1
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Apetrei C, Gaufin T, Brocca-Cofano E, Sivanandham R, Sette P, He T, Sivanandham S, Martinez Sosa N, Martin KJ, Raehtz KD, Kleinman AJ, Valentine A, Krampe N, Gautam R, Lackner AA, Landay AL, Ribeiro RM, Pandrea I. T cell activation is insufficient to drive SIV disease progression. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e161111. [PMID: 37485874 PMCID: PMC10443804 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.161111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Resolution of T cell activation and inflammation is a key determinant of the lack of SIV disease progression in African green monkeys (AGMs). Although frequently considered together, T cell activation occurs in response to viral stimulation of acquired immunity, while inflammation reflects innate immune responses to mucosal injury. We dissociated T cell activation from inflammation through regulatory T cell (Treg) depletion with Ontak (interleukin-2 coupled with diphtheria toxin) during early SIV infection of AGMs. This intervention abolished control of T cell immune activation beyond the transition from acute to chronic infection. Ontak had no effect on gut barrier integrity, microbial translocation, inflammation, and hypercoagulation, despite increasing T cell activation. Ontak administration increased macrophage counts yet decreased their activation. Persistent T cell activation influenced SIV pathogenesis, shifting the ramp-up in viral replication to earlier time points, prolonging the high levels of replication, and delaying CD4+ T cell restoration yet without any clinical or biological sign of disease progression in Treg-depleted AGMs. Thus, by inducing T cell activation without damaging mucosal barrier integrity, we showed that systemic T cell activation per se is not sufficient to drive disease progression, which suggests that control of systemic inflammation (likely through maintenance of gut integrity) is the key determinant of lack of disease progression in natural hosts of SIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Thaidra Gaufin
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Egidio Brocca-Cofano
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ranjit Sivanandham
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paola Sette
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Tianyu He
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sindhuja Sivanandham
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Kevin D. Raehtz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Audrey Valentine
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Noah Krampe
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rajeev Gautam
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andrew A. Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Alan L. Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ruy M. Ribeiro
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Jimenez-Leon MR, Gasca-Capote C, Tarancon-Diez L, Dominguez-Molina B, Lopez-Verdugo M, Ritraj R, Gallego I, Alvarez-Rios AI, Vitalle J, Bachiller S, Camacho-Sojo MI, Perez-Gomez A, Espinosa N, Roca-Oporto C, Rafii-El-Idrissi Benhnia M, Gutierrez-Valencia A, Lopez-Cortes LF, Ruiz-Mateos E. Toll-like receptor agonists enhance HIV-specific T cell response mediated by plasmacytoid dendritic cells in diverse HIV-1 disease progression phenotypes. EBioMedicine 2023; 91:104549. [PMID: 37018973 PMCID: PMC10106920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) sense viral and bacterial products through Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 and -9 and translate this sensing into Interferon-α (IFN-α) production and T-cell activation. The understanding of the mechanisms involved in pDCs stimulation may contribute to HIV-cure immunotherapeutic strategies. The objective of the present study was to characterize the immunomodulatory effects of TLR agonist stimulations in several HIV-1 disease progression phenotypes and in non HIV-1 infected donors. METHODS pDCs, CD4 and CD8 T-cells were isolated from 450 ml of whole blood from non HIV-1 infected donors, immune responders (IR), immune non responders (INR), viremic (VIR) and elite controller (EC) participants. pDCs were stimulated overnight with AT-2, CpG-A, CpG-C and GS-9620 or no stimuli. After that, pDCs were co-cultured with autologous CD4 or CD8 T-cells and with/without HIV-1 (Gag peptide pool) or SEB (Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B). Cytokine array, gene expression and deep immunophenotyping were assayed. FINDINGS pDCs showed an increase of activation markers levels, interferon related genes, HIV-1 restriction factors and cytokines levels after TLR stimulation in the different HIV-disease progression phenotypes. This pDC activation was prominent with CpG-C and GS-9620 and induced an increase of HIV-specific T-cell response even in VIR and INR comparable with EC. This HIV-1 specific T-cell response was associated with the upregulation of HIV-1 restriction factors and IFN-α production by pDC. INTERPRETATION These results shed light on the mechanisms associated with TLR-specific pDCs stimulation associated with the induction of a T-cell mediated antiviral response which is essential for HIV-1 eradication strategies. FUNDING This work was supported by Gilead fellowship program, the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional, FEDER, "a way to make Europe") and the Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en SIDA and by the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC).
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3
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Berendam SJ, Nelson AN, Yagnik B, Goswami R, Styles TM, Neja MA, Phan CT, Dankwa S, Byrd AU, Garrido C, Amara RR, Chahroudi A, Permar SR, Fouda GG. Challenges and Opportunities of Therapies Targeting Early Life Immunity for Pediatric HIV Cure. Front Immunol 2022; 13:885272. [PMID: 35911681 PMCID: PMC9325996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.885272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) significantly improves clinical outcomes and reduces mortality of infants/children living with HIV. However, the ability of infected cells to establish latent viral reservoirs shortly after infection and to persist during long-term ART remains a major barrier to cure. In addition, while early ART treatment of infants living with HIV can limit the size of the virus reservoir, it can also blunt HIV-specific immune responses and does not mediate clearance of latently infected viral reservoirs. Thus, adjunctive immune-based therapies that are geared towards limiting the establishment of the virus reservoir and/or mediating the clearance of persistent reservoirs are of interest for their potential to achieve viral remission in the setting of pediatric HIV. Because of the differences between the early life and adult immune systems, these interventions may need to be tailored to the pediatric settings. Understanding the attributes and specificities of the early life immune milieu that are likely to impact the virus reservoir is important to guide the development of pediatric-specific immune-based interventions towards viral remission and cure. In this review, we compare the immune profiles of pediatric and adult HIV elite controllers, discuss the characteristics of cellular and anatomic HIV reservoirs in pediatric populations, and highlight the potential values of current cure strategies using immune-based therapies for long-term viral remission in the absence of ART in children living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella J. Berendam
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Stella J. Berendam, ; Genevieve G. Fouda,
| | - Ashley N. Nelson
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Bhrugu Yagnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ria Goswami
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tiffany M. Styles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Margaret A. Neja
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Caroline T. Phan
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Sedem Dankwa
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alliyah U. Byrd
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Carolina Garrido
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Rama R. Amara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ann Chahroudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States,Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Sallie R. Permar
- Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Genevieve G. Fouda
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States,*Correspondence: Stella J. Berendam, ; Genevieve G. Fouda,
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4
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Lakshmanappa YS, Roh JW, Rane NN, Dinasarapu AR, Tran DD, Velu V, Sheth AN, Ofotokun I, Amara RR, Kelley CF, Waetjen E, Iyer SS. Circulating integrin α 4 β 7 + CD4 T cells are enriched for proliferative transcriptional programs in HIV infection. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:2257-2270. [PMID: 34278574 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
HIV preferentially infects α4 β7 + CD4 T cells, forming latent reservoirs that contribute to HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy. However, the properties of α4 β7 + CD4 T cells in blood and mucosal compartments remain understudied. Employing two distinct models of HIV infection, HIV-infected humans and simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected rhesus macaques, we show that α4 β7 + CD4 T cells in blood are enriched for genes regulating cell cycle progression and cellular metabolism. Unlike their circulating counterparts, rectal α4 β7 + CD4 T cells exhibited a core tissue-residency gene expression program. These features were conserved across primate species, indicating that the environment influences memory T-cell transcriptional networks. Our findings provide an important molecular foundation for understanding the role of α4 β7 in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamin W Roh
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, UC Davis, CA, USA.,Graduate Group in Immunology, UC Davis, CA, USA
| | - Niharika N Rane
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, UC Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Daphne D Tran
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, UC Davis, CA, USA
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Anandi N Sheth
- Grady Infectious Diseases Program, Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Igho Ofotokun
- Grady Infectious Diseases Program, Grady Health System, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rama R Amara
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Colleen F Kelley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Elaine Waetjen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UC Davis School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Smita S Iyer
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, UC Davis, CA, USA.,California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, CA, USA
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5
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Lee MYH, Upadhyay AA, Walum H, Chan CN, Dawoud RA, Grech C, Harper JL, Karunakaran KA, Nelson SA, Mahar EA, Goss KL, Carnathan DG, Cervasi B, Gill K, Tharp GK, Wonderlich ER, Velu V, Barratt-Boyes SM, Paiardini M, Silvestri G, Estes JD, Bosinger SE. Tissue-specific transcriptional profiling of plasmacytoid dendritic cells reveals a hyperactivated state in chronic SIV infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009674. [PMID: 34181694 PMCID: PMC8270445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV associated immune activation (IA) is associated with increased morbidity in people living with HIV (PLWH) on antiretroviral therapy, and remains a barrier for strategies aimed at reducing the HIV reservoir. The underlying mechanisms of IA have not been definitively elucidated, however, persistent production of Type I IFNs and expression of ISGs is considered to be one of the primary factors. Plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) are a major producer of Type I IFN during viral infections, and are highly immunomodulatory in acute HIV and SIV infection, however their role in chronic HIV/SIV infection has not been firmly established. Here, we performed a detailed transcriptomic characterization of pDCs in chronic SIV infection in rhesus macaques, and in sooty mangabeys, a natural host non-human primate (NHP) species that undergoes non-pathogenic SIV infection. We also investigated the immunostimulatory capacity of lymph node homing pDCs in chronic SIV infection by contrasting gene expression of pDCs isolated from lymph nodes with those from blood. We observed that pDCs in LNs, but not blood, produced high levels of IFNα transcripts, and upregulated gene expression programs consistent with T cell activation and exhaustion. We apply a novel strategy to catalogue uncharacterized surface molecules on pDCs, and identified the lymphoid exhaustion markers TIGIT and LAIR1 as highly expressed in SIV infection. pDCs from SIV-infected sooty mangabeys lacked the activation profile of ISG signatures observed in infected macaques. These data demonstrate that pDCs are a primary producer of Type I IFN in chronic SIV infection. Further, this study demonstrated that pDCs trafficking to LNs persist in a highly activated state well into chronic infection. Collectively, these data identify pDCs as a highly immunomodulatory cell population in chronic SIV infection, and a putative therapeutic target to reduce immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y.-H. Lee
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amit A. Upadhyay
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hasse Walum
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Chi N. Chan
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Reem A. Dawoud
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christine Grech
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Justin L. Harper
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kirti A. Karunakaran
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sydney A. Nelson
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ernestine A. Mahar
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kyndal L. Goss
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Diane G. Carnathan
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Barbara Cervasi
- Flow Cytometry Core, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kiran Gill
- Flow Cytometry Core, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Gregory K. Tharp
- Yerkes NHP Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Simon M. Barratt-Boyes
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jacob D. Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Steven E. Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes NHP Genomics Core Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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6
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Dyavar SR, Singh R, Emani R, Pawar GP, Chaudhari VD, Podany AT, Avedissian SN, Fletcher CV, Salunke DB. Role of toll-like receptor 7/8 pathways in regulation of interferon response and inflammatory mediators during SARS-CoV2 infection and potential therapeutic options. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111794. [PMID: 34153851 PMCID: PMC8189763 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) is the causative agent of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Lower production of type I and III interferons and higher levels of inflammatory mediators upon SARS-CoV2 infection contribute to COVID-19 pathogenesis. Optimal interferon production and controlled inflammation are essential to limit COVID-19 pathogenesis. However, the aggravated inflammatory response observed in COVID-19 patients causes severe damage to the host and frequently advances to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Toll-like receptor 7 and 8 (TLR7/8) signaling pathways play a central role in regulating induction of interferons (IFNs) and inflammatory mediators in dendritic cells. Controlled inflammation is possible through regulation of TLR mediated response without influencing interferon production to reduce COVID-19 pathogenesis. This review focuses on inflammatory mediators that contribute to pathogenic effects and the role of TLR pathways in the induction of interferon and inflammatory mediators and their contribution to COVID-19 pathogenesis. We conclude that potential TLR7/8 agonists inducing antiviral interferon response and controlling inflammation are important therapeutic options to effectively eliminate SARS-CoV2 induced pathogenesis. Ongoing and future studies may provide additional evidence on their safety and efficacy to treat COVID-19 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shetty Ravi Dyavar
- University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) Center for Drug Discovery, UNMC, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Rahul Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Rohini Emani
- Buck Institute for Research on Ageing, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Ganesh P Pawar
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Institute of Microbiology Technology Chandigarh, Sector-39A, Chandigarh,160036, India
| | - Vinod D Chaudhari
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Institute of Microbiology Technology Chandigarh, Sector-39A, Chandigarh,160036, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Anthony T Podany
- University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) Center for Drug Discovery, UNMC, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Sean N Avedissian
- University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) Center for Drug Discovery, UNMC, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Courtney V Fletcher
- University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC) Center for Drug Discovery, UNMC, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India; National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccine, Immunotherapeutics and Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India.
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7
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Macleod BL, Elsaesser HJ, Snell LM, Dickson RJ, Guo M, Hezaveh K, Xu W, Kothari A, McGaha TL, Guidos CJ, Brooks DG. A network of immune and microbial modifications underlies viral persistence in the gastrointestinal tract. J Exp Med 2021; 217:152068. [PMID: 32880629 PMCID: PMC7953734 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens subvert intestinal immunity to persist within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT); yet, the underlying mechanisms that enable sanctuary specifically in this reservoir are unclear. Using mass cytometry and network analysis, we demonstrate that chronic LCMV infection of the GIT leads to dysregulated microbial composition, a cascade of metabolic alterations, increased susceptibility to GI disease, and a system-wide recalibration of immune composition that defines viral persistence. Chronic infection led to outgrowth of activated Tbet–expressing T reg cell populations unique to the GIT and the rapid erosion of pathogen-specific CD8 tissue-resident memory T cells. Mechanistically, T reg cells and coinhibitory receptors maintained long-term viral sanctuary within the GIT, and their targeting reactivated T cells and eliminated this viral reservoir. Thus, our data provide a high-dimensional definition of the mechanisms of immune regulation that chronic viruses implement to exploit the unique microenvironment of the GIT and identify T reg cells as key modulators of viral persistence in the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany L Macleod
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heidi J Elsaesser
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura M Snell
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russell J Dickson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mengdi Guo
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kebria Hezaveh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wenxi Xu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Akash Kothari
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tracy L McGaha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David G Brooks
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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The importance of advanced cytometry in defining new immune cell types and functions relevant for the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection. AIDS 2020; 34:2169-2185. [PMID: 32910071 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
: In the last years, novel, exciting immunological findings of interest for HIV research and treatment were identified thanks to different cytometric approaches. The analysis of the phenotypes and functionality of cells belonging to the immune system could clarify their role in the immunopathogenesis of HIV infection, and to elaborate key concepts, relevant in the treatment of this disease. Important discoveries have been made concerning cells that are important for protective immunity like lymphocytes that display polyfunctionality, resident memory T cells, innate lymphoid cells, to mention a few. The complex phenotype of myeloid-derived suppressor cells has been investigated, and relevant changes have been reported during chronic and primary HIV infection, in correlation with changes in CD4 T-cell number, T-cell activation, and with advanced disease stage. The search for markers of HIV persistence present in latently infected cells, namely those molecules that are important for a functional or sterilizing cure, evidenced the role of follicular helper T cells, and opened a discussion on the meaning and use of different surface molecules not only in identifying such cells, but also in designing new strategies. Finally, advanced technologies based upon the simultaneous detection of HIV-RNA and proteins at the single cell level, as well as those based upon spectral cytometry or mass cytometry are now finding new actors and depicting a new scenario in the immunopathogenesis of the infection, that will allow to better design innovative therapies based upon novel drugs and vaccines.
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9
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Pham TNQ, Meziane O, Miah MA, Volodina O, Colas C, Béland K, Li Y, Dallaire F, Keler T, Guimond JV, Lesage S, Cheong C, Haddad É, Cohen ÉA. Flt3L-Mediated Expansion of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Suppresses HIV Infection in Humanized Mice. Cell Rep 2020; 29:2770-2782.e5. [PMID: 31775044 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (plasmacytoid DC, pDC) are major IFN-I producers and have been shown to be affected by HIV through ill-defined mechanisms. In this study, we directly assess the role of pDC in early infection, evaluating whether modulating their abundance can alter viral replication. First, HIV infection of humanized mice induces systemic depletion of pDC, and in the presence of soluble FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L), pDC levels remain elevated. Flt3L significantly delays the onset of viremia and reduces viral replication via a process that is dependent on pDC and mediated through an enhanced early IFN-I response. pDC from Flt3L-treated mice are more prone to express IFN-α following TLR7 stimulation, but this propensity is gradually decreased during infection. In conclusion, maintaining pDC levels and function is key to effective early viral control, and in this context, these findings provide practical insights for anti-HIV strategies and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tram N Q Pham
- Montréal Clinical Research Institute, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada.
| | - Oussama Meziane
- Montréal Clinical Research Institute, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Mohammad Alam Miah
- Montréal Clinical Research Institute, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Physiology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Olga Volodina
- Montréal Clinical Research Institute, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Chloé Colas
- Research Center of CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Kathie Béland
- Research Center of CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Yuanyi Li
- Research Center of CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | | | - Tibor Keler
- Celldex Therapeutics, Hampton, NJ 08827, USA
| | - Jean V Guimond
- Centre de Santé et de Services Sociaux Jeanne-Mance, Montreal, QC H2T 1H4, Canada
| | - Sylvie Lesage
- Department of Immunology-Oncology, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montréal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Cheolho Cheong
- Montréal Clinical Research Institute, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Élie Haddad
- Research Center of CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Éric A Cohen
- Montréal Clinical Research Institute, Montréal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
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10
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Dyavar SR, Potts LF, Beck G, Dyavar Shetty BL, Lawson B, Podany AT, Fletcher CV, Amara RR, Papa SM. Transcriptomic approach predicts a major role for transforming growth factor beta type 1 pathway in L-Dopa-induced dyskinesia in parkinsonian rats. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 19:e12690. [PMID: 32741046 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Dyskinesia induced by long-term L-Dopa (LID) therapy in Parkinson disease is associated with altered striatal function whose molecular bases remain unclear. Here, a transcriptomic approach was applied for comprehensive analysis of distinctively regulated genes in striatal tissue, their specific pathways, and functional- and disease-associated networks in a rodent model of LID. This approach has identified transforming growth factor beta type 1 (TGFβ1) as a highly upregulated gene in dyskinetic animals. TGFβ1 pathway is a top aberrantly regulated pathway in the striatum following LID development based on differentially expressed genes (> 1.5 fold change and P < 0.05). The induction of TGFβ1 pathway specific genes, TGFβ1, INHBA, AMHR2 and PMEPA1 was also associated with regulation of NPTX2, PDP1, SCG2, SYNPR, TAC1, TH, TNNT1 genes. Transcriptional network and upstream regulator analyses have identified AKT-centered functional and ERK-centered disease networks revealing the association of TGFβ1, IL-1β and TNFα with LID development. Therefore, results support that TGFβ1 pathway is a major contributor to the pathogenic mechanisms of LID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shetty Ravi Dyavar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lisa F Potts
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Goichi Beck
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Benton Lawson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anthony T Podany
- Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Courtney V Fletcher
- Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Rama Rao Amara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Stella M Papa
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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11
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HIV-1 acquisition in a man with ulcerative colitis on anti-α4β7 mAb vedolizumab treatment. AIDS 2020; 34:1689-1692. [PMID: 32769767 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Pino M, Uppada SB, Pandey K, King C, Nguyen K, Shim I, Rogers K, Villinger F, Paiardini M, Byrareddy SN. Safety and Immunological Evaluation of Interleukin-21 Plus Anti-α4β7 mAb Combination Therapy in Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1275. [PMID: 32765488 PMCID: PMC7379916 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections compromise gut immunological barriers, inducing high levels of inflammation and a severe depletion of intestinal CD4+ T cells. Expression of α4β7 integrin promotes homing of activated T cells to intestinal sites where they become preferentially infected; blockade of α4β7 with an anti-α4β7 monoclonal antibody (mAb) prior to infection has been reported to reduce gut SIV viremia in rhesus macaques (RMs). Interleukin-21 (IL-21) administration in antiretroviral therapy-treated, SIV-infected RMs reduces gut inflammation and improves gut integrity. We therefore hypothesized that the combination of IL-21 and anti-α4β7 mAb therapies could synergize to reduce inflammation and HIV persistence. We co-administered two intravenous doses of rhesus anti-α4β7 mAb (50 mg/kg) combined with seven weekly subcutaneous infusions of IL-21-IgFc (100 μg/kg) in four healthy, SIV-uninfected RMs to evaluate the safety and immunological profiles of this intervention in blood and gut. Co-administration of IL-21 and anti-α4β7 mAb showed no toxicity at the given dosages as assessed by multiple hematological and chemical parameters and did not alter the bioavailability of the therapeutics or result in the generation of antibodies against the anti-α4β7 mAb or IL-21-IgFc. Upon treatment, the frequency of CD4 memory T cells expressing β7 increased in blood and decreased in gut, consistent with an inhibition of activated CD4 T-cell homing to the gut. Furthermore, the frequency of T cells expressing proliferation and immune activation markers decreased in blood and, more profoundly, in gut. The combined IL-21 plus anti-α4β7 mAb therapy is well-tolerated in SIV-uninfected RMs and reduces the gut homing of α4β7+ CD4 T cells as well as the levels of gut immune activation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacokinetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Biological Availability
- Biomarkers
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Humans
- Immunity/drug effects
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/immunology
- Integrins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukins/administration & dosage
- Interleukins/adverse effects
- Interleukins/pharmacokinetics
- Interleukins/pharmacology
- Isoantibodies/blood
- Isoantibodies/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Macaca mulatta
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pino
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Srijayaprakash Babu Uppada
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Kabita Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Colin King
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kevin Nguyen
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Inbo Shim
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kenneth Rogers
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, United States
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, LA, United States
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
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13
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Activated dendritic cells and monocytes in HIV immunological nonresponders: HIV-induced interferon-inducible protein-10 correlates with low future CD4+ recovery. AIDS 2019; 33:1117-1129. [PMID: 30789356 PMCID: PMC6511429 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text Objective: To explore monocyte and dendritic cell immune responses, and their association with future CD4+ gain in treated HIV patients with suboptimal CD4+ recovery. Design: A cross-sectional study of HIV-infected, virally suppressed individuals on antiretroviral therapy for at least 24 months; 41 immunological nonresponders (INRs) (CD4+ cell count <400 cells/μl) and 26 immunological responders (CD4+ cell count >600 cells/μl). Ten HIV-infected antiretroviral therapy-naive and 10 HIV-negative healthy persons served as controls. CD4+ cell counts were registered after median 2.4 and 4.7 years. Methods: Monocyte, dendritic-cell and T-cell activation and regulatory T cells (Tregs) were analyzed by flow cytometry. In INR and immunological responder subgroups matched on age and nadir CD4+ cell count, upregulation of interferon-inducible protein-10 (IP-10) and indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in monocytes and dendritic cells and cytokines in cell supernatants were measured in vitro in peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with aldrithiol-2-inactivated HIV-1. Results: The INR group displayed higher spontaneous activation of both monocytes (HLA-DR+) and myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (HLA-DR+, CD83+ and CD86+) compared with immunological responders, and this was associated with increased T-cell activation (CD38+HLA-DR+), an effector memory T-cell phenotype and activated Tregs. The IP-10 response in monocytes after in-vitro HIV stimulation was negatively associated with prospective CD4+ gain. IP-10, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and cytokines levels were comparable between the groups, but inversely correlated with activated Tregs in INRs. Conclusion: HIV-infected individuals with suboptimal immune recovery demonstrated more activated monocytes and in particular dendritic cells, compared with patients with acceptable CD4+ gain. A high level of HIV-specific IP-10 expression in monocytes may be predictive of future CD4+ recovery.
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14
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Calenda G, Frank I, Arrode-Brusés G, Pegu A, Wang K, Arthos J, Cicala C, Rogers KA, Shirreff L, Grasperge B, Blanchard JL, Maldonado S, Roberts K, Gettie A, Villinger F, Fauci AS, Mascola JR, Martinelli E. Delayed vaginal SHIV infection in VRC01 and anti-α4β7 treated rhesus macaques. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007776. [PMID: 31083697 PMCID: PMC6533011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
VRC01 protects macaques from vaginal SHIV infection after a single high-dose challenge. Infusion of a simianized anti-α4β7 mAb (Rh-α4β7) just prior to, and during repeated vaginal exposures to SIVmac251 partially protected macaques from vaginal SIV infection and rescued CD4+ T cells. To investigate the impact of combining VRC01 and Rh-α4β7 on SHIV infection, 3 groups of macaques were treated with a suboptimal dosing of VRC01 alone or in combination with Rh-α4β7 or with control antibodies prior to the initiation of weekly vaginal exposures to a high dose (1000 TCID50) of SHIVAD8-EO. The combination Rh-α4β7-VRC01 significantly delayed SHIVAD8-EO vaginal infection. Following infection, VRC01-Rh-α4β7-treated macaques maintained higher CD4+ T cell counts and exhibited lower rectal SIV-DNA loads compared to controls. Interestingly, VRC01-Rh-α4β7-treated macaques had fewer IL-17-producing cells in the blood and the gut during the acute phase of infection. Moreover, higher T cell responses to the V2-loop of the SHIVAD8-EO envelope in the VRC01-Rh-α4β7 group inversely correlated with set point viremia. The combination of suboptimal amounts of VRC01 and Rh-α4β7 delayed infection, altered antiviral immune responses and minimized CD4+ T cell loss. Further exploration of the effect of combining bNAbs with Rh-α4β7 on SIV/HIV infection and antiviral immune responses is warranted and may lead to novel preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Calenda
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ines Frank
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Géraldine Arrode-Brusés
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Amarendra Pegu
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Keyun Wang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kenneth A. Rogers
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lisa Shirreff
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Brooke Grasperge
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - James L. Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Maldonado
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kevin Roberts
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John R. Mascola
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, New York, United States of America
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15
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Ko EJ, Helmold Hait S, Enyindah-Asonye G, Rahman MA, Hoang T, Robert-Guroff M. Replicating Adenovirus-SIV Immunization of Rhesus Macaques Induces Mucosal Dendritic Cell Activation and Function Leading to Rectal Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:779. [PMID: 31031768 PMCID: PMC6473464 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inducing strong mucosal immune responses by vaccination is important for providing protection against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). A replicating adenovirus type 5 host range mutant vector (Ad5hr) expressing SIV proteins induced mucosal immune responses in rectal tissue associated with delayed SIV acquisition in female rhesus macaques, but the initial mechanisms leading to the induced immunity have not been elucidated. As dendritic cells (DCs) are known to orchestrate both innate and adaptive effector immune cell responses, we investigated their role here. Rhesus macaques were immunized twice mucosally with a replicating Ad5hr expressing SIV Env, Gag, and Nef (Ad-SIV) or empty Ad5hr vector (Ad-Empty). DC subsets and their activation were examined in rectal tissue, blood, and LNs at 3 timepoints after each immunization. Plasmacytoid DCs, myeloid DCs, and Langerhans cells were significantly increased in the rectal mucosa, but only myeloid DCs were significantly increased in blood post-immunizations. All rectal DC subsets showed increased frequencies of cells expressing activation markers and cytokines post-immunization, blood DCs showed mixed results, and LN DCs showed few changes. Rectal DCs responded strongly to the vector rather than expressed SIV antigens, but rectal DC frequencies positively correlated with induced rectal antigen-specific memory T and B cells. These correlations were confirmed by in vitro co-cultures showing that rectal Ad-SIV DCs induced proliferation and antigen-specific cytokine production by autologous naïve T cells. Our results highlight the rapid response of DCs to Ad immunization and their role in mucosal immune activation and identify initial cellular mechanisms of the replicating Ad-SIV vaccine in the rhesus macaque model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Ko
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sabrina Helmold Hait
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gospel Enyindah-Asonye
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Tanya Hoang
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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16
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A compartmentalized type I interferon response in the gut during chronic HIV-1 infection is associated with immunopathogenesis. AIDS 2018; 32:1599-1611. [PMID: 29762170 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) Type I interferon (IFN-I) responses confer both protective and pathogenic effects in persistent virus infections. IFN-I diversity, stage of infection and tissue compartment may account for this dichotomy. The gut is a major site of early HIV-1 replication and microbial translocation, but the nature of the IFN-I response in this compartment remains unclear. DESIGN Samples were obtained from two IRB-approved cross-sectional studies. The first study included individuals with chronic, untreated HIV-1 infection (n = 24) and age/sex-balanced uninfected controls (n = 14). The second study included antiretroviral-treated, HIV-1-infected individuals (n = 15) and uninfected controls (n = 15). METHODS The expression of 12 IFNα subtypes, IFNβ and antiviral IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) were quantified in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and colon biopsies using real-time PCR and next-generation sequencing. In untreated HIV-1-infected individuals, associations between IFN-I responses and gut HIV-1 RNA levels as well as previously established measures of colonic and systemic immunological indices were determined. RESULTS IFNα1, IFNα2, IFNα4, IFNα5 and IFNα8 were upregulated in PBMCs during untreated chronic HIV-1 infection, but IFNβ was undetectable. By contrast, IFNβ was upregulated and all IFNα subtypes were downregulated in gut tissue. Gut ISG levels positively correlated with gut HIV-1 RNA and immune activation, microbial translocation and inflammation markers. Gut IFN-I responses were not significantly different between HIV-1-infected individuals on antiretroviral treatment and uninfected controls. CONCLUSION The IFN-I response is compartmentalized during chronic untreated HIV-1 infection, with IFNβ being more predominant in the gut. Gut IFN-I responses are associated with immunopathogenesis, and viral replication is likely a major driver of this response.
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17
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Santangelo PJ, Cicala C, Byrareddy SN, Ortiz K, Little D, Lindsay KE, Gumber S, Hong JJ, Jelicic K, Rogers KA, Zurla C, Villinger F, Ansari AA, Fauci AS, Arthos J. Early treatment of SIV+ macaques with an α 4β 7 mAb alters virus distribution and preserves CD4 + T cells in later stages of infection. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:932-946. [PMID: 29346349 PMCID: PMC5976508 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Integrin α4β7 mediates the trafficking of leukocytes, including CD4+ T cells, to lymphoid tissues in the gut. Virus mediated damage to the gut is implicated in HIV and SIV mediated chronic immune activation and leads to irreversible damage to the immune system. We employed an immuno-PET/CT imaging technique to evaluate the impact of an anti-integrin α4β7 mAb alone or in combination with ART, on the distribution of both SIV infected cells and CD4+ cells in rhesus macaques infected with SIV. We determined that α4β7 mAb reduced viral antigen in an array of tissues of the lung, spleen, axillary, and inguinal lymph nodes. These sites are not directly linked to α4β7 mediated homing; however, the most pronounced reduction in viral load was observed in the colon. Despite this reduction, α4β7 mAb treatment did not prevent an apparent depletion of CD4+ T cells in gut in the acute phase of infection that is characteristic of HIV/SIV infection. However, α4β7 mAb appeared to facilitate the preservation or restoration of CD4+ T cells in gut tissues at later stages of infection. Since damage to the gut is believed to play a central role in HIV pathogenesis, these results support further evaluation of α4β7 antagonists in the study and treatment of HIV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Santangelo
- Walter H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313, Ferst Drive Atlanta, GA 30680
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Siddappa N. Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Kristina Ortiz
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Dawn Little
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Kevin E. Lindsay
- Walter H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313, Ferst Drive Atlanta, GA 30680
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, The Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - J. J. Hong
- Division of Microbiology & Immunology, The Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Katija Jelicic
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Kenneth A. Rogers
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70560
| | - Chiara Zurla
- Walter H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 313, Ferst Drive Atlanta, GA 30680
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, 70560
| | - Aftab A. Ansari
- Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Anthony S. Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institutes of Allergy & Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814
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18
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Huot N, Bosinger SE, Paiardini M, Reeves RK, Müller-Trutwin M. Lymph Node Cellular and Viral Dynamics in Natural Hosts and Impact for HIV Cure Strategies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:780. [PMID: 29725327 PMCID: PMC5916971 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapies (cARTs) efficiently control HIV replication leading to undetectable viremia and drastic increases in lifespan of people living with HIV. However, cART does not cure HIV infection as virus persists in cellular and anatomical reservoirs, from which the virus generally rebounds soon after cART cessation. One major anatomical reservoir are lymph node (LN) follicles, where HIV persists through replication in follicular helper T cells and is also trapped by follicular dendritic cells. Natural hosts of SIV, such as African green monkeys and sooty mangabeys, generally do not progress to disease although displaying persistently high viremia. Strikingly, these hosts mount a strong control of viral replication in LN follicles shortly after peak viremia that lasts throughout infection. Herein, we discuss the potential interplay between viral control in LNs and the resolution of inflammation, which is characteristic for natural hosts. We furthermore detail the differences that exist between non-pathogenic SIV infection in natural hosts and pathogenic HIV/SIV infection in humans and macaques regarding virus target cells and replication dynamics in LNs. Several mechanisms have been proposed to be implicated in the strong control of viral replication in natural host's LNs, such as NK cell-mediated control, that will be reviewed here, together with lessons and limitations of in vivo cell depletion studies that have been performed in natural hosts. Finally, we discuss the impact that these insights on viral dynamics and host responses in LNs of natural hosts have for the development of strategies toward HIV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Huot
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Steven E Bosinger
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States.,Yerkes Nonhuman Primate Genomics Core, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mirko Paiardini
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - R Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
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19
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Yao WR, Li D, Yu L, Wang FJ, Xing H, Yang GB. The levels of DNGR-1 and its ligand-bearing cells were altered after human and simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Immunol Res 2018; 65:869-879. [PMID: 28478499 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-017-8925-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell NK lectin Group Receptor-1 (DNGR-1), also known as C-type lectin domain family 9, member A (CLEC9A), is a member of C-type lectin receptor superfamily expressed primarily on dendritic cells (DC) that excel in cross-presentation of exogenous antigens. To find out whether and how it is affected in human immunodeficiency virus infections or acquired immunodeficiency syndromes (HIV/AIDS), DNGR-1 expression and DNGR-1-binding cells in simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques and antiretroviral therapy (ART)-treated AIDS patients were examined by real-time RT-PCR, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy. DNGR-1 expression was observed in both lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues including gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) of rhesus macaques. DNGR-1 mRNA levels were significantly reduced in the blood while significantly elevated in the GALT of SHIV/SIV-infected rhesus macaques. DNGR-1 transcription levels were also significantly reduced in the blood of ART-treated AIDS patients irrespective of viral status. White blood cells with exposed DNGR-1 ligands were significantly increased in ART-treated AIDS patients, while significantly decreased in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. These data indicate that DNGR-1 expression, and by extension, the function of cross-presentation of antigens associated with dead/damaged cells might be compromised in HIV/SIV infection, which might play a role in HIV/AIDS pathogenesis and should be taken into consideration in therapeutic AIDS vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Rong Yao
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Li
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yu
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Jie Wang
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xing
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Bo Yang
- National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Scagnolari C, Antonelli G. Type I interferon and HIV: Subtle balance between antiviral activity, immunopathogenesis and the microbiome. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 40:19-31. [PMID: 29576284 PMCID: PMC7108411 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN) response initially limits HIV-1 spread and may delay disease progression by stimulating several immune system components. Nonetheless, persistent exposure to type I IFN in the chronic phase of HIV-1 infection is associated with desensitization and/or detrimental immune activation, thereby hindering immune recovery and fostering viral persistence. This review provides a basis for understanding the complexity and function of IFN pleiotropic activity in HIV-1 infection. In particular, the dichotomous role of the IFN response in HIV-1 immunopathogenesis will be discussed, highlighting recent advances in the dynamic modulation of IFN production in acute versus chronic infection, expression signatures of IFN subtypes, and viral and host factors affecting the magnitude of IFN response during HIV-1 infection. Lastly, the review gives a forward-looking perspective on the interplay between microbiome compositions and IFN response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Scagnolari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Guido Antonelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Virology Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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21
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Enteric Virome Sensing-Its Role in Intestinal Homeostasis and Immunity. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040146. [PMID: 29570694 PMCID: PMC5923440 DOI: 10.3390/v10040146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) sensing commensal microorganisms in the intestine induce tightly controlled tonic signaling in the intestinal mucosa, which is required to maintain intestinal barrier integrity and immune homeostasis. At the same time, PRR signaling pathways rapidly trigger the innate immune defense against invasive pathogens in the intestine. Intestinal epithelial cells and mononuclear phagocytes in the intestine and the gut-associated lymphoid tissues are critically involved in sensing components of the microbiome and regulating immune responses in the intestine to sustain immune tolerance against harmless antigens and to prevent inflammation. These processes have been mostly investigated in the context of the bacterial components of the microbiome so far. The impact of viruses residing in the intestine and the virus sensors, which are activated by these enteric viruses, on intestinal homeostasis and inflammation is just beginning to be unraveled. In this review, we will summarize recent findings indicating an important role of the enteric virome for intestinal homeostasis as well as pathology when the immune system fails to control the enteric virome. We will provide an overview of the virus sensors and signaling pathways, operative in the intestine and the mononuclear phagocyte subsets, which can sense viruses and shape the intestinal immune response. We will discuss how these might interact with resident enteric viruses directly or in context with the bacterial microbiome to affect intestinal homeostasis.
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22
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Normalization of cell associated antiretroviral drug concentrations with a novel RPP30 droplet digital PCR assay. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3626. [PMID: 29483619 PMCID: PMC5827666 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21882-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification of antiretroviral (ARV) drug concentrations in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and tissue isolated mononuclear cells (TIMCs) from lymph node (LNMC) and rectum (RMC) is an important measure of bio-distribution. Normalization of drug concentrations is critical to represent tissue drug concentrations and to analyze both intra-individual and inter-individual variability in drug distribution. However, a molecular method to normalize intracellular drug concentrations in PBMCs and TIMCs methanol extracts is currently unavailable. In this study, a novel droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) assay was designed to amplify RPP30 gene sequence conserved in human and non-human primates (NHP). Genomic DNA (gDNA) isolated from 70 percent methanol embedded PBMCs and TIMCs was used as ddPCR template to quantitate precise RPP30 copies to derive cell counts. The novel molecular method quantitated RPP30 copies in human and rhesus macaque gDNA templates with greater accuracy and precision than qPCR. RPP30 ddPCR derived cell counts are strongly correlated with automated cytometer based cell counts in PBMC (R = 0.90, p = 0.001 and n = 20); LNMC (R = 0.85 p = 0.0001 and n = 22) and RMC (R = 0.92, p = 0.0001 and n = 20) and achieved comparable normalized drug concentrations. Therefore, the RPP30 ddPCR assay is an important normalization method in drug bio-distribution and pharmacokinetic studies in humans and NHPs.
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23
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Pham HT, Mesplède T. The latest evidence for possible HIV-1 curative strategies. Drugs Context 2018; 7:212522. [PMID: 29497452 PMCID: PMC5824924 DOI: 10.7573/dic.212522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection remains a major health issue worldwide. In developed countries, antiretroviral therapy has extended its reach from treatment of people living with HIV-1 to post-exposure prophylaxis, treatment as prevention, and, more recently, pre-exposure prophylaxis. These healthcare strategies offer the epidemiological tools to curve the epidemic in rich settings and will be concomitantly implemented in developing countries. One of the remaining challenges is to identify an efficacious curative strategy. This review manuscript will focus on some of the current curative strategies aiming at providing a sterilizing or functional cure to HIV-1-positive individuals. These include the following: early treatment initiation in post-treatment controllers as a long-term HIV-1 remission strategy, latency reversal, gene editing with or without stem cell transplantation, and antibodies against either the viral envelope protein or the host integrin α4β7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanh Thi Pham
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Thibault Mesplède
- McGill University AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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24
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Abstract
Retroviruses are genome invaders that have shared a long history of coevolution with vertebrates and their immune system. Found endogenously in genomes as traces of past invasions, retroviruses are also considerable threats to human health when they exist as exogenous viruses such as HIV. The immune response to retroviruses is engaged by germline-encoded sensors of innate immunity that recognize viral components and damage induced by the infection. This response develops with the induction of antiviral effectors and launching of the clonal adaptive immune response, which can contribute to protective immunity. However, retroviruses efficiently evade the immune response, owing to their rapid evolution. The failure of specialized immune cells to respond, a form of neglect, may also contribute to inadequate antiretroviral immune responses. Here, we discuss the mechanisms by which immune responses to retroviruses are mounted at the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels. We also discuss how intrinsic, innate, and adaptive immunity may cooperate or conflict during the generation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asier Sáez-Cirión
- HIV Inflammation and Persistence, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Nicolas Manel
- Immunity and Cancer Department, INSERM U932, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France;
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25
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Calenda G, Keawvichit R, Arrode-Brusés G, Pattanapanyasat K, Frank I, Byrareddy SN, Arthos J, Cicala C, Grasperge B, Blanchard JL, Gettie A, Reimann KA, Ansari AA, Martinelli E. Integrin α 4β 7 Blockade Preferentially Impacts CCR6 + Lymphocyte Subsets in Blood and Mucosal Tissues of Naive Rhesus Macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:810-820. [PMID: 29196458 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Infusion of a simianized anti-α4β7 mAb (Rh-α4β7) just before and following SIV infection protected rhesus macaques from developing AIDS and partially from vaginal SIV acquisition. Recently, short-term treatment with Rh-α4β7 in combination with cART was found to lead to prolonged viral suppression after withdrawal of all therapeutic interventions. The humanized form of Rh-α4β7, vedolizumab, is a highly effective treatment for inflammatory bowel disease. To clarify the mechanism of action of Rh-α4β7, naive macaques were infused with Rh-α4β7 and sampled in blood and tissues before and after treatment to monitor several immune cell subsets. In blood, Rh-α4β7 increased the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts, but not B cell counts, and preferentially increased CCR6+ subsets while decreasing CD103+ and CD69+ lymphocytes. In mucosal tissues, surprisingly, Rh-α4β7 did not impact integrin α4+ cells, but decreased the frequencies of CCR6+ and CD69+ CD4+ T cells and, in the gut, Rh-α4β7 transiently decreased the frequency of memory and IgA+ B cells. In summary, even in the absence of inflammation, Rh-α4β7 impacted selected immune cell subsets in different tissues. These data provide new insights into the mechanisms by which Rh-α4β7 may mediate its effect in SIV-infected macaques with implications for understanding the effect of treatment with vedolizumab in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Calenda
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065
| | - Rassamon Keawvichit
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | | | - Kovit Pattanapanyasat
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Ines Frank
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neurosciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Brooke Grasperge
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433
| | - James L Blanchard
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Agegnehu Gettie
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10016; and
| | - Keith A Reimann
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322;
| | - Elena Martinelli
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, NY 10065;
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26
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Wang B, Kang W, Zuo J, Kang W, Sun Y. The Significance of Type-I Interferons in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1431. [PMID: 29163506 PMCID: PMC5671973 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Type-I interferons (IFN-I) are a widely expressed family that could promote antivirus immunity in the process of pathogens invasion. In a human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1)-infected individual, the production of IFN-I can be detected as early as the acute phase and will persist throughout the course of infection. However, sustained stimulation of immune system by IFN-I also contributes greatly to host-mediated immunopathology and diseases progression. Although the protective effects of IFN-I in the acute phase of HIV-1 infection have been observed, more studies recently focus on their detrimental role in the chronic stage. Inhibition of IFN-I signaling may reverse HIV-1-induced immune hyperactivation and furthermore reduce HIV-1 reservoirs, which suggest this strategy may provide a potential way to enhance the therapeutic effect of antiretroviral therapy. Therefore, we review the role of IFN-I in HIV-1 progression, their effects on different immunocytes, and therapeutic prospects targeting the IFN-I system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wen Kang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiahui Zuo
- Clinical Laboratory, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenzhen Kang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yongtao Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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27
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Borhis G, Trovato M, Chaoul N, Ibrahim HM, Richard Y. B-Cell-Activating Factor and the B-Cell Compartment in HIV/SIV Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1338. [PMID: 29163465 PMCID: PMC5663724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the goal to design effective HIV vaccines, intensive studies focused on broadly neutralizing antibodies, which arise in a fraction of HIV-infected people. Apart from identifying new vulnerability sites in the viral envelope proteins, these studies have shown that a fraction of these antibodies are produced by self/poly-reactive B-cells. These findings prompted us to revisit the B-cell differentiation and selection process during HIV/SIV infection and to consider B-cells as active players possibly shaping the helper T-cell program within germinal centers (GCs). In this context, we paid a particular attention to B-cell-activating factor (BAFF), a key cytokine in B-cell development and immune response that is overproduced during HIV/SIV infection. As it does in autoimmune diseases, BAFF excess might contribute to the abnormal rescue of self-reactive B-cells at several checkpoints of the B-cell development and impair memory B-cell generation and functions. In this review, we first point out what is known about the functions of BAFF/a proliferation-inducing ligand and their receptors [B-cell maturation, transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI), and BAFF-R], in physiological and pathophysiological settings, in mice and humans. In particular, we highlight recent results on the previously underappreciated regulatory functions of TACI and on the highly regulated production of soluble TACI and BAFF-R that act as decoy receptors. In light of recent data on BAFF, TACI, and BAFF-R, we then revisit the altered phenotypes and functions of B-cell subsets during the acute and chronic phase of HIV/SIV infection. Given the atypical phenotype and reduced functions of memory B-cells in HIV/SIV infection, we particularly discuss the GC reaction, a key checkpoint where self-reactive B-cells are eliminated and pathogen-specific memory B-cells and plasmablasts/cells are generated in physiological settings. Through its capacity to differentially bind and process BAFF-R and TACI on GC B-cells and possibly on follicular helper T-cells, BAFF appears as a key regulator of the physiological GC reaction. Its local excess during HIV/SIV infection could play a key role in B-cell dysregulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenoline Borhis
- INSERM u1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Maria Trovato
- INSERM u1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nada Chaoul
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Institut des maladies Emergentes et Thérapies innovantes, Service d’Immuno-Virologie, Fontenay-aux Roses, France
| | - Hany M. Ibrahim
- INSERM u1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Yolande Richard
- INSERM u1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
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28
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Zhang LL, Zhang ZN, Wu X, Jiang YJ, Fu YJ, Shang H. Transcriptomic meta-analysis identifies gene expression characteristics in various samples of HIV-infected patients with nonprogressive disease. J Transl Med 2017; 15:191. [PMID: 28899396 PMCID: PMC5596944 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1294-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A small proportion of HIV-infected patients remain clinically and/or immunologically stable for years, including elite controllers (ECs) who have undetectable viremia (<50 copies/ml) and long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) who maintain normal CD4+ T cell counts for prolonged periods (>10 years). However, the mechanism of nonprogression needs to be further resolved. In this study, a transcriptome meta-analysis was performed on nonprogressor and progressor microarray data to identify differential transcriptome pathways and potential biomarkers. METHODS Using the INMEX (integrative meta-analysis of expression data) program, we performed the meta-analysis to identify consistently differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in nonprogressors and further performed functional interpretation (gene ontology analysis and pathway analysis) of the DEGs identified in the meta-analysis. Five microarray datasets (81 cases and 98 controls in total), including whole blood, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, were collected for meta-analysis. RESULTS We determined that nonprogressors have reduced expression of important interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), CD38, lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG-3) in whole blood, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed a significant enrichment in DEGs that function in the type I interferon signaling pathway. Upregulated pathways, including the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway in whole blood, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction in CD4+ T cells and the MAPK signaling pathway in CD8+ T cells, were identified in nonprogressors compared with progressors. In each metabolic functional category, the number of downregulated DEGs was more than the upregulated DEGs, and almost all genes were downregulated DEGs in the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle in the three types of samples. CONCLUSIONS Our transcriptomic meta-analysis provides a comprehensive evaluation of the gene expression profiles in major blood types of nonprogressors, providing new insights in the understanding of HIV pathogenesis and developing strategies to delay HIV disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Le Zhang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Ning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xian Wu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Jun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Jing Fu
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of National Health and Family Planning Commission, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, No 155, Nanjingbei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning Province, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China.
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29
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Brief Report: A High Rate of β7+ Gut-Homing Lymphocytes in HIV-Infected Immunological Nonresponders is Associated With Poor CD4 T-Cell Recovery During Suppressive HAART. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 72:259-65. [PMID: 27306505 PMCID: PMC4915751 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. Objective: Correlation between GALT homing markers on lymphocytes and the low blood CD4 T-cell reconstitution in immunological nonresponders (INRs) has been studied. Design: Thirty-one INRs, 19 immunological responders (IRs), and 12 noninfected controls were enrolled in this study. INRs were defined by an undetectable plasma viral load RNA less than 40 copies per milliliter and CD4+ T-cell count <500 cells per cubic milliliter in at least 3 years. Methods: A complete peripheral and mucosal lymphocyte immunophenotyping was performed on these patients with a focus on the CCR9, CCR6, and α4β7 gut-homing markers. Results: A highly significant upregulation of α4β7 on INRs peripheral lymphocytes compared with that of IRs has been observed. This upregulation impacts different lymphocyte subsets namely CD4+, CD8+, and B lymphocytes. The frequency of β7+ Th17 and Treg cells are increased compared with IRs and healthy controls. The frequency of β7+ CD8+ T cells in the blood is negatively correlated with integrated proviral DNA in rectal lymphoid cells in contrast to β7+ CD4+ T cells associated with HIV integration. Conclusions: Alteration of lymphocyte homing abilities would have deleterious effects on GALT reconstitution and could participate to HIV reservoir constitution. These results emphasize the great interest to consider α4β7-targeted therapy in INR patients to block homing of lymphocytes and/or to directly impair gp120-α4β7 interactions.
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30
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Henriquez JE, Rizzo MD, Schulz MA, Crawford RB, Gulick P, Kaminski NE. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Suppresses Secretion of IFNα by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells From Healthy and HIV-Infected Individuals. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2017; 75:588-596. [PMID: 28692581 PMCID: PMC5527743 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play a crucial role in host antiviral immune response through secretion of type I interferon. Interferon alpha (IFNα), a type I IFN, is critical for mounting the initial response to viral pathogens. A consequence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV) infection is a decrease in both pDC number and function, but prolonged pDC activity has been linked with progression from HIV infection to the development of AIDS. Patients with HIV in the United States routinely use cannabinoid-based therapies to combat the side effects of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy. However, cannabinoids, including Δ-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), are well-characterized immunosuppressants. Here, we report that THC suppressed secretion of IFNα by pDC from both healthy and HIV+ donors through a mechanism involving impaired phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 7. These results suggest that THC can suppress pDC function during the early host antiviral response by dampening pDC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Henriquez
- *Michigan State University East Lansing, MI; †Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology East Lansing, MI; ‡Institute for Integrative Toxicology East Lansing, MI; §Department of Cell and Molecular Biology East Lansing, MI; and ‖Department of Osteopathic Medicine East Lansing, MI
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31
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Swan ZD, Bouwer AL, Wonderlich ER, Barratt-Boyes SM. Persistent accumulation of gut macrophages with impaired phagocytic function correlates with SIV disease progression in macaques. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1925-1935. [PMID: 28667761 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of macrophages in the gastrointestinal tract to disease control or progression in HIV infection remains unclear. To address this question, we analyzed CD163+ macrophages in ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes (LN) from SIV-infected rhesus macaques with dichotomous expression of controlling MHC class I alleles predicted to be SIV controllers or progressors. Infection induced accumulation of macrophages into gut mucosa in the acute phase that persisted in progressors but was resolved in controllers. In contrast, macrophage recruitment to mesenteric LNs occurred only transiently in acute infection irrespective of disease outcome. Persistent gut macrophage accumulation was associated with CD163 expression on α4β7+ CD16+ blood monocytes and correlated with epithelial damage. Macrophages isolated from intestine of progressors had reduced phagocytic function relative to controllers and uninfected macaques, and the proportion of phagocytic macrophages negatively correlated with mucosal epithelial breach, lamina propria Escherichia coli density, and plasma virus burden. Macrophages in intestine produced low levels of cytokines regardless of disease course, while mesenteric LN macrophages from progressors became increasingly responsive as infection advanced. These data indicate that noninflammatory CD163+ macrophages accumulate in gut mucosa in progressive SIV infection in response to intestinal damage but fail to adequately phagocytose debris, potentially perpetuating their recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D Swan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anthea L Bouwer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Wonderlich
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Simon M Barratt-Boyes
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Schwartz JA, Clayton KL, Mujib S, Zhang H, Rahman AKMNU, Liu J, Yue FY, Benko E, Kovacs C, Ostrowski MA. Tim-3 is a Marker of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Dysfunction during HIV Infection and Is Associated with the Recruitment of IRF7 and p85 into Lysosomes and with the Submembrane Displacement of TLR9. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3181-3194. [PMID: 28264968 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In chronic diseases, such as HIV infection, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are rendered dysfunctional, as measured by their decreased capacity to produce IFN-α. In this study, we identified elevated levels of T cell Ig and mucin-domain containing molecule-3 (Tim-3)-expressing pDCs in the blood of HIV-infected donors. The frequency of Tim-3-expressing pDCs correlated inversely with CD4 T cell counts and positively with HIV viral loads. A lower frequency of pDCs expressing Tim-3 produced IFN-α or TNF-α in response to the TLR7 agonists imiquimod and Sendai virus and to the TLR9 agonist CpG. Thus, Tim-3 may serve as a biomarker of pDC dysfunction in HIV infection. The source and function of Tim-3 was investigated on enriched pDC populations from donors not infected with HIV. Tim-3 induction was achieved in response to viral and artificial stimuli, as well as exogenous IFN-α, and was PI3K dependent. Potent pDC-activating stimuli, such as CpG, imiquimod, and Sendai virus, induced the most Tim-3 expression and subsequent dysfunction. Small interfering RNA knockdown of Tim-3 increased IFN-α secretion in response to activation. Intracellular Tim-3, as measured by confocal microscopy, was dispersed throughout the cytoplasm prior to activation. Postactivation, Tim-3 accumulated at the plasma membrane and associated with disrupted TLR9 at the submembrane. Tim-3-expressing pDCs had reduced IRF7 levels. Furthermore, intracellular Tim-3 colocalized with p85 and IRF7 within LAMP1+ lysosomes, suggestive of a role in degradation. We conclude that Tim-3 is a biomarker of dysfunctional pDCs and may negatively regulate IFN-α, possibly through interference with TLR signaling and recruitment of IRF7 and p85 into lysosomes, enhancing their degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Ari Schwartz
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kiera L Clayton
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shariq Mujib
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - A K M Nur-Ur Rahman
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Feng Yun Yue
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Erika Benko
- Maple Leaf Clinic, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1K2, Canada
| | - Colin Kovacs
- Maple Leaf Clinic, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1K2, Canada
| | - Mario A Ostrowski
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; .,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Clinical Science Division, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and.,Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5B 1T8, Canada
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Lin L, Zhang J. Role of intestinal microbiota and metabolites on gut homeostasis and human diseases. BMC Immunol 2017; 18:2. [PMID: 28061847 PMCID: PMC5219689 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-016-0187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 393] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A vast diversity of microbes colonizes in the human gastrointestinal tract, referred to intestinal microbiota. Microbiota and products thereof are indispensable for shaping the development and function of host innate immune system, thereby exerting multifaceted impacts in gut health. Methods This paper reviews the effects on immunity of gut microbe-derived nucleic acids, and gut microbial metabolites, as well as the involvement of commensals in the gut homeostasis. We focus on the recent findings with an intention to illuminate the mechanisms by which the microbiota and products thereof are interacting with host immunity, as well as to scrutinize imbalanced gut microbiota (dysbiosis) which lead to autoimmune disorders including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and systemic immune syndromes such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Results In addition to their well-recognized benefits in the gut such as occupation of ecological niches and competition with pathogens, commensal bacteria have been shown to strengthen the gut barrier and to exert immunomodulatory actions within the gut and beyond. It has been realized that impaired intestinal microbiota not only contribute to gut diseases but also are inextricably linked to metabolic disorders and even brain dysfunction. Conclusions A better understanding of the mutual interactions of the microbiota and host immune system, would shed light on our endeavors of disease prevention and broaden the path to our discovery of immune intervention targets for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianqiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
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Worbs T, Hammerschmidt SI, Förster R. Dendritic cell migration in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol 2016; 17:30-48. [PMID: 27890914 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2016.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent and versatile antigen-presenting cells, and their ability to migrate is key for the initiation of protective pro-inflammatory as well as tolerogenic immune responses. Recent comprehensive studies have highlighted the importance of DC migration in the maintenance of immune surveillance and tissue homeostasis, and also in the pathogenesis of a range of diseases. In this Review, we summarize the anatomical, cellular and molecular factors that regulate the migration of different DC subsets in health and disease. In particular, we focus on new insights concerning the role of migratory DCs in the pathogenesis of diseases of the skin, intestine, lung, and brain, as well as in autoimmunity and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Worbs
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Swantje I Hammerschmidt
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Reinhold Förster
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Early treatment with reverse transcriptase inhibitors significantly suppresses peak plasma IFNα in vivo during acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection. Cell Immunol 2016; 310:156-164. [PMID: 27622386 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Innate interferons (IFN) are comprised of multiple Type I and III subtypes. The in vivo kinetics of subtype responses during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is not well defined. Using the acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection model, we show that plasma IFNα levels peak at day 10 post-infection (pi) after which they rapidly declined. The mRNA expression of Type I and III IFN subtypes were significantly elevated in the lymph nodes (LN) at day 10 pi. Though the expression levels of all subtypes declined by day 14-31 pi, numerous subtypes remained elevated suggesting that ongoing viral replication in LN continues to drive induction of these subtypes. Interestingly, treatment with reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors at day 7 pi significantly suppressed plasma IFNα responses by day 10 pi that significantly correlated with cell-associated SIV DNA loads suggesting that RT byproducts such as viral DNA likely plays a role in driving IFN responses during acute SIV infection. Quantification of Type I and III subtype transcripts in sorted subsets of LN CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, CD14+/CD14- monocytes/macrophages, and total CD11c/CD123+ dendritic cells (DC) at day 10 pi showed that DC expressed ∼3-4 log more subtype transcripts as compared to the other subsets. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the kinetics of innate interferon responses during early stages of infection, and provide evidence that DC's are a major in vivo source of innate IFN during acute SIV infection.
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36
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Paludan SR. Innate Antiviral Defenses Independent of Inducible IFNα/β Production. Trends Immunol 2016; 37:588-596. [PMID: 27345728 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The type I interferons (IFNs) (IFNα and IFNβ) not only have potent antiviral activities, but also have pathological functions if produced at high levels or over a long time. Recent articles have described antiviral immune mechanisms that are activated in response to virus infection at epithelial surfaces independently of IFNα and IFNβ. This may allow the host to exert rapid local antiviral activity and only induce a full-blown, and potentially pathological, type I IFN response in situations where stronger protective immunity is needed. Here, I describe the emerging understanding of early antiviral defenses, which are independent of type I IFN responses, and also discuss how this enables tissues to exert rapid antiviral activities and to limit type I IFN production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark; Aarhus Research Center for Innate Immunology, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
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Swan ZD, Wonderlich ER, Barratt-Boyes SM. Macrophage accumulation in gut mucosa differentiates AIDS from chronic SIV infection in rhesus macaques. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:446-54. [PMID: 26549608 PMCID: PMC5751443 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between recruitment of mononuclear phagocytes to lymphoid and gut tissues and disease in HIV and SIV infection remains unclear. To address this question, we conducted cross-sectional analyses of dendritic cell (DC) subsets and CD163(+) macrophages in lymph nodes (LNs) and ileum of rhesus macaques with acute and chronic SIV infection and AIDS. In LNs significant differences were only evident when comparing uninfected and AIDS groups, with loss of myeloid DCs and CD103(+) DCs from peripheral and mesenteric LNs, respectively, and accumulation of plasmacytoid DCs and macrophages in mesenteric LNs. In contrast, there were fourfold more macrophages in ileum lamina propria in macaques with AIDS compared with chronic infection, and this increased to 40-fold in Peyer's patches. Gut macrophages exceeded plasmacytoid DCs and CD103(+) DCs by ten- to 17-fold in monkeys with AIDS but were at similar low frequencies as DCs in chronic infection. Gut macrophages in macaques with AIDS expressed IFN-α and TNF-α consistent with cell activation. CD163(+) macrophages also accumulated in gut mucosa in acute infection but lacked expression of IFN-α and TNF-α. These data reveal a relationship between inflammatory macrophage accumulation in gut mucosa and disease and suggest a role for macrophages in AIDS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary D. Swan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Wonderlich
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Simon M. Barratt-Boyes
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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38
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Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and myeloid cells differently contribute to B-cell-activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily overexpression during primary HIV infection. AIDS 2016; 30:365-76. [PMID: 26558721 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After describing heightened levels of circulating B-cell-activating factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor superfamily (BAFF) as well as changes in B-cell phenotype and functions during acute infection by simian immunodeficiency virus, we wanted to determine whether and by which cells BAFF was over-expressed in primary HIV-infected (PHI) patients. DESIGN AND METHODS We simultaneously examined circulating BAFF levels by ELISA and membrane-bound BAFF (mBAFF) expression by flow cytometry in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy donors and PHI patients followed for 6 months. We also examined whether HIV-1 modifies BAFF expression or release in various myeloid cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) in vitro. RESULTS Circulating BAFF levels were transiently increased at enrolment. They positively correlated with CXCL10 levels and inversely with B-cell counts. Whereas mBAFF was expressed by most pDC and on a fraction of intermediate monocytes in healthy donors, the frequency of mBAFF cells significantly increased among nonclassical monocytes and CD1c dendritic cells but decreased among pDC in PHI patients. In contrast to myeloid cells, pDC never released BAFF upon stimulation. Their mBAFF expression was enhanced by HIV-1, independently of type I IFN. CONCLUSION Our findings reveal that the pattern of BAFF expression by myeloid cells and pDC is altered in PHI patients and constitutes a valuable marker of immune activation whose circulating levels correlate with CXCL10 levels. Due to their homing in different tissue areas, pDC and myeloid cells might target different B-cell subsets through their mBAFF expression or soluble BAFF release.
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Bosinger SE, Utay NS. Type I interferon: understanding its role in HIV pathogenesis and therapy. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2016; 12:41-53. [PMID: 25662992 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-014-0244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite over 30 years of research, the contribution of type I interferons (IFN-Is) to both the control of HIV replication and initiation of immunologic damage remains debated. In acute infection, IFN-Is, likely from plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), activate NK cells and upregulate restriction factors targeting virtually the entire HIV life cycle. In chronic infection, IFN-Is may also contribute to CD4 T cell loss and immune exhaustion. pDCs subsequently infiltrate lymphoid and mucosal tissues, and their circulating populations wane in chronic infection; IFN-I may be produced by other cells. Data from nonhuman primates indicate prompt IFN-I signaling is critical in acute infection. Whereas some studies showed IFN-I administration without combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) is beneficial, others suggest that stimulating or blocking IFN-I signaling in chronic ART-suppressed HIV infection has had positive results. Here, we describe the history of HIV and IFN-I, IFN-I's sources, IFN-I's effects on HIV control and host defense, and recent interventional studies in SIV and HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven E Bosinger
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory Vaccine Center Bldg. 3028, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA,
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ANSARI AFTABA, BYRAREDDY SIDDAPPAN. The Role of Integrin Expressing Cells in Modulating Disease Susceptibility and Progression (January 2016). INTERNATIONAL TRENDS IN IMMUNITY 2016; 4:11-27. [PMID: 28770236 PMCID: PMC5536173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this review we have summarized the role of gut homing molecules with a focus on the heterodimeric integrin α4β7 since the α4β7 has been shown to be important in modulating SIV transmission, disease susceptibility and progression. This review provides an overview of integrins, their structure and function to provide a general background upon which the role of the α4β7 integrin can best be understood. We also describe integrins and their cognate receptors and their potential role in modulating disease that we hope provides some food for thought on how such knowledge can be utilized for vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- AFTAB A. ANSARI
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - SIDDAPPA N. BYRAREDDY
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neurosciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE 68312
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha NE 68312
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41
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Dillon SM, Lee EJ, Kotter CV, Austin GL, Gianella S, Siewe B, Smith DM, Landay AL, McManus MC, Robertson CE, Frank DN, McCarter MD, Wilson CC. Gut dendritic cell activation links an altered colonic microbiome to mucosal and systemic T-cell activation in untreated HIV-1 infection. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:24-37. [PMID: 25921339 PMCID: PMC4626441 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1-associated disruption of intestinal homeostasis is a major factor contributing to chronic immune activation and inflammation. Dendritic cells (DCs) are crucial in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, but the impact of HIV-1 infection on intestinal DC number and function has not been extensively studied. We compared the frequency and activation/maturation status of colonic myeloid DC (mDC) subsets (CD1c(+) and CD1c(neg)) and plasmacytoid DCs in untreated HIV-1-infected subjects with uninfected controls. Colonic mDCs in HIV-1-infected subjects had increased CD40 but decreased CD83 expression, and CD40 expression on CD1c(+) mDCs positively correlated with mucosal HIV-1 viral load, with mucosal and systemic cytokine production, and with frequencies of activated colon and blood T cells. Percentage of CD83(+)CD1c(+) mDCs negatively correlated with frequencies of interferon-γ-producing colon CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. CD40 expression on CD1c(+) mDCs positively associated with abundance of high prevalence mucosal Prevotella copri and Prevotella stercorea but negatively associated with a number of low prevalence mucosal species, including Rumminococcus bromii. CD1c(+) mDC cytokine production was greater in response to in vitro stimulation with Prevotella species relative to R. bromii. These findings suggest that, during HIV infection, colonic mDCs become activated upon exposure to mucosal pathobiont bacteria leading to mucosal and systemic immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Dillon
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - E J Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - C V Kotter
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - G L Austin
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - S Gianella
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - B Siewe
- Department of Immunology-Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - D M Smith
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - A L Landay
- Department of Immunology-Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - M C McManus
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - C E Robertson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- University of Colorado Microbiome Research Consortium, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - D N Frank
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- University of Colorado Microbiome Research Consortium, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - M D McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - C C Wilson
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Boichuk SV, Khaiboullina SF, Ramazanov BR, Khasanova GR, Ivanovskaya KA, Nizamutdinov EZ, Sharafutdinov MR, Martynova EV, DeMeirleir KL, Hulstaert J, Anokhin VA, Rizvanov AA, Lombardi VC. Gut-Associated Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Display an Immature Phenotype and Upregulated Granzyme B in Subjects with HIV/AIDS. Front Immunol 2015; 6:485. [PMID: 26441989 PMCID: PMC4585323 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in the periphery of subjects with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) decrease over time, and the fate of these cells has been the subject of ongoing investigation. Previous studies using animal models as well as studies with humans suggest that these cells may redistribute to the gut. Other studies using animal models propose that the periphery pDCs are depleted and gut is repopulated with naive pDCs from the bone marrow. In the present study, we utilized immunohistochemistry to survey duodenum biopsies of subjects with HIV/AIDS and controls. We observed that subjects with HIV/AIDS had increased infiltration of Ki-67+/CD303+ pDCs, a phenotype consistent with bone marrow-derived pre-pDCs. In contrast, Ki-67+/CD303+ pDCs were not observed in control biopsies. We additionally observed that gut-associated pDCs in HIV/AIDS cases upregulate the proapoptotic enzyme granzyme B; however, no granzyme B was observed in the pDCs of control biopsies. Our data are consistent with reports in animal models that suggest periphery pDCs are depleted by exhaustion and that naive pDCs egress from the bone marrow and ultimately infiltrate the gut mucosa. Additionally, our observation of granzyme B upregulation in naive pDCs may identify a contributing factor to the gut pathology associated with HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Svetlana F Khaiboullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University , Kazan , Russia ; Nevada Center for Biomedical Research , Reno, NV , USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ekaterina V Martynova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University , Kazan , Russia
| | | | - Jan Hulstaert
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital Jan Portaels , Vilvoorde , Belgium
| | | | - Albert A Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University , Kazan , Russia
| | - Vincent C Lombardi
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University , Kazan , Russia ; Nevada Center for Biomedical Research , Reno, NV , USA ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada , Reno, NV , USA
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Byrareddy SN, Sidell N, Arthos J, Cicala C, Zhao C, Little DM, Dunbar P, Yang GX, Pierzchalski K, Kane MA, Mayne AE, Song B, Soares MA, Villinger F, Fauci AS, Ansari AA. Species-specific differences in the expression and regulation of α4β7 integrin in various nonhuman primates. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5968-79. [PMID: 25948815 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Among nonhuman primates, SIV-infected Asian pigtailed macaques (PM) are relatively more susceptible to infection and disease progression than SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RM). In addition, SIV-infected African natural hosts such as the sooty mangabeys (SM) are resistant to disease. The mechanisms associated with such species-related variable clinical outcomes remain ill-defined but hold the potential to provide insights into the underlying mechanisms surrounding HIV pathogenesis. Recent findings indicate that the expression of the heterodimeric gut homing integrin α4β7 can influence both susceptibility and disease progression in RM. It was reasoned that differences in the frequencies/surface densities of α4β7-expressing lymphocytes might contribute to the differences in the clinical outcome of SIV infection among NHPs. In this article, we report that CD4(+) T cells from PM constitutively express significantly higher levels of α4β7 than RM or SM. Retinoic acid, a key regulator of α4β7 expression, was paradoxically found at higher levels in the plasma of SM versus RM or PM. We also observed pairing of β7 with αE (αEβ7) on CD4(+) T cells in the peripheral blood of SM, but not PM or RM. Finally, the differential mean density of expression of α4β7 in RM versus SM versus PM was predominantly dictated by species-specific sequence differences at the level of the β7 promoters, as determined by in vitro reporter/promoter construct transfection studies. We propose that differences in the regulation and expression of α4β7 may explain, in part, the differences in susceptibility and SIV disease progression in these NHP models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Neil Sidell
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Center, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Dawn M Little
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Paul Dunbar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Gui X Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Keely Pierzchalski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Maureen A Kane
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Ann E Mayne
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Byeongwoon Song
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616; and
| | - Marcelo A Soares
- Laboratory of Human Virology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 20231-050 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Francois Villinger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322; Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Center, Atlanta, GA 30329
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322;
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Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Infection and Sensing Capacity during Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. J Virol 2015; 89:6918-27. [PMID: 25903334 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00332-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in humans and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in macaques (MAC) lead to chronic inflammation and AIDS. Natural hosts, such as African green monkeys (AGM) and sooty mangabeys (SM), are protected against SIV-induced chronic inflammation and AIDS. Here, we report that AGM plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) express extremely low levels of CD4, unlike MAC and human pDC. Despite this, AGM pDC efficiently sensed SIVagm, but not heterologous HIV/SIV isolates, indicating a virus-host adaptation. Moreover, both AGM and SM pDC were found to be, in contrast to MAC pDC, predominantly negative for CCR5. Despite such limited CD4 and CCR5 expression, lymphoid tissue pDC were infected to a degree similar to that seen with CD4(+) T cells in both MAC and AGM. Altogether, our finding of efficient pDC infection by SIV in vivo identifies pDC as a potential viral reservoir in lymphoid tissues. We discovered low expression of CD4 on AGM pDC, which did not preclude efficient sensing of host-adapted viruses. Therefore, pDC infection and efficient sensing are not prerequisites for chronic inflammation. The high level of pDC infection by SIVagm suggests that if CCR5 paucity on immune cells is important for nonpathogenesis of natural hosts, it is possibly not due to its role as a coreceptor. IMPORTANCE The ability of certain key immune cell subsets to resist infection might contribute to the asymptomatic nature of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in its natural hosts, such as African green monkeys (AGM) and sooty mangabeys (SM). This relative resistance to infection has been correlated with reduced expression of CD4 and/or CCR5. We show that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) of natural hosts display reduced CD4 and/or CCR5 expression, unlike macaque pDC. Surprisingly, this did not protect AGM pDC, as infection levels were similar to those found in MAC pDC. Furthermore, we show that AGM pDC did not consistently produce type I interferon (IFN-I) upon heterologous SIVmac/HIV type 1 (HIV-1) encounter, while they sensed autologous SIVagm isolates. Pseudotyping SIVmac/HIV-1 overcame this deficiency, suggesting that reduced uptake of heterologous viral strains underlays this lack of sensing. The distinct IFN-I responses depending on host species and HIV/SIV isolates reveal the host/virus species specificity of pDC sensing.
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Ma J, Yu H, Yin X, Cheng M, Shi Q, Yin Z, Nie X, Shouli W, Zhang L. E2-2, a novel immunohistochemical marker for both human and monkey plasmacytoid dendritic cells. BIOPHYSICS REPORTS 2015; 1:139-147. [PMID: 27340692 PMCID: PMC4871903 DOI: 10.1007/s41048-016-0023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) play important roles in initiating and regulating immune responses. pDC infiltration has been documented in multiple pathological lesions including infections, tumors, and autoimmune diseases, and the severity of pDC infiltration correlates with disease progression. However, a specific antibody for identifying pDCs by immunohistochemical staining on paraffin-embedded tissue sections is still lacking. Here, we developed a novel antibody targeted E2-2, a transcription factor preferentially expressed in pDCs. The antibody stains the nuclei of pDCs specifically in immunohistochemical analysis of various tissues from both human and rhesus monkey. This novel antibody will serve as a beneficial tool for pDC-related basic research and clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Ma
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080 China
| | - Haisheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080 China
| | - Xiangyun Yin
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080 China
| | - Menglan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100080 China
| | - Quanxing Shi
- Department of Cardiology, 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Zhao Yin
- Department of Cardiology, 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Xiaohua Nie
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Wang Shouli
- Department of Cardiology, 306th Hospital of PLA, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
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46
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Epple HJ, Schneider T, Zeitz M. Microbial Translocation and the Effects of HIV/SIV Infection on Mucosal Barrier Function. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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47
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Xu H, Wang X, Veazey RS. Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and Mucosal Immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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48
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Shey MS, Garrett NJ, McKinnon LR, Passmore JAS. The role of dendritic cells in driving genital tract inflammation and HIV transmission risk: are there opportunities to intervene? Innate Immun 2015; 21:99-112. [PMID: 24282122 PMCID: PMC4033703 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913513815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective prevention of new HIV infections will require an understanding of the mechanisms involved in HIV acquisition. HIV transmission across the female genital tract is the major mode of new HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa and involves complex processes, including cell activation, inflammation and recruitment of HIV target cells. Activated CD4(+) T-cells, dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages have been described as targets for HIV at the genital mucosa. Activation of these cells may occur in the presence of sexually-transmitted infections, disturbances of commensal flora and other inflammatory processes. In this review, we discuss causes and consequences of inflammation in the female genital tract, with a focus on DC. We describe the central role these cells may play in facilitating or preventing HIV transmission across the genital mucosa, and in the initial recognition of HIV and other pathogens, allowing activation of an adaptive immune response to infection. We discuss studies that investigate interventions to limit DC activation, inflammation and HIV transmission. This knowledge is essential in the development of novel strategies for effective HIV control, including microbicides and pre-exposure prophylaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jo-Ann S Passmore
- CAPRISA, Durban, South Africa Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
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49
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Li H, Evans TI, Gillis J, Connole M, Reeves RK. Bone marrow-imprinted gut-homing of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in acute simian immunodeficiency virus infection results in massive accumulation of hyperfunctional CD4+ pDCs in the mucosae. J Infect Dis 2014; 211:1717-25. [PMID: 25489000 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), a primary source of interferon α (IFN-α), provide a first line of innate immune defense against human immunodeficiency virus infection. However, their kinetics and functions during acute infection are poorly understood. In mucosal tissues of normal rhesus macaques, we found CD4(+) pDCs to be the subset responsible for most IFN-α and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) production in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7/8 stimulation, compared with relatively anergic CD4(-) pDCs. During acute simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, gut homing was imprinted on pDCs in the bone marrow, resulting in a decline in pDCs from circulation and secondary lymphoid tissues. Although the accumulated pDCs in the gut mucosae had robust cytokine responses to TLR7/8 stimulation in vitro, pDC gut migration occurred after infection and detection of SIV in plasma. Our data suggest that innate pDC responses do not control initial SIV seeding and dissemination but instead may contribute to ongoing immune activation in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Li
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston
| | - Tristan I Evans
- Division of Immunology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts
| | - Jacqueline Gillis
- Division of Immunology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle Connole
- Division of Immunology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts
| | - R Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston Division of Immunology, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts
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50
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Byrareddy SN, Kallam B, Arthos J, Cicala C, Nawaz F, Hiatt J, Kersh EN, McNicholl JM, Hanson D, Reimann KA, Brameier M, Walter L, Rogers K, Mayne AE, Dunbar P, Villinger T, Little D, Parslow TG, Santangelo PJ, Villinger F, Fauci AS, Ansari AA. Targeting α4β7 integrin reduces mucosal transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus and protects gut-associated lymphoid tissue from infection. Nat Med 2014; 20:1397-400. [PMID: 25419708 PMCID: PMC4257865 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
α4β7 integrin-expressing CD4(+) T cells preferentially traffic to gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) and have a key role in HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) pathogenesis. We show here that the administration of an anti-α4β7 monoclonal antibody just prior to and during acute infection protects rhesus macaques from transmission following repeated low-dose intravaginal challenges with SIVmac251. In treated animals that became infected, the GALT was significantly protected from infection and CD4(+) T cell numbers were maintained in both the blood and the GALT. Thus, targeting α4β7 reduces mucosal transmission of SIV in macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Brianne Kallam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James Arthos
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy &Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Claudia Cicala
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy &Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Fatima Nawaz
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy &Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Hiatt
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy &Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ellen N Kersh
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Janet M McNicholl
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Debra Hanson
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Keith A Reimann
- Mass Biologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Markus Brameier
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Walter
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz-Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kenneth Rogers
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ann E Mayne
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Paul Dunbar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tara Villinger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Dawn Little
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tristram G Parslow
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Philip J Santangelo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- 1] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. [2] Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Anthony S Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy &Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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