduring cycle emerges where those unacquainted changes seem corruptive to the newer generations. Recognizing this bias, primarily driven by mere unfamiliarity, may be crucial for more balanced evaluations of the inevitable technological and societal progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Protzko
- Department of Psychological Science, Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, CT, United States
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Schooler
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
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Zendle D, Flick C, Gordon-Petrovskaya E, Ballou N, Xiao LY, Drachen A. No evidence that Chinese playtime mandates reduced heavy gaming in one segment of the video games industry. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:1753-1766. [PMID: 37563302 PMCID: PMC10593605 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Governments around the world are considering regulatory measures to reduce young people's time spent on digital devices, particularly video games. This raises the question of whether proposed regulatory measures would be effective. Since the early 2000s, the Chinese government has been enacting regulations to directly restrict young people's playtime. In November 2019, it limited players aged under 18 to 1.5 hours of daily playtime and 3 hours on public holidays. Using telemetry data on over seven billion hours of playtime provided by a stakeholder from the video games industry, we found no credible evidence for overall reduction in the prevalence of heavy playtime following the implementation of regulations: individual accounts became 1.14 times more likely to play heavily in any given week (95% confidence interval 1.139-1.141). This falls below our preregistered smallest effect size of interest (2.0) and thus is not interpreted as a practically meaningful increase. Results remain robust across a variety of sensitivity analyses, including an analysis of more recent (2021) adjustments to playtime regulation. This casts doubt on the effectiveness of such state-controlled playtime mandates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zendle
- Department of Computer Science, University of York, York, UK.
| | - Catherine Flick
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Nick Ballou
- School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Leon Y Xiao
- Center for Digital Play, IT University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Drachen
- Department of Computer Science, University of York, York, UK
- SDU Metaverse Lab, Maersk McKinney-Moeller Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Lee K. Counseling Psychological Understanding and Considerations of the Metaverse: A Theoretical Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2490. [PMID: 37761687 PMCID: PMC10530550 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11182490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered the interest in and demand for online platforms that can replace traditional face-to-face activities. Accordingly, metaverses have been increasingly used across society, especially in the Mental health field. This broad use of metaverses is now recognized as a major trend that will drive various industries across healthcare and society. In response to this societal change, this study provides a theoretical framework for understanding and applying metaverses as therapeutic spaces in mental health fields through a conceptualization and characterization of metaverses for a range of technologies and services. The value of metaverses as a human-centered "field of experience" was identified and proposed based on the essential aspect of the user, the human being, rather than from the technology used. According to existing psychotherapeutic theories, four therapeutic concepts for the metaverse were proposed: metaverse as an "average expectable environment" in the developmental and therapeutic categories of the self, a transitional stage for adaptation to reality, a creative space for memory and communication for the self, and an expanded or "surplus" reality. This work is expected to be a useful basis for expanding new psychotherapeutic strategies and methods as therapeutic spaces for maintaining mental health through the metaverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunho Lee
- Department of Counseling Psychology, College of Health and Welfare, Sahmyook University, Seoul 01795, Republic of Korea
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Galanis CR, Weber N, Delfabbro PH, Billieux J, King DL. Gaming disorder and stigma-related judgements of gaming individuals: An online randomized controlled trial. Addiction 2023; 118:1687-1698. [PMID: 37070481 DOI: 10.1111/add.16211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The inclusion of gaming disorder (GD) in the International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11) has generated scholarly debate, including claims about its potential stigmatizing effects on the wider gaming population. The present study aimed to estimate the effect of addiction-based and non-addiction-based conceptualizations of problem gaming on stigma of gamers. DESIGN This preregistered experiment involved a 2 (health information: addiction-related or non-addiction-related) × 3 (vignette: problem, regular or casual gamer) randomized, between-subjects design. SETTING An international sample of participants was recruited via Prolific in June and July 2021. PARTICIPANTS Participants were eligible (n = 1228) if they were aged 35 to 50 years, played video games for no more than 6 hours per week and did not endorse DSM-5 or ICD-11 criteria for GD. INTERVENTION AND COMPARATOR Participants were provided with an explanation of problem gaming as related to either an addictive disorder (i.e. 'addiction' explanation) or personal choice and lifestyle factors (i.e. 'non-addiction' explanation). MEASUREMENTS The Attribution Questionnaire (AQ) and Universal Stigma Scale (USS) assessed stigma toward each gamer vignette. Vignettes described a problem gamer (with features of GD); a regular gamer (frequent gaming; some life interference); and a casual gamer (infrequent gaming; no life interference). FINDINGS Problem gamer vignettes (mean [M] = 113.3; 95% CI = 111.5-115.4) received higher AQ stigma ratings than regular (M = 94.0; 95% CI = 91.9-95.9) and casual gamers (M = 80.1; 95% CI = 78.2-82.1). Although significant, the effect of health information type on AQ stigma ratings was negligible (addiction group [M = 97.6; 95% CI = 95.9-99.1], non-addiction group [M = 94.1; 95% CI = 92.6-95.8]). However, the addiction information group scored lower on USS blame and responsibility than the non-addiction information group with at least a small effect (99.1% confidence). CONCLUSIONS Framing of problem gaming as an addictive disorder or non-addictive activity appears to have a negligible effect on stigma of different gamers among middle-age adults with minimal gaming experience. The concept of 'gaming addiction' seems unlikely to be an important influence on public stigma of gaming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina R Galanis
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Nathan Weber
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul H Delfabbro
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Joel Billieux
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre for Excessive Gambling, Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospitals, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel L King
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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Meriläinen M, Ruotsalainen M. The light, the dark, and everything else: making sense of young people's digital gaming. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1164992. [PMID: 37388650 PMCID: PMC10306168 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1164992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether gaming has a beneficial or detrimental effect on young people's lives is a defining feature in both the research and the public discussion of youth digital gaming. In this qualitative study, we draw from a thematic analysis of the experiences of 180 game players in Finland, aged 15-25 years. Utilizing the digital gaming relationship (DGR) theory, we explore how different aspects of gaming actualize in their lives, and how different features of gaming culture participation come together to form their experience. We contend that framing gaming as a balancing act between beneficial and detrimental obscures much of the complexity of young people's gaming, reinforces a partially false dichotomy, and overlooks young people's agency. Based on our results, we suggest alternative approaches that help reduce and avoid these problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Ruotsalainen
- Department of Music, Art and Culture Studies, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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McCrosky JD, Parry DA, Sewall CJR, Orben A. Using Browser Data to Understand Desires to Spend Time Online. TECHNOLOGY, MIND, AND BEHAVIOR 2023; 4:10.1037/tmb0000095. [PMID: 37251306 PMCID: PMC10210828 DOI: 10.1037/tmb0000095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
There is growing recognition that many people feel the need to regulate their use of the internet and other digital technologies to support their wellbeing. In this study, we used Mozilla Firefox browser telemetry to investigate the role played by various usage factors in desires to regulate time spent online. In particular, we investigated how six metrics pertaining to time spent on the internet, and the diversity and intensity of use, predict participants' (n = 8,094) desires to spend more or less time online. Across all six metrics, we did not find evidence for a relationship between browser usage metrics and participants wanting to spend more or less time online. This finding was robust across various analytical pathways. The study highlights a number of considerations and concerns that need to be addressed in future industry-academia collaborations that draw on trace data or usage telemetry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas A Parry
- Department of Information Science, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | | | - Amy Orben
- Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, UK
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Sultan M, Scholz C, van den Bos W. Leaving traces behind: Using social media digital trace data to study adolescent wellbeing. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR REPORTS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chbr.2023.100281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
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15
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Zary N, Eysenbach G, Sekhon H, Rej S. Time to Think "Meta": A Critical Viewpoint on the Risks and Benefits of Virtual Worlds for Mental Health. JMIR Serious Games 2023; 11:e43388. [PMID: 36661284 PMCID: PMC9944144 DOI: 10.2196/43388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The metaverse is gaining traction in the general population and has become a priority of the technological industry. Defined as persistent virtual worlds that exist in virtual or augmented reality, the metaverse proposes to afford a range of activities of daily life, from socializing and relaxing to gaming, shopping, and working. Because of its scope, its projected popularity, and its immersivity, the metaverse may pose unique opportunities and risks for mental health. In this viewpoint article, we integrate existing evidence on the mental health impacts of video games, social media, and virtual reality to anticipate how the metaverse could influence mental health. We outline 2 categories of mechanisms related to mental health: experiences or behaviors afforded by the metaverse and experiences or behaviors displaced by it. The metaverse may benefit mental health by affording control (over an avatar and its virtual environment), cognitive activation, physical activity, social connections, and a sense of autonomy and competence. However, repetitive rewarding experiences may lead to addiction-like behaviors, and high engagement in virtual worlds may facilitate and perpetuate the avoidance of challenges in the offline environment. Further, time spent in virtual worlds may displace (reduce) other determinants of mental health, such as sleep rhythms and offline social capital. Importantly, individuals will differ in their uses of and psychological responses to the metaverse, resulting in heterogeneous impacts on their mental health. Their technological motivations, developmental stage, sociodemographic context, and prior mental health problems are some of the factors that may modify and frame the positive and negative effects of the metaverse on their mental health. In conclusion, as the metaverse is being scaffolded by the industry and by its users, there is a window of opportunity for researchers, clinicians, and people with lived experience to coproduce knowledge on its possible impacts on mental health and illness, with the hope of influencing policy-making, technological development, and counseling of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Harmehr Sekhon
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Lady Davis Research Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Soham Rej
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Lady Davis Research Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
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16
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McNicoll G, Beaulieu-Prévost D. Is Dating App Use Driving the Number of New Sexual Partners Among Young Adults Who Date? If Not, What Is? THE CANADIAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN SEXUALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3138/cjhs.2022-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Dating apps have the potential to facilitate access to a large pool of potential partners. However, both popular press and sexual health experts suggest that this increased partner accessibility is responsible for recent rises in sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and for encouraging short-term relationships over long-term commitments (e.g., Bloodworth, 2021 ; Sales, 2015 ). While recent studies support the idea that dating app use is associated with a greater number of sexual partners, the process underlying this association is still unclear. The main goal of this study was to test whether the association is better explained as a methodological artifact, a self-selection bias, or an accentuation eff ect. Young Canadian adults (N = 405) completed an online survey. Results suggest that most of the association comes from a methodological artefact and that the rest can be explained by the self-selection hypothesis. Overall, the relational goal motivations of young adults and their level of sexual impulsivity seem to play a more important role in their dating outcomes than the specifi c methods that they use to meet new people.
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17
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Heffernan KJ, Vetere F, Chang S. Socio-technical context for insertable devices. Front Psychol 2022; 13:991345. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.991345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, we show that voluntarily inserting devices inside the body is contested and seek to understand why. This article discusses insertables as a source of contestation. To describe and understand the social acceptability, reactions toward, and rhetoric surrounding insertable devices, we examine (i) the technical capabilities of insertable devices (the technical context), (ii) human reactions toward insertables (the social context), and (iii) the regulatory environment. The paper offers explanations to the misperceptions about insertables.
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18
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Metherell TE, Ghai S, McCormick EM, Ford TJ, Orben A. Digital access constraints predict worse mental health among adolescents during COVID-19. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19088. [PMID: 36352002 PMCID: PMC9645341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23899-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and ensuing social restrictions disrupted young people's social interactions and resulted in several periods during which school closures necessitated online learning. We hypothesised that digitally excluded young people would demonstrate greater deterioration in their mental health than their digitally connected peers during this time. We analysed representative mental health data from a sample of UK 10-15-year-olds (N = 1387) who completed a mental health inventory in 2017-2019 and thrice during the pandemic (July 2020, November 2020 and March 2021). We employed longitudinal modelling to describe trajectories of adolescent mental health for participants with and without access to a computer or a good internet connection for schoolwork. Adolescent mental health symptoms rose early in the COVID-19 pandemic, with the highest mean Total Difficulties score around December 2020. The worsening and subsequent recovery of mental health during the pandemic was greatly pronounced among those without access to a computer, although we did not find evidence for a similar effect among those without a good internet connection. We conclude that lack of access to a computer is a tractable risk factor that likely compounds other adversities facing children and young people during periods of social isolation or educational disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Metherell
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sakshi Ghai
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK
| | - Ethan M McCormick
- Donders Institute, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Methodology and Statistics Department, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tamsin J Ford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Amy Orben
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, UK.
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19
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Modecki KL, Goldberg RE, Wisniewski P, Orben A. What Is Digital Parenting? A Systematic Review of Past Measurement and Blueprint for the Future. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022; 17:1673-1691. [PMID: 35816673 PMCID: PMC9634335 DOI: 10.1177/17456916211072458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about parenting adolescents are not new, but the rapid diffusion of digital technologies has heightened anxieties over digital parenting. Findings are decidedly mixed regarding the impact of digital technologies on adolescent well-being, and parents are left to navigate their concerns without an empirically based road map. A missing link for understanding the state of the science is a clear characterization of how digital parenting is measured, including an evaluation of which areas demand an outsized share of scientific attention and which have been overlooked. To address this gap, we undertook two interdisciplinary systematic reviews of the digital-parenting literature and characterized measurement across (a) quantitative surveys (n = 145 studies) and (b) qualitative focus groups, interviews, codesign studies, and user studies (n = 49). We describe previously popular areas of survey measurement that are of decreasing relevance to parenting of digital spaces (e.g., co-use, hovering). We likewise highlight areas that have been overlooked, including consideration of positive uses of digital technologies, acknowledgment of bidirectional influence, and attention to heterogeneity among families and to extraparental social ecologies of support and monitoring. We provide recommendations for the future of digital-parenting research and propose a more comprehensive approach to measuring how modern adolescents are parented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L. Modecki
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland,
School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University,Kathryn L. Modecki, Menzies Health
Institute Queensland, School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University
| | | | | | - Amy Orben
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit,
University of Cambridge
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20
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Haddock A, Ward N, Yu R, O’Dea N. Positive Effects of Digital Technology Use by Adolescents: A Scoping Review of the Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192114009. [PMID: 36360887 PMCID: PMC9658971 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the research literature published from 2012 to 2022 on the relationship between increases in adolescent consumption of digital technologies and its impact on multiple areas of development, with a focus on how adolescent immersion in an increasingly ubiquitous digital world engenders positive outcomes in terms of brain, cognitive, and social-emotional development. The literature search yielded 131 articles, 53 of which were empirical studies of the relationship between increases in consumption of digital technology and brain development, cognitive development, or social-emotional development among adolescents. Overall, these studies identify positive outcomes for adolescents who use different types of digital tech, including the internet, social media, and video games.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Haddock
- Frances L. Hiatt School of Psychology, Mosakowski Institute for Public Enterprise, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Nadia Ward
- Frances L. Hiatt School of Psychology, Mosakowski Institute for Public Enterprise, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
| | - Rondy Yu
- School of Education, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Nicole O’Dea
- Frances L. Hiatt School of Psychology, Mosakowski Institute for Public Enterprise, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, USA
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21
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Talaifar S, Lowery BS. Freedom and Constraint in Digital Environments: Implications for the Self. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022; 18:544-575. [PMID: 36179056 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221098036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We evaluate how features of the digital environment free or constrain the self. Based on the current empirical literature, we argue that modern technological features, such as predictive algorithms and tracking tools, pose four potential obstacles to the freedom of the self: lack of privacy and anonymity, (dis)embodiment and entrenchment of social hierarchy, changes to memory and cognition, and behavioral reinforcement coupled with reduced randomness. Comparing these constraints on the self to the freedom promised by earlier digital environments suggests that digital reality can be designed in more freeing ways. We describe how people reassert personal agency in the face of the digital environment's constraints and provide avenues for future research regarding technology's influence on the self.
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22
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Smiley AH, Fisher M. The Golden Age Is Behind Us: How the Status Quo Impacts the Evaluation of Technology. Psychol Sci 2022; 33:1605-1614. [PMID: 36001890 DOI: 10.1177/09567976221102868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
New technology invariably provokes concerns over potential societal impacts. Even as risks often fail to materialize, the fear continues. The current research explored the psychological underpinnings of this pattern. Across four studies (N = 2,454 adults recruited via Amazon Mechanical Turk), we found evidence for the role of status quo thinking in evaluating technology. In Study 1, we experimentally manipulated the reported age of unfamiliar technology and found that people evaluate it more favorably when it is described as originating before (vs. after) their birth. In Studies 2 through 4, participants' age at the time of invention strongly predicts attitudes toward a wide range of real-world technologies. Finally, we found that individual differences in status-quo-based decision-making moderated evaluations of technology. These studies provide insight into how people respond to the rapidly changing technological landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Fisher
- Department of Marketing, Cox School of Business, Southern Methodist University
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23
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Karhulahti VM, Nerg H, Laitinen T, Päivinen A, Chen Y. Eight Hypotheses on Technology Use and Psychosocial Wellbeing: A Bicultural Phenomenological Study of Gaming during the COVID-19 Pandemic. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022:1-19. [PMID: 36035253 PMCID: PMC9393080 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In this nonconfirmatory qualitative study, we pursued a range of hypotheses regarding how gaming operates in the lives and psychosocial wellbeing of those who actively play videogames during a crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Informed by an explorative survey (N = 793), interpretive phenomenological analysis was applied to interview data from actively gaming Chinese (n = 10) and Finnish (n = 10) participants. Our findings demonstrate how the general increase of pandemic-time gaming did not manifest in all player groups, but in some life contexts gaming activity rather decreased along with reformations in subjective meaning hierarchies and values. Ultimately, eight subordinate themes were refined into testable hypotheses. The study encourages policies that promote socially supportive gaming during pandemic-like situations to consider including personally meaningful solitary play in their recommendations and highlighting context-specificity over generalization. Finally, as almost all our data points echoing experiences of decreasing gaming activity came from China, we stress the importance of culturally diverse samples in the psychological study of global phenomena. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12144-022-03586-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veli-Matti Karhulahti
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Music, Art and Culture Studies, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Henri Nerg
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Music, Art and Culture Studies, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tanja Laitinen
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Music, Art and Culture Studies, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Antti Päivinen
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Music, Art and Culture Studies, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Yingrong Chen
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Department of Music, Art and Culture Studies, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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24
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Reynard S, Dias J, Mitic M, Schrank B, Woodcock KA. Digital Interventions for Emotion Regulation in Children and Early Adolescents: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JMIR Serious Games 2022; 10:e31456. [PMID: 35984681 PMCID: PMC9440412 DOI: 10.2196/31456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Difficulties in emotion regulation are common in adolescence and are associated with poor social and mental health outcomes. However, psychological therapies that promote adaptive emotion regulation may be inaccessible and unattractive to youth. Digital interventions may help address this need. Objective The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesize evidence on the efficacy, feasibility, and acceptability of emotion regulation digital interventions in children and early adolescents aged 8 to 14 years. Methods Systematic searches of Web of Science, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Education Resources Information Centre, ACM Digital Library, and IEEE Xplore up to July 2020 identified 39 studies, of which 11 (28%) were included in the meta-analyses (n=2476 participants). A bespoke tool was used to assess risk of bias. Results The studies evaluated digital games (27/39, 69%), biofeedback (4/39, 10%), virtual or augmented reality (4/39, 10%), and program or multimedia (4/39, 10%) digital interventions in samples classified as diagnosed, at risk, healthy, and universal. The most consistent evidence came from digital games, which reduced negative emotional experience with a small significant effect, largely in youth at risk of anxiety (Hedges g=–0.19, 95% CI –0.34 to –0.04). In general, digital interventions tended to improve emotion regulation, but this effect was not significant (Hedges g=0.19, 95% CI –0.16 to 0.54). Conclusions Most feasibility issues were identified in diagnosed youth, and acceptability was generally high across intervention types and samples. Although there is cause to be optimistic about digital interventions supporting the difficulties that youth experience in emotion regulation, the predominance of early-stage development studies highlights the need for more work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Reynard
- Centre for Applied Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Joao Dias
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Algarve Centre of Marine Sciences, Faro, Portugal.,Institute of Systems and Computer Engineering: Research and Development, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marija Mitic
- Die Offene Tür Research Group for Mental Health of Children and Adolescents, Ludwig Boltzmann Society, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Beate Schrank
- Die Offene Tür Research Group for Mental Health of Children and Adolescents, Ludwig Boltzmann Society, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems, Austria.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tulln, Tulln, Austria
| | - Kate Anne Woodcock
- Centre for Applied Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Institute of Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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25
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Aru J, Rozgonjuk D. The effect of smartphone use on mental effort, learning, and creativity. Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:821-823. [PMID: 35907700 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We argue that scientific studies have not directly assessed the key cognitive processes affected by smartphone use. We propose that smartphone use can be disruptively habitual, with the main detrimental consequence being an inability to exert prolonged mental effort. This inability might negatively affect real-life creativity and domain-specific knowledge acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaan Aru
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Dmitri Rozgonjuk
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Department of Molecular Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
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26
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Huang S, Lai X, Zhao X, Dai X, Yao Y, Zhang C, Wang Y. Beyond Screen Time: Exploring the Associations between Types of Smartphone Use Content and Adolescents’ Social Relationships. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19158940. [PMID: 35897307 PMCID: PMC9331893 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19158940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed controversy over whether the use of digital technology has damaged or enhanced adolescents’ social relationships, which influences their development. In this study, we addressed this debate by specifying the effect of different types of smartphone use content on social relationships, rather than simply relying on screen time spent on digital media. To avoid selective analysis and report of different variables, we used specification curve analysis (SCA) in a large dataset (N = 46,018) to explore the correlations between 20 types of smartphone use content and adolescents’ social relationships (parent–child, peer, and teacher–student). The types of smartphone use content were measured by the revised version of Mobile Phone Use Pattern Scale, the Parent-Child Relationship Scale, the Peer Relationship Scale, and the Teacher-Student Relationship Scale assessed three different social relationships, respectively. Of the 20 types of smartphone use content, only playing games (negatively explaining 1% of the variation), taking online courses (positively explaining 1.6% of the variation), using search engines (positively explaining 1.2% of the variation), using a dictionary (positively explaining 1.3% of the variation), and obtaining life information (positively explaining 1.5% of the variation) showed a significant effect size. The association between smartphone use and adolescents’ social relationships depends on the various types of content with which adolescents engage during smartphone use. The various effects of different types of smartphone use content deserve the attention of both the public and policy-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (S.H.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Xiaoxiong Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (S.H.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Xinmei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (S.H.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Xinran Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (S.H.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (X.D.)
| | - Yuanwei Yao
- Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cai Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China;
| | - Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; (S.H.); (X.L.); (X.Z.); (X.D.)
- Correspondence:
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27
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Haeffel GJ. Psychology needs to get tired of winning. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220099. [PMID: 35754994 PMCID: PMC9214288 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Psychological science is on an extraordinary winning streak. A review of the published literature shows that nearly all study hypotheses are supported. This means that either all the theories are correct, or the literature is biased towards positive findings. Results from large-scale replication projects and the prevalence of questionable research practices indicate the latter. This is a problem because science progresses from being wrong. For decades, there have been calls for better theories and the adoption of a strong inference approach to science. However, there is little reason to believe that psychological science is ready to change. Although recent developments like the open science movement have improved transparency and replicability, they have not addressed psychological science's method-oriented (rather than problem-oriented) mindset. Psychological science still does not embrace the scientific method of developing theories, conducting critical tests of those theories, detecting contradictory results, and revising (or disposing of) the theories accordingly. In this article, I review why psychologists must embrace being wrong and how the Registered Report format might be one strategy for stopping psychology's winning streak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald J. Haeffel
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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28
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Reed GM, First MB, Billieux J, Cloitre M, Briken P, Achab S, Brewin CR, King DL, Kraus SW, Bryant RA. Emerging experience with selected new categories in the ICD-11: complex PTSD, prolonged grief disorder, gaming disorder, and compulsive sexual behaviour disorder. World Psychiatry 2022; 21:189-213. [PMID: 35524599 PMCID: PMC9077619 DOI: 10.1002/wps.20960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the important changes in the ICD-11 is the addition of 21 new mental disorders. New categories are typically proposed to: a) improve the usefulness of morbidity statistics; b) facilitate recognition of a clinically important but poorly classified mental disorder in order to provide appropriate management; and c) stimulate research into more effective treatments. Given the major implications for the field and for World Health Organization (WHO) member states, it is important to examine the impact of these new categories during the early phase of the ICD-11 implementation. This paper focuses on four disorders: complex post-traumatic stress disorder, prolonged grief disorder, gaming disorder, and compulsive sexual behaviour disorder. These categories were selected because they have been the focus of considerable activity and/or controversy and because their inclusion in the ICD-11 represents a different decision than was made for the DSM-5. The lead authors invited experts on each of these disorders to provide insight into why it was considered important to add it to the ICD-11, implications for care of not having that diagnostic category, important controversies about adding the disorder, and a review of the evidence generated and other developments related to the category since the WHO signaled its intention to include it in the ICD-11. Each of the four diagnostic categories appears to describe a population with clinically important and distinctive features that had previously gone unrecognized as well as specific treatment needs that would otherwise likely go unmet. The introduction of these categories in the ICD-11 has been followed by a substantial expansion of research in each area, which has generally supported their validity and utility, and by a significant increase in the availability of appropriate services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Reed
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael B First
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joël Billieux
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Excessive Gambling, Addiction Medicine, Lausanne University Hospitals, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marylene Cloitre
- National Center for PTSD Dissemination and Training Division, VA Palo Alto Health Care, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peer Briken
- Institute for Sex Research and Forensic Psychiatry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sophia Achab
- Outpatient Treatment Unit for Addictive Behaviors ReConnecte, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Psychological and Sociological Research and Training Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Chris R Brewin
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel L King
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Shane W Kraus
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Richard A Bryant
- School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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29
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Etchells PJ, Davidson BI, Kaye LK, Ellis DA, Lieberoth A. Researchers should avoid causally attributing suicide to video game play as a single factor. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2022; 58:880-882. [PMID: 33755202 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Etchells
- Department of Psychology, School of Sciences, Bath Spa University, Bath, UK
| | - Brittany I Davidson
- Information, Decisions & Operations Division, School of Management, University of Bath, Somerset, UK
| | - Linda K Kaye
- Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK
| | - David A Ellis
- Information, Decisions & Operations Division, School of Management, University of Bath, Somerset, UK
| | - Andreas Lieberoth
- Danish School of Education (DPU) and Interacting Minds Center (IMC), Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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30
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Abstract
Abstract. Since the turn of the millennium, the digital revolution has opened a new layer of opportunities for adolescents to participate, create and learn. Simultaneously there has been growth in both debate and worries regarding how the intensive engagement with digital media affects students’ academic performance, engagement, and school-related well-being, that is, academic functioning. Students’ continuously evolving digital practices are not always in congruence with the more traditional ways of schoolwork. Students flourish and fulfill their potential when the informal and formal practices of learning reach congruence, but when this is not the case, frictions can emerge. Spending time with digital media can provide new avenues for learning and development, but it can equally well divert young people from their studies or increase the daily demands. In this narrative review, we address these continuities and discontinuities between engagement with digital media and academic functioning for school-aged children and young people, focusing on meta-analyses, reviews, and key studies. Following the examination of the current literature, we conclude that, in general, the field of “digital media effects” needs to move beyond screen time and utilize the research on the students’ multidimensional socio-digital engagement already conducted. Second, we conclude that the average effects of digital engagement on academic functioning are negligibly small but heterogeneous, further corroborating the claim to examine the qualitative differences in students’ digital engagement, the individual differences between students, as well as the contextual interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri Hietajärvi
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erika Maksniemi
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Smith A, Broom D, Murphy M, Biddle S. A Manifesto for exercise science - a vision for improving the health of the public and planet. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1110-1115. [PMID: 35262464 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2049083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this manifesto, we make the case that Exercise Science can and must do more to improve the health of the public and the planet. Post pandemic, our vision for Exercise Science is one of a maturing scientific discipline reaching outwards from a base of strong empirical evidence to have a profound and sustained positive global impact on health. In each of the three main areas of the discipline - research, teaching, and professional practice - a new and distinctive approach is needed. We propose 12 points of action, in no particular order, for a). quality, rigour, and professional standing, and b). reach, relevance, and public engagement and make numerous suggestions for action and change. We encourage the teachers, researchers and practitioners of Exercise Science to consider and act on these recommendations. We hope that this manifesto can help create a shared sense of purpose amongst the global Exercise Science community and further the principles of equality, diversity and inclusion. To act on these principles, we need to cultivate a discipline that encourages more women, people who experience racism and other forms of discrimination, and people with a disability to become involved in the discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Smith
- Independent, Unaffiliated Sport and Exercise Scientist, UK
| | - David Broom
- Centre for Sport Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Marie Murphy
- Doctoral College, Ulster University, Co. Antrim, Northern Ireland
| | - Stuart Biddle
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QL, Australia
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Petrova K, Schulz MS. Emotional experiences in technology-mediated and in-person interactions: an experience-sampling study. Cogn Emot 2022; 36:750-757. [PMID: 35200113 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2022.2043244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
As the ubiquity of technology-mediated communication grows, so does the number of questions about the costs and benefits of replacing in-person interactions with technology-mediated ones. In the present study, we used a daily diary design to examine how people's emotional experiences vary across in-person, video-, phone-, and text-mediated interactions in day-to-day life. We hypothesised that individuals would report less positive affect and more negative affect after less life-like interactions (where in-person is defined as the most life-like and text-mediated as the least life-like). In line with this hypothesis, the analysis of 527 unique interactions reported by 102 individuals (mean age = 19.3; 85.6% female) over the course of 7 days reveals that people feel lonelier, sadder, less affectionate, less supported, and less happy following less life-like interactions. Additional analyses show that the links between life-like communication and momentary experiences are independent of properties of individual interactions such as interaction length and participants' overall evaluations of interaction quality. These findings provide initial evidence that there may be inherent properties of common technology-mediated communication tools that may lead to momentary changes in affective experiences and make social connection more challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Petrova
- Psychology Department, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA, USA
| | - Marc S Schulz
- Psychology Department, Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA, USA
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Urieta P, Sorrel MA, Aluja A, Balada F, Lacomba E, García LF. Exploring the relationship between personality, decision-making styles, and problematic smartphone use. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02731-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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34
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Johannes N, Dienlin T, Bakhshi H, Przybylski AK. No effect of different types of media on well-being. Sci Rep 2022; 12:61. [PMID: 34992220 PMCID: PMC8738753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It is often assumed that traditional forms of media such as books enhance well-being, whereas new media do not. However, we lack evidence for such claims and media research is mainly focused on how much time people spend with a medium, but not whether someone used a medium or not. We explored the effect of media use during one week on well-being at the end of the week, differentiating time spent with a medium and use versus nonuse, over a wide range of different media types: music, TV, films, video games, (e-)books, (digital) magazines, and audiobooks. Results from a six-week longitudinal study representative of the UK population 16 years and older (N = 2159) showed that effects were generally small; between-person relations but rarely within-person effects; mostly for use versus nonuse and not time spent with a medium; and on affective well-being, not life satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Johannes
- Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | - Hasan Bakhshi
- Creative Industries Policy and Evidence Centre (PEC), Nesta, London, UK
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36
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OUP accepted manuscript. Brain 2022; 145:e18-e20. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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van Wezel MMC, Abrahamse EL, Vanden Abeele MMP. Does a 7-day restriction on the use of social media improve cognitive functioning and emotional well-being? Results from a randomized controlled trial. Addict Behav Rep 2021; 14:100365. [PMID: 34938826 PMCID: PMC8664777 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Screen time apps that allow smartphone users to manage their screen time are assumed to combat negative effects of smartphone use. This study explores whether a social media restriction, implemented via screen time apps, has a positive effect on emotional well-being and sustained attention performance. Methods A randomized controlled trial (N = 76) was performed, exploring whether a week-long 50% reduction in time spent on mobile Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat and YouTube is beneficial to attentional performance and well-being as compared to a 10% reduction. Results Unexpectedly, several participants in the control group pro-actively reduced their screen time significantly beyond the intended 10%, dismantling our intended screen time manipulation. Hence, we analyzed both the effect of the original manipulation (i.e. treatment-as-intended), and the effect of participants' relative reduction in screen time irrespective of their condition (i.e. treatment-as-is). Neither analyses revealed an effect on the outcome measures. We also found no support for a moderating role of self-control, impulsivity or Fear of Missing Out. Interestingly, across all participants behavioral performance on sustained attention tasks remained stable over time, while perceived attentional performance improved. Participants also self-reported a decrease in negative emotions, but no increase in positive emotions. Conclusion We discuss the implications of our findings in light of recent debates about the impact of screen time and formulate suggestions for future research based on important limitations of the current study, revolving among others around appropriate control groups as well as the combined use of both subjective and objective (i.e., behavioral) measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes M C van Wezel
- Department of Cognition and Communication, School of Humanities and Digital Sciences, Tilburg University, Postbus 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, Netherlands
| | - Elger L Abrahamse
- Department of Cognition and Communication, School of Humanities and Digital Sciences, Tilburg University, Postbus 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, Netherlands.,Department of Educational Sciences, Atlántico Medio University, Spain
| | - Mariek M P Vanden Abeele
- Department of Cognition and Communication, School of Humanities and Digital Sciences, Tilburg University, Postbus 90153, 5000 LE Tilburg, Netherlands.,imec-mict-Ugent, Ghent University, Korte Meer 9-11, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Brailovskaia J, Stirnberg J, Rozgonjuk D, Margraf J, Elhai JD. From low sense of control to problematic smartphone use severity during Covid-19 outbreak: The mediating role of fear of missing out and the moderating role of repetitive negative thinking. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261023. [PMID: 34936651 PMCID: PMC8694423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of Covid-19, the use of digital devices, especially smartphones, remarkably increased. Smartphone use belongs to one's daily routine, but can negatively impact physical and mental health, performance, and relationships if used excessively. The present study aimed to investigate potential correlates of problematic smartphone use (PSU) severity and the mechanisms underlying its development. Data of 516 smartphone users from Germany (Mage = 31.91, SDage = 12.96) were assessed via online surveys in April and May 2021. PSU severity was significantly negatively associated with sense of control. In contrast, it was significantly positively linked to fear of missing out (FoMO), repetitive negative thinking (RNT), and daily time spent on smartphone use. In a moderated mediation analysis, the negative relationship between sense of control and PSU severity was significantly mediated by FoMO. RNT significantly moderated the positive association between FoMO and PSU severity. Specifically, the higher the RNT, the stronger the relationship between FoMO and PSU. The present findings disclose potential mechanisms that could contribute to PSU. Potential ways of how to reduce PSU severity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Brailovskaia
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jan Stirnberg
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Dmitri Rozgonjuk
- Department of Molecular Psychology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jürgen Margraf
- Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jon D. Elhai
- Department of Psychology, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
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The evolution of the association between ICT use and reading achievement in 28 countries. COMPUTERS AND EDUCATION OPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.caeo.2021.100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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40
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Modecki KL, Low-Choy S, Vasco D, Vernon L, Uink B. Commentary response: Smartphone use and parenting: re-stratifying the multiverse for families of young children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 62:1497-1500. [PMID: 34057197 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Concerns have been raised that smartphones may harm children and families. Arguably, risk-driven discourses are not always evidence-based. This is a problem, because blanket assumptions of risk drowns out nuanced empirical questions of what constitutes "good" parenting when it comes to smartphone use, and for whom. Here we outline three logical missteps which have contributed to the deficit zeitgeist-ignoring context, misinterpreting effect, and conflation. Further, we speak to questions about parents of young children, by refocusing our multiverse analysis on 800+ parents. We ask- where are the links between parental phone use and parenting? Are these robust versus frail or positive versus negative? After re-examining our 84 analytic choices (adopting existing measures), patterns revealed fragility in this case. The few findings that did emerge implicated technoference, not smartphone use, in relation to negative parenting. We encourage continued rigorous and scientific dialogue, to accrue good evidence for families and children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Modecki
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Mt. Gravatt, QLD, Australia.,Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samantha Low-Choy
- Griffith Research Centre in Planetary Health and Food Security, Nathan, QLD, Australia.,Arts Education and Law, (GIER) Griffith Institute for Educational Research, Griffith University, Mt. Gravatt, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniela Vasco
- Arts Education and Law, (GIER) Griffith Institute for Educational Research, Griffith University, Mt. Gravatt, QLD, Australia
| | - Lynette Vernon
- School of Education, Edith Cowan University, Mount Lawley, WA, Australia
| | - Bep Uink
- Kulbardi Aboriginal Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
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Ophir Y, Rosenberg H, Tikochinski R. What are the psychological impacts of children's screen use? A critical review and meta-analysis of the literature underlying the World Health Organization guidelines. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.106925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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42
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Parry DA, Davidson BI, Sewall CJR, Fisher JT, Mieczkowski H, Quintana DS. A systematic review and meta-analysis of discrepancies between logged and self-reported digital media use. Nat Hum Behav 2021; 5:1535-1547. [PMID: 34002052 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
There is widespread public and academic interest in understanding the uses and effects of digital media. Scholars primarily use self-report measures of the quantity or duration of media use as proxies for more objective measures, but the validity of these self-reports remains unclear. Advancements in data collection techniques have produced a collection of studies indexing both self-reported and log-based measures. To assess the alignment between these measures, we conducted a pre-registered meta-analysis of this research. Based on 106 effect sizes, we found that self-reported media use correlates only moderately with logged measurements, that self-reports were rarely an accurate reflection of logged media use and that measures of problematic media use show an even weaker association with usage logs. These findings raise concerns about the validity of findings relying solely on self-reported measures of media use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Parry
- Department of Information Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Brittany I Davidson
- School of Management, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Craig J R Sewall
- School of Social Work, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jacob T Fisher
- College of Media, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Daniel S Quintana
- NORMENT, Center for Psychosis Research, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Despite over 10 years of research, we still know very little about people’s sexting behaviours and experiences. Our limited and, at times, conflicting knowledge about sexting is due to re-searchers’ use of inconsistent conceptual definitions of sexting, dubious measurement practices, and atheoretical research designs. In this article, we provide an overview of the history of sex-ting research and describe how researchers have contributed to the ‘moral panic’ narrative that continues to surround popular media discourse about sexting. We identify four key problems that still plague sexting research today: (1) imprudent focus on the medium, (2) inconsistent conceptual definitions, (3) poor measurement practices, and (4) a lack of theoretical frameworks. We describe and expand on solutions to address each of these problems. In particular, we focus on the need to shift empirical attention away from sexting and towards the behavioural domain of technology-mediated sexual interaction. We believe that the implementation of these solu-tions will lead to valid and sustainable knowledge development on technology-mediated sexual interactions, including sexting.
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Lee DS, Way BM. Social media use and systemic inflammation: The moderating role of self-esteem. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 16:100300. [PMID: 34589792 PMCID: PMC8474231 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Social media use has become an important part of social life. However, little is known about its relation to physical health. Extending prior work on social media use and psychological well-being, the present research investigated how social media use is associated with a key indicator of health, systemic inflammation. Based on research on self-esteem and work on inflammation, the current study examined whether the link between social media use and inflammatory biomarkers would be moderated by self-esteem. A nationally probablistic sample of middle-aged adults (N = 863) completed self-report questionnaires on social media use, self-esteem, socio-demographic information, and health related behaviors. Approximately two years later, they provided a blood sample that was analyzed for C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), biomarkers of systemic inflammation. Consistent with our hypothesis, self-esteem moderated the association between social media use and these markers of inflammation. Specifically, as self-esteem decreased, the positive association of social media use with CRP and IL-6 became stronger. These results held after controlling for socio-demographic information, health status, depressive symptoms, and medication usage. Social media use was not significantly correlated with either CRP or IL-6. The present research demonstrates physical health correlates of social media use and suggests self-esteem as a key variable that can moderate the relation between social media use and health. Very little is known about how social media use is associated with physical health. Social media use may be especially stressful for people lower in self-esteem. Self-esteem moderated the link between social media use and systemic inflammation. People with lower self-esteem had higher CRP and IL-6 levels from social media use.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Lee
- University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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Brailovskaia J, Margraf J, Schneider S. Social Media as Source of Information, Stress Symptoms, and Burden Caused by Coronavirus (COVID-19). EUROPEAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. This cross-national study investigated the extent of social media use (SMU) as a source of information about COVID-19, and its relationship with the experienced burden caused by the pandemic. Representative data from eight countries (France, Germany, Poland, Russia, Spain, Sweden, the UK, the USA) were collected online (end of May to the beginning of June 2020). Of the overall 8,302 participants, 48.1% frequently used social media (SM) as a COVID-19 information source (range: 31.8% in Germany, to 65.4% in Poland). In the overall samples and in all country-specific samples, regression analyses revealed the experienced burden caused by COVID-19 to be positively associated with SMU and stress symptoms. Furthermore, stress symptoms partly mediated the relationship between SMU and the burden. The results emphasize the significant association between the use of SM as a source of information, individual emotional state, and behavior during the pandemic, as well as the significance of conscious and accurate use of SM specifically during the COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Brailovskaia
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
| | - Jürgen Margraf
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
| | - Silvia Schneider
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
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Bougeard A, Guay Hottin1 R, Houde V, Jean T, Piront T, Potvin S, Bernard P, Tourjman V, De Benedictis L, Orban P. Le phénotypage digital pour une pratique clinique en santé mentale mieux informée. SANTE MENTALE AU QUEBEC 2021. [DOI: 10.7202/1081513ar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectifs Cette revue trouve sa motivation dans l’observation que la prise de décision clinique en santé mentale est limitée par la nature des mesures typiquement obtenues lors de l’entretien clinique et la difficulté des cliniciens à produire des prédictions justes sur les états mentaux futurs des patients. L’objectif est de présenter un survol représentatif du potentiel du phénotypage digital couplé à l’apprentissage automatique pour répondre à cette limitation, tout en en soulignant les faiblesses actuelles.
Méthode Au travers d’une revue narrative de la littérature non systématique, nous identifions les avancées technologiques qui permettent de quantifier, instant après instant et dans le milieu de vie naturel, le phénotype humain au moyen du téléphone intelligent dans diverses populations psychiatriques. Des travaux pertinents sont également sélectionnés afin de déterminer l’utilité et les limitations de l’apprentissage automatique pour guider les prédictions et la prise de décision clinique. Finalement, la littérature est explorée pour évaluer les barrières actuelles à l’adoption de tels outils.
Résultats Bien qu’émergeant d’un champ de recherche récent, de très nombreux travaux soulignent déjà la valeur des mesures extraites des senseurs du téléphone intelligent pour caractériser le phénotype humain dans les sphères comportementale, cognitive, émotionnelle et sociale, toutes étant affectées par les troubles mentaux. L’apprentissage automatique permet d’utiles et justes prédictions cliniques basées sur ces mesures, mais souffre d’un manque d’interprétabilité qui freinera son emploi prochain dans la pratique clinique. Du reste, plusieurs barrières identifiées tant du côté du patient que du clinicien freinent actuellement l’adoption de ce type d’outils de suivi et d’aide à la décision clinique.
Conclusion Le phénotypage digital couplé à l’apprentissage automatique apparaît fort prometteur pour améliorer la pratique clinique en santé mentale. La jeunesse de ces nouveaux outils technologiques requiert cependant un nécessaire processus de maturation qui devra être encadré par les différents acteurs concernés pour que ces promesses puissent être pleinement réalisées.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Bougeard
- Étudiant, Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal
| | - Rose Guay Hottin1
- Étudiante, Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal
| | - Valérie Houde
- M.D., étudiante, Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal
| | - Thierry Jean
- Étudiant, Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal
| | - Thibault Piront
- Professionnel de recherche, Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal
| | - Stéphane Potvin
- Ph. D., chercheur, Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal – professeur sous octroi titulaire, Département de psychiatrie et d’addictologie, Université de Montréal
| | - Paquito Bernard
- Ph. D., chercheur, Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal – professeur régulier, Département des sciences de l’activité physique, Université du Québec à Montréal
| | - Valérie Tourjman
- M.D., psychiatre, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal – professeure agrégée de clinique, Département de psychiatrie et d’addictologie, Université de Montréal
| | - Luigi De Benedictis
- M.D., psychiatre, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal – professeur adjoint de clinique, Département de psychiatrie et d’addictologie, Université de Montréal
| | - Pierre Orban
- Ph. D., chercheur, Centre de recherche de l’Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal – professeur sous octroi adjoint, Département de psychiatrie et d’addictologie, Université de Montréal
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Horwood S, Anglim J, Mallawaarachchi SR. Problematic smartphone use in a large nationally representative sample: Age, reporting biases, and technology concerns. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.106848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Galla BM, Choukas-Bradley S, Fiore HM, Esposito MV. Values-Alignment Messaging Boosts Adolescents' Motivation to Control Social Media Use. Child Dev 2021; 92:1717-1734. [PMID: 33955562 PMCID: PMC8519154 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Two preregistered experiments with 2,733 U.S. high school students (age range = 13-19 years) compared the impact of different messages on adolescents' motivation to control social media use (SMU). A traditional message emphasized the benefits of avoiding SMU, whereas a values-alignment message framed controlling SMU as being consistent with autonomy and social justice. Compared to no message or a traditional message, in both studies, a values-alignment message led to greater motivation to control SMU immediately afterward, and in Study 2, awareness of "addictive" social media designs 3 months later. As hypothesized, values-alignment messaging was more motivating for girls than boys. Results offer preliminary support for leveraging adolescents' drives for autonomy and social justice to motivate self-regulation of SMU.
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Gado S, Kempen R, Lingelbach K, Bipp T. Artificial intelligence in psychology: How can we enable psychology students to accept and use artificial intelligence? PSYCHOLOGY LEARNING AND TEACHING-PLAT 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/14757257211037149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Psychologists with their expertise in statistics and regarding human perception and behavior can contribute valuable insights to the development of innovative and useful artificial intelligence (AI) systems. Therefore, we need to raise attention and curiosity for AI and foster the willingness to engage with it among psychology students. This requires identifying approaches to integrate a general understanding of AI technology into formal psychological training and education. This study investigated to what extent psychology students currently accept and use AI and what affects their perception and usage. Therefore, an AI acceptance model based on established technology acceptance models was developed and tested in a sample of 218 psychology students. An acceptable fit with the data was found for an adapted version. Perceived usefulness and ease of use were most predictive for the students’ attitude towards AI; attitude itself, as well as perceived usefulness, social norm, and perceived knowledge, were predictors for the intention to use AI. In summary, we identified relevant factors for designing AI training approaches in psychology curricula. In this way, possible restraints regarding the use of AI can be reduced and its beneficial opportunities exploited in psychological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Gado
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Regina Kempen
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Lingelbach
- Institute of Human Factors and Technology Management (IAT),
University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tanja Bipp
- Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Dienlin T, Johannes N. The impact of digital technology use on adolescent well-being
. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 22:135-142. [PMID: 32699513 PMCID: PMC7366938 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2020.22.2/tdienlin] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the literature regarding digital technology use and adolescent well-being. Overall, findings imply that the general effects are on the negative end of the spectrum but very small. Effects differ depending on the type of use: whereas procrastination and passive use are related to more negative effects, social and active use are related to more positive effects. Digital technology use has stronger effects on short-term markers of hedonic well-being (eg, negative affect) than long-term measures of eudaimonic well-being (eg, life satisfaction). Although adolescents are more vulnerable, effects are comparable for both adolescents and adults. It appears that both low and excessive use are related to decreased well-being, whereas moderate use is related to increased well-being. The current research still has many limitations: High-quality studies with large-scale samples, objective measures of digital technology use, and experience sampling of well-being are missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Dienlin
- School of Communication, University of Hohenheim, Germany
| | - Niklas Johannes
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, UK
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