1
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Nong Y, Guo Y, Ou Q, Gumpert A, Tomlin A, Zhu X, Bolli R. PU.1 inhibition does not attenuate cardiac function deterioration or fibrosis in a murine model of myocardial infarction. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:927-937. [PMID: 36114991 PMCID: PMC10091869 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04561-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Activated cardiac fibroblasts are involved in both reparative wound healing and maladaptive cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction (MI). Recent evidence suggests that PU.1 inhibition can enable reprogramming of profibrotic fibroblasts to quiescent fibroblasts, leading to attenuation of pathologic fibrosis in several fibrosis models. The role of PU.1 in acute MI has not been tested. We designed a randomized, blinded study to evaluate whether DB1976, a PU.1 inhibitor, attenuates cardiac function deterioration and fibrosis in a murine model of MI. A total of 44 Ai9 periostin-Cre transgenic mice were subjected to 60 min of coronary occlusion followed by reperfusion. At 7 days after MI, 37 mice were randomly assigned to control (vehicle) or DB1976 treatment and followed for 2 weeks. Left ventricular ejection fraction (EF), assessed by echocardiography, did not differ between the two groups before or after treatment (final EF, 33.3 ± 1.0% in control group and 31.2 ± 1.3% in DB1976 group). Subgroup analysis of female and male mice showed the same results. There were no differences in cardiac scar (trichrome stain) and fibrosis (interstitial/perivascular collagen; picrosirius stain) between groups. Results from the per-protocol dataset (including mice with pre-treatment EF < 35% only) were consistent with the full dataset. In conclusion, this randomized, blinded study demonstrates that DB1976, a PU.1 inhibitor, does not attenuate cardiac functional deterioration or cardiac fibrosis in a mouse model of MI caused by coronary occlusion/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Nong
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Yiru Guo
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Qinghui Ou
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Anna Gumpert
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Alex Tomlin
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Roberto Bolli
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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2
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Liu J, Wang Z, Hao S, Wang F, Yao Y, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Guo W, Yu G, Ma X, Liu J, Chen F, Yuan S, Kang Y, Yu S. Tcf1 Sustains the Expression of Multiple Regulators in Promoting Early Natural Killer Cell Development. Front Immunol 2021; 12:791220. [PMID: 34917097 PMCID: PMC8669559 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.791220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell factor 1 (Tcf1) is known as a critical mediator for natural killer (NK) cell development and terminal maturation. However, its essential targets and precise mechanisms involved in early NK progenitors (NKP) are not well clarified. To investigate the role of Tcf1 in NK cells at distinct developmental phases, we employed three kinds of genetic mouse models, namely, Tcf7fl/flVavCre/+, Tcf7fl/flCD122Cre/+ and Tcf7fl/flNcr1Cre/+ mice, respectively. Similar to Tcf1 germline knockout mice, we found notably diminished cell number and defective development in BM NK cells from all strains. In contrast, Tcf7fl/flNcr1Cre/+ mice exhibited modest defects in splenic NK cells compared with those in the other two strains. By analyzing the published ATAC-seq and ChIP-seq data, we found that Tcf1 directly targeted 110 NK cell-related genes which displayed differential accessibility in the absence of Tcf1. Along with this clue, we further confirmed that a series of essential regulators were expressed aberrantly in distinct BM NK subsets with conditional ablating Tcf1 at NKP stage. Eomes, Ets1, Gata3, Ikzf1, Ikzf2, Nfil3, Runx3, Sh2d1a, Slamf6, Tbx21, Tox, and Zeb2 were downregulated, whereas Spi1 and Gzmb were upregulated in distinct NK subsets due to Tcf1 deficiency. The dysregulation of these genes jointly caused severe defects in NK cells lacking Tcf1. Thus, our study identified essential targets of Tcf1 in NK cells, providing new insights into Tcf1-dependent regulatory programs in step-wise governing NK cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingpeng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yajiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guotao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Central Laboratory, School of Stomatology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shunzong Yuan
- Department of Hematology, the Fifth Medical Center of People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Youmin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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3
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Gao F, He S, Jin A. MiRNAs and lncRNAs in NK cell biology and NK/T-cell lymphoma. Genes Dis 2021; 8:590-602. [PMID: 34291131 PMCID: PMC8278539 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The important role of lncRNAs and miRNAs in directing immune responses has become increasingly clear. Recent evidence conforms that miRNAs and lncRNAs are involved in NK cell biology and diseases through RNA-protein, RNA-RNA, or RNA-DNA interactions. In this view, we summarize the contribution of miRNAs and lncRNAs to NK cell lineage development, activation and function, highlight the biological significance of functional miRNAs or lncRNAs in NKTL and discuss the potential of these miRNAs and lncRNAs as innovative biomarkers/targets for NKTL early diagnosis, target treatment and prognostic evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- FengXia Gao
- Department of Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, PR China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Tumor Immunotherapy, Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Medical School Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, PR China
| | - SiRong He
- Department of Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, PR China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Tumor Immunotherapy, Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Medical School Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, PR China
| | - AiShun Jin
- Department of Immunology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, PR China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Tumor Immunotherapy, Chongqing Medical University, No.1, Medical School Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400010, PR China
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4
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Montazersaheb S, Fathi E, Farahzadi R. Cytokines and signaling pathways involved in differentiation potential of hematopoietic stem cells towards natural killer cells. Tissue Cell 2021; 70:101501. [PMID: 33578272 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are innate immune cells derived from common lymphoid progenitor and are developed primarily in the bone marrow. These cells respond to stress signals, inflammatory cytokines, and cancerous cells through the secretion of active immune mediators. Previous studies revealed that NK cells can be used as an essential cell in the defense against cancers. According to the literature, a set of cytokines and factors play a crucial role during differentiation of NK cells. In other words, developmental events of NK cells are regulated through multiple critical cytokines, including interleukins (ILs), kit ligand, fms-like tyrosine kinase three ligand, transforming growth factor-β, and typical γ chain family of cytokines. Among previously investigated ILs, IL-2, IL-3, IL-7, and IL-15 are the most important. In addition to ILs, transcription factors and MicroRNAs are involved in NK cell development. In this review study, after presenting a brief description of developmental stages and production of the NK cells, the factors and signaling pathways involved in differentiation of NK cells were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Montazersaheb
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ezzatollah Fathi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Raheleh Farahzadi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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5
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De Smedt J, van Os EA, Talon I, Ghosh S, Toprakhisar B, Furtado Madeiro Da Costa R, Zaunz S, Vazquez MA, Boon R, Baatsen P, Smout A, Verhulst S, van Grunsven LA, Verfaillie CM. PU.1 drives specification of pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells to LSEC-like cells. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:84. [PMID: 33446637 PMCID: PMC7809369 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To date, there is no representative in vitro model for liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), as primary LSECs dedifferentiate very fast in culture and no combination of cytokines or growth factors can induce an LSEC fate in (pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived) endothelial cells (ECs). Furthermore, the transcriptional programmes driving an LSEC fate have not yet been described. Here, we first present a computational workflow (CenTFinder) that can identify transcription factors (TFs) that are crucial for modulating pathways involved in cell lineage specification. Using CenTFinder, we identified several novel LSEC-specific protein markers, such as FCN2 and FCN3, which were validated by analysis of previously published single-cell RNAseq data. We also identified PU.1 (encoded by the SPI1 gene) as a major regulator of LSEC-specific immune functions. We show that SPI1 overexpression (combined with the general EC TF ETV2) in human PSCs induces ECs with an LSEC-like phenotype. The ETV2-SPI1-ECs display increased expression of LSEC markers, such as CD32B and MRC1, as well as several of the proposed novel markers. More importantly, ETV2-SPI1-ECs acquire LSEC functions, including uptake of FSA-FITC, as well as labelled IgG. In conclusion, we present the CenTFinder computational tool to identify key regulatory TFs within specific pathways, in this work pathways of lineage specification, and we demonstrate its use by the identification and validation of PU.1 as a master regulator for LSEC fating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan De Smedt
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Elise Anne van Os
- Liver Cell Biology research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Irene Talon
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sreya Ghosh
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Burak Toprakhisar
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Samantha Zaunz
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marta Aguirre Vazquez
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruben Boon
- The Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Pieter Baatsen
- Electron Microscopy Platform of VIB Bio Imaging Core at KU Leuven and VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ayla Smout
- Liver Cell Biology research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefaan Verhulst
- Liver Cell Biology research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leo A van Grunsven
- Liver Cell Biology research group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine M Verfaillie
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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6
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Li K, Wu Y, Li Y, Yu Q, Tian Z, Wei H, Qu K. Landscape and Dynamics of the Transcriptional Regulatory Network During Natural Killer Cell Differentiation. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2020; 18:501-515. [PMID: 33385611 PMCID: PMC8377244 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are essential in controlling cancer and infection. However, little is known about the dynamics of the transcriptional regulatory machinery during NK cell differentiation. In this study, we applied the assay of transposase accessible chromatin with sequencing (ATAC-seq) technique in a home-developed in vitro NK cell differentiation system. Analysis of ATAC-seq data illustrated two distinct transcription factor (TF) clusters that dynamically regulate NK cell differentiation. Moreover, two TFs from the second cluster, FOS-like 2 (FOSL2) and early growth response 2 (EGR2), were identified as novel essential TFs that control NK cell maturation and function. Knocking down either of these two TFs significantly impacted NK cell differentiation. Finally, we constructed a genome-wide transcriptional regulatory network that provides a better understanding of the regulatory dynamics during NK cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230021, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230021, China
| | - Young Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230021, China
| | - Qiaoni Yu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230021, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230021, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230021, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China.
| | - Kun Qu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230021, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Sciences, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China; School of Data Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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7
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Stokic-Trtica V, Diefenbach A, Klose CSN. NK Cell Development in Times of Innate Lymphoid Cell Diversity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:813. [PMID: 32733432 PMCID: PMC7360798 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
After being described in the 1970s as cytotoxic cells that do not require MHC-dependent pre-activation, natural killer (NK) cells remained the sole member of innate lymphocytes for decades until lymphoid tissue-inducer cells in the 1990s and helper-like innate lymphoid lineages from 2008 onward completed the picture of innate lymphoid cell (ILC) diversity. Since some of the ILC members, such as ILC1s and CCR6- ILC3s, share specific markers previously used to identify NK cells, these findings provoked the question of how to delineate the development of NK cell and helper-like ILCs and how to properly identify and genetically interfere with NK cells. The description of eomesodermin (EOMES) as a lineage-specifying transcription factor of NK cells provided a candidate that may serve as a selective marker for the genetic targeting and identification of NK cells. Unlike helper-like ILCs, NK cell activation is, to a large degree, regulated by the engagement of activating and inhibitory surface receptors. NK cell research has revealed some elegant mechanisms of immunosurveillance, coined "missing-self" and "induced-self" recognition, thus complementing "non-self recognition", which is predominantly utilized by adaptive lymphocytes and myeloid cells. Notably, the balance of activating and inhibitory signals perceived by surface receptors can be therapeutically harnessed for anti-tumor immunity mediated by NK cells. This review aims to summarize the similarities and the differences in development, function, localization, and phenotype of NK cells and helper-like ILCs, with the purpose to highlight the unique feature of NK cell development and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava Stokic-Trtica
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph S N Klose
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Inaba K, Yashiro T, Hiroki I, Watanabe R, Kasakura K, Nishiyama C. Dual Roles of PU.1 in the Expression of PD-L2: Direct Transactivation with IRF4 and Indirect Epigenetic Regulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:822-829. [PMID: 32611724 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PD-L2, which has been identified as a PD-1 ligand, is specifically expressed in dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. The transcription factors that determine the cell type-specific expression of PD-L2 are largely unknown, although PD-1 and its ligands, which have been shown to play important roles in T cell suppression, have been vigorously analyzed in the field of cancer immunology. To reveal the mechanism by which Pdcd1lg2 gene expression is regulated, we focused on DCs, which play key roles in innate and acquired immunity. The knockdown of the hematopoietic cell-specific transcription factors PU.1 and IRF4 decreased PD-L2 expression in GM-CSF-induced mouse bone marrow-derived DCs. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, luciferase assays, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated that PU.1 and IRF4 bound directly to the Pdcd1lg2 gene via an Ets-IRF composite element sequence and coordinately transactivated the Pdcd1lg2 gene. Furthermore, PU.1 knockdown reduced the histone acetylation of the Pdcd1lg2 gene. The knockdown of the typical histone acetyltransferase p300, which has been reported to interact with PU.1, decreased the expression and H3K27 acetylation of the Pdcd1lg2 gene. GM-CSF stimulation upregulated the Pdcd1lg2 gene expression, which was accompanied by an increase in PU.1 binding and histone acetylation in Flt3L-generated mouse bone marrow-derived DCs. The involvement of PU.1, IRF4, and p300 were also observed in mouse splenic DCs. Overall, these results indicate that PU.1 positively regulates Pdcd1lg2 gene expression as a transactivator and an epigenetic regulator in DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keito Inaba
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan; and.,Department of Computational Biology and Medical Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8568, Japan
| | - Takuya Yashiro
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan; and
| | - Ikumi Hiroki
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan; and
| | - Ryosuke Watanabe
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan; and
| | - Kazumi Kasakura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan; and
| | - Chiharu Nishiyama
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan; and
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9
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Transcriptional Regulation of Natural Killer Cell Development and Functions. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061591. [PMID: 32560225 PMCID: PMC7352776 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are the major lymphocyte subset of the innate immune system. Their ability to mediate anti-tumor cytotoxicity and produce cytokines is well-established. However, the molecular mechanisms associated with the development of human or murine NK cells are not fully understood. Knowledge is being gained about the environmental cues, the receptors that sense the cues, signaling pathways, and the transcriptional programs responsible for the development of NK cells. Specifically, a complex network of transcription factors (TFs) following microenvironmental stimuli coordinate the development and maturation of NK cells. Multiple TFs are involved in the development of NK cells in a stage-specific manner. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the understandings of TFs involved in the regulation of NK cell development, maturation, and effector function, in the aspects of their mechanisms, potential targets, and functions.
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10
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Yang C, Siebert JR, Burns R, Zheng Y, Mei A, Bonacci B, Wang D, Urrutia RA, Riese MJ, Rao S, Carlson KS, Thakar MS, Malarkannan S. Single-cell transcriptome reveals the novel role of T-bet in suppressing the immature NK gene signature. eLife 2020; 9:51339. [PMID: 32406817 PMCID: PMC7255804 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional activation and repression during NK cell ontology are poorly understood. Here, using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we reveal a novel role for T-bet in suppressing the immature gene signature during murine NK cell development. Based on transcriptome, we identified five distinct NK cell clusters and define their relative developmental maturity in the bone marrow. Transcriptome-based machine-learning classifiers revealed that half of the mTORC2-deficient NK cells belongs to the least mature NK cluster. Mechanistically, loss of mTORC2 results in an increased expression of signature genes representing immature NK cells. Since mTORC2 regulates the expression of T-bet through AktS473-FoxO1 axis, we further characterized the T-bet-deficient NK cells and found an augmented immature transcriptomic signature. Moreover, deletion of Foxo1 restores the expression of T-bet and corrects the abnormal expression of immature NK genes. Collectively, our study reveals a novel role for mTORC2-AktS473-FoxO1-T-bet axis in suppressing the transcriptional signature of immature NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Jason R Siebert
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Robert Burns
- Bioinfomatics Core, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Yongwei Zheng
- Laboratory of B-Cell Lymphopoiesis, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Ao Mei
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Benedetta Bonacci
- Flow Cytometry Core, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Demin Wang
- Laboratory of B-Cell Lymphopoiesis, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Raul A Urrutia
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Matthew J Riese
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Laboratory of Lymphocyte Biology, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Transcriptional Regulation, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Karen-Sue Carlson
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Laboratory of Coagulation Biology, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Monica S Thakar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
| | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, United States
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11
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Xu X, Zhou Y, Fu B, Zhang J, Dong Z, Zhang X, Shen N, Sun R, Tian Z, Wei H. PBX1 promotes development of natural killer cells by binding directly to the Nfil3 promoter. FASEB J 2020; 34:6479-6492. [PMID: 32190943 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000121r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor interleukin-3-regulated protein (NFIL3, also called E4BP4) is crucial for commitment of natural killer (NK) cells from common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs). However, the identity of the factor that can regulate NFIL3 directly during the NK-cell development is not known. Here, we reveal that pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor 1 (PBX1) can upregulate the NFIL3 expression directly. We used conditional knockout mice in which PBX1 in hematopoietic cells was specifically absent. The number of NK-committed progenitor pre-NKP cells and rNKP cells was reduced significantly in the absence of PBX1, which was consistent with NFIL3 deficiency. Also, the NFIL3 expression in NK cells was decreased if PBX1 was absent. We demonstrated that PBX1 was bound directly to the promoter of Nfil3 and facilitated transcription. Upon knockout of the binding site of PBX1 in the Nfil3 promoter, mice showed fewer NK-precursor cells and NK cells, just like that observed in Nfil3 knockout mice. Furthermore, asparagine N286 in the homeodomain of PBX1 controlled the binding of PBX1 to the Nfil3 promoter. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that the transcription factor PBX1 promotes the early development of NK cells by upregulating the Nfil3 expression directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxiu Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Molecular Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institue of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yonggang Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Molecular Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institue of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,First Affiliated Hospital, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Binqing Fu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Molecular Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institue of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jinghe Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Molecular Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institue of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhongjun Dong
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoren Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Molecular Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institue of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Molecular Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institue of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Molecular Medicine, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institue of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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12
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Di Vito C, Mikulak J, Mavilio D. On the Way to Become a Natural Killer Cell. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1812. [PMID: 31428098 PMCID: PMC6688484 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes playing pivotal roles in host defense and immune-surveillance. The homeostatic modulation of germ-line encoded/non-rearranged activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors (NKRs) determines the capability of these innate lymphocytes to either spare "self" cells or to kill viral-infected, tumor-transformed and heterologous cell targets. However, despite being discovered more than 40 years ago, several aspects of NK cell biology remain unknown or are still being debated. In particular, our knowledge of human NK cell ontogenesis and differentiation is still in its infancy as the majority of our experimental evidence on this topic mainly comes from findings obtained in vitro or with animal models in vivo. Although both the generation and the maintenance of human NK cells are sustained by hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), the precise site(s) of NK cell development are still poorly defined. Indeed, HSCs and hematopoietic precursors are localized in different anatomical compartments that also change their ontogenic commitments before and after birth as well as in aging. Currently, the main site of NK cell generation and maturation in adulthood is considered the bone marrow, where their interactions with stromal cells, cytokines, growth factors, and other soluble molecules support and drive maturation. Different sequential stages of NK cell development have been identified on the basis of the differential expression of specific markers and NKRs as well as on the acquisition of specific effector-functions. All these phenotypic and functional features are key in inducing and regulating homing, activation and tissue-residency of NK cells in different human anatomic sites, where different homeostatic mechanisms ensure a perfect balance between immune tolerance and immune-surveillance. The present review summarizes our current knowledge on human NK cell ontogenesis and on the related pathways orchestrating a proper maturation, functions, and distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Di Vito
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
| | - Joanna Mikulak
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine (BioMeTra), University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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13
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Yashiro T, Takeuchi H, Nakamura S, Tanabe A, Hara M, Uchida K, Okumura K, Kasakura K, Nishiyama C. PU.1 plays a pivotal role in dendritic cell migration from the periphery to secondary lymphoid organs via regulating CCR7 expression. FASEB J 2019; 33:11481-11491. [PMID: 31314592 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900379rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
C-C chemokine receptor type 7 (CCR7) is essential for migration of dendritic cells (DCs) to draining lymph nodes. PU.1/Spi1 is a transcription factor playing a critical role in the gene regulation of DCs. PU.1 knockdown decreased the expression of CCR7 in bone marrow-derived DCs and subsequently attenuated migration in vitro and in vivo. Reporter assays, EMSA, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that PU.1 binds to the most proximal Ets motif of the Ccr7 promoter, which is involved in transcriptional activation. The CCR7 expression level, which was higher in the programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 (PD-L2)+ population than in the PD-L2- population and was markedly suppressed by TGF-β treatment, coincided with the binding level of PU.1 to the Ccr7 promoter. The PU.1 binding level in CCR7high mesenteric lymph nodes DCs was higher than in other DC subtypes. The involvement of PU.1 in the expression of the CCR7 gene was also observed in human DCs. We conclude that PU.1 plays a pivotal role in DC migration by transactivating the CCR7 gene via the Ets motif in the promoter in both humans and mice.-Yashiro, T., Takeuchi, H., Nakamura, S., Tanabe, A., Hara, M., Uchida, K., Okumura, K., Kasakura, K., Nishiyama, C. PU.1 plays a pivotal role in dendritic cell migration from the periphery to secondary lymphoid organs via regulating CCR7 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yashiro
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromi Takeuchi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shusuke Nakamura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tanabe
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mutsuko Hara
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koichiro Uchida
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kasakura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chiharu Nishiyama
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan.,Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Brillantes M, Beaulieu AM. Transcriptional control of natural killer cell differentiation. Immunology 2018; 156:111-119. [PMID: 30450565 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are highly specialized cytotoxic lymphocytes that provide protection against pathogens and malignant cells. They develop from common lymphoid progenitors via a multi-stage lineage commitment and differentiation process that gives rise to mature NK cells with potent cytotoxic functionality. Although generally considered cells of the innate immune system, recent studies have demonstrated that NK cells have the capacity to mount immune responses with features of adaptive immunity, including robust antigen-specific clonal-like expansion and the generation of long-lived memory cells that mediate enhanced recall responses. Here, we discuss specific transcription factors that have been shown to commonly and uniquely regulate NK cell development and effector and memory responses in experimental mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Brillantes
- Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Aimee M Beaulieu
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers - The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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15
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Held W, Jeevan-Raj B, Charmoy M. Transcriptional regulation of murine natural killer cell development, differentiation and maturation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3371-3379. [PMID: 29959459 PMCID: PMC11105435 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate cytotoxic effector cells that play important protective roles against certain pathogens as well as against pathogen-infected and transformed host cells. NK cells continuously arise from adult bone marrow-resident haematopoietic progenitors. Their generation can be sub-divided into three phases. The early NK cell development phase from multipotent common lymphoid progenitors occurs at least in part in common with that of additional members of a family of innate lymphoid cells, for which NK cells are the founding member. An intermediate phase of NK cell differentiation is characterized by the acquisition of IL-15 responsiveness and lineage-defining properties such as the transcription of genes coding for cytotoxic effector molecules. This is followed by a late maturation phase during which NK cells lose homeostatic expansion and increase effector capacity. These three phases are regulated by multiple stage-specific but not NK cell-specific transcription factors. This review summarizes the NK cell developmental and maturation processes and their transcriptional regulation with an emphasis on data derived from genetically modified mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Held
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Beena Jeevan-Raj
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Charmoy
- Department of Oncology UNIL CHUV, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
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16
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Post M, Cuapio A, Osl M, Lehmann D, Resch U, Davies DM, Bilban M, Schlechta B, Eppel W, Nathwani A, Stoiber D, Spanholtz J, Casanova E, Hofer E. The Transcription Factor ZNF683/HOBIT Regulates Human NK-Cell Development. Front Immunol 2017; 8:535. [PMID: 28555134 PMCID: PMC5430038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified ZNF683/HOBIT as the most highly upregulated transcription factor gene during ex vivo differentiation of human CD34+ cord blood progenitor cells to CD56+ natural killer (NK) cells. ZNF683/HOBIT mRNA was preferentially expressed in NK cells compared to other human peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes. During ex vivo differentiation, ZNF683/HOBIT mRNA started to increase shortly after addition of IL-15 and further accumulated in parallel to the generation of CD56+ NK cells. shRNA-mediated knockdown of ZNF683/HOBIT resulted in a substantial reduction of CD56−CD14− NK-cell progenitors and the following generation of CD56+ NK cells was largely abrogated. The few CD56+ NK cells, which escaped the developmental inhibition in the ZNF683/HOBIT knockdown cultures, displayed normal levels of NKG2A and KIR receptors. Functional analyses of these cells showed no differences in degranulation capacity from control cultures. However, the proportion of IFN-γ-producing cells appeared to be increased upon ZNF683/HOBIT knockdown. These results indicate a key role of ZNF683/HOBIT for the differentiation of the human NK-cell lineage and further suggest a potential negative control on IFN-γ production in more mature human NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirte Post
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelica Cuapio
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Osl
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dorit Lehmann
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Resch
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David M Davies
- Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Martin Bilban
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Schlechta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Eppel
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amit Nathwani
- Department of Oncology, University College London Cancer Institute, London, UK
| | - Dagmar Stoiber
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Emilio Casanova
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Physiology, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erhard Hofer
- Institute of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Center of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Yashiro T, Kasakura K, Oda Y, Kitamura N, Inoue A, Nakamura S, Yokoyama H, Fukuyama K, Hara M, Ogawa H, Okumura K, Nishiyama M, Nishiyama C. The hematopoietic cell-specific transcription factor PU.1 is critical for expression of CD11c. Int Immunol 2017; 29:87-94. [PMID: 28338898 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxx009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PU.1 is a hematopoietic cell-specific transcription factor belonging to the Ets family, which plays an important role in the development of dendritic cells (DCs). CD11c (encoded by Itgax) is well established as a characteristic marker of hematopoietic lineages including DCs. In the present study, we analyzed the role of PU.1 (encoded by Spi-1) in the expression of CD11c. When small interfering RNA (siRNA) for Spi-1 was introduced into bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs), the mRNA level and cell surface expression of CD11c were dramatically reduced. Using reporter assays, the TTCC sequence at -56/-53 was identified to be critical for PU.1-mediated activation of the promoter. An EMSA showed that PU.1 directly bound to this region. ChIP assays demonstrated that a significant amount of PU.1 bound to this region on chromosomal DNA in BMDCs, which was decreased in LPS-stimulated BMDCs in accordance with the reduced levels of mRNAs of Itgax and Spi-1, and the histone acetylation degree. Enforced expression of exogenous PU.1 induced the expression of the CD11c protein on the cell surface of mast cells, whereas control transfectants rarely expressed CD11c. Quantitative RT-PCR also showed that the expression of a transcription factor Irf4, which is a partner molecule of PU.1, was reduced in PU.1-knocked down BMDCs. IRF4 transactivated the Itgax gene in a synergistic manner with PU.1. Taken together, these results indicate that PU.1 functions as a positive regulator of CD11c gene expression by directly binding to the Itgax promoter and through transactivation of the Irf4 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yashiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan.,Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kasakura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan.,Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Oda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Nao Kitamura
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Akihito Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Shusuke Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Hokuto Yokoyama
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.,Laboratory of Cell Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kanako Fukuyama
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan.,Laboratory of Cell Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Mutsuko Hara
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hideoki Ogawa
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Makoto Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Cell Biotechnology, Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Chiharu Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan.,Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
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18
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The Development and Diversity of ILCs, NK Cells and Their Relevance in Health and Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1024:225-244. [PMID: 28921473 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5987-2_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Next to T and B cells, natural killer (NK) cells are the third largest lymphocyte population. They are recently re-categorized as innate lymphocytes (ILCs), which also include ILC1, ILC2, ILC3, and the lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells. Both NK cells and ILC1 cells are designated as group 1 ILCs because they secrete interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). However, in contrast to ILC1 and all other ILCs, NK cells possess potent cytolytic functions that resemble cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). In addition, NK cells express, in a stochastic manner, an array of germ line-encoded activating and inhibitory receptors that recognize the polymorphic regions of major histocompatibility class I (MHC-I) molecules and self-proteins. Recognition of self renders NK cell tolerance to self-healthy tissues, but fail to recognize self ('missing-self') leads to activation to neoplastic transformation and infections of certain viruses. In this chapter, we will summarize the development of NK cells in the context of ILCs, describe the diversity of phenotype and function in blood and tissues, and discuss their involvement in health and diseases in humans.
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19
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Mace EM, Bigley V, Gunesch JT, Chinn IK, Angelo LS, Care MA, Maisuria S, Keller MD, Togi S, Watkin LB, LaRosa DF, Jhangiani SN, Muzny DM, Stray-Pedersen A, Coban Akdemir Z, Smith JB, Hernández-Sanabria M, Le DT, Hogg GD, Cao TN, Freud AG, Szymanski EP, Savic S, Collin M, Cant AJ, Gibbs RA, Holland SM, Caligiuri MA, Ozato K, Paust S, Doody GM, Lupski JR, Orange JS. Biallelic mutations in IRF8 impair human NK cell maturation and function. J Clin Invest 2016; 127:306-320. [PMID: 27893462 DOI: 10.1172/jci86276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human NK cell deficiencies are rare yet result in severe and often fatal disease, particularly as a result of viral susceptibility. NK cells develop from hematopoietic stem cells, and few monogenic errors that specifically interrupt NK cell development have been reported. Here we have described biallelic mutations in IRF8, which encodes an interferon regulatory factor, as a cause of familial NK cell deficiency that results in fatal and severe viral disease. Compound heterozygous or homozygous mutations in IRF8 in 3 unrelated families resulted in a paucity of mature CD56dim NK cells and an increase in the frequency of the immature CD56bright NK cells, and this impairment in terminal maturation was also observed in Irf8-/-, but not Irf8+/-, mice. We then determined that impaired maturation was NK cell intrinsic, and gene expression analysis of human NK cell developmental subsets showed that multiple genes were dysregulated by IRF8 mutation. The phenotype was accompanied by deficient NK cell function and was stable over time. Together, these data indicate that human NK cells require IRF8 for development and functional maturation and that dysregulation of this function results in severe human disease, thereby emphasizing a critical role for NK cells in human antiviral defense.
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20
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Miura R, Kasakura K, Nakano N, Hara M, Maeda K, Okumura K, Ogawa H, Yashiro T, Nishiyama C. Role of PU.1 in MHC Class II Expression via CIITA Transcription in Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154094. [PMID: 27105023 PMCID: PMC4841550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cofactor CIITA is a master regulator of MHC class II expression and several transcription factors regulating the cell type-specific expression of CIITA have been identified. Although the MHC class II expression in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) is also mediated by CIITA, the transcription factors involved in the CIITA expression in pDCs are largely unknown. In the present study, we analyzed the role of a hematopoietic lineage-specific transcription factor, PU.1, in CIITA transcription in pDCs. The introduction of PU.1 siRNA into mouse pDCs and a human pDC cell line, CAL-1, reduced the mRNA levels of MHC class II and CIITA. When the binding of PU.1 to the 3rd promoter of CIITA (pIII) in CAL-1 and mouse pDCs was analyzed by a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, a significant amount of PU.1 binding to the pIII was detected, which was definitely decreased in PU.1 siRNA-transfected cells. Reporter assays showed that PU.1 knockdown reduced the pIII promoter activity and that three Ets-motifs in the human pIII promoter were candidates of cis-enhancing elements. By electrophoretic mobility shift assays, it was confirmed that two Ets-motifs, GGAA (-181/-178) and AGAA (-114/-111), among three candidates, were directly bound with PU.1. When mouse pDCs and CAL-1 cells were stimulated by GM-CSF, mRNA levels of PU.1, pIII-driven CIITA, total CIITA, MHC class II, and the amount of PU.1 binding to pIII were significantly increased. The GM-CSF-mediated up-regulation of these mRNAs was canceled in PU.1 siRNA-introduced cells. Taking these results together, we conclude that PU.1 transactivates the pIII through direct binding to Ets-motifs in the promoter in pDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Miura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, 125–8585, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kasakura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, 125–8585, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakano
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8421, Japan
| | - Mutsuko Hara
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8421, Japan
| | - Keiko Maeda
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8421, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8421, Japan
| | - Hideoki Ogawa
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113–8421, Japan
| | - Takuya Yashiro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, 125–8585, Japan
| | - Chiharu Nishiyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, Department of Biological Science and Technology, Faculty of Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, 125–8585, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Geiger TL, Sun JC. Development and maturation of natural killer cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2016; 39:82-9. [PMID: 26845614 PMCID: PMC4801705 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that are critical for host protection against pathogens and cancer due to their ability to rapidly release inflammatory cytokines and kill infected or transformed cells. In the 40 years since their initial discovery, much has been learned about how this important cellular lineage develops and functions. We now know that NK cells are the founding members of an expanded family of lymphocyte known as innate lymphoid cells (ILC). Furthermore, we have recently discovered that NK cells can possess features of adaptive immunity such as antigen specificity and long-lived memory responses. Here we will review our current understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving development of NK cells from the common lymphoid progenitor (CLP) to mature NK cells, and from activated effectors to long-lived memory NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Geiger
- Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, United States; Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Louis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, United States; Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, United States; Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, United States.
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22
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Leong JW, Wagner JA, Ireland AR, Fehniger TA. Transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of NK cell development and function. Clin Immunol 2016; 177:60-69. [PMID: 26948928 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are specialized innate lymphoid cells that survey against viral infections and malignancy. Numerous advances have improved our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control NK cell development and function over the past decade. These include both studies on the regulatory effects of transcription factors and translational repression via microRNAs. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of DNA-binding transcription factors that regulate gene expression and thereby orchestrate NK cell development and activation, with an emphasis on recent discoveries. Additionally, we highlight our understanding of how RNA-binding microRNAs fine tune the NK cell molecular program. We also underscore the large number of open questions in the field that are now being addressed using new technological approaches and genetically engineered model organisms. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of the basic molecular biology of NK cells will facilitate new strategies to manipulate NK cells for the treatment of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Leong
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Julia A Wagner
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Aaron R Ireland
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Todd A Fehniger
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Pedroza-Pacheco I, Shah D, Domogala A, Luevano M, Blundell M, Jackson N, Thrasher A, Madrigal A, Saudemont A. Regulatory T cells inhibit CD34+ cell differentiation into NK cells by blocking their proliferation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22097. [PMID: 26915707 PMCID: PMC4768165 DOI: 10.1038/srep22097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Graft versus Host Disease (GvHD) remains one of the main complications after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Due to their ability to suppress effector cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been proposed as a cellular therapy to prevent GvHD, however they also inhibit the functions of natural killer (NK) cells, key effectors of the Graft versus Leukemia effect. In this study, we have explored whether a Tregs therapy will also impact on NK cell differentiation. Using an in vitro model of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) differentiation into NK cells, we found that activated Tregs led to a 90% reduction in NK cell numbers when added at the time of commitment to the NK cell lineage. This effect was contact dependent and was reversible upon Tregs depletion. The few NK cells that developed in these cultures were mature and exhibited normal functions. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of activated Tregs in rag(-/-) γc(-/-) mice abrogated HSC differentiation into NK cells thus confirming our in vitro findings. Collectively, these results demonstrate for the first time that activated Tregs can inhibit NK cell differentiation from HSC under specific conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Pedroza-Pacheco
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute and University College London, Royal Free Campus, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Divya Shah
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute and University College London, Royal Free Campus, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Anna Domogala
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute and University College London, Royal Free Campus, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Martha Luevano
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute and University College London, Royal Free Campus, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Michael Blundell
- Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Nicola Jackson
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute and University College London, Royal Free Campus, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Adrian Thrasher
- Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Alejandro Madrigal
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute and University College London, Royal Free Campus, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Aurore Saudemont
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute and University College London, Royal Free Campus, Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK
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24
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Pelletier AN, Guilbault L, Guimont-Desrochers F, Hillhouse EE, Lesage S. NK Cell Proportion and Number Are Influenced by Genetic Loci on Chromosomes 8, 9, and 17. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2627-36. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Elemam NM, Mekky RY, El-Ekiaby NM, El Sobky SA, El Din MAM, Esmat G, Abdelaziz AI. Repressing PU.1 by miR-29a∗ in NK cells of HCV patients, diminishes its cytolytic effect on HCV infected cell models. Hum Immunol 2015; 76:687-94. [PMID: 26429314 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Natural killer cells are immune safeguards against HCV infection. PU.1 is a pivotal transcription factor in the development of NK cells. This study aimed at studying the regulatory effect of miRNAs on both development and function of NK cells isolated from HCV patients. METHODS NK cells were isolated from 17 chronic HCV patients and 12 healthy controls; after which miRNA and mRNA were quantified using qRT-PCR. Manipulating miRNA expression using mimics and antagomirs, was performed followed by investigating downstream targets as well as viral abundance. RESULTS PU.1 expression levels were upregulated in NK cells of HCV patients. In silico analysis revealed PU.1 to be a potential downstream target of miR-29a(∗), where miR-29a(∗) overexpression in NK cells caused a significant downregulation in PU.1 mRNA. Forcing miR-29a(∗) caused a downregulation of the cytotoxicity determinant NK activating receptor (NKG2D) via upregulation of miR-155. Moreover, perforin-1 mRNA was found to be downregulated upon forcing the expression of miR-29a(∗) in NK cells of HCV patients. This decrease in NK cytolytic function was accompanied by an 80% viral load increase in cocultured HCVcc cell models. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that HCV infection might abrogate NK cytotoxic potential through altering PU.1, NKG2D receptor and perforin molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Mousaad Elemam
- The Molecular Pathology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Main Entrance Al Tagamoa Al Khames, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Radwa Yehia Mekky
- The Molecular Pathology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Main Entrance Al Tagamoa Al Khames, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nada Magdy El-Ekiaby
- The Molecular Pathology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Main Entrance Al Tagamoa Al Khames, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shereen Ahmed El Sobky
- The Molecular Pathology Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Main Entrance Al Tagamoa Al Khames, 11835 Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Gamal Esmat
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Hepatology, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini St, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ihab Abdelaziz
- The Molecular Pathology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, German University in Cairo, New Cairo City, Main Entrance Al Tagamoa Al Khames, 11835 Cairo, Egypt.
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26
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Peng H, Tian Z. Re-examining the origin and function of liver-resident NK cells. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:293-9. [PMID: 25846402 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified a population of liver-resident innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) that, based on the expression of certain phenotypic markers, were termed 'liver-resident NK cells' and considered to be a new subset of conventional natural killer (cNK) cells. However, different transcriptional networks control the development of liver-resident NK cells and cNK cells and, furthermore, these cells exhibit features that characterize mucosal ILC1s. Here, we review findings providing insight into the origin, phenotype, and function of liver-resident NK cells, and discuss these in the context of the current understanding of lineage relations of ILC subsets. We propose that the similarities between liver-resident NK cells and mucosal ILC1s should be considered when revising the categorization framework for these cells, and discuss implications of this revision for other tissue-specific NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Peng
- Institute of Immunology and CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology and CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China.
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27
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Yoon SR, Kim TD, Choi I. Understanding of molecular mechanisms in natural killer cell therapy. Exp Mol Med 2015; 47:e141. [PMID: 25676064 PMCID: PMC4346487 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2014.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells and the immune system are closely related and thus influence each other. Although immune cells can suppress cancer cell growth, cancer cells can evade immune cell attack via immune escape mechanisms. Natural killer (NK) cells kill cancer cells by secreting perforins and granzymes. Upon contact with cancer cells, NK cells form immune synapses to deliver the lethal hit. Mature NK cells are differentiated from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. They move to lymph nodes, where they are activated through interactions with dendritic cells. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a key molecule that activates mature NK cells. The adoptive transfer of NK cells to treat incurable cancer is an attractive approach. A certain number of activated NK cells are required for adoptive NK cell therapy. To prepare these NK cells, mature NK cells can be amplified to obtain sufficient numbers of NK cells. Alternatively, NK cells can be differentiated and amplified from hematopoietic stem cells. In addition, the selection of donors is important to achieve maximal efficacy. In this review, we discuss the overall procedures and strategies of NK cell therapy against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suk Ran Yoon
- 1] Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea [2] Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Don Kim
- 1] Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea [2] Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Inpyo Choi
- 1] Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea [2] Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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28
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes that survey the environment and protect the host from infected and cancerous cells. As their name implies, NK cells represent an early line of defense during pathogen invasion by directly killing infected cells and secreting inflammatory cytokines. Although the function of NK cells was first described more than four decades ago, the development of this cytotoxic lineage is not well understood. In recent years, we have begun to identify specific transcription factors that control each stage of development and maturation, from ontogeny of the NK cell progenitor to the effector functions of activated NK cells in peripheral organs. This chapter highlights the transcription factors that are unique to NK cells, or shared between NK cells and other hematopoietic cell lineages, but govern the biology of this cytolytic lymphocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Sun
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, Department of Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Medical College, 408 East 69th Street, ZRC-1402, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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29
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Both mature KIR+ and immature KIR- NK cells control pediatric acute B-cell precursor leukemia in NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid IL2rgtmWjl/Sz mice. Blood 2014; 124:3914-23. [PMID: 25359989 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-05-572743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic natural killer (NK)-cell-mediated alloreactivity toward acute myeloid leukemia has largely been attributed to mismatches between killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) on NK cells and their ligands, HLA class I molecules, on target cells. While adult acute B-cell precursor leukemia (BCP-ALL) appears to be resistant to NK-cell-mediated lysis, recent data indicate that pediatric BCP-ALL might yet be a target of NK cells. In this study, we demonstrate in a donor-patient-specific NOD.Cg-Prkdc(scid) IL2rg(tmWjl)/Sz (NSG) xenotransplantation model that NK cells mediate considerable alloreactivity toward pediatric BCP-ALL in vivo. Notably, both adoptively transferred mature KIR(+) NK cells and immature KIR(-) NK cells arising early posttransplantation in humanized NSG mice exerted substantial antileukemic activity. Low-dose and long-term treatment of humanized NSG mice with the DNA-demethylating agent 5-aza-cytidine distinctly enhanced the antitumor response, interestingly without inducing common inhibitory KIR expression but rather by promoting the differentiation of various NK-cell precursor subsets. Collectively, these data indicate that the future design of innovative therapy protocols should consider further exploitation of NK-cell-mediated immune responses for poor prognosis pediatric BCP-ALL patients.
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30
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Yun S, Lee SU, Kim JM, Lee HJ, Song HY, Kim YK, Jung H, Park YJ, Yoon SR, Oh SR, Kim TD, Choi I. Integrated mRNA-microRNA profiling of human NK cell differentiation identifies MiR-583 as a negative regulator of IL2Rγ expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108913. [PMID: 25313504 PMCID: PMC4196775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate immune effector cells that protect against cancer and some viral infections. Until recently, most studies have investigated the molecular signatures of human or mouse NK cells to identify genes that are specifically expressed during NK cell development. However, the mechanism regulating NK cell development remains unclear. Here, we report a regulatory network of potential interactions during in vitro differentiation of human NK cells, identified using genome-wide mRNA and miRNA databases through hierarchical clustering analysis, gene ontology analysis and a miRNA target prediction program. The microRNA (miR)-583, which demonstrated the largest ratio change in mature NK cells, was highly correlated with IL2 receptor gamma (IL2Rγ) expression. The overexpression of miR-583 had an inhibitory effect on NK cell differentiation. In a reporter assay, the suppressive effect of miR-583 was ablated by mutating the putative miR-583 binding site of the IL2Rγ 3′ UTR. Therefore, we show that miR-583 acts as a negative regulator of NK cell differentiation by silencing IL2Rγ. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive database of genome-wide mRNA and miRNA expression during human NK cell differentiation, offering a better understanding of basic human NK cell biology for the application of human NK cells in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohyun Yun
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Ui Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang-eup, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Min Kim
- NAR Center, Inc., Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang-eup, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Song
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyeung Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Haiyoung Jung
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Ran Yoon
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang-eup, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Don Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (TDK); (IC)
| | - Inpyo Choi
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Functional Genomics, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (TDK); (IC)
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31
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Moretta L, Montaldo E, Vacca P, Del Zotto G, Moretta F, Merli P, Locatelli F, Mingari MC. Human natural killer cells: origin, receptors, function, and clinical applications. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2014; 164:253-64. [PMID: 25323661 DOI: 10.1159/000365632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important effectors playing a relevant role in innate immunity, primarily in tumor surveillance and in defenses against viruses. Human NK cells recognize HLA class I molecules through surface receptors (KIR and NKG2A) that inhibit NK cell function and kill target cells that have lost (or underexpress) HLA class I molecules as it occurs in tumors or virus-infected cells. NK cell activation is mediated by an array of activating receptors and co-receptors that recognize ligands expressed primarily on tumors or virus-infected cells. In vivo anti-tumor NK cell activity may be suppressed by tumor or tumor-associated cells. Alloreactive NK cells (i.e. those that are not inhibited by the HLA class I alleles of the patient) derived from HSC of haploidentical donors play a major role in the cure of high-risk leukemia, by killing leukemia blasts and patient's DC, thus preventing tumor relapses and graft-versus-host disease. The expression of the HLA-C2-specific activating KIR2DS1 may also contribute to NK alloreactivity in patients expressing C2 alleles. A clear correlation has been proven between the size of the alloreactive NK cell population and the clinical outcome. Recently, haplo-HSCT has been further improved with the direct infusion, together with HSC, of donor-derived, mature alloreactive NK cells and TCRγδ(+) T cells - both contributing to a prompt anti-leukemia effect together with an efficient defense against pathogens during the 6- to 8-week interval required for the generation of alloreactive NK cells from HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Moretta
- Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
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32
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van Kampen E, Jaminon A, van Berkel TJC, Van Eck M. Diet-induced (epigenetic) changes in bone marrow augment atherosclerosis. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:833-41. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0114-017r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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33
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Fu B, Tian Z, Wei H. Subsets of human natural killer cells and their regulatory effects. Immunology 2014; 141:483-9. [PMID: 24303897 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human natural killer (NK) cells have distinct functions as NK(tolerant) , NK(cytotoxic) and NK(regulatory) cells and can be divided into different subsets based on the relative expression of the surface markers CD27 and CD11b. CD27⁺ NK cells, which are abundant cytokine producers, are numerically in the minority in human peripheral blood but constitute the large population of NK cells in cord blood, spleen, tonsil and decidua tissues. Recent data suggest that these NK cells may have immunoregulatory properties under certain conditions. In this review, we will focus on these new NK cell subsets and discuss how regulatory NK cells may serve as rheostats or sentinels in controlling inflammation and maintaining immune homeostasis in various organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binqing Fu
- Institute of Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Hefei, China
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34
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Montaldo E, Vacca P, Moretta L, Mingari MC. Development of human natural killer cells and other innate lymphoid cells. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:107-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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35
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Cichocki F, Sitnicka E, Bryceson YT. NK cell development and function – Plasticity and redundancy unleashed. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:114-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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36
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Tanriver Y, Diefenbach A. Transcription factors controlling development and function of innate lymphoid cells. Int Immunol 2014; 26:119-28. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxt063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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37
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Findlay VJ, LaRue AC, Turner DP, Watson PM, Watson DK. Understanding the role of ETS-mediated gene regulation in complex biological processes. Adv Cancer Res 2014; 119:1-61. [PMID: 23870508 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407190-2.00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ets factors are members of one of the largest families of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors, regulating critical functions in normal cell homeostasis, which when perturbed contribute to tumor progression. The well-documented alterations in ETS factor expression and function during cancer progression result in pleiotropic effects manifested by the downstream effect on their target genes. Multiple ETS factors bind to the same regulatory sites present on target genes, suggesting redundant or competitive functions. The anti- and prometastatic signatures obtained by examining specific ETS regulatory networks will significantly improve our ability to accurately predict tumor progression and advance our understanding of gene regulation in cancer. Coordination of multiple ETS gene functions also mediates interactions between tumor and stromal cells and thus contributes to the cancer phenotype. As such, these new insights may provide a novel view of the ETS gene family as well as a focal point for studying the complex biological control involved in tumor progression. One of the goals of molecular biology is to elucidate the mechanisms that contribute to the development and progression of cancer. Such an understanding of the molecular basis of cancer will provide new possibilities for: (1) earlier detection, as well as better diagnosis and staging of disease; (2) detection of minimal residual disease recurrences and evaluation of response to therapy; (3) prevention; and (4) novel treatment strategies. Increased understanding of ETS-regulated biological pathways will directly impact these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria J Findlay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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38
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Luevano M, Domogala A, Blundell M, Jackson N, Pedroza-Pacheco I, Derniame S, Escobedo-Cousin M, Querol S, Thrasher A, Madrigal A, Saudemont A. Frozen cord blood hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into higher numbers of functional natural killer cells in vitro than mobilized hematopoietic stem cells or freshly isolated cord blood hematopoietic stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87086. [PMID: 24489840 PMCID: PMC3906137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive natural killer (NK) cell therapy relies on the acquisition of large numbers of NK cells that are cytotoxic but not exhausted. NK cell differentiation from hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) has become an alluring option for NK cell therapy, with umbilical cord blood (UCB) and mobilized peripheral blood (PBCD34+) being the most accessible HSC sources as collection procedures are less invasive. In this study we compared the capacity of frozen or freshly isolated UCB hematopoietic stem cells (CBCD34+) and frozen PBCD34+ to generate NK cells in vitro. By modifying a previously published protocol, we showed that frozen CBCD34+ cultures generated higher NK cell numbers without loss of function compared to fresh CBCD34+ cultures. NK cells generated from CBCD34+ and PBCD34+ expressed low levels of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors but high levels of activating receptors and of the myeloid marker CD33. However, blocking studies showed that CD33 expression did not impact on the functions of the generated cells. CBCD34+-NK cells exhibited increased capacity to secrete IFN-γ and kill K562 in vitro and in vivo as compared to PBCD34+-NK cells. Moreover, K562 killing by the generated NK cells could be further enhanced by IL-12 stimulation. Our data indicate that the use of frozen CBCD34+ for the production of NK cells in vitro results in higher cell numbers than PBCD34+, without jeopardizing their functionality, rendering them suitable for NK cell immunotherapy. The results presented here provide an optimal strategy to generate NK cells in vitro for immunotherapy that exhibit enhanced effector function when compared to alternate sources of HSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Luevano
- University College London, Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Domogala
- University College London, Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Blundell
- Centre for Immunodeficiency, Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Jackson
- University College London, Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isabela Pedroza-Pacheco
- University College London, Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Derniame
- University College London, Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Escobedo-Cousin
- University College London, Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio Querol
- Programa Concordia Banc de Sang i Teixits, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrian Thrasher
- Centre for Immunodeficiency, Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Madrigal
- University College London, Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aurore Saudemont
- University College London, Cancer Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Anthony Nolan Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Transcription factor Runx3 regulates interleukin-15-dependent natural killer cell activation. Mol Cell Biol 2014; 34:1158-69. [PMID: 24421391 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01202-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells belong to the family of innate lymphoid cells comprising the frontline defense against infected and transformed cells. Development and activation of natural killer cells is highly dependent on interleukin-15 signaling. However, very little is known about the transcription program driving this process. The transcription factor Runx3 is highly expressed in natural killer cells, but its function in these cells is largely unknown. We show that loss of Runx3 impaired interleukin-15-dependent accumulation of mature natural killer cells in vivo and under culture conditions and pregnant Runx3(-/-) mice completely lack the unique population of interleukin-15-dependent uterine natural killer cells. Combined chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and differential gene expression analysis of wild-type versus Runx3-deficient in vivo activated splenic natural killer cells revealed that Runx3 cooperates with ETS and T-box transcription factors to drive the interleukin-15-mediated transcription program during activation of these cells. Runx3 functions as a nuclear regulator during interleukin-15-dependent activation of natural killer cells by regulating the expression of genes involved in proliferation, maturation, and migration. Similar studies with additional transcription factors will allow the construction of a more detailed transcriptional network that controls natural killer cell development and function.
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Malaisé M, Rovira J, Renner P, Eggenhofer E, Sabet-Baktach M, Lantow M, Lang SA, Koehl GE, Farkas SA, Loss M, Agha A, Campistol JM, Schlitt HJ, Geissler EK, Kroemer A. KLRG1+ NK cells protect T-bet-deficient mice from pulmonary metastatic colorectal carcinoma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:1954-61. [PMID: 24415778 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We studied the developmental and functional mechanisms behind NK cell-mediated antitumor responses against metastatic colorectal carcinoma (CRC) in mice. In particular, we focused on investigating the significance of T-box transcription factors and the immunotherapeutic relevance of IL-15 in the development and function of tumor-reactive NK cells. Pulmonary CRC metastases were experimentally seeded via an adoptive i.v. transfer of luciferase-expressing CT26 CRC cells that form viewable masses via an in vivo imaging device; genetically deficient mice were used to dissect the antitumor effects of developmentally different NK cell subsets. IL-15 precomplexed to IL-15 receptor-α was used in immunotherapy experiments. We found that mice deficient for the T-box transcription factor T-bet lack terminally differentiated antitumor CD27(low)KLRG1(+) NK cells, leading to a terminal course of rapid-onset pulmonary CRC metastases. The importance of this NK cell subset for effective antitumor immunity was shown by adoptively transferring purified CD27(low)KLRG1(+) NK cells into T-bet-deficient mice and, thereby, restoring immunity against lung metastasis formation. Importantly, immunity to metastasis formation could also be restored in T-bet-deficient recipients by treating mice with IL-15 precomplexed to IL-15 receptor-α, which induced the development of eomesodermin(+)KLRG1(+) NK cells from existing NK cell populations. Thus, contingent upon their T-bet-dependent development and activation status, NK cells can control metastatic CRC in mice, which is highly relevant for the development of immunotherapeutic approaches in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Malaisé
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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41
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Boudil A, Skhiri L, Candéias S, Pasqualetto V, Legrand A, Bedora-Faure M, Gautreau-Rolland L, Rocha B, Ezine S. Single-cell analysis of thymocyte differentiation: identification of transcription factor interactions and a major stochastic component in αβ-lineage commitment. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73098. [PMID: 24098325 PMCID: PMC3787938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell commitment and αβ/γδ lineage specification in the thymus involves interactions between many different genes. Characterization of these interactions thus requires a multiparameter analysis of individual thymocytes. We developed two efficient single-cell methods: (i) the quantitative evaluation of the co-expression levels of nine different genes, with a plating efficiency of 99–100% and a detection limit of 2 mRNA molecules/cell; and (ii) single-cell differentiation cultures, in the presence of OP9 cells transfected with the thymus Notch1 ligand DeltaL4. We show that during T cell commitment, Gata3 has a fundamental, dose-dependent role in maintaining Notch1 expression, with thymocytes becoming T-cell-committed when they co-express Notch1, Gata3 and Bc11b. Of the transcription factor expression patterns studied here, only that of Bcl11b was suggestive of a role in Pu1 down-regulation. Individual thymocytes became αβ/γδ lineage-committed at very different stages (from the TN2a stage onwards). However, 20% of TN3 cells are not αβ/γδ-lineage committed and TN4 cells comprise two main subpopulations with different degrees of maturity. The existence of a correlation between differentiation potential and expression of the pre-TCR showed that 83% of αβ-committed cells do not express the pre-TCR and revealed a major stochastic component in αβ-lineage specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Boudil
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1020, and Université Paris Descartes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France
| | - Lamia Skhiri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1020, and Université Paris Descartes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France
| | - Serge Candéias
- Institut de Recherches en Technologies et Sciences pour le Vivant, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, UMR 549 Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Valérie Pasqualetto
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1020, and Université Paris Descartes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Legrand
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1020, and Université Paris Descartes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France
| | - Marie Bedora-Faure
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1020, and Université Paris Descartes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Gautreau-Rolland
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1020, and Université Paris Descartes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France
| | - Benedita Rocha
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1020, and Université Paris Descartes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Ezine
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 1020, and Université Paris Descartes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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42
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Björkström NK, Kekäläinen E, Mjösberg J. Tissue-specific effector functions of innate lymphoid cells. Immunology 2013; 139:416-27. [PMID: 23489335 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) is the collective term for a group of related innate lymphocytes, including natural killer (NK) cells and the more recently discovered non-NK ILCs, which all lack rearranged antigen receptors such as those expressed by T and B cells. Similar to NK cells, the newly discovered ILCs depend on the transcription factor Id2 and the common γ-chain of the interleukin-2 receptor for development. However, in contrast to NK cells, non-NK ILCs also require interleukin-7. In addition to the cytotoxic functions of NK cells, assuring protection against tumour development and viruses, new data indicate that ILCs contribute to a wide range of homeostatic and pathophysiological conditions in various organs via specialized cytokine production capabilities. Here we summarize current knowledge on ILCs with a particular emphasis on their tissue-specific effector functions, in the gut, liver, lungs and uterus. When possible, we try to highlight the role that these cells play in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas K Björkström
- Centre for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Cichocki F, Miller JS, Anderson SK, Bryceson YT. Epigenetic regulation of NK cell differentiation and effector functions. Front Immunol 2013; 4:55. [PMID: 23450696 PMCID: PMC3584244 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon maturation, natural killer (NK) cells acquire effector functions and regulatory receptors. New insights suggest a considerable functional heterogeneity and dynamic regulation of receptor expression in mature human NK cell subsets based on different developmental axes. Such processes include acquisition of lytic granules as well as regulation of cytokine production in response to exogenous cytokine stimulation or target cell interactions. One axis is regulated by expression of inhibitory receptors for self-MHC class I molecules, whereas other axes are less well defined but likely are driven by different activating receptor engagements or cytokines. Moreover, the recent identification of long-lived NK cell subsets in mice that are able to expand and respond rapidly following a secondary viral challenge suggest previously unappreciated plasticity in the programming of NK cell differentiation. Here, we review advances in our understanding of mature NK cell development and plasticity with regards to regulation of cellular function. Furthermore, we highlight some of the major questions that remain pertaining to the epigenetic changes that underlie the differentiation and functional specialization of NK cells and the regulation of their responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Cichocki
- Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge Stockholm, Sweden ; Adult Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota Cancer Center Minneapolis, MN, USA
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44
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Huntington ND, Nutt SL, Carotta S. Regulation of murine natural killer cell commitment. Front Immunol 2013; 4:14. [PMID: 23386852 PMCID: PMC3558707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells can derive from the same precursors as B and T cells, however, to achieve lineage specificity, several transcription factors need to be activated or annulled. While a few important transcription factors have been identified for NK genesis the mechanisms of how this is achieved is far from resolved. Adding to the complexity of this, NK cells are found and potentially develop in diverse locations in vivo and it remains to be addressed if a common NK cell precursor seeds diverse niches and how transcription factors may differentially regulate NK cell commitment in distinct microenvironments. Here we will summarize some recent findings in NK cell commitment and discuss how a NK cell transcriptional network might be organized, while addressing some misconceptions and anomalies along the way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D Huntington
- Molecular Immunology Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville, VIC, Australia ; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne Parkville, VIC, Australia
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45
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Narni-Mancinelli E, Ugolini S, Vivier E. Tuning the threshold of natural killer cell responses. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 25:53-8. [PMID: 23270590 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer cells are lymphocytes of the innate immune system that can kill an array of tumor and infected cells and secrete cytokines that participate in the shaping of the adaptive immune response. While it was believed that NK cell effector responses are acquired during maturation and then fixed, it appears that the threshold of NK cell responsiveness is more adaptable than originally thought. We review here how the local context provides several signals that impact on NK cell differentiation, responsiveness and shapes the antiviral and immunoregulatory outcome of NK cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Narni-Mancinelli
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université UM2, Campus de Luminy case 906, 13288 Marseille, France
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46
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Kim WS, Kim DO, Yoon SJ, Kim MJ, Yoon SR, Park YJ, Jung H, Kim TD, Kwon BM, Choi I. Cryptotanshinone and tanshinone IIA enhance IL-15-induced natural killer cell differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 425:340-7. [PMID: 22842576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are a subset of lymphocytes crucial for innate and adaptive immune responses. Here we show a stimulatory effect of cryptotanshinone (CTS) and tanshinone IIA (TS), isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge, on the differentiation of NK cells. In the presence of IL-15, tanshinones increased NK cell maturation, NK cell differentiation and the expression of several transcription factors, including Id2, GATA3, T-bet, and Ets-1. Additionally, tanshinones increased p38 MAPK phosphorylation during NK cell differentiation. Furthermore, the p38 inhibitor SB203580 blocked the developmental effects of the tanshinones and suppressed Id2, T-bet, and Ets-1 expression during NK cell differentiation. These results suggest that tanshinones significantly increased IL-15-induced NK cell differentiation via enhancing the p38 phosphorylation and the expression of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Sam Kim
- Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yoosunggu, Daejeon 305-600, Republic of Korea
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47
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Park CS, Lee PH, Yamada T, Burns A, Shen Y, Puppi M, Lacorazza HD. Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) promotes the survival of natural killer cells and maintains the number of conventional dendritic cells in the spleen. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 91:739-50. [PMID: 22345706 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0811413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and survival of NK cells rely on a complex, spatiotemporal gene expression pattern regulated by specific transcription factors in NK cells and tissue-specific microenvironments supported by hematopoietic cells. Here, we show that somatic deletion of the KLF4 gene, using inducible and lineage-specific cre-transgenic mice, leads to a significant reduction of NK cells (NK1.1(+) TCR-β(-)) in the blood and spleen but not in the BM, liver, or LNs. Functional and immunophenotypic analyses revealed increased apoptosis of CD27(+/-) CD11b(+) NK cells in the spleen of KLF4-deficient mice, although remaining NK cells were able to lyse tumor target cells and produce IFN-γ. A normal recovery of adoptively transferred KLF4-deficient NK cells in WT hosts suggested that the survival defect was not intrinsic of NK cells. However, BM chimeras using KLF4-deficient mice as donors indicated that reduced survival of NK cells depended on BM-derived hematopoietic cells in the spleen. The number of CD11c(hi) DCs, which are known to support NK cell survival, was reduced significantly in the spleen of KLF4-deficient mice, likely a result of a lower number of precDC progenitor cells in this tissue. Taken together, our data suggest that the pluripotency-associated gene KLF4 is required for the maintenance of DCs in the spleen and consequently, survival of differentiated NK cells in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Shik Park
- Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates St., FC830.20, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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48
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Gordon SM, Chaix J, Rupp LJ, Wu J, Madera S, Sun JC, Lindsten T, Reiner SL. The transcription factors T-bet and Eomes control key checkpoints of natural killer cell maturation. Immunity 2012; 36:55-67. [PMID: 22261438 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play critical roles defending against tumors and pathogens. We show that mice lacking both transcription factors Eomesodermin (Eomes) and T-bet failed to develop NK cells. Developmental stability of immature NK cells constitutively expressing the death ligand TRAIL depended on T-bet. Conversely, maturation characterized by loss of constitutive TRAIL expression and induction of Ly49 receptor diversity and integrin CD49b (DX5(+)) required Eomes. Mature NK cells from which Eomes was deleted reverted to phenotypic immaturity if T-bet was present or downregulated NK lineage antigens if T-bet was absent, despite retaining expression of Ly49 receptors. Fetal and adult hepatic hematopoiesis restricted Eomes expression and limited NK development to the T-bet-dependent, immature stage, whereas medullary hematopoiesis permitted Eomes-dependent NK maturation in adult mice. These findings reveal two sequential, genetically separable checkpoints of NK cell maturation, the progression of which is metered largely by the anatomic localization of hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Gordon
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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49
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Bezman NA, Chakraborty T, Bender T, Lanier LL. miR-150 regulates the development of NK and iNKT cells. J Exp Med 2011; 208:2717-31. [PMID: 22124110 PMCID: PMC3244033 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) and invariant NK T (iNKT) cells are critical in host defense against pathogens and for the initiation of adaptive immune responses. miRNAs play important roles in NK and iNKT cell development, maturation, and function, but the roles of specific miRNAs are unclear. We show that modulation of miR-150 expression levels has a differential effect on NK and iNKT cell development. Mice with a targeted deletion of miR-150 have an impaired, cell lineage-intrinsic defect in their ability to generate mature NK cells. Conversely, a gain-of-function miR-150 transgene promotes the development of NK cells, which display a more mature phenotype and are more responsive to activation. In contrast, overexpression of miR-150 results in a substantial reduction of iNKT cells in the thymus and in the peripheral lymphoid organs. The transcription factor c-Myb has been shown to be a direct target of miR-150. Our finding of increased NK cell and decreased iNKT cell frequencies in Myb heterozygous bone marrow chimeras suggests that miR-150 differentially controls the development of NK and iNKT cell lineages by targeting c-Myb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A. Bezman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Tirtha Chakraborty
- Immune Disease Institute and Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, MA 02115
| | - Timothy Bender
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908
| | - Lewis L. Lanier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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50
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Martín-Fontecha A, Lord GM, Brady HJM. Transcriptional control of natural killer cell differentiation and function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:3495-503. [PMID: 21863375 PMCID: PMC11114505 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0800-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression can be modulated depending on physiological and developmental requirements. A multitude of regulatory genes, which are organized in interdependent networks, guide development and eventually generate specific phenotypes. Transcription factors (TF) are a key element in the regulatory cascade controlling cell fate and effector functions. In this review, we discuss recent data on the diversity of TF that determine natural killer (NK) cell fate and NK cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Martín-Fontecha
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Centre for Transplantation, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, 5th floor Tower Wing, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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