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Montenegro YHA, Bobermin LD, Sesterheim P, Salvato RS, Anschau F, de Oliveira MJS, Wyse ATS, Netto CA, Gonçalves CAS, Quincozes-Santos A, Leipnitz G. Serum of COVID-19 patients changes neuroinflammation and mitochondrial homeostasis markers in hippocampus of aged rats. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:577-587. [PMID: 37501054 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01156-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Patients affected by COVID-19 present mostly with respiratory symptoms but acute neurological symptoms are also commonly observed. Furthermore, a considerable number of individuals develop persistent and often remitting symptoms months after infection, characterizing the condition called long-COVID. Since the pathophysiology of acute and persistent neurological manifestations is not fully established, we evaluated the expression of different genes in hippocampal slices of aged rats exposed to the serum of a post-COVID (sPC) individual and to the serum of patients infected by SARS-CoV-2 [Zeta (sZeta) and Gamma (sGamma) variants]. The expression of proteins related to inflammatory process, redox homeostasis, mitochondrial quality control and glial reactivity was determined. Our data show that the exposure to sPC, sZeta and sGamma differentially altered the mRNA levels of most inflammatory proteins and reduced those of antioxidant response markers in rat hippocampus. Furthermore, a decrease in the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis genes was induced by all serum samples, whereas a reduction in mitochondrial dynamics was only caused by sPC. Regarding the glial reactivity, S100B expression was modified by sPC and sZeta. These findings demonstrate that changes in the inflammatory response and a reduction of mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics may contribute to the neurological damage observed in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorran Hardman A Montenegro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Sesterheim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde: Cardiologia, Instituto de Cardiologia/ Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia, RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Richard Steiner Salvato
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernando Anschau
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Setor de Pesquisa da Gerência de Ensino, Pesquisa e Inovação do Grupo Hospitalar Conceição (GHC), RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Avaliação de Tecnologias para o SUS do GHC, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Escola de Medicina, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria José Santos de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Angela T S Wyse
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Netto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Saraiva Gonçalves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - André Quincozes-Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Guilhian Leipnitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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2
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Li D, Bühler M, Runft S, Gerold G, Marek K, Baumgärtner W, Strowig T, Gerhauser I. ASC- and caspase-1-deficient C57BL/6 mice do not develop demyelinating disease after infection with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10960. [PMID: 37414913 PMCID: PMC10326010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) induces an acute polioencephalomyelitis and a chronic demyelinating leukomyelitis in SJL mice. C57BL/6 (B6) mice generally do not develop TMEV-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) due to virus elimination. However, TMEV can persist in specific immunodeficient B6 mice such as IFNβ-/- mice and induce a demyelinating process. The proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 are activated by the inflammasome pathway, which consists of a pattern recognition receptor molecule sensing microbial pathogens, the adaptor molecule Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), and the executioner caspase-1. To analyze the contribution of the inflammasome pathway to the resistance of B6 mice to TMEV-IDD, ASC- and caspase-1-deficient mice and wild type littermates were infected with TMEV and investigated using histology, immunohistochemistry, RT-qPCR, and Western Blot. Despite the antiviral activity of the inflammasome pathway, ASC- and caspase-1-deficient mice eliminated the virus and did not develop TMEV-IDD. Moreover, a similar IFNβ and cytokine gene expression was found in the brain of immunodeficient mice and their wild type littermates. Most importantly, Western Blot showed cleavage of IL-1β and IL-18 in all investigated mice. Consequently, inflammasome-dependent activation of IL-1β and IL-18 does not play a major role in the resistance of B6 mice to TMEV-IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Bühler
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Runft
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gisa Gerold
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Virology, Umeå University, 90185, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Katarzyna Marek
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Till Strowig
- Department for Microbial Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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3
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Kim BS. Critical role of TLR activation in viral replication, persistence, and pathogenicity of Theiler's virus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1167972. [PMID: 37153539 PMCID: PMC10157096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1167972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) establishes persistent viral infections in the central nervous system and induces chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease in susceptible mice. TMEV infects dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, and glial cells. The state of TLR activation in the host plays a critical role in initial viral replication and persistence. The further activation of TLRs enhances viral replication and persistence, leading to the pathogenicity of TMEV-induced demyelinating disease. Various cytokines are produced via TLRs, and MDA-5 signals linked with NF-κB activation following TMEV infection. In turn, these signals further amplify TMEV replication and the persistence of virus-infected cells. The signals further elevate cytokine production, promoting the development of Th17 responses and preventing cellular apoptosis, which enables viral persistence. Excessive levels of cytokines, particularly IL-6 and IL-1β, facilitate the generation of pathogenic Th17 immune responses to viral antigens and autoantigens, leading to TMEV-induced demyelinating disease. These cytokines, together with TLR2 may prematurely generate functionally deficient CD25-FoxP3+ CD4+ T cells, which are subsequently converted to Th17 cells. Furthermore, IL-6 and IL-17 synergistically inhibit the apoptosis of virus-infected cells and the cytolytic function of CD8+ T lymphocytes, prolonging the survival of virus-infected cells. The inhibition of apoptosis leads to the persistent activation of NF-κB and TLRs, which continuously provides an environment of excessive cytokines and consequently promotes autoimmune responses. Persistent or repeated infections of other viruses such as COVID-19 may result in similar continuous TLR activation and cytokine production, leading to autoimmune diseases.
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Huang HI, Chio CC, Lin JY, Chou CJ, Lin CC, Chen SH, Yu LS. EV-A71 induced IL-1β production in THP-1 macrophages is dependent on NLRP3, RIG-I, and TLR3. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21425. [PMID: 36503883 PMCID: PMC9741760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is an emerging enterovirus that can cause neurological complications. Enhanced serum IL-1β levels were observed in EV-A71 patients with severe neurological symptoms. However, the roles of sensors in enterovirus-induced IL-1β production are unclear. In this study, we identified that pattern recognition receptors, including RIG-I, TLR3, and TLR8, are implicated in EV-A71-triggered IL-1β release in human macrophages. EV-A71 infection results in caspase-1 and caspase-8, which act as regulators of EV-A71-induced NLRP3 and RIG-I inflammasome activation. Moreover, knockdown of the expression of TLR3 and TLR8 decreased the released IL-1β in an NLRP3-dependent manner. Since TLR3 and TLR8 ligands promote NLRP3 inflammasome activation via caspase-8, the alternative pathway may be involved. In summary, these results indicate that activation of the NLRP3 and RIG-I inflammasomes in EV-A71-infected macrophages is mediated by caspase-1 and caspase-8 and affected by TLRs, including TLR3 and TLR8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-I Huang
- grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan ,grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan ,grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan ,grid.454211.70000 0004 1756 999XDepartment of Pediatrics, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chong Chio
- grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan ,grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan ,grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Jhao-Yin Lin
- grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan ,grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jung Chou
- grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chen Lin
- grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsiang Chen
- grid.454211.70000 0004 1756 999XDivision of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan ,grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Sheng Yu
- grid.145695.a0000 0004 1798 0922Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
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Sylvester PA, Corbett JA, Tarakanova VL. T cell-extrinsic IL-1 signaling controls long-term gammaherpesvirus infection by suppressing viral reactivation. Virology 2022; 576:134-140. [PMID: 36244319 PMCID: PMC10069094 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Gammaherpesviruses establish life-long infection in over 95% of adults and are associated with several cancers, including B cell lymphomas. Using the murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) animal model, we previously showed a pro-viral role of Interleukin-1 (IL-1) signaling that supported viral reactivation during the establishment of chronic infection. Unexpectedly, in this study we found that the proviral effects of IL-1 signaling originally observed during the establishment of chronic gammaherpesvirus infection convert to antiviral effects during the long-term stage of infection. Specifically, IL-1 signaling promoted expansion of antiviral CD8+ T cells and control of viral reactivation in the peritoneal cavity of a long-term infected host. Using a novel mouse model of T cell-specific IL-1 signaling deficiency, we found that the antiviral effects of IL-1 signaling were T cell extrinsic. Our study highlights a dynamic nature of host factors that shape the parameters of chronic gammaherpesvirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Sylvester
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - J A Corbett
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - V L Tarakanova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA; Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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6
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Pérez Gómez AA, Karmakar M, Carroll RJ, Lawley KS, Amstalden K, Young CR, Threadgill DW, Welsh CJ, Brinkmeyer-Langford C. Serum Cytokines Predict Neurological Damage in Genetically Diverse Mouse Models. Cells 2022; 11:2044. [PMID: 35805128 PMCID: PMC9265636 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections contribute to neurological and immunological dysfunction driven by complex genetic networks. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) causes neurological dysfunction in mice and can model human outcomes to viral infections. Here, we used genetically distinct mice from five Collaborative Cross mouse strains and C57BL/6J to demonstrate how TMEV-induced immune responses in serum may predict neurological outcomes in acute infection. To test the hypothesis that serum cytokine levels can provide biomarkers for phenotypic outcomes of acute disease, we compared cytokine levels at pre-injection, 4 days post-injection (d.p.i.), and 14 d.p.i. Each strain produced unique baseline cytokine levels and had distinct immune responses to the injection procedure itself. Thus, we eliminated the baseline responses to the injection procedure itself and identified cytokines and chemokines induced specifically by TMEV infection. Then, we identified strain-specific longitudinal cytokine profiles in serum during acute disease. Using stepwise regression analysis, we identified serum immune markers predictive for TMEV-induced neurological phenotypes of the acute phase, e.g., IL-9 for limb paralysis; and TNF-α, IL-1β, and MIP-1β for limb weakness. These findings indicate how temporal differences in immune responses are influenced by host genetic background and demonstrate the potential of serum biomarkers to track the neurological effects of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aracely A. Pérez Gómez
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.S.L.); (K.A.); (C.R.Y.); (C.J.W.)
| | - Moumita Karmakar
- Department of Statistics, College of Science, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.K.); (R.J.C.)
| | - Raymond J. Carroll
- Department of Statistics, College of Science, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.K.); (R.J.C.)
| | - Koedi S. Lawley
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.S.L.); (K.A.); (C.R.Y.); (C.J.W.)
| | - Katia Amstalden
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.S.L.); (K.A.); (C.R.Y.); (C.J.W.)
| | - Colin R. Young
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.S.L.); (K.A.); (C.R.Y.); (C.J.W.)
| | - David W. Threadgill
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - C. Jane Welsh
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.S.L.); (K.A.); (C.R.Y.); (C.J.W.)
| | - Candice Brinkmeyer-Langford
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.S.L.); (K.A.); (C.R.Y.); (C.J.W.)
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7
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Bühler M, Runft S, Li D, Götting J, Detje CN, Nippold V, Stoff M, Beineke A, Schulz T, Kalinke U, Baumgärtner W, Gerhauser I. IFN-β Deficiency Results in Fatal or Demyelinating Disease in C57BL/6 Mice Infected With Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Viruses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:786940. [PMID: 35222374 PMCID: PMC8864290 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.786940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I Interferons (IFN-I) are important inducers of the antiviral immune response and immune modulators. IFN-β is the most highly expressed IFN-I in the central nervous system (CNS). The infection of SJL mice with the BeAn or the DA strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) results in a progressive demyelinating disease. C57BL/6 mice are usually resistant to TMEV-induced demyelination and eliminate these strains from the CNS within several weeks. Using C57BL/6 IFN-β knockout (IFN-β-/-) mice infected with TMEV, we evaluated the role of IFN-β in neuroinfection. Despite the resistance of C57BL/6 wild type (WT) mice to TMEV infection, DA-infected IFN-β-/- mice had to be killed at 7 to 8 days post infection (dpi) due to severe clinical disease. In contrast, BeAn-infected IFN-β-/- mice survived until 98 dpi. Nevertheless at 14 dpi, BeAn-infected IFN-β-/- mice showed a stronger encephalitis and astrogliosis, higher viral load as well as higher mRNA levels of Isg15, Eif2ak2 (PKR), Tnfa, Il1b, Il10, Il12 and Ifng in the cerebrum than BeAn-infected WT mice. Moreover, the majority of IFN-β-/- mice did not clear the virus from the CNS and developed mild demyelination in the spinal cord at 98 dpi, whereas virus and lesions were absent in the spinal cord of WT mice. Persistently infected IFN-β-/- mice also had higher Isg15, Eif2ak1, Tnfa, Il1a, Il1b and Ifng mRNA levels in the spinal cord at 98 dpi than their virus-negative counterparts indicating an activation of IFN-I signaling and ongoing inflammation. Most importantly, BeAn-infected NesCre+/- IFN-βfl/fl mice, which do not express IFN-β in neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, only developed mild brain lesions similar to WT mice. Consequently, IFN-β produced by neuroectodermal cells does not seem to play a critical role in the resistance of C57BL/6 mice against fatal and demyelinating disease induced by TMEV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Bühler
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Runft
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dandan Li
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jasper Götting
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia N Detje
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Nippold
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Stoff
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Schulz
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Ingo Gerhauser
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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8
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Seyfrid M, Maich WT, Shaikh VM, Tatari N, Upreti D, Piyasena D, Subapanditha M, Savage N, McKenna D, Mikolajewicz N, Han H, Chokshi C, Kuhlmann L, Khoo A, Salim SK, Archibong-Bassey B, Gwynne W, Brown K, Murtaza N, Bakhshinyan D, Vora P, Venugopal C, Moffat J, Kislinger T, Singh S. CD70 as an actionable immunotherapeutic target in recurrent glioblastoma and its microenvironment. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e003289. [PMID: 35017149 PMCID: PMC8753449 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma (GBM) patients suffer from a dismal prognosis, with standard of care therapy inevitably leading to therapy-resistant recurrent tumors. The presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) drives the extensive heterogeneity seen in GBM, prompting the need for novel therapies specifically targeting this subset of tumor-driving cells. Here, we identify CD70 as a potential therapeutic target for recurrent GBM CSCs. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN In the current study, we identified the relevance and functional influence of CD70 on primary and recurrent GBM cells, and further define its function using established stem cell assays. We use CD70 knockdown studies, subsequent RNAseq pathway analysis, and in vivo xenotransplantation to validate CD70's role in GBM. Next, we developed and tested an anti-CD70 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T therapy, which we validated in vitro and in vivo using our established preclinical model of human GBM. Lastly, we explored the importance of CD70 in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) by assessing the presence of its receptor, CD27, in immune infiltrates derived from freshly resected GBM tumor samples. RESULTS CD70 expression is elevated in recurrent GBM and CD70 knockdown reduces tumorigenicity in vitro and in vivo. CD70 CAR-T therapy significantly improves prognosis in vivo. We also found CD27 to be present on the cell surface of multiple relevant GBM TIME cell populations, notably putative M1 macrophages and CD4 T cells. CONCLUSION CD70 plays a key role in recurrent GBM cell aggressiveness and maintenance. Immunotherapeutic targeting of CD70 significantly improves survival in animal models and the CD70/CD27 axis may be a viable polytherapeutic avenue to co-target both GBM and its TIME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Seyfrid
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - William Thomas Maich
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Nazanin Tatari
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deepak Upreti
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deween Piyasena
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Minomi Subapanditha
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Neil Savage
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dillon McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas Mikolajewicz
- Department of Molecular Genetics - Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hong Han
- Department of Molecular Genetics - Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chirayu Chokshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Kuhlmann
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amanda Khoo
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sabra Khalid Salim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - William Gwynne
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin Brown
- Department of Molecular Genetics - Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nadeem Murtaza
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Bakhshinyan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parvez Vora
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chitra Venugopal
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason Moffat
- Department of Molecular Genetics - Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Kislinger
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sheila Singh
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a key player in the immune response to pathogens due to its role in promoting inflammation and recruiting immune cells to the site of infection. In tuberculosis (TB), tight regulation of IL-1 responses is critical to ensure host resistance to infection while preventing immune pathology. In the mouse model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, both IL-1 absence and overproduction result in exacerbated disease and mortality. In humans, several polymorphisms in the IL1B gene have been associated with increased susceptibility to TB. Importantly, M. tuberculosis itself has evolved several strategies to manipulate and regulate host IL-1 responses for its own benefit. Given all this, IL-1 appears as a promising target for host-directed therapies in TB. However, for that to succeed, more detailed knowledge on the biology and mechanisms of action of IL-1 in vivo, together with a deep understanding of how host-M. tuberculosis interactions modulate IL-1, is required. Here, we discuss the most recent advances in the biology and therapeutic potential of IL-1 in TB as well as the outstanding questions that remain to be answered.
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10
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Patel M, Shahjin F, Cohen JD, Hasan M, Machhi J, Chugh H, Singh S, Das S, Kulkarni TA, Herskovitz J, Meigs DD, Chandra R, Hettie KS, Mosley RL, Kevadiya BD, Gendelman HE. The Immunopathobiology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuab035. [PMID: 34160586 PMCID: PMC8632753 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can lead to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Virus-specific immunity controls infection, transmission and disease severity. With respect to disease severity, a spectrum of clinical outcomes occur associated with age, genetics, comorbidities and immune responses in an infected person. Dysfunctions in innate and adaptive immunity commonly follow viral infection. These are heralded by altered innate mononuclear phagocyte differentiation, activation, intracellular killing and adaptive memory, effector, and regulatory T cell responses. All of such affect viral clearance and the progression of end-organ disease. Failures to produce effective controlled antiviral immunity leads to life-threatening end-organ disease that is typified by the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The most effective means to contain SARS-CoV-2 infection is by vaccination. While an arsenal of immunomodulators were developed for control of viral infection and subsequent COVID-19 disease, further research is required to enable therapeutic implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milankumar Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Farah Shahjin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jacob D Cohen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Heerak Chugh
- Drug Discovery & Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Snigdha Singh
- Drug Discovery & Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Srijanee Das
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Tanmay A Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jonathan Herskovitz
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Douglas D Meigs
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Drug Discovery & Development Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi-110007, India
| | - Kenneth S Hettie
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology, Department of Otolaryngology –Head & Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - R Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Bhavesh D Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, USA
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11
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Potential Biomarkers Associated with Multiple Sclerosis Pathology. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910323. [PMID: 34638664 PMCID: PMC8508638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that involves an intricate and aberrant interaction of immune cells leading to inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Due to the heterogeneity of clinical subtypes, their diagnosis becomes challenging and the best treatment cannot be easily provided to patients. Biomarkers have been used to simplify the diagnosis and prognosis of MS, as well as to evaluate the results of clinical treatments. In recent years, research on biomarkers has advanced rapidly due to their ability to be easily and promptly measured, their specificity, and their reproducibility. Biomarkers are classified into several categories depending on whether they address personal or predictive susceptibility, diagnosis, prognosis, disease activity, or response to treatment in different clinical courses of MS. The identified members indicate a variety of pathological processes of MS, such as neuroaxonal damage, gliosis, demyelination, progression of disability, and remyelination, among others. The present review analyzes biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood serum, the most promising imaging biomarkers used in clinical practice. Furthermore, it aims to shed light on the criteria and challenges that a biomarker must face to be considered as a standard in daily clinical practice.
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12
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Ciurkiewicz M, Floess S, Beckstette M, Kummerfeld M, Baumgärtner W, Huehn J, Beineke A. Transcriptome analysis following neurotropic virus infection reveals faulty innate immunity and delayed antigen presentation in mice susceptible to virus-induced demyelination. Brain Pathol 2021; 31:e13000. [PMID: 34231271 PMCID: PMC8549031 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections of the central nervous system cause acute or delayed neuropathology and clinical consequences ranging from asymptomatic courses to chronic, debilitating diseases. The outcome of viral encephalitis is partially determined by genetically programed immune response patterns of the host. Experimental infection of mice with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) causes diverse neurologic diseases, including TMEV‐induced demyelinating disease (TMEV‐IDD), depending on the used mouse strain. The aim of the present study was to compare initial transcriptomic changes occurring in the brain of TMEV‐infected SJL (TMEV‐IDD susceptible) and C57BL/6 (TMEV‐IDD resistant) mice. Animals were infected with TMEV and sacrificed 4, 7, or 14 days post infection. RNA was isolated from brain tissue and analyzed by whole‐transcriptome sequencing. Selected differences were confirmed on a protein level by immunohistochemistry. In mock‐infected SJL and C57BL/6 mice, >200 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected. Following TMEV‐infection, the number of DEGs increased to >700. Infected C57BL/6 mice showed a higher expression of transcripts related to antigen presentation via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I, innate antiviral immune responses and cytotoxicity, compared with infected SJL animals. Expression of many of those genes was weaker or delayed in SJL mice, associated with a failure of viral clearance in this mouse strain. SJL mice showed prolonged elevation of MHC II and chemotactic genes compared with C57BL/6 mice, which presumably facilitates the induction of chronic demyelinating disease. In addition, elevated expression of several genes associated with immunomodulatory or –suppressive functions was observed in SJL mice. The exploratory study confirms previous observations in the model and provides an extensive list of new immunologic parameters potentially contributing to different outcomes of viral encephalitis in two mouse strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Floess
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Beckstette
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Maren Kummerfeld
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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13
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Pavasutthipaisit S, Stoff M, Ebbecke T, Ciurkiewicz M, Mayer-Lambertz S, Störk T, Pavelko KD, Lepenies B, Beineke A. CARD9 Deficiency Increases Hippocampal Injury Following Acute Neurotropic Picornavirus Infection but Does Not Affect Pathogen Elimination. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136982. [PMID: 34209576 PMCID: PMC8268812 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses target the brain and contribute to neurologic diseases. Caspase recruitment domain containing family member 9 (CARD9) controls protective immunity in a variety of infectious disorders. To investigate the effect of CARD9 in neurotropic virus infection, CARD9−/− and corresponding C57BL/6 wild-type control mice were infected with Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). Brain tissue was analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry and molecular analyses, and spleens by flow cytometry. To determine the impact of CARD9 deficiency on T cell responses in vitro, antigen presentation assays were utilized. Genetic ablation of CARD9 enhanced early pro-inflammatory cytokine responses and accelerated infiltration of T and B cells in the brain, together with a transient increase in TMEV-infected cells in the hippocampus. CARD9−/− mice showed an increased loss of neuronal nuclear protein+ mature neurons and doublecortin+ neuronal precursor cells and an increase in β-amyloid precursor protein+ damaged axons in the hippocampus. No effect of CARD9 deficiency was found on the initiation of CD8+ T cell responses by flow cytometry and co-culture experiments using virus-exposed dendritic cells or microglia-enriched glial cell mixtures, respectively. The present study indicates that CARD9 is dispensable for the initiation of early antiviral responses and TMEV elimination but may contribute to the modulation of neuroinflammation, thereby reducing hippocampal injury following neurotropic virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvarin Pavasutthipaisit
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (S.P.); (M.S.); (M.C.); (T.S.)
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (T.E.); (B.L.)
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok 10530, Thailand
| | - Melanie Stoff
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (S.P.); (M.S.); (M.C.); (T.S.)
| | - Tim Ebbecke
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (T.E.); (B.L.)
- Institute for Immunology and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (S.P.); (M.S.); (M.C.); (T.S.)
| | - Sabine Mayer-Lambertz
- Institute for Immunology and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Theresa Störk
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (S.P.); (M.S.); (M.C.); (T.S.)
| | - Kevin D. Pavelko
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Bernd Lepenies
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (T.E.); (B.L.)
- Institute for Immunology and Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (S.P.); (M.S.); (M.C.); (T.S.)
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (T.E.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-51-195-38640
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14
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Excessive Innate Immunity Steers Pathogenic Adaptive Immunity in the Development of Theiler's Virus-Induced Demyelinating Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105254. [PMID: 34067536 PMCID: PMC8156427 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several virus-induced models were used to study the underlying mechanisms of multiple sclerosis (MS). The infection of susceptible mice with Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) establishes persistent viral infections and induces chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease. In this review, the innate and adaptive immune responses to TMEV are discussed to better understand the pathogenic mechanisms of viral infections. Professional (dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and B cells) and non-professional (microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes) antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are the major cell populations permissive to viral infection and involved in cytokine production. The levels of viral loads and cytokine production in the APCs correspond to the degrees of susceptibility of the mice to the TMEV-induced demyelinating diseases. TMEV infection leads to the activation of cytokine production via TLRs and MDA-5 coupled with NF-κB activation, which is required for TMEV replication. These activation signals further amplify the cytokine production and viral loads, promote the differentiation of pathogenic Th17 responses, and prevent cellular apoptosis, enabling viral persistence. Among the many chemokines and cytokines induced after viral infection, IFN α/β plays an essential role in the downstream expression of costimulatory molecules in APCs. The excessive levels of cytokine production after viral infection facilitate the pathogenesis of TMEV-induced demyelinating disease. In particular, IL-6 and IL-1β play critical roles in the development of pathogenic Th17 responses to viral antigens and autoantigens. These cytokines, together with TLR2, may preferentially generate deficient FoxP3+CD25- regulatory cells converting to Th17. These cytokines also inhibit the apoptosis of TMEV-infected cells and cytolytic function of CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTLs) and prolong the survival of B cells reactive to viral and self-antigens, which preferentially stimulate Th17 responses.
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15
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Sood N, Verma DK, Paria A, Yadav SC, Yadav MK, Bedekar MK, Kumar S, Swaminathan TR, Mohan CV, Rajendran KV, Pradhan PK. Transcriptome analysis of liver elucidates key immune-related pathways in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus following infection with tilapia lake virus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 111:208-219. [PMID: 33577877 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is one of the most important aquaculture species farmed worldwide. However, the recent emergence of tilapia lake virus (TiLV) disease, also known as syncytial hepatitis of tilapia, has threatened the global tilapia industry. To gain more insight regarding the host response against the disease, the transcriptional profiles of liver in experimentally-infected and control tilapia were compared. Analysis of RNA-Seq data identified 4640 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were involved among others in antigen processing and presentation, MAPK, apoptosis, necroptosis, chemokine signaling, interferon, NF-kB, acute phase response and JAK-STAT pathways. Enhanced expression of most of the DEGs in the above pathways suggests an attempt by tilapia to resist TiLV infection. However, upregulation of some of the key genes such as BCL2L1 in apoptosis pathway; NFKBIA in NF-kB pathway; TRFC in acute phase response; and SOCS, EPOR, PI3K and AKT in JAK-STAT pathway and downregulation of the genes, namely MAP3K7 in MAPK pathway; IFIT1 in interferon; and TRIM25 in NF-kB pathway suggested that TiLV was able to subvert the host immune response to successfully establish the infection. The study offers novel insights into the cellular functions that are affected following TiLV infection and will serve as a valuable genomic resource towards our understanding of susceptibility of tilapia to TiLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Sood
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dev Kumar Verma
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anutosh Paria
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shrish Chandra Yadav
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Yadav
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Megha Kadam Bedekar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Saurav Kumar
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Thangaraj Raja Swaminathan
- Peninsular and Marine Fish Genetic Resources Centre, ICAR-NBFGR, CMFRI Campus, Kochi, 682 018, Kerala, India
| | | | - K V Rajendran
- ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Andheri (W), Mumbai, 400 061, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pravata Kumar Pradhan
- ICAR-National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow, 226002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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16
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Tu J, Vargas Castillo J, Das A, Diwan AD. Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: Insights into Its Pathobiology and Molecular Mechanisms. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10061214. [PMID: 33804008 PMCID: PMC8001572 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10061214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM), earlier referred to as cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM), is the most common and serious neurological disorder in the elderly population caused by chronic progressive compression or irritation of the spinal cord in the neck. The clinical features of DCM include localised neck pain and functional impairment of motor function in the arms, fingers and hands. If left untreated, this can lead to significant and permanent nerve damage including paralysis and death. Despite recent advancements in understanding the DCM pathology, prognosis remains poor and little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying its pathogenesis. Moreover, there is scant evidence for the best treatment suitable for DCM patients. Decompressive surgery remains the most effective long-term treatment for this pathology, although the decision of when to perform such a procedure remains challenging. Given the fact that the aged population in the world is continuously increasing, DCM is posing a formidable challenge that needs urgent attention. Here, in this comprehensive review, we discuss the current knowledge of DCM pathology, including epidemiology, diagnosis, natural history, pathophysiology, risk factors, molecular features and treatment options. In addition to describing different scoring and classification systems used by clinicians in diagnosing DCM, we also highlight how advanced imaging techniques are being used to study the disease process. Last but not the least, we discuss several molecular underpinnings of DCM aetiology, including the cells involved and the pathways and molecules that are hallmarks of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Tu
- Spine Labs, St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia; (J.T.); (A.D.D.)
| | | | - Abhirup Das
- Spine Labs, St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia; (J.T.); (A.D.D.)
- Spine Service, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ashish D. Diwan
- Spine Labs, St. George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia; (J.T.); (A.D.D.)
- Spine Service, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia;
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17
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Pignataro G, Cataldi M, Taglialatela M. Neurological risks and benefits of cytokine-based treatments in coronavirus disease 2019: from preclinical to clinical evidence. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:2149-2174. [PMID: 33512003 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficiency and hyperinflammation are responsible for the most frequent and life-threatening forms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, cytokine-based treatments targeting immuno-inflammatory mechanisms are currently undergoing clinical scrutiny in COVID-19-affected patients. In addition, COVID-19 patients also exhibit a wide range of neurological manifestations (neuro-COVID), which may also benefit from cytokine-based treatments. In fact, such drugs have shown some clinical efficacy also in neuroinflammatory diseases. On the other hand, anti-cytokine drugs are endowed with significant neurological risks, mainly attributable to their immunodepressant effects. Therefore, the aim of the present manuscript is to briefly describe the role of specific cytokines in neuroinflammation, to summarize the efficacy in preclinical models of neuroinflammatory diseases of drugs targeting these cytokines and to review the clinical data regarding the neurological effects of these drugs currently being investigated against COVID-19, in order to raise awareness about their potentially beneficial and/or detrimental neurological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pignataro
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Mauro Cataldi
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Taglialatela
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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18
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Jamshidi E, Babajani A, Soltani P, Niknejad H. Proposed Mechanisms of Targeting COVID-19 by Delivering Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Exosomes to Damaged Organs. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:176-192. [PMID: 33432484 PMCID: PMC7799400 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the world has been facing an unprecedented challenge. Considering the lack of appropriate therapy for COVID-19, it is crucial to develop effective treatments instead of supportive approaches. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as multipotent stromal cells have been shown to possess treating potency through inhibiting or modulating the pathological events in COVID-19. MSCs and their exosomes participate in immunomodulation by controlling cell-mediated immunity and cytokine release. Furthermore, they repair the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) malfunction, increase alveolar fluid clearance, and reduce the chance of hypercoagulation. Besides the lung, which is the primary target of SARS-CoV-2, the heart, kidney, nervous system, and gastrointestinal tract are also affected by COVID-19. Thus, the efficacy of targeting these organs via different delivery routes of MSCs and their exosomes should be evaluated to ensure safe and effective MSCs administration in COVID-19. This review focuses on the proposed therapeutic mechanisms and delivery routes of MSCs and their exosomes to the damaged organs. It also discusses the possible application of primed and genetically modified MSCs as a promising drug delivery system in COVID-19. Moreover, the recent advances in the clinical trials of MSCs and MSCs-derived exosomes as one of the promising therapeutic approaches in COVID-19 have been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Jamshidi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirhesam Babajani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Soltani
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Niknejad
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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19
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Perrichet A, Ghiringhelli F, Rébé C. Understanding Inflammasomes and PD-1/PD-L1 Crosstalk to Improve Cancer Treatment Efficiency. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123550. [PMID: 33261061 PMCID: PMC7761387 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes and immune checkpoints have been shown to participate in carcinogenesis, cancer growth and response to treatment. Thus, targeting cytokines resulting from inflammasome activation, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, has emerged as a new tool in the therapeutic arsenal. Moreover, the use of checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 has revolutionized the treatment of some cancer patients. However, inflammasome activation and consecutive cytokine release only occurs in some chemotherapeutic treatments and immune checkpoint inhibitors only work for a restricted number of patients, thus limiting the use of therapies targeting these pathways. Expanding knowledge about the inefficiency of these therapies recently brought forward the hypothesis of targeting both pathways. In this review, we provide an overview of the crosstalk between inflammasomes and programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) that might explain how these two pathways are mutually dependent, and perhaps why targeting only one of them leads to inefficiency of cancer treatment in some patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cédric Rébé
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)3-80-73-77-90
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20
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Kiasalari Z, Afshin-Majd S, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Azadi-Ahmadabadi E, Esmaeil-Jamaat E, Fahanik-Babaei J, Fakour M, Fereidouni F, Ghasemi-Tarie R, Jalalzade-Ogvar S, Khodashenas V, Sanaierad A, Zahedi E, Roghani M. Ellagic acid ameliorates neuroinflammation and demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: Involvement of NLRP3 and pyroptosis. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 111:101891. [PMID: 33217488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is presented as the most common autoimmune and demyelinating neurological disorder with incapacitating complications and with no definite therapy. Most treatments for MS mainly focus on attenuation of its severity and recurrence. To model MS reliably to study pathogenesis and efficacy of possible chemicals, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) condition is induced in rodents. Ellagic acid is a neuroprotective polyphenol that can protect against demyelination. This study was planned and conducted to assess its possible beneficial effect in MOG-induced EAE model of MS with emphasis on uncovering its modes of action. Ellagic acid was given p.o. (at doses of 10 or 50 mg/kg/day) after development of clinical signs of MS to C57BL/6 mice immunized with MOG35-55. Results showed that ellagic acid can ameliorate severity of the disease and partially restore tissue level of TNFα, IL-6, IL-17A and IL-10. Besides, ellagic acid lowered tissue levels of NLRP3 and caspase 1 in addition to its mitigation of neuroinflammation, demyelination and axonal damage in spinal cord specimens of EAE group. As well, ellagic acid treatment prevented reduction of MBP and decreased GFAP and Iba1 immunoreactivity. Taken together, ellagic acid can decrease severity of EAE via amelioration of astrogliosis, astrocyte activation, demyelination, neuroinflammation and axonal damage that is partly related to its effects on NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Kiasalari
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | | - Javad Fahanik-Babaei
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences and Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Fakour
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzane Fereidouni
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Vahid Khodashenas
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashkan Sanaierad
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Zahedi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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21
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Rapid Expansion of Virus-Specific CD4 + T Cell Types in the CNS of Susceptible Mice Infected with Theiler's Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207719. [PMID: 33086489 PMCID: PMC7588906 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The infection of susceptible mice with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) induces a T cell-mediated demyelinating disease. This system has been studied as a relevant infection model for multiple sclerosis (MS). Therefore, defining the type of T cell responses and their functions is critically important for understanding the relevant pathogenic mechanisms. In this study, we adoptively transferred naive VP2-specific TCR-Tg CD4+ T cells into syngeneic susceptible SJL mice and monitored the development of the disease and the activation and proliferation of CD4+ T cells during the early stages of viral infection. The preexisting VP2-specific naive CD4+ T cells promoted the pathogenesis of the disease in a dose-dependent manner. The transferred VP2-specific CD4+ T cells proliferated rapidly in the CNS starting at 2-3 dpi. High levels of FoxP3+CD4+ T cells were found in the CNS early in viral infection (3 dpi) and persisted throughout the infection. Activated VP2-specific FoxP3+CD4+ T cells inhibited the production of IFN-γ, but not IL-17, via the same VP2-specific CD4+ T cells without interfering in proliferation. Thus, the early presence of regulatory T cells in the CNS with viral infection may favor the induction of pathogenic Th17 cells over protective Th1 cells in susceptible mice, thereby establishing the pathogenesis of virus-induced demyelinating disease.
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Jin YH, Kang B, Kang HS, Koh CS, Kim BS. Endothelin-1 contributes to the development of virus-induced demyelinating disease. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:307. [PMID: 33069239 PMCID: PMC7568825 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01986-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE) and virally induced demyelinating disease are two major experimental model systems used to study human multiple sclerosis. Although endothelin-1 level elevation was previously observed in the CNS of mice with EAE and viral demyelinating disease, the potential role of endothelin-1 in the development of these demyelinating diseases is unknown. Methods and results In this study, the involvement of endothelin-1 in the development and progression of demyelinating diseases was investigated using these two experimental models. Administration of endothelin-1 significantly promoted the progression of both experimental diseases accompanied with elevated inflammatory T cell responses. In contrast, administration of specific endothelin-1 inhibitors (BQ610 and BQ788) significantly inhibited progression of these diseases accompanied with reduced T cell responses to the respective antigens. Conclusions These results strongly suggest that the level of endothelin-1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated CNS demyelinating diseases by promoting immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hee Jin
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA. .,KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bongsu Kang
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Hyun S Kang
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Chang-Sung Koh
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Nagano, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Byung S Kim
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg Medical School, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Kiasalari Z, Afshin-Majd S, Baluchnejadmojarad T, Azadi-Ahmadabadi E, Fakour M, Ghasemi-Tarie R, Jalalzade-Ogvar S, Khodashenas V, Tashakori-Miyanroudi M, Roghani M. Sinomenine Alleviates Murine Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model of Multiple Sclerosis through Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:215-224. [PMID: 32812186 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01637-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is known as a chronic neuroinflammatory disorder typified by an immune-mediated demyelination process with ensuing axonal damage and loss. Sinomenine is a natural alkaloid with different therapeutic benefits, including anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities. In this study, possible beneficial effects of sinomenine in an MOG-induced model of MS were determined. Sinomenine was given to MOG35-55-immunized C57BL/6 mice at doses of 25 or 100 mg/kg/day after onset of MS clinical signs till day 30 post-immunization. Analyzed data showed that sinomenine reduces severity of the clinical signs and to some extent decreases tissue level of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, TNFα, IL-17A, and increases level of anti-inflammatory IL-10. In addition, sinomenine successfully attenuated tissue levels of inflammasome NLRP3, ASC, and caspase 1 besides its reduction of intensity of neuroinflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage and loss in lumbar spinal cord specimens. Furthermore, immunoreactivity for MBP decreased and increased for GFAP and Iba1 after MOG-immunization, which was in part reversed upon sinomenine administration. Overall, sinomenine decreases EAE severity, which is attributed to its alleviation of microglial and astrocytic mobilization, demyelination, and axonal damage along with its suppression of neuroinflammation, and its beneficial effect is also associated with its inhibitory effects on inflammasome and pyroptotic pathways; this may be of potential benefit for the primary progressive phenotype of MS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Astrocytes/drug effects
- Body Weight
- Cytokines/analysis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Inflammasomes/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microglia/drug effects
- Morphinans/administration & dosage
- Morphinans/pharmacology
- Morphinans/therapeutic use
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/immunology
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein/toxicity
- NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/toxicity
- Pyroptosis/drug effects
- Random Allocation
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Spinal Cord/chemistry
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Kiasalari
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Marzieh Fakour
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Vahid Khodashenas
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mehrdad Roghani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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Jin YH, Kim CX, Huang J, Kim BS. Infection and Activation of B Cells by Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (TMEV) Leads to Autoantibody Production in an Infectious Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081787. [PMID: 32727036 PMCID: PMC7465974 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) induces immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease in susceptible mice that is similar to human multiple sclerosis (MS). In light of anti-CD20 therapies for MS, the susceptibility of B cells to TMEV infection is particularly important. In our study, direct viral exposure to macrophages and lymphocytes resulted in viral replication and cellular stimulation in the order of DCs, macrophages, B cells, and T cells. Notably, B cells produced viral proteins and expressed elevated levels of CD69, an activation marker. Similarly, the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II and costimulatory molecules in B cells was upregulated. Moreover, TMEV-infected B cells showed elevated levels of antigen-presenting function and antibody production. TMEV infection appeared to polyclonally activate B cells to produce autoantibodies and further T cell stimulation. Thus, the viral infection might potentially affect the outcome of autoimmune diseases, and/or the development of other chronic infections, including the protection and/or pathogenesis of TMEV-induced demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Hee Jin
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- KM Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Korea
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.J.); (B.S.K.); Tel.: +82-42-610-8850 (Y.-H.J.); +1-312-503-8693 (B.S.K.)
| | - Charles X. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- M Health Fairview Heart Clinic, University of Minnesota Health, Edina, MN 55435, USA
| | - Jocelin Huang
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- M Health Cancer Care, University of Minnesota Health, Edina, MN 55435, USA
| | - Byung S. Kim
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
- Correspondence: (Y.-H.J.); (B.S.K.); Tel.: +82-42-610-8850 (Y.-H.J.); +1-312-503-8693 (B.S.K.)
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25
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Di Sante G, Amadio S, Sampaolese B, Clementi ME, Valentini M, Volonté C, Casalbore P, Ria F, Michetti F. The S100B Inhibitor Pentamidine Ameliorates Clinical Score and Neuropathology of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis Mouse Model. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030748. [PMID: 32197530 PMCID: PMC7140642 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
S100B is an astrocytic protein acting either as an intracellular regulator or an extracellular signaling molecule. A direct correlation between increased amount of S100B and demyelination and inflammatory processes has been demonstrated. The aim of this study is to investigate the possible role of a small molecule able to bind and inhibit S100B, pentamidine, in the modulation of disease progression in the relapsing–remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model of multiple sclerosis. By the daily evaluation of clinical scores and neuropathologic-molecular analysis performed in the central nervous system, we observed that pentamidine is able to delay the acute phase of the disease and to inhibit remission, resulting in an amelioration of clinical score when compared with untreated relapsing–remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice. Moreover, we observed a significant reduction of proinflammatory cytokines expression levels in the brains of treated versus untreated mice, in addition to a reduction of nitric oxide synthase activity. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that the inhibition of S100B was able to modify the neuropathology of the disease, reducing immune infiltrates and partially protecting the brain from the damage. Overall, our results indicate that pentamidine targeting the S100B protein is a novel potential drug to be considered for multiple sclerosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Di Sante
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.D.S.); (M.V.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 1-8, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Susanna Amadio
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Preclinical Neuroscience, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.A.); (C.V.)
| | - Beatrice Sampaolese
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” SCITEC-CNR, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (B.S.); (M.E.C.)
| | - Maria Elisabetta Clementi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” SCITEC-CNR, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (B.S.); (M.E.C.)
| | - Mariagrazia Valentini
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.D.S.); (M.V.)
| | - Cinzia Volonté
- Cellular Neurobiology Unit, Preclinical Neuroscience, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via del Fosso di Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy; (S.A.); (C.V.)
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science, IASI-CNR, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Casalbore
- Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science, IASI-CNR, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesco Ria
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.D.S.); (M.V.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 1-8, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.R.); (F.M.); Tel.: +39-06-3015-4914 (F.R.); +39-06-3015-5848 (F.M.)
| | - Fabrizio Michetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.R.); (F.M.); Tel.: +39-06-3015-4914 (F.R.); +39-06-3015-5848 (F.M.)
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26
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Baxter VK, Griffin DE. Interferon-Gamma Modulation of the Local T Cell Response to Alphavirus Encephalomyelitis. Viruses 2020; 12:E113. [PMID: 31963302 PMCID: PMC7019780 DOI: 10.3390/v12010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of mice with Sindbis virus (SINV) provides a model for examining the role of the immune response to alphavirus infection of the central nervous system (CNS). Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is an important component of this response, and we show that SINV-infected differentiated neurons respond to IFN-γ in vitro by induction of antiviral genes and suppression of virus replication. To determine the in vivo effects of IFN-γ on SINV clearance and T cell responses, C57BL/6 mice lacking IFN-γ or IFN-γ receptor-1 were compared to wild-type (WT) mice after intracranial SINV infection. In WT mice, IFN-γ was first produced in the CNS by natural killer cells and then by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Mice with impaired IFN-γ signaling initiated clearance of viral RNA earlier than WT mice associated with CNS entry of more granzyme B-producing CD8+ T cells. However, these mice established fewer CD8+ tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells and were more likely to experience reactivation of viral RNA synthesis late after infection. Therefore, IFN-γ suppresses the local development of granzyme B-expressing CD8+ T cells and slows viral RNA clearance but promotes CD8+ TRM cell establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria K. Baxter
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Diane E. Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
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27
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Current Agents and Related Therapeutic Targets for Inflammation After Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. World Neurosurg 2019; 132:138-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.08.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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28
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Safari H, Anani Sarab G, Naseri M. Artemisia dracunculus L . modulates the immune system in a multiple sclerosis mouse model. Nutr Neurosci 2019; 24:843-849. [PMID: 31665978 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2019.1681742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Multiple sclerosis along with its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are chronic inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Due to the unknown cause of the disease, the most common treatments of MS are targeted for the reduction of inflammation and the repairment of CNS tissue damage, especially myelin restoration. Due to the immune protective nature of herbs, it may be useful to evaluate the impact of herbs in the diet regimen of MS patients along with their immune-mediated effects. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of an aqueous extract of Artemisia dracunculus (Tarragon) on the treatment of EAE in C57BL/6 mice.Methods: In this experimental study, mice were divided into the following control, untreated EAE, and A. dracunculus treated EAE groups. EAE was induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55) in female C57BL/6 mice. The symptoms of the disease and the weight of the mice were recorded daily. On day 33 after EAE induction, the mice were sacrificed and the specimens were collected. Cell proliferation and cytokine release (TGF-β, IL-17 and IL-23) from mice cultured spleen cells was measured by 3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and ELISA respectively.Results: Administration of the extract of A. dracunculus mitigated EAE symptoms (P < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a reduction in the levels of inflammatory cytokines including IL-17 (P = 0.009) and IL-23 (P = 0.012) and confirmed increased serum antioxidant levels in A. dracunculus treated EAE mice (P = 0.008).Conclusions: These observations indicate that A. dracunculus extracts could reduce inflammatory cytokines and attenuate certain signs of EAE, suggesting the potential of a useful adjuvant therapy for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Safari
- Department of Immunology, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Anani Sarab
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohsen Naseri
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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29
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Wolf S, Taylor A, Zaid A, Freitas J, Herrero LJ, Rao S, Suhrbier A, Forwood MR, Bucala R, Mahalingam S. Inhibition of Interleukin-1β Signaling by Anakinra Demonstrates a Critical Role of Bone Loss in Experimental Arthritogenic Alphavirus Infections. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:1185-1190. [PMID: 30747500 DOI: 10.1002/art.40856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Arthritogenic alphaviruses, such as Ross River virus (RRV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV), particularly affect joints of the extremities and can lead to debilitating and potentially chronic polyarthritis/polyarthralgia. The innate immune response of the host plays a crucial role in inducing proinflammatory host factors, leading to tissue destruction and bone loss in the joints. This study was performed to assess how the inhibition of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) signaling using the clinical rheumatoid arthritis drug anakinra influences bone loss in mice with arthritogenic alphavirus infections. METHODS Mice (n = 5 per group) were infected with RRV or CHIKV and then treated with anakinra. Weight gain and disease severity were measured, tissue viral titers were determined, and histologic changes in joint tissues were assessed. RESULTS Anakinra therapy reduced RRV- and CHIKV-induced bone loss in this murine model (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). Histologic analysis of the knee joint showed that treatment with anakinra decreased epiphyseal growth plate thinning, loss of epiphyseal bone volume, and osteoclastogenesis in the tibia. Importantly, pharmacologic IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) blockade did not improve other clinical features, including disease score, weight loss, or viremia. CONCLUSION The present findings suggest that anakinra therapy may reduce bone loss in experimental murine models of RRV and CHIKV. Further investigations are needed to assess the potential therapeutic benefits of anakinra in patients with arthritogenic alphavirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wolf
- Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adam Taylor
- Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ali Zaid
- Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joseph Freitas
- Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lara J Herrero
- Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Andreas Suhrbier
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark R Forwood
- Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard Bucala
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Suresh Mahalingam
- Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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30
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Leitzen E, Raddatz BB, Jin W, Goebbels S, Nave KA, Baumgärtner W, Hansmann F. Virus-triggered spinal cord demyelination is followed by a peripheral neuropathy resembling features of Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4588. [PMID: 30872675 PMCID: PMC6418285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induces a demyelinating disease in the spinal cord (SC) of susceptible but not in resistant (B6) mouse strains. The aim of the present study was to induce SC demyelination and a peripheral neuropathy in resistant mice by switching the infection site from cerebrum to SC. B6 mice were intraspinally inoculated with TMEV. Infected mice showed clinical signs starting at 7 days post infection (dpi). Histopathology revealed a mononuclear myelitis, centred on the injection site at 3 dpi with subsequent antero- and retrograde spread, accompanied by demyelination and axonal damage within the SC. Virus protein was detected in the SC at all time points. SC inflammation decreased until the end of the investigation period (28 dpi). Concurrent with the amelioration of SC inflammation, the emergence of a peripheral neuropathy, characterized by axonal damage, demyelination and macrophage infiltration, contributing to persistent clinical sings, was observed. Intraspinal TMEV infection of resistant mice induced inflammation, demyelination and delayed viral clearance in the spinal cord and more interestingly, subsequent, virus-triggered inflammation and degeneration within the PN associated with dramatic and progressive clinical signs. The lesions observed in the PN resemble important features of Guillain-Barré syndrome, especially of acute motor/motor-sensory axonal forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Leitzen
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Barbara B Raddatz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wen Jin
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Goebbels
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Neurogenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Florian Hansmann
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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31
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Wang K, Song F, Fernandez-Escobar A, Luo G, Wang JH, Sun Y. The Properties of Cytokines in Multiple Sclerosis: Pros and Cons. Am J Med Sci 2018; 356:552-560. [PMID: 30447707 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system and is characterized by demyelination, axonal loss, gliosis and inflammation. The last plays a major role in the onset and propagation of the disease. MS presents with heterogeneous lesions containing a broad range of cells and soluble mediators of the immune system such as T cells, B cells, macrophages, microglia, cytokines, chemokines, antibodies, complement and other toxic substances. This review outlines, analyzes and discusses the different immune mechanisms of MS that are responsible for the initiation and propagation of active lesions, demyelination, axonal injury, remyelination and cell loss as well as the role of cytokines in the disease process. Proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-17 (IL-17), IL-22, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1, IL-12 and interferon-γ may cause MS through several signaling pathways. Conversely, anti-inflammatory circulating cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10 are reduced and theoretically can exert a direct protective effect in this condition. Future studies are necessary to develop effective, safe and long-lasting strategies to reduce the abnormal cytokine cascades and to treat MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Song
- Qingdao University Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | | | - Gang Luo
- Department of Interventional Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Hui Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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32
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Kang MH, Jin YH, Kim BS. Effects of Keratinocyte-Derived Cytokine (CXCL-1) on the Development of Theiler's Virus-Induced Demyelinating Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:9. [PMID: 29410948 PMCID: PMC5787060 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCL-1, also called keratinocyte-derived cytokine (KC), is a predominant chemokine produced in glial cells upon infection with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). In this study, we assessed the role of KC in the development of TMEV-induced demyelinating disease by utilizing polyclonal anti-KC antibodies as well as KC-expressing recombinant TMEV. Our results indicate that the level of KC produced after infection with TMEV or stimulation with various TLRs is significantly higher in various cells from susceptible SJL mice compared to those in cells from resistant B6 mice. SJL mice treated with rabbit anti-KC antibodies displayed accelerated development of TMEV-induced demyelinating disease, elevated viral loads in the CNS and decreased antiviral T cell responses. In addition, infection of susceptible SJL mice with recombinant KC-TMEV produced biologically active KC, which resulted in the accelerated pathogenesis of demyelinating disease and elevated T cell responses to viral antigens compared to mice infected with control recombinant HEL-TMEV. These results strongly suggest that both the lack of KC during TMEV infection and the excessive presence of the chemokine promote the pathogenesis of demyelinating disease. Therefore, a balance in the level of KC during TMEV infection appears to be critically important in controlling the pathogenesis of demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min H Kang
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Young H Jin
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Byung S Kim
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL, United States
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33
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Moyano AL, Steplowski J, Wang H, Son KN, Rapolti DI, Marshall J, Elackattu V, Marshall MS, Hebert AK, Reiter CR, Ulloa V, Pituch KC, Givogri MI, Lu QR, Lipton HL, Bongarzone ER. microRNA-219 Reduces Viral Load and Pathologic Changes in Theiler's Virus-Induced Demyelinating Disease. Mol Ther 2018; 26:730-743. [PMID: 29433936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of microRNA (miR) expression in the central nervous system white matter of SJL mice infected with the BeAn strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) revealed a significant reduction of miR-219, a critical regulator of myelin assembly and repair. Restoration of miR-219 expression by intranasal administration of a synthetic miR-219 mimic before disease onset ameliorates clinical disease, reduces neurogliosis, and partially recovers motor and sensorimotor function by negatively regulating proinflammatory cytokines and virus RNA replication. Moreover, RNA sequencing of host lesions showed that miR-219 significantly downregulated two genes essential for the biosynthetic cholesterol pathway, Cyp51 (lanosterol 14-α-demethylase) and Srebf1 (sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1), and reduced cholesterol biosynthesis in infected mice and rat CG-4 glial precursor cells in culture. The change in cholesterol biosynthesis had both anti-inflammatory and anti-viral effects. Because RNA viruses hijack endoplasmic reticulum double-layered membranes to provide a platform for RNA virus replication and are dependent on endogenous pools of cholesterol, miR-219 interference with cholesterol biosynthesis interfered virus RNA replication. These findings demonstrate that miR-219 inhibits TMEV-induced demyelinating disease through its anti-inflammatory and anti-viral properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lis Moyano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Steplowski
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kyung-No Son
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Diana I Rapolti
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jeffrey Marshall
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Vince Elackattu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Michael S Marshall
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Amy K Hebert
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Cory R Reiter
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Viviana Ulloa
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Katarzyna C Pituch
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Maria I Givogri
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Q Richard Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Howard L Lipton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ernesto R Bongarzone
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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34
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S-allyl cysteine improves clinical and neuropathological features of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 97:557-563. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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35
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Ciurkiewicz M, Herder V, Khan MA, Uhde AK, Teich R, Floess S, Baumgärtner W, Huehn J, Beineke A. Cytotoxic CD8 + T cell ablation enhances the capacity of regulatory T cells to delay viral elimination in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis. Brain Pathol 2017; 28:349-368. [PMID: 28452087 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis (TME) of susceptible mouse strains is a commonly used infectious animal model for multiple sclerosis. The study aim was to test the hypothesis whether cytotoxic T cell responses account for the limited impact of regulatory T cells on antiviral immunity in TME virus-induced demyelinating disease (TMEV-IDD) resistant C57BL/6 mice. TME virus-infected C57BL/6 mice were treated with (i) interleukin-2/-anti-interleukin-2-antibody-complexes to expand regulatory T cells ("Treg-expansion"), (ii) anti-CD8-antibodies to deplete cytotoxic T cells ("CD8-depletion") or (iii) with a combination of Treg-expansion and CD8-depletion ("combined treatment") prior to infection. Results showed that "combined treatment", but neither sole "Treg-expansion" nor "CD8-depletion," leads to sustained hippocampal infection and virus spread to the spinal cord in C57BL/6 mice. Prolonged infection reduces myelin basic protein expression in the spinal cord together with increased accumulation of β-amyloid precursor protein in axons, characteristic of myelin loss and axonal damage, respectively. Chronic spinal cord infection upon "combined treatment" was also associated with increased T and B cell recruitment, accumulation of CD107b+ microglia/macrophages and enhanced mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor α. In conclusion, data revealed that the suppressive capacity of Treg on viral elimination is efficiently boosted by CD8-depletion, which renders C57BL/6 mice susceptible to develop chronic neuroinfection and TMEV-IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Herder
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Muhammad Akram Khan
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Ann-Kathrin Uhde
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - René Teich
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stephan Floess
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
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36
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Kim SJ, Jin YH, Kim BS. Prostaglandin E2 produced following infection with Theiler's virus promotes the pathogenesis of demyelinating disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176406. [PMID: 28445497 PMCID: PMC5406002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of various cells with Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) activates the TLR- and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5)-dependent pathways, resulting in the production of IL-1β via the activation of caspase-1 upon assembly of the node-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. The role of IL-1β in the pathogenesis of TMEV-induced demyelinating disease was previously investigated. However, the signaling effects of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) downstream of the NLRP3 inflammasome on the immune responses to viral determinants and the pathogenesis of demyelinating disease are unknown. In this study, we investigated the levels of intermediate molecules leading to PGE2 signaling and the effects of blocking PGE2 signaling on the immune response to TMEV infection, viral persistence and the development of demyelinating disease. We demonstrate here that TMEV infection activates the NLRP3 inflammasome and PGE2 signaling much more vigorously in dendritic cells (DCs) and CD11b+ cells from susceptible SJL mice than in cells from resistant B6 mice. Inhibition of virus-induced PGE2 signaling using AH23848 resulted in decreased pathogenesis of demyelinating disease and viral loads in the central nervous system (CNS). In addition, AH23848 treatment caused the elevation of protective early IFN-γ-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Because the levels of IFN-β were lower in AH23848-treated mice but the level of IL-6 was similar, over-production of pathogenic IFN-β was modulated and the generation of IFN-γ-producing T cell responses was enhanced by the inhibition of PGE2 signaling. These results strongly suggest that excessive activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and downstream PGE2 signaling contribute to the pathogenesis of TMEV-induced demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Jae Kim
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Young-Hee Jin
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Byung S. Kim
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois
- * E-mail:
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37
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A Protective Role for Interleukin-1 Signaling during Mouse Adenovirus Type 1-Induced Encephalitis. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02106-16. [PMID: 27903802 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02106-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), an inflammatory cytokine and IL-1 receptor ligand, has diverse activities in the brain. We examined whether IL-1 signaling contributes to the encephalitis observed in mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) infection, using mice lacking the IL-1 receptor (Il1r1-/- mice). Il1r1-/- mice demonstrated reduced survival, greater disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), higher brain viral loads, and higher brain inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels than control C57BL/6J mice. We also examined infections of mice defective in IL-1β production (Pycard-/- mice) and mice defective in trafficking of Toll-like receptors to the endosome (Unc93b1-/- mice). Pycard-/- and Unc93b1-/- mice showed lower survival (similar to Il1r1-/- mice) than control mice but, unlike Il1r1-/- mice, did not have increased brain viral loads or BBB disruption. Based on the brain cytokine levels, MAV-1-infected Unc93b1-/- mice had a very different inflammatory profile from infected Il1r1-/- and Pycard-/- mice. Histological examination demonstrated pathological findings consistent with encephalitis in control and knockout mice; however, intranuclear viral inclusions were seen only in Il1r1-/- mice. A time course of infection of control and Il1r1-/- mice evaluating the kinetics of viral replication and cytokine production revealed differences between the mouse strains primarily at 7 to 8 days after infection, when mice began succumbing to MAV-1 infection. In the absence of IL-1 signaling, we noted an increase in the transcription of type I interferon (IFN)-stimulated genes. Together, these results indicate that IL-1 signaling is important during MAV-1 infection and suggest that, in its absence, increased IFN-β signaling may result in increased neuroinflammation. IMPORTANCE The investigation of encephalitis pathogenesis produced by different viruses is needed to characterize virus and host-specific factors that contribute to disease. MAV-1 produces viral encephalitis in its natural host, providing a good model for studying factors involved in encephalitis development. We investigated the role of IL-1 signaling during MAV-1-induced encephalitis. Unexpectedly, the lack of IL-1 signaling increased the mortality and inflammation in mice infected with MAV-1. Also, there was an increase in the transcription of type I IFN-stimulated genes that correlated with the observed increased mortality and inflammation. The findings highlight the complex nature of encephalitis and suggests that IL-1 has a protective effect for the development of MAV-1-induced encephalitis.
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38
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Indalao IL, Sawabuchi T, Takahashi E, Kido H. IL-1β is a key cytokine that induces trypsin upregulation in the influenza virus-cytokine-trypsin cycle. Arch Virol 2016; 162:201-211. [PMID: 27714503 PMCID: PMC5225228 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Severe influenza is characterized by a cytokine storm, and the influenza virus-cytokine-trypsin cycle is one of the important mechanisms of viral multiplication and multiple organ failure. The aim of this study was to define the key cytokine(s) responsible for trypsin upregulation. Mice were infected with influenza virus strain A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) or treated individually or with a combination of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor α. The levels of these cytokines and trypsin in the lungs were monitored. The neutralizing effects of anti-IL-1β antibodies on cytokine and trypsin expression in human A549 cells and lung inflammation in the infected mice were examined. Infection induced interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor α, and ectopic trypsin in mouse lungs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Intraperitoneal administration of interleukin-1β combined with other cytokines tended to upregulate trypsin and cytokine expression in the lungs, but the combination without interleukin-1β did not induce trypsin. In contrast, incubation of A549 cells with interleukin-1β alone induced both cytokines and trypsin, and anti-interleukin-1β antibody treatment abrogated these effects. Administration of the antibody in the infected mice reduced lung inflammation area. These findings suggest that IL-1β plays a key role in trypsin upregulation and has a pathological role in multiple organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- I L Indalao
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - T Sawabuchi
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - E Takahashi
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - H Kido
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
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Neuroinvasion and Inflammation in Viral Central Nervous System Infections. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:8562805. [PMID: 27313404 PMCID: PMC4897715 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8562805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses can cause devastating central nervous system (CNS) infections, especially in young children and the elderly. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB) have been described as relevant sites of entry for specific viruses as well as for leukocytes, which are recruited during the proinflammatory response in the course of CNS infection. In this review, we illustrate examples of established brain barrier models, in which the specific reaction patterns of different viral families can be analyzed. Furthermore, we highlight the pathogen specific array of cytokines and chemokines involved in immunological responses in viral CNS infections. We discuss in detail the link between specific cytokines and chemokines and leukocyte migration profiles. The thorough understanding of the complex and interrelated inflammatory mechanisms as well as identifying universal mediators promoting CNS inflammation is essential for the development of new diagnostic and treatment strategies.
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40
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IL-1RT1 signaling antagonizes IL-11 induced STAT3 dependent cardiac and antral stomach tumor development through myeloid cell enrichment. Oncotarget 2015; 6:679-95. [PMID: 25528766 PMCID: PMC4359248 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-1 is key driver of gastric tumorigenesis and is a downstream target of IL-11 signaling. Recently, IL-1 cytokines, particularly IL-1β, have been flagged as therapeutic targets for gastric cancer treatment. Here, we assess the requirement for IL-1 signaling in gastric tumorigenesis. gp130757FF xIL-1RT1-/- mice were generated to determine the pathological consequence of ablated IL-1 signaling in the IL-11 dependent gp130757FF mouse model of gastric tumorigenesis. Gastric lesions in gp130757FF xIL-1RT1-/- mice were increased in incidence and size compared to gp130757FF mice. Proximal gastric lesions originated from the cardiac region and were associated with elevated STAT3 activation, loss of specialized gastric cells and a modulated immune response including increased expression of TNF-α and MDSC associated genes. Administration of IL-11 to IL-1RT1-/- mice showed similar changes to gp130757FF xIL-1RT1-/- mice. Spleens from IL-11 treated wildtype mice showed an enrichment of MDSC and gp130757FF xIL-1RT1-/- mice had increased MDSCs in the stomach compared to gp130757FF mice. Furthermore, crossing TNF-α-/- to gp130757FF mice resulted in reduced lesion size. We conclude that IL-1 signaling antagonizes IL-11/STAT3 mediated pathology and the genetic deletion of IL-1RT1 results in increased tumor burden. We provide evidence that a likely mechanism is due to IL-11/STAT3 dependent enrichment of MDSCs.
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41
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Steelman AJ. Infection as an Environmental Trigger of Multiple Sclerosis Disease Exacerbation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:520. [PMID: 26539193 PMCID: PMC4609887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past several decades, significant advances have been made in identifying factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) and have culminated in the approval of some effective therapeutic strategies for disease intervention. However, the mechanisms by which environmental factors, such as infection, contribute to the pathogenesis and/or symptom exacerbation remain to be fully elucidated. Relapse frequency in MS patients contributes to neurological impairment and, in the initial phases of disease, serves as a predictor of poor disease prognosis. The purpose of this review is to examine the evidence that supports a role for peripheral infection in modulating the natural history of this disease. Evidence supporting a role for infection in promoting exacerbation in animal models of MS is also reviewed. Finally, a few mechanisms by which infection may exacerbate symptoms of MS and other neurological diseases are discussed. Those who comprise the majority of MS patients acquire approximately two upper-respiratory infections per year; furthermore, this type of infection doubles the risk for MS relapse, underscoring the contribution of this relationship as being potentially important and particularly detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Steelman
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL , USA ; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL , USA ; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign , Urbana, IL , USA
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42
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Rahimi A, Faizi M, Talebi F, Noorbakhsh F, Kahrizi F, Naderi N. Interaction between the protective effects of cannabidiol and palmitoylethanolamide in experimental model of multiple sclerosis in C57BL/6 mice. Neuroscience 2015; 290:279-87. [PMID: 25637488 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids (CBs) have recently been approved to exert broad anti-inflammatory activities in experimental models of multiple sclerosis (MS). It has been demonstrated that these compounds could also have effects on neurodegeneration, demyelination, and autoimmune processes occurring in the pathology of MS. However, the clinical use of CBs is limited by their psychoactive effects. Among cannabinoid compounds, cannabidiol (CBD) and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) have no psychotropic activities. We induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of MS, by injecting myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) to C57BL/6 mice. We assessed the effects of CBD, PEA, and co-administration of CBD and PEA on neurobehavioral scores, immune cell infiltration, demyelination, axonal injury, and the expression of inflammatory cytokines by using histochemistry methods and real-time RT-PCR. Treatment with either CBD (5mg/kg) or PEA (5mg/kg) during disease onset reduced the severity of the neurobehavioral scores of EAE. This effect of CBD and PEA was accompanied by diminished inflammation, demyelination, axonal damage and inflammatory cytokine expression while concurrent administration of CBD (5mg/kg) and PEA (5mg/kg) was not as effective as treatment with either drug per se. These results suggest that, CBD and PEA, non-psychoactive CBs, attenuate neurobehavioral deficits, histological damage, and inflammatory cytokine expression in MOG-immunized animals. However, there is an antagonistic interaction between CBD and PEA in protection against MOG-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rahimi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Faizi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Talebi
- Khatam-Al-Anbia Hospital, Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Noorbakhsh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Kahrizi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - N Naderi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Durrant DM, Daniels BP, Klein RS. IL-1R1 signaling regulates CXCL12-mediated T cell localization and fate within the central nervous system during West Nile Virus encephalitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4095-106. [PMID: 25200953 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Immune cell entry into the virally infected CNS is vital for promoting viral clearance yet may contribute to neuropathology if not rigorously regulated. We previously showed that signaling through IL-1R1 is critical for effector T cell reactivation and virologic control within the CNS during murine West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis. WNV-infected IL-1R1(-/-) mice also display increased parenchymal penetration of CD8(+) T cells despite lack of CD4-mediated full activation, suggesting dysregulation of molecular components of CNS immune privilege. In this study, we show that IL-1 signaling regulates the CNS entry of virus-specific lymphocytes, promoting protective immune responses to CNS viral infections that limit immunopathology. Analysis of blood-brain barrier function in the WNV-infected IL-1R1(-/-) mice revealed no alterations in permeability. However, parenchymal proinflammatory chemokine expression, including CCL2, CCL5, and CXCL10, was significantly upregulated, whereas microvasculature CXCL12 expression was significantly decreased in the absence of IL-1 signaling. We show that during WNV infection, CD11b(+)CD45(hi) infiltrating cells (macrophages) are the primary producers of IL-1β within the CNS and, through the use of an in vitro blood-brain barrier model, that IL-1β promotes CXCR4-mediated T cell adhesion to brain microvasculature endothelial cells. Of interest, IFNγ(+) and CD69(+) WNV-primed T cells were able to overcome CXCL12-mediated adhesion via downregulation of CXCR4. These data indicate that infiltrating IL-1β-producing leukocytes contribute to cellular interactions at endothelial barriers that impart protective CNS inflammation by regulating the parenchymal entry of CXCR4(+) virus-specific T cells during WNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas M Durrant
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Brian P Daniels
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Robyn S Klein
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
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Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-17 synergistically promote viral persistence by inhibiting cellular apoptosis and cytotoxic T cell function. J Virol 2014; 88:8479-89. [PMID: 24829345 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00724-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays an important role in the development and progression of inflammatory responses, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. Many viral infections, including Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), result in the vigorous production of IL-6. However, the role of IL-6 in the development of virus-induced inflammatory responses is unclear. The infection of susceptible mice with TMEV induces the development of chronic demyelinating disease, which is considered a relevant infectious model for multiple sclerosis. In this study, we demonstrate that resistant C57BL/6 mice carrying an IL-6 transgene (IL-6 Tg) develop a TMEV-induced demyelinating disease accompanied by an increase in viral persistence and an elevated Th17 cell response in the central nervous system. Either IL-6 or IL-17 induced the expression of Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL at a high concentration. The upregulated expression of prosurvival molecules in turn inhibited target cell destruction by virus-specific CD8(+) T cells. More interestingly, IL-6 and IL-17 synergistically promoted the expression of these prosurvival molecules, preventing cellular apoptosis at a much lower (<5-fold) concentration. The signals involved in the synergy appear to include the activation of both STAT3 and NF-κB via distinct cytokine-dependent pathways. Thus, the excessive IL-6 promotes the generation of Th17 cells, and the resulting IL-6 and IL-17 synergistically promote viral persistence by protecting virus-infected cells from apoptosis and CD8(+) T cell-mediated target destruction. These results suggest that blocking both IL-6 and IL-17 functions are important considerations for therapies of chronic viral diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. IMPORTANCE This study indicates that an excessive level of IL-6 cytokine produced following viral infection promotes the development of IL-17-producing pathogenic helper T cells. We demonstrate here for the first time that IL-6 together with IL-17 synergistically enhances the expression of survival molecules to hinder critical host defense mechanisms removing virus-infected cells. This finding has an important implication in controlling not only chronic viral infections but also autoimmune diseases and cancers, which are associated with prolonged cell survival.
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Lee EY, Schultz KLW, Griffin DE. Mice deficient in interferon-gamma or interferon-gamma receptor 1 have distinct inflammatory responses to acute viral encephalomyelitis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76412. [PMID: 24204622 PMCID: PMC3811984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN)-gamma is an important component of the immune response to viral infections that can have a role both in controlling virus replication and inducing inflammatory damage. To determine the role of IFN-gamma in fatal alphavirus encephalitis, we have compared the responses of wild type C57BL/6 (WTB6) mice with mice deficient in either IFN-gamma (GKO) or the alpha-chain of the IFN-gamma receptor (GRKO) after intranasal infection with a neuroadapted strain of sindbis virus. Mortalities of GKO and GRKO mice were similar to WTB6 mice. Both GKO and GRKO mice had delayed virus clearance from the brain and spinal cord, more infiltrating perforin(+) cells and lower levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-6 mRNAs than WTB6 mice. However, inflammation was more intense in GRKO mice than WTB6 or GKO mice with more infiltrating CD3(+) T cells, greater expression of major histocompatibility complex-II and higher levels of interleukin-17A mRNA. Fibroblasts from GRKO embryos did not develop an antiviral response after treatment with IFN-gamma, but showed increases in TNF-alpha, IL-6, CXCL9 and CXCL10 mRNAs although these increases developed more slowly and were less intense than those of WTB6 fibroblasts. These data indicate that both GKO and GRKO mice fail to develop an IFN-gamma-mediated antiviral response, but differ in regulation of the inflammatory response to infection. Therefore, GKO and GRKO cannot be considered equivalent when assessing the role of IFN-gamma in CNS viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Young Lee
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kimberly L. W. Schultz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Diane E. Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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Huang SQ, Tang CL, Sun SQ, Yang C, Xu J, Wang KJ, Lu WT, Huang J, Zhuo F, Qiu GP, Wu XY, Qi W. Demyelination initiated by oligodendrocyte apoptosis through enhancing endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria interactions and Id2 expression after compressed spinal cord injury in rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2013; 20:20-31. [PMID: 23937638 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Demyelination is one of the most important pathological factors of spinal cord injury. Oligodendrocyte apoptosis is involved in triggering demyelination. However, fewer reports on pathological changes and mechanism of demyelination have been presented from compressed spinal cord injury (CSCI). The relative effect of oligodendrocyte apoptosis on CSCI-induced demyelination and the mechanism of apoptosis remain unclear. AIMS In this study, a custom-designed model of CSCI was used to determine whether or not demyelination and oligodendrocyte apoptosis occur after CSCI. The pathological changes in axonal myelinated fibers were investigated by osmic acid staining and transmission electron microscopy. Myelin basic protein (MBP), which is used in myelin formation in the central nervous system, was detected by immunofluorescence and Western blot assays. Oligodendrocyte apoptosis was revealed by in situ terminal-deoxytransferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling. To analyze the mechanism of oligodendrocyte apoptosis, we detected caspase-12 [a representative of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress], cytochrome c (an apoptotic factor and hallmark of mitochondria), and inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (Id2, an oligodendrocyte lineage gene) by immunofluorescence and Western blot assays. RESULTS The custom-designed model of CSCI was successfully established. The rats were spastic, paralyzed, and incontinent. The Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale scores were decreased as time passed. The compressed spinal cord slices were ischemic. Myelin sheaths became swollen and degenerative; these sheaths were broken down as time passed after CSCI. MBP expression was downregulated after CSCI and consistent with the degree of demyelination. Oligodendrocyte apoptosis occurred at 1 day after CSCI and increased as caspase-12 expression was enhanced and cytochrome c was released. Id2 was distributed widely in the white matter. Id2 expression increased with time after CSCI. CONCLUSION Demyelination occurred after CSCI and might be partly caused by oligodendrocyte apoptosis, which was positively correlated with ER-mitochondria interactions and enhanced Id2 expression after CSCI in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Qin Huang
- Traditional Chinese Medicine College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Biomarkers in Multiple Sclerosis: An Up-to-Date Overview. Mult Scler Int 2013; 2013:340508. [PMID: 23401777 PMCID: PMC3564381 DOI: 10.1155/2013/340508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decades, the effort of establishing satisfactory biomarkers for multiple sclerosis has been proven to be very difficult, due to the clinical and pathophysiological complexities of the disease. Recent knowledge acquired in the domains of genomics-immunogenetics and neuroimmunology, as well as the evolution in neuroimaging, has provided a whole new list of biomarkers. This variety, though, leads inevitably to confusion in the effort of decision making concerning strategic and individualized therapeutics. In this paper, our primary goal is to provide the reader with a list of the most important characteristics that a biomarker must possess in order to be considered as reliable. Additionally, up-to-date biomarkers are further divided into three subgroups, genetic-immunogenetic, laboratorial, and imaging. The most important representatives of each category are presented in the text and for the first time in a summarizing workable table, in a critical way, estimating their diagnostic potential and their efficacy to correlate with phenotypical expression, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, disability, and therapeutical response. Special attention is given to the "gold standards" of each category, like HLA-DRB1∗ polymorphisms, oligoclonal bands, vitamin D, and conventional and nonconventional imaging techniques. Moreover, not adequately established but quite promising, recently characterized biomarkers, like TOB-1 polymorphisms, are further discussed.
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