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Maurya R, Vikal A, Patel P, Narang RK, Kurmi BD. "Enhancing Oral Drug Absorption: Overcoming Physiological and Pharmaceutical Barriers for Improved Bioavailability". AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:228. [PMID: 39354282 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02940-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The oral route stands out as the most commonly used method for drug administration, prized for its non-invasive nature, patient compliance, and easy administration. Several elements influence the absorption of oral medications, including their solubility, permeability across mucosal membranes, and stability within the gastrointestinal (GI) environment. Research has delved into comprehending physicochemical, biochemical, metabolic, and biological obstacles that impact the bioavailability of a drug. To improve oral drug absorption, several pharmaceutical technologies and delivery methods have been studied, including cyclodextrins, micelles, nanocarriers, and lipid-based carriers. This review examines both traditional and innovative drug delivery methods, as well as the physiological and pharmacological barriers influencing medication bioavailability when taken orally. Additionally, it describes the challenges and advancements in developing formulations suitable for oral use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Maurya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Akash Vikal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Preeti Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Raj Kumar Narang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India
- ISF College of Pharmacy and Research, Rattian Road, Moga, 142048, Punjab, India
| | - Balak Das Kurmi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga, 142001, Punjab, India.
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2
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Yersin S, Vonaesch P. Small intestinal microbiota: from taxonomic composition to metabolism. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:970-983. [PMID: 38503579 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2024.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The small intestinal microbiota (SIM) is essential for gastrointestinal health, influencing digestion, immune modulation, and nutrient metabolism. Unlike the colonic microbiota, the SIM has been poorly characterized due to sampling challenges and ethical considerations. Current evidence suggests that the SIM consists of five core genera and additional segment-specific taxa. These bacteria closely interact with the human host, regulating nutrient absorption and metabolism. Recent work suggests the presence of two forms of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, one dominated by oral bacteria (SIOBO) and a second dominated by coliform bacteria. Less invasive sampling techniques, omics approaches, and mechanistic studies will allow a more comprehensive understanding of the SIM, paving the way for interventions engineering the SIM towards better health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Yersin
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pascale Vonaesch
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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3
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Ling J, Hryckowian AJ. Re-framing the importance of Group B Streptococcus as a gut-resident pathobiont. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0047823. [PMID: 38436256 PMCID: PMC11392526 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00478-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is a Gram-positive bacterial species that causes disease in humans across the lifespan. While antibiotics are used to mitigate GBS infections, it is evident that antibiotics disrupt human microbiomes (which can predispose people to other diseases later in life), and antibiotic resistance in GBS is on the rise. Taken together, these unintended negative impacts of antibiotics highlight the need for precision approaches for minimizing GBS disease. One possible approach involves selectively depleting GBS in its commensal niches before it can cause disease at other body sites or be transmitted to at-risk individuals. One understudied commensal niche of GBS is the adult gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which may predispose colonization at other body sites in individuals at risk for GBS disease. However, a better understanding of the host-, microbiome-, and GBS-determined variables that dictate GBS GI carriage is needed before precise GI decolonization approaches can be developed. In this review, we synthesize current knowledge of the diverse body sites occupied by GBS as a pathogen and as a commensal. We summarize key molecular factors GBS utilizes to colonize different host-associated niches to inform future efforts to study GBS in the GI tract. We also discuss other GI commensals that are pathogenic in other body sites to emphasize the broader utility of precise de-colonization approaches for mitigating infections by GBS and other bacterial pathogens. Finally, we highlight how GBS treatments could be improved with a more holistic understanding of GBS enabled by continued GI-focused study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joie Ling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Healthon, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrew J Hryckowian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Healthon, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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Ishizawa K, Tamahara T, Suzuki S, Hatayama Y, Li B, Abe M, Aoki Y, Arita R, Saito N, Ohsawa M, Kaneko S, Ono R, Takayama S, Shimada M, Kumada K, Koike T, Masamune A, Onodera K, Ishii T, Shimizu R, Kanno T. Sequential Sampling of the Gastrointestinal Tract to Characterize the Entire Digestive Microbiome in Japanese Subjects. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1324. [PMID: 39065094 PMCID: PMC11279317 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract harbors trillions of microorganisms known to influence human health and disease, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) now enables the in-depth analysis of their diversity and functions. Although a significant amount of research has been conducted on the GI microbiome, comprehensive metagenomic datasets covering the entire tract are scarce due to cost and technical challenges. Despite the widespread use of fecal samples, integrated datasets encompassing the entire digestive process, beginning at the mouth and ending with feces, are lacking. With this study, we aimed to fill this gap by analyzing the complete metagenome of the GI tract, providing insights into the dynamics of the microbiota and potential therapeutic avenues. In this study, we delved into the complex world of the GI microbiota, which we examined in five healthy Japanese subjects. While samples from the whole GI flora and fecal samples provided sufficient bacteria, samples obtained from the stomach and duodenum posed a challenge. Using a principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), clear clustering patterns were identified; these revealed significant diversity in the duodenum. Although this study was limited by its small sample size, the flora in the overall GI tract showed unwavering consistency, while the duodenum exhibited unprecedented phylogenetic diversity. A visual heat map illustrates the discrepancy in abundance, with Fusobacteria and Bacilli dominating the upper GI tract and Clostridia and Bacteroidia dominating the fecal samples. Negativicutes and Actinobacteria were found throughout the digestive tract. This study demonstrates that it is possible to continuously collect microbiome samples throughout the human digestive tract. These findings not only shed light on the complexity of GI microbiota but also provide a basis for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Ishizawa
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (M.A.); (R.A.); (N.S.); (M.O.); (S.K.); (R.O.); (S.T.); (K.O.); (T.I.)
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan; (T.T.); (B.L.); (Y.A.); (M.S.); (K.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Toru Tamahara
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan; (T.T.); (B.L.); (Y.A.); (M.S.); (K.K.); (R.S.)
- Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Suguo Suzuki
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (S.S.); (Y.H.); (T.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Yutaka Hatayama
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (S.S.); (Y.H.); (T.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Bin Li
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan; (T.T.); (B.L.); (Y.A.); (M.S.); (K.K.); (R.S.)
- Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Michiaki Abe
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (M.A.); (R.A.); (N.S.); (M.O.); (S.K.); (R.O.); (S.T.); (K.O.); (T.I.)
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan; (T.T.); (B.L.); (Y.A.); (M.S.); (K.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Yuichi Aoki
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan; (T.T.); (B.L.); (Y.A.); (M.S.); (K.K.); (R.S.)
- Graduate School of Information Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Arita
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (M.A.); (R.A.); (N.S.); (M.O.); (S.K.); (R.O.); (S.T.); (K.O.); (T.I.)
- Department of Kampo Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Natsumi Saito
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (M.A.); (R.A.); (N.S.); (M.O.); (S.K.); (R.O.); (S.T.); (K.O.); (T.I.)
- Department of Kampo Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Minoru Ohsawa
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (M.A.); (R.A.); (N.S.); (M.O.); (S.K.); (R.O.); (S.T.); (K.O.); (T.I.)
- Department of Kampo Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kaneko
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (M.A.); (R.A.); (N.S.); (M.O.); (S.K.); (R.O.); (S.T.); (K.O.); (T.I.)
- Department of Kampo Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Rie Ono
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (M.A.); (R.A.); (N.S.); (M.O.); (S.K.); (R.O.); (S.T.); (K.O.); (T.I.)
- Department of Kampo Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Shin Takayama
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (M.A.); (R.A.); (N.S.); (M.O.); (S.K.); (R.O.); (S.T.); (K.O.); (T.I.)
- Department of Kampo Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Muneaki Shimada
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan; (T.T.); (B.L.); (Y.A.); (M.S.); (K.K.); (R.S.)
- Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kumada
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan; (T.T.); (B.L.); (Y.A.); (M.S.); (K.K.); (R.S.)
- Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Koike
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (S.S.); (Y.H.); (T.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Atsushi Masamune
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (S.S.); (Y.H.); (T.K.); (A.M.)
| | - Ko Onodera
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (M.A.); (R.A.); (N.S.); (M.O.); (S.K.); (R.O.); (S.T.); (K.O.); (T.I.)
| | - Tadashi Ishii
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (M.A.); (R.A.); (N.S.); (M.O.); (S.K.); (R.O.); (S.T.); (K.O.); (T.I.)
- Department of Kampo Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Shimizu
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan; (T.T.); (B.L.); (Y.A.); (M.S.); (K.K.); (R.S.)
- Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kanno
- Department of Education and Support for Regional Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; (M.A.); (R.A.); (N.S.); (M.O.); (S.K.); (R.O.); (S.T.); (K.O.); (T.I.)
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; (S.S.); (Y.H.); (T.K.); (A.M.)
- R & D Division of Career Education for Medical Professionals, Medical Education Center, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0431, Japan
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Weaver L, Troester A, Jahansouz C. The Impact of Surgical Bowel Preparation on the Microbiome in Colon and Rectal Surgery. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:580. [PMID: 39061262 PMCID: PMC11273680 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13070580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Preoperative bowel preparation, through iterations over time, has evolved with the goal of optimizing surgical outcomes after colon and rectal surgery. Although bowel preparation is commonplace in current practice, its precise mechanism of action, particularly its effect on the human gut microbiome, has yet to be fully elucidated. Absent intervention, the gut microbiota is largely stable, yet reacts to dietary influences, tissue injury, and microbiota-specific byproducts of metabolism. The routine use of oral antibiotics and mechanical bowel preparation prior to intestinal surgical procedures may have detrimental effects previously thought to be negligible. Recent evidence highlights the sensitivity of gut microbiota to antibiotics, bowel preparation, and surgery; however, there is a lack of knowledge regarding specific causal pathways that could lead to therapeutic interventions. As our understanding of the complex interactions between the human host and gut microbiota grows, we can explore the role of bowel preparation in specific microbiome alterations to refine perioperative care and improve outcomes. In this review, we outline the current fund of information regarding the impact of surgical bowel preparation and its components on the adult gut microbiome. We also emphasize key questions pertinent to future microbiome research and their implications for patients undergoing colorectal surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Weaver
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.W.); (A.T.)
| | - Alexander Troester
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (L.W.); (A.T.)
| | - Cyrus Jahansouz
- Division of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St. SE, MMC 450, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Imazaki PH, Voisin B, Arpaillange N, Roques BB, Dordet-Frisoni E, Dupouy V, Ferran AA, Bousquet-Mélou A, Bibbal D. The sub-MIC selective window decreases along the digestive tract: determination of the minimal selective concentration of oxytetracycline in sterilised intestinal contents. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1377159. [PMID: 38946898 PMCID: PMC11211281 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1377159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The administration of antibiotics can expose the digestive microbiota of humans and animals to sub-inhibitory concentrations, potentially favouring the selection of resistant bacteria. The minimal selective concentration (MSC) is a key indicator to understand this process. The MSC is defined as the lowest concentration of an antibiotic that promotes the growth of a resistant strain over a susceptible isogenic strain. It represents the lower limit of the sub-minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) selective window, where resistant mutants can be selected. Previous studies focused on determining the MSC under standard culture conditions, whereas our research aimed to determine the MSC in a model that approximates in vivo conditions. Methods We investigated the MSC of oxytetracycline (OTC) in Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB) and sterilised intestinal contents (SIC) from the jejunum, caecum and rectum (faeces) of pigs, using two isogenic strains of Escherichia coli (one susceptible and one resistant to OTC). Additionally, the MIC of OTC against the susceptible strain was determined to assess the upper limit of the sub-MIC selective window. Results Our study took a novel approach, and the results indicated that MIC and MSC values were lower in MHB than in SIC. In the latter, these values varied depending on the intestinal segment, with distal compartments exhibiting higher MIC and MSC values. Moreover, the sub-MIC selective window of OTC in SIC narrowed from the jejunum to the rectum, with a significantly closer MSC to MIC in faecal SIC. Discussion The results suggest that OTC binds to digestive contents, reducing the fraction of free OTC. However, binding alone does not fully explain our results, and interactions between bacteria and intestinal contents may play a role. Furthermore, our findings provide initial estimates of low concentrations facilitating resistance selection in the gut. Finally, this research enhances the understanding of antimicrobial resistance selection, emphasising the intricate interplay between antibiotics and intestinal content composition in assessing the risk of resistance development in the gut.
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Suárez Terán J, Guarner Aguilar F. Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO), a clinically overdiagnosed entity? GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2024:S0210-5705(24)00148-1. [PMID: 38719183 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2024.502190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a clinical entity recognized since ancient times; it represents the consequences of bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine associated with malabsorption. Recently, SIBO as a term has been popularized due to its high prevalence reported in various pathologies since the moment it is indirectly diagnosed with exhaled air tests. In the present article, the results of duodenal/jejunal aspirate culture testing as a reference diagnostic method, as well as the characteristics of the small intestinal microbiota described by culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques in SIBO, and their comparison with exhaled air testing are presented to argue about its overdiagnosis.
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De Spiegeleer A, Descamps A, Wynendaele E, Naumovski P, Crombez L, Planas M, Feliu L, Knappe D, Mouly V, Bigot A, Bielza R, Hoffmann R, Van Den Noortgate N, Elewaut D, De Spiegeleer B. Streptococcal quorum sensing peptide CSP-7 contributes to muscle inflammation and wasting. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167094. [PMID: 38428683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Muscle wasting diseases, such as cancer cachexia and age-associated sarcopenia, have a profound and detrimental impact on functional independence, quality of life, and survival. Our understanding of the underlying mechanisms is currently limited, which has significantly hindered the development of targeted therapies. In this study, we explored the possibility that the streptococcal quorum sensing peptide Competence Stimulating Peptide 7 (CSP-7) might be a previously unidentified contributor to clinical muscle wasting. We found that CSP-7 selectively triggers muscle cell inflammation in vitro, specifically the release of IL-6. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CSP-7 can traverse the gastrointestinal barrier in vitro and is present in the systemic circulation in humans in vivo. Importantly, CSP-7 was associated with a muscle wasting phenotype in mice in vivo. Overall, our findings provide new mechanistic insights into the pathophysiology of muscle inflammation and wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton De Spiegeleer
- Translational Research in Immunosenescence, Gerontology and Geriatrics (TRIGG) Group, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Amélie Descamps
- Translational Research in Immunosenescence, Gerontology and Geriatrics (TRIGG) Group, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Evelien Wynendaele
- Translational Research in Immunosenescence, Gerontology and Geriatrics (TRIGG) Group, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petar Naumovski
- Translational Research in Immunosenescence, Gerontology and Geriatrics (TRIGG) Group, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Crombez
- Translational Research in Immunosenescence, Gerontology and Geriatrics (TRIGG) Group, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marta Planas
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, Girona, Spain
| | - Lidia Feliu
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry, Universitat de Girona, Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, Girona, Spain
| | - Daniel Knappe
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Vincent Mouly
- Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Anne Bigot
- Centre de Recherche en Myologie, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Rafael Bielza
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ralf Hoffmann
- Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nele Van Den Noortgate
- Translational Research in Immunosenescence, Gerontology and Geriatrics (TRIGG) Group, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Geriatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Elewaut
- Translational Research in Immunosenescence, Gerontology and Geriatrics (TRIGG) Group, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Inflammation Research Center, Unit for Molecular Immunology and Inflammation, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart De Spiegeleer
- Translational Research in Immunosenescence, Gerontology and Geriatrics (TRIGG) Group, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Drug Quality and Registration (DruQuaR) Group, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Borrego-Ruiz A, Borrego JJ. An updated overview on the relationship between human gut microbiome dysbiosis and psychiatric and psychological disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 128:110861. [PMID: 37690584 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a lot of evidence establishing that nervous system development is related to the composition and functions of the gut microbiome. In addition, the central nervous system (CNS) controls the imbalance of the intestinal microbiota, constituting a bidirectional communication system. At present, various gut-brain crosstalk routes have been described, including immune, endocrine and neural circuits via the vagal pathway. Several empirical data have associated gut microbiota alterations (dysbiosis) with neuropsychiatric diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, autism and Parkinson's disease, and with other psychological disorders, like anxiety and depression. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) therapy has shown that the gut microbiota can transfer behavioral features to recipient animals, which provides strong evidence to establish a causal-effect relationship. Interventions, based on prebiotics, probiotics or synbiotics, have demonstrated an important influence of microbiota on neurological disorders by the synthesis of neuroactive compounds that interact with the nervous system and by the regulation of inflammatory and endocrine processes. Further research is needed to demonstrate the influence of gut microbiota dysbiosis on psychiatric and psychological disorders, and how microbiota-based interventions may be used as potential therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Borrego-Ruiz
- Departamento de Psicología Social y de las Organizaciones, Facultad de Psicología, UNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J Borrego
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
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10
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Orgler E, Baumgartner M, Duller S, Kumptisch C, Hausmann B, Moser D, Khare V, Lang M, Köcher T, Frick A, Muttenthaler M, Makristathis A, Moissl-Eichinger C, Gasche C. Archaea influence composition of endoscopically visible ileocolonic biofilms. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2359500. [PMID: 38825783 PMCID: PMC11152093 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2359500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota has been implicated as a driver of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Recently we described, mucosal biofilms, signifying alterations in microbiota composition and bile acid (BA) metabolism in IBS and ulcerative colitis (UC). Luminal oxygen concentration is a key factor in the gastrointestinal (GI) ecosystem and might be increased in IBS and UC. Here we analyzed the role of archaea as a marker for hypoxia in mucosal biofilms and GI homeostasis. The effects of archaea on microbiome composition and metabolites were analyzed via amplicon sequencing and untargeted metabolomics in 154 stool samples of IBS-, UC-patients and controls. Mucosal biofilms were collected in a subset of patients and examined for their bacterial, fungal and archaeal composition. Absence of archaea, specifically Methanobrevibacter, correlated with disrupted GI homeostasis including decreased microbial diversity, overgrowth of facultative anaerobes and conjugated secondary BA. IBS-D/-M was associated with absence of archaea. Presence of Methanobrevibacter correlated with Oscillospiraceae and epithelial short chain fatty acid metabolism and decreased levels of Ruminococcus gnavus. Absence of fecal Methanobrevibacter may indicate a less hypoxic GI environment, reduced fatty acid oxidation, overgrowth of facultative anaerobes and disrupted BA deconjugation. Archaea and Ruminococcus gnavus could distinguish distinct subtypes of mucosal biofilms. Further research on the connection between archaea, mucosal biofilms and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Orgler
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Department of Medicine II, University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Baumgartner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Duller
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christina Kumptisch
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Bela Hausmann
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and the University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Moser
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vineeta Khare
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michaela Lang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and the University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Köcher
- Metabolomics Service and Research Facility, Vienna Biocenter Core Facilities, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adrian Frick
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Muttenthaler
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Athanasios Makristathis
- Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and the University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Moissl-Eichinger
- Diagnostic and Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Gasche
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Loha for Life, Center for Gastroenterology and Iron Deficiency, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Steinbach E, Masi D, Ribeiro A, Serradas P, Le Roy T, Clément K. Upper small intestine microbiome in obesity and related metabolic disorders: A new field of investigation. Metabolism 2024; 150:155712. [PMID: 37884078 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The study of the gut microbiome holds great promise for understanding and treating metabolic diseases, as its functions and derived metabolites can influence the metabolic status of the host. While research on the fecal microbiome has provided valuable insights, it tells us only part of the story. This limitation arises from the substantial variations in microorganism distribution throughout the gastrointestinal tract due to changes in physicochemical conditions. Thus, relying solely on the fecal microbiome may not be sufficient to draw comprehensive conclusions about metabolic diseases. The proximal part of the small intestine, particularly the jejunum, indeed, serves as the crucial site for digestion and absorption of nutrients, suggesting a potential role of its microbiome in metabolic regulation. Unfortunately, it remains relatively underexplored due to limited accessibility. This review presents current evidence regarding the relationships between the microbiome in the upper small intestine and various phenotypes, focusing on obesity and type 2 diabetes, in both humans and rodents. Research on humans is still limited with variability in the population and methods used. Accordingly, to better understand the role of the whole gut microbiome in metabolic diseases, studies exploring the human microbiome in different niches are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Steinbach
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics) Research Unit, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Davide Masi
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics) Research Unit, 75013, Paris, France; Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Physiopathology, Food Science and Endocrinology, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Agnès Ribeiro
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics) Research Unit, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Serradas
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics) Research Unit, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Tiphaine Le Roy
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics) Research Unit, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Karine Clément
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (NutriOmics) Research Unit, 75013, Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Nutrition Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, 75013 Paris, France.
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12
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Lawal SA, Voisin A, Olof H, Bording-Jorgensen M, Armstrong H. Diversity of the microbiota communities found in the various regions of the intestinal tract in healthy individuals and inflammatory bowel diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1242242. [PMID: 38022505 PMCID: PMC10654633 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1242242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe and chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis, are characterized by persistent inflammation and gut damage. There is an increasing recognition that the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in IBD development and progression. However, studies of the complete microbiota composition (bacteria, fungi, viruses) from precise locations within the gut remain limited. In particular, studies have focused primarily on the bacteriome, with available methods limiting evaluation of the mycobiome (fungi) and virome (virus). Furthermore, while the different segments of the small and large intestine display different functions (e.g., digestion, absorption, fermentation) and varying microenvironment features (e.g., pH, metabolites), little is known about the biogeography of the microbiota in different segments of the intestinal tract or how this differs in IBD. Here, we highlight evidence of the differing microbiota communities of the intestinal sub-organs in healthy and IBD, along with method summaries to improve future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Adefisoye Lawal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Athalia Voisin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Hana Olof
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Heather Armstrong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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13
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White Z, Cabrera I, Kapustka I, Sano T. Microbiota as key factors in inflammatory bowel disease. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1155388. [PMID: 37901813 PMCID: PMC10611514 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1155388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is characterized by prolonged inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, which is thought to occur due to dysregulation of the immune system allowing the host's cells to attack the GI tract and cause chronic inflammation. IBD can be caused by numerous factors such as genetics, gut microbiota, and environmental influences. In recent years, emphasis on commensal bacteria as a critical player in IBD has been at the forefront of new research. Each individual harbors a unique bacterial community that is influenced by diet, environment, and sanitary conditions. Importantly, it has been shown that there is a complex relationship among the microbiome, activation of the immune system, and autoimmune disorders. Studies have shown that not only does the microbiome possess pathogenic roles in the progression of IBD, but it can also play a protective role in mediating tissue damage. Therefore, to improve current IBD treatments, understanding not only the role of harmful bacteria but also the beneficial bacteria could lead to attractive new drug targets. Due to the considerable diversity of the microbiome, it has been challenging to characterize how particular microorganisms interact with the host and other microbiota. Fortunately, with the emergence of next-generation sequencing and the increased prevalence of germ-free animal models there has been significant advancement in microbiome studies. By utilizing human IBD studies and IBD mouse models focused on intraepithelial lymphocytes and innate lymphoid cells, this review will explore the multifaceted roles the microbiota plays in influencing the immune system in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Teruyuki Sano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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14
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Poceviciute R, Bogatyrev SR, Romano AE, Dilmore AH, Mondragón-Palomino O, Takko H, Pradhan O, Ismagilov RF. Quantitative whole-tissue 3D imaging reveals bacteria in close association with mouse jejunum mucosa. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:64. [PMID: 37679412 PMCID: PMC10485000 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00423-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Because the small intestine (SI) epithelium lacks a thick protective mucus layer, microbes that colonize the thin SI mucosa may exert a substantial effect on the host. For example, bacterial colonization of the human SI may contribute to environmental enteropathy dysfunction (EED) in malnourished children. Thus far, potential bacterial colonization of the mucosal surface of the SI has only been documented in disease states, suggesting mucosal colonization is rare, likely requiring multiple perturbations. Furthermore, conclusive proof of bacterial colonization of the SI mucosal surface is challenging, and the three-dimensional (3D) spatial structure of mucosal colonies remains unknown. Here, we tested whether we could induce dense bacterial association with jejunum mucosa by subjecting mice to a combination of malnutrition and oral co-gavage with a bacterial cocktail (E. coli and Bacteroides spp.) known to induce EED. To visualize these events, we optimized our previously developed whole-tissue 3D imaging tools with third-generation hybridization chain reaction (HCR v3.0) probes. Only in mice that were malnourished and gavaged with the bacterial cocktail did we detect dense bacterial clusters surrounding intestinal villi suggestive of colonization. Furthermore, in these mice we detected villus loss, which may represent one possible consequence that bacterial colonization of the SI mucosa has on the host. Our results suggest that dense bacterial colonization of jejunum mucosa is possible in the presence of multiple perturbations and that whole-tissue 3D imaging tools can enable the study of these rare events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Poceviciute
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Said R Bogatyrev
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Medically Associated Science and Technology Program, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna E Romano
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Amanda H Dilmore
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Program, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Octavio Mondragón-Palomino
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heli Takko
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ojas Pradhan
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Rustem F Ismagilov
- Division of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
- Division of Biology & Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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15
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Wang X, Hao W, Huang X, Duan Z. Lower blood lipid level from the administration of plant tannins via altering the gut microbiota diversity and structure. Food Funct 2023; 14:4847-4858. [PMID: 37129242 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo03206f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-four Tan sheep were randomly assigned into 4 groups to study the capability of tannin supplementation (0.5% in dietary DM) to lower blood lipid levels mediated through the gut microbiota. The control (NC) group was offered a basic diet, while the 3 treatment groups were the TA group, which received supplementary tannic acid (TA); GSPE group, which received supplementary procyanidins (GSPE); and the TA + GSPE group, which received supplementary TA and GSPE, besides being supplied with the basic diet for 8 weeks feeding. At the end of the experiment, the serum glucose, insulin, lipids, and cytokines were measured, and the short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the colon were tested by GC/MS. Moreover, the jejunal and colonic microbiota were detected by 16S rRNA sequencing. Significant reductions in serum triacylglycerol, cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein were found in all treatments. The total SCFAs decreased, while the iso-acids were significantly increased in the TA and TA + GSPE groups. The sheep showed noticeably lower MCP-1 and higher COX-2 levels in the GSPE group than that in the NC group. IL-6 was increased in the sheep fed with TA. The tannins still caused a noticeable shift in the colonic microbiota, with significant increases in the abundances of Adlercreutzia and Oscillospira. Ultimately, it was found that the diet with low levels of tannin could reduce blood triacylglycerol and cholesterol in sheep significantly by affecting the composition of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Wang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Wenjing Hao
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Xinyi Huang
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ziyuan Duan
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
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16
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Maeda Y, Murakami T. Diagnosis by Microbial Culture, Breath Tests and Urinary Excretion Tests, and Treatments of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020263. [PMID: 36830173 PMCID: PMC9952535 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is characterized as the increase in the number and/or alteration in the type of bacteria in the upper gastrointestinal tract and accompanies various bowel symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, gases, diarrhea, and so on. Clinically, SIBO is diagnosed by microbial culture in duodenum/jejunum fluid aspirates and/or the breath tests (BT) of hydrogen/methane gases after ingestion of carbohydrates such as glucose. The cultural analysis of aspirates is regarded as the golden standard for the diagnosis of SIBO; however, this is invasive and is not without risk to the patients. BT is an inexpensive and safe diagnostic test but lacks diagnostic sensitivity and specificity depending on the disease states of patients. Additionally, the urinary excretion tests are used for the SIBO diagnosis using chemically synthesized bile acid conjugates such as cholic acid (CA) conjugated with para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA-CA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) conjugated with PABA (PABA-UDCA) or conjugated with 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA-UDCA). These conjugates are split by bacterial bile acid (cholylglycine) hydrolase. In the tests, the time courses of the urinary excretion rates of PABA or 5-ASA, including their metabolites, are determined as the measure of hydrolytic activity of intestinal bacteria. Although the number of clinical trials with this urinary excretion tests is small, results demonstrated the usefulness of bile acid conjugates as SIBO diagnostic substrates. PABA-UDCA disulfate, a single-pass type unabsorbable compound without the hydrolysis of conjugates, was likely to offer a simple and rapid method for the evaluation of SIBO without the use of radioisotopes or expensive special apparatus. Treatments of SIBO with antibiotics, probiotics, therapeutic diets, herbal medicines, and/or fecal microbiota transplantation are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorinobu Maeda
- Laboratory of Drug Information Analytics, Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Sanzou, Gakuen-cho, Fukuyama 729-0292, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Teruo Murakami
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University, 5-1-1 Hiro-koshingai, Kure 737-0112, Hiroshima, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-82-872-4310
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17
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Elsasser TH, Ma B, Ravel J, Kahl S, Gajer P, Cross A. Short-term feeding of defatted bovine colostrum mitigates inflammation in the gut via changes in metabolites and microbiota in a chicken animal model. Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:6. [PMID: 36703224 PMCID: PMC9878500 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-023-00225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nondrug supplement strategies to improve gut health have largely focused on the effects of individual compounds to improve one aspect of gut homeostasis. However, there is no comprehensive assessment of the reproducible effects of oral, short-term, low-level colostrum supplementation on gut inflammation status that are specific to the ileum. Herein, a chicken animal model highly responsive to even mild gut inflammatory stimuli was employed to compare the outcomes of feeding a standard diet (CON) to those of CON supplemented with a centrifuge-defatted bovine colostrum (BC) or a nonfat dried milk (NFDM) control on the efficiency of nutrient use, ileal morphology, gut nitro-oxidative inflammation status, metabolites, and the composition of the microbiota. RESULTS A repeated design, iterative multiple regression model was developed to analyze how BC affected ileal digesta-associated anti-inflammatory metabolite abundance coincident with observed changes in the ileal microbiome, mitigation of epithelial inflammation, and ileal surface morphology. An improved whole body nutrient use efficiency in the BC group (v CON and NFDM) coincided with the observed increased ileum absorptive surface and reduced epithelial cell content of tyrosine-nitrated protein (NT, biomarker of nitro-oxidative inflammatory stress). Metabolome analysis revealed that anti-inflammatory metabolites were significantly greater in abundance in BC-fed animals. BC also had a beneficial BC impact on microbiota, particularly in promoting the presence of the bacterial types associated with eubiosis and the segmented filamentous bacteria, Candidatus Arthromitus. CONCLUSION The data suggest that an anti-inflammatory environment in the ileum was more evident in BC than in the other feeding groups and associated with an increased content of statistically definable groups of anti-inflammatory metabolites that appear to functionally link the observed interactions between the host's improved gut health with an observed increase in whole body nutrient use efficiency, beneficial changes in the microbiome and immunometabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted H. Elsasser
- grid.463419.d0000 0001 0946 3608Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, USA Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Bing Ma
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Jacques Ravel
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Stanislaw Kahl
- grid.463419.d0000 0001 0946 3608Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, USA Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS), Beltsville, MD 20705 USA
| | - Pawel Gajer
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Alan Cross
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
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18
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Luo H, Chen Y, Kuang X, Wang X, Yang F, Cao Z, Wang L, Lin S, Wu F, Liu J. Chemical reaction-mediated covalent localization of bacteria. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7808. [PMID: 36528693 PMCID: PMC9759558 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35579-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods capable of manipulating bacterial colonization are of great significance for modulating host-microbiota relationships. Here, we describe a strategy of in-situ chemical reaction-mediated covalent localization of bacteria. Through a simple one-step imidoester reaction, primary amino groups on bacterial surface can be converted to free thiols under cytocompatible conditions. Surface thiolation is applicable to modify diverse strains and the number of introduced thiols per bacterium can be easily tuned by varying feed ratios. These chemically reactive bacteria are able to spontaneously bond with mucous layer by catalyst-free thiol-disulfide exchange between mucin-associated disulfides and newly converted thiols on bacterial surface and show thiolation level-dependent attachment. Bacteria optimized with 9.3 × 107 thiols per cell achieve 170-fold higher attachment in mucin-enriched jejunum, a challenging location for gut microbiota to colonize. As a proof-of-concept application for microbiota transplantation, covalent bonding-assisted localization of an oral probiotic in the jejunum generates an improved remission of jejunal mucositis. Our findings demonstrate that transforming bacteria with a reactive surface provides an approach to chemically control bacterial localization, which is highly desirable for developing next-generation bacterial living bioagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilong Luo
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127 Shanghai, China
| | - Yanmei Chen
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Kuang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127 Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127 Shanghai, China
| | - Fengmin Yang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127 Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenping Cao
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127 Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127 Shanghai, China
| | - Sisi Lin
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127 Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Wu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127 Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyao Liu
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Key Laboratory for Nucleic Acid Chemistry and Nanomedicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200127 Shanghai, China
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19
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Woo CW, Tso P, Yiu JHC. Commensal gut microbiota-based strategies for oral delivery of therapeutic proteins. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:1004-1013. [PMID: 36057462 PMCID: PMC9669164 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins are rarely available in oral dosage form because the hostile environment of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract and their large size make this delivery method difficult. Commensal bacteria in the gut face the same situation; however, they not only survive but low levels of their structural components such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan, and flagellin are also consistently detectable in the circulatory systems of healthy individuals. This opinion article discusses how gut bacteria survive in the gut, how their components penetrate the body from the perspective of the bacteria's and the host's proactivity, and how orally administered therapeutic proteins may be developed that exploit similar mechanisms to enter the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie W Woo
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jensen H C Yiu
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing (LKS) Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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20
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Fernandes D, Andreyev J. The Role of the Human Gut Microbiome in Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Radiation Enteropathy. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1613. [PMID: 36014031 PMCID: PMC9415405 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiome plays a key role in regulating host physiology. In a stable state, both the microbiota and the gut work synergistically. The overall homeostasis of the intestinal flora can be affected by multiple factors, including disease states and the treatments given for those diseases. In this review, we examine the relatively well-characterised abnormalities that develop in the microbiome in idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease, and compare and contrast them to those that are found in radiation enteropathy. We discuss how these changes may exert their effects at a molecular level, and the possible role of manipulating the microbiome through the use of a variety of therapies to reduce the severity of the underlying condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren Fernandes
- The Department of Gastroenterology, United Lincolnshire NHS Trust, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln LN2 5QY, UK
| | - Jervoise Andreyev
- The Department of Gastroenterology, United Lincolnshire NHS Trust, Lincoln County Hospital, Lincoln LN2 5QY, UK
- The Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham Digestive Diseases Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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21
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Reynoso-García J, Miranda-Santiago AE, Meléndez-Vázquez NM, Acosta-Pagán K, Sánchez-Rosado M, Díaz-Rivera J, Rosado-Quiñones AM, Acevedo-Márquez L, Cruz-Roldán L, Tosado-Rodríguez EL, Figueroa-Gispert MDM, Godoy-Vitorino F. A complete guide to human microbiomes: Body niches, transmission, development, dysbiosis, and restoration. FRONTIERS IN SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2022; 2:951403. [PMID: 38993286 PMCID: PMC11238057 DOI: 10.3389/fsysb.2022.951403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
Humans are supra-organisms co-evolved with microbial communities (Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic), named the microbiome. These microbiomes supply essential ecosystem services that play critical roles in human health. A loss of indigenous microbes through modern lifestyles leads to microbial extinctions, associated with many diseases and epidemics. This narrative review conforms a complete guide to the human holobiont-comprising the host and all its symbiont populations- summarizes the latest and most significant research findings in human microbiome. It pretends to be a comprehensive resource in the field, describing all human body niches and their dominant microbial taxa while discussing common perturbations on microbial homeostasis, impacts of urbanization and restoration and humanitarian efforts to preserve good microbes from extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kimil Acosta-Pagán
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, UPR School of Medicine, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Mitchell Sánchez-Rosado
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, UPR School of Medicine, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Jennifer Díaz-Rivera
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, UPR School of Medicine, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Angélica M. Rosado-Quiñones
- Department of Biology, UPR Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, UPR School of Medicine, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Luis Acevedo-Márquez
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, UPR School of Medicine, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Lorna Cruz-Roldán
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, UPR School of Medicine, San Juan, PR, United States
| | | | | | - Filipa Godoy-Vitorino
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Zoology, UPR School of Medicine, San Juan, PR, United States
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22
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Madigan KE, Bundy R, Weinberg RB. Distinctive Clinical Correlates of Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth with Methanogens. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20:1598-1605.e2. [PMID: 34597730 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Most patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) produce hydrogen by fermentation of dietary carbohydrates; however, ∼30% of patients with SIBO are colonized with Archaea, anaerobic organisms that produce methane. SIBO is associated with a plethora of symptoms and conditions, but their diagnostic significance is unclear. We aimed to determine if specific symptoms and conditions are associated with methanogenic SIBO. METHODS This study received institutional review board approval (IRB00059873). In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we queried a database of glucose breath tests conducted for suspected SIBO at our tertiary care medical center, which included data on the presence or absence of gastrointestinal symptoms and conditions often associated with SIBO. All patients had undergone a standardized breath testing protocol. RESULTS In a cohort of 1461 patients, 33.1% were SIBO positive; of these, 49.8% produced only hydrogen, 38.8% produced only methane, and 11.4% produced both gases. The following factors distinguished patients with hydrogen-producing SIBO, but not methanogenic SIBO, from SIBO-negative patients: vitamin B12 deficiency (odds ratio, 1.44; confidence interval [CI], 1.01-2.06; P = .046), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (odds ratio, 2.14; CI, 1.09-4.18; P = .027), cholecystectomy (odds ratio, 1.42; CI, 1.06-1.91; P = .020), and diabetes (odds ratio, 1.59; CI, 1.13-2.24; P = .008). The absence of vitamin B12 deficiency was the sole discriminating factor between methanogenic and hydrogenic SIBO (odds ratio, 0.57; CI, 0.34-0.97; P = .038). CONCLUSIONS Patients with SIBO caused by methane-producing Archaea display a different spectrum of associated symptoms and clinical conditions compared with patients with SIBO caused by hydrogen-producing bacteria, particularly a lower incidence of vitamin B12 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn E Madigan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Richa Bundy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina
| | - Richard B Weinberg
- Department of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina; Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston Salem, North Carolina.
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23
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Abstract
Changes in the composition of the gut microbiota are associated with many human diseases. So far, however, we have failed to define homeostasis or dysbiosis by the presence or absence of specific microbial species. The composition and function of the adult gut microbiota is governed by diet and host factors that regulate and direct microbial growth. The host delivers oxygen and nitrate to the lumen of the small intestine, which selects for bacteria that use respiration for energy production. In the colon, by contrast, the host limits the availability of oxygen and nitrate, which results in a bacterial community that specializes in fermentation for growth. Although diet influences microbiota composition, a poor diet weakens host control mechanisms that regulate the microbiota. Hence, quantifying host parameters that control microbial growth could help define homeostasis or dysbiosis and could offer alternative strategies to remediate dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Yon Lee
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Renée M Tsolis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andreas J Bäumler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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24
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Li C, Xie H, Sun Y, Zeng Y, Tian Z, Chen X, Sanganyado E, Lin J, Yang L, Li P, Liang B, Liu W. Insights on Gut and Skin Wound Microbiome in Stranded Indo-Pacific Finless Porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides). Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071295. [PMID: 35889014 PMCID: PMC9318903 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is a unique marker for cetaceans’ health status, and the microbiome composition of their skin wounds can indicate a potential infection from their habitat. Our study provides the first comparative analysis of the microbial communities from gut regions and skin wounds of an individual Indo-Pacific finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides). Microbial richness increased from the foregut to the hindgut with variation in the composition of microbes. Fusobacteria (67.51% ± 5.10%), Firmicutes (22.00% ± 2.60%), and Proteobacteria (10.47% ± 5.49%) were the dominant phyla in the gastrointestinal tract, while Proteobacteria (76.11% ± 0.54%), Firmicutes (22.00% ± 2.60%), and Bacteroidetes (10.13% ± 0.49%) were the dominant phyla in the skin wounds. The genera Photobacterium, Actinobacillus, Vibrio, Erysipelothrix, Tenacibaculum, and Psychrobacter, considered potential pathogens for mammals, were identified in the gut and skin wounds of the stranded Indo-Pacific finless porpoise. A comparison of the gut microbiome in the Indo-Pacific finless porpoise and other cetaceans revealed a possible species-specific gut microbiome in the Indo-Pacific finless porpoise. There was a significant difference between the skin wound microbiomes in terrestrial and marine mammals, probably due to habitat-specific differences. Our results show potential species specificity in the microbiome structure and a potential threat posed by environmental pathogens to cetaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (C.L.); (H.X.); (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (Z.T.); (X.C.); (J.L.); (L.Y.); (P.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Huiying Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (C.L.); (H.X.); (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (Z.T.); (X.C.); (J.L.); (L.Y.); (P.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Yajing Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (C.L.); (H.X.); (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (Z.T.); (X.C.); (J.L.); (L.Y.); (P.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Ying Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (C.L.); (H.X.); (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (Z.T.); (X.C.); (J.L.); (L.Y.); (P.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Ziyao Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (C.L.); (H.X.); (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (Z.T.); (X.C.); (J.L.); (L.Y.); (P.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Xiaohan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (C.L.); (H.X.); (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (Z.T.); (X.C.); (J.L.); (L.Y.); (P.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Edmond Sanganyado
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK;
| | - Jianqing Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (C.L.); (H.X.); (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (Z.T.); (X.C.); (J.L.); (L.Y.); (P.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Liangliang Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (C.L.); (H.X.); (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (Z.T.); (X.C.); (J.L.); (L.Y.); (P.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Ping Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (C.L.); (H.X.); (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (Z.T.); (X.C.); (J.L.); (L.Y.); (P.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Bo Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (C.L.); (H.X.); (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (Z.T.); (X.C.); (J.L.); (L.Y.); (P.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (C.L.); (H.X.); (Y.S.); (Y.Z.); (Z.T.); (X.C.); (J.L.); (L.Y.); (P.L.)
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou 511458, China
- Correspondence: (B.L.); (W.L.)
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Mandal S, Bandyopadhyay S, Tyagi K, Roy A. Human microbial dysbiosis as driver of gynecological malignancies. Biochimie 2022; 197:86-95. [PMID: 35176353 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Gynecological cancers that affect female reproductive tract, remain at the top of the global cancer burden list with high relapse rate and mortality. Notwithstanding development of several novel therapeutic interventions including poly-ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors, this family of malignancies remain deadly. The human microbiome project demonstrated that dysbiosis of health resident microflora is associated with several pathologies including malignancies of the female reproductive tract and detailed characterization of species variation and host-microbe interaction could provide clues for identification of early diagnostic biomarker, preventive and therapeutic interventions. Emerging evidence suggests that several microbial signatures are significantly associated with gynecological cancers. An increased population of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes followed by significantly reduced Lactobacilli are associated with lethal epithelial ovarian cancer. Similarly, a constant association of elevated level of Atopobium vaginae, Porphyromonas somerae, Micrococci and Gardnerella vaginalis are observed in endometrial and cervical cancers. Moreover, human papilloma virus infection significantly augments colonization of pathogenic microbes including Sneathia sanguinegens, Anaerococcus tetradius, and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and drives carcinoma of the cervix. Interestingly, microbial dysbiosis in female reproductive tract modulates expression of several microbial and immune-responsive genes such as TLR-4, TLR-5, TLR-6 and NOD-1. Therefore, stringent investigation into the microbial dysbiosis and its underlying mechanism could provide valuable cues for identification of early diagnostic biomarker, preventive and therapeutic interventions against rogue gynecological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratim Mandal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Shrabasti Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Microbiology, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Komal Tyagi
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India
| | - Adhiraj Roy
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine & Stem Cell Research, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201303, India.
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26
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Abstract
AbstractDescriptions of the small intestinal microbiota are deficient and conflicting. We aimed to get a reliable description of the jejunal bacterial microbiota by investigating samples from two separate jejunal segments collected from the luminal mucosa during surgery. Sixty patients with morbid obesity selected for elective gastric bypass surgery were included in this survey. Samples collected by rubbing a swab against the mucosa of proximal and mid jejunal segments were characterized both quantitatively and qualitatively using a combination of microbial culture, a universal quantitative PCR and 16S deep sequencing. Within the inherent limitations of partial 16S sequencing, bacteria were assigned to the species level. By microbial culture, 53 patients (88.3%) had an estimated bacterial density of < 1600 cfu/ml in both segments whereof 31 (51.7%) were culture negative in both segments corresponding to a bacterial density below 160 cfu/ml. By quantitative PCR, 46 patients (76.7%) had less than 104 bacterial genomes/ml in both segments. The most abundant and frequently identified species by 16S deep sequencing were associated with the oral cavity, most often from the Streptococcus mitis group, the Streptococcus sanguinis group, Granulicatella adiacens/para-adiacens, the Schaalia odontolytica complex and Gemella haemolysans/taiwanensis. In general, few bacterial species were identified per sample and there was a low consistency both between the two investigated segments in each patient and between patients. The jejunal mucosa of fasting obese patients contains relatively few microorganisms and a core microbiota could not be established. The identified microbes are likely representatives of a transient microbiota and there is a high degree of overlap between the most frequently identified species in the jejunum and the recently described ileum core microbiota.
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27
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Wauters L, Tito RY, Ceulemans M, Lambaerts M, Accarie A, Rymenans L, Verspecht C, Toth J, Mols R, Augustijns P, Tack J, Vanuytsel T, Raes J. Duodenal Dysbiosis and Relation to the Efficacy of Proton Pump Inhibitors in Functional Dyspepsia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413609. [PMID: 34948413 PMCID: PMC8708077 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPI) may improve symptoms in functional dyspepsia (FD) through duodenal eosinophil-reducing effects. However, the contribution of the microbiome to FD symptoms and its interaction with PPI remains elusive. Aseptic duodenal brushings and biopsies were performed before and after PPI intake (4 weeks Pantoprazole 40 mg daily, FD-starters and controls) or withdrawal (2 months, FD-stoppers) for 16S-rRNA sequencing. Between- and within-group changes in genera or diversity and associations with symptoms or duodenal factors were analyzed. In total, 30 controls, 28 FD-starters and 19 FD-stoppers were followed. Mucus-associated Porphyromonas was lower in FD-starters vs. controls and correlated with symptoms in FD and duodenal eosinophils in both groups, while Streptococcus correlated with eosinophils in controls. Although clinical and eosinophil-reducing effects of PPI therapy were unrelated to microbiota changes in FD-starters, increased Streptococcus was associated with duodenal PPI effects in controls and remained higher despite withdrawal of long-term PPI therapy in FD-stoppers. Thus, duodenal microbiome analysis demonstrated differential mucus-associated genera, with a potential role of Porphyromonas in FD pathophysiology. While beneficial effects of short-term PPI therapy were not associated with microbial changes in FD-starters, increased Streptococcus and its association with PPIeffects in controls suggest a role for duodenal dysbiosis after long-term PPI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Wauters
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.W.); (J.T.)
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.C.); (M.L.); (A.A.); (J.T.)
- VIB Center for Microbiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.Y.T.); (L.R.); (C.V.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raúl Y. Tito
- VIB Center for Microbiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.Y.T.); (L.R.); (C.V.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthias Ceulemans
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.C.); (M.L.); (A.A.); (J.T.)
| | - Maarten Lambaerts
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.C.); (M.L.); (A.A.); (J.T.)
| | - Alison Accarie
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.C.); (M.L.); (A.A.); (J.T.)
| | - Leen Rymenans
- VIB Center for Microbiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.Y.T.); (L.R.); (C.V.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chloë Verspecht
- VIB Center for Microbiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.Y.T.); (L.R.); (C.V.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joran Toth
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.C.); (M.L.); (A.A.); (J.T.)
| | - Raf Mols
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.M.); (P.A.)
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.M.); (P.A.)
| | - Jan Tack
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.W.); (J.T.)
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.C.); (M.L.); (A.A.); (J.T.)
| | - Tim Vanuytsel
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.W.); (J.T.)
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (M.C.); (M.L.); (A.A.); (J.T.)
- Correspondence: (T.V.); (J.R.)
| | - Jeroen Raes
- VIB Center for Microbiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (R.Y.T.); (L.R.); (C.V.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence: (T.V.); (J.R.)
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28
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Roberti MP, Rauber C, Kroemer G, Zitvogel L. Impact of the ileal microbiota on colon cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 86:955-966. [PMID: 34624451 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Besides tumor cell-intrinsic oncogenic pathways, host and environmental factors have a major impact on cancer immunosurveillance and the efficacy of immunotherapeutics. Several modalities of anticancer treatments including immunogenic chemotherapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors lose their efficacy in patients treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics, pointing to a key role for the gut microbiota. The complex interactions between intestinal microbes, gut immunity and anti-tumor responses constitute an emerging field of investigation. In this work, we revise key primary literature, with an emphasis on recent mechanistic insights, unraveling the interplay between the immunosurveillance of colon cancers and ileal factors including the local microbiota, tissue architecture and immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paula Roberti
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Conrad Rauber
- Department of Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital (UKHD), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe labellisée par la Ligue contre le Cancer, INSERM U1138, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Metabolomics Platform, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, 94805, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176, Stockholm, Sweden; Gustave Roussy, 94800, Villejuif, France.
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800, Villejuif, France; Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, France; Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 94800, Villejuif, France; Center of Clinical Investigations in Biotherapies of Cancer (CICBT) 1428, 94800 Villejuif, France.
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29
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Liang S, Xie Q, Evivie SE, Zhao L, Chen Q, Xu B, Liu F, Li B, Huo G. Study on supplementary food with beneficial effects on the gut microbiota of infants. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Yan W, Luo B, Zhang X, Ni Y, Tian F. Association and Occurrence of Bifidobacterial Phylotypes Between Breast Milk and Fecal Microbiomes in Mother-Infant Dyads During the First 2 Years of Life. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:669442. [PMID: 34163448 PMCID: PMC8215152 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.669442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk acts as an intermediary for the transfer of functionally important commensal bacteria from mother to infant, especially for Bifidobacterium that can colonize the infant gut. However, the vast majority of rRNA amplicon-based studies reported the conspicuous intercohort and interindividual variation for the prevalence of Bifidobacterium in breast milk. In order to elucidate whether Bifidobacterium phylotypes persistently co-occured at the species or strain level in mother–breast milk–infant triads, we analyzed collectively the next-generation sequencing (NGS) datasets of bacterial 16S rRNA gene and the Bifidobacterium-specific groEL gene from maternal feces, breast milk, and infant feces in a small yet very homogeneous cohort of 25 healthy Uyghur mother–infant pairs (lactation for 7–720 days) in Kashgar, Xinjiang, China. Overall, 16S rRNA gene analysis showed that microbiome in the newborn gut was closer to that of breast milk in the first 4 months of lactation, and subsequently showed an obvious trend of adulthood at 6–12 months. Based on the BLAST accurate taxonomic result of the representative sequences of all ASVs (amplicon sequencing variants), only three sets of ASVs could be clearly assigned into Bifidobacterium species, whereas the remaining eight sets of ASVs corresponded to four indefinite Bifidobacterium species group. By contrast, the groEL gene dataset was partitioned into 376 ASVs, at least belonging to 13 well-known Bifidobacterium species or subspecies, of which 15 ASVs, annotated to seven well-known Bifidobacterium species or subspecies, showed triadic synchronism in most 23 mother–infant pairs tested. However, several other rare bifidobacterial phylotypes, which were frequently encountered in animals, were found to display no correspondence of the presence between the three ecosystems of mother–infant pairs. Our test results were obviously to support the hypothesis that breast milk acts as an intermediary for the transfer of probiotic commensal bacteria from mother to infant, especially for endosymbiotic Bifidobacterium that can colonize the infant gut. Some oxygen-insensitive exogenous Bifidobacterium phylotypes with a cosmopolitan lifestyle may be indirectly transferred to breast milk and the infant’s intestinal tract through environmental contamination. Thus, the groEL gene proved to be a very effective target for the depth resolution of Bifidobacterium community by high-throughput sequencing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Yan
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Baolong Luo
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Xuyao Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yongqing Ni
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Fengwei Tian
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Li Q, Wang B, Qiu HY, Yan XJ, Cheng L, Wang QQ, Chen SL. Chronic Jet Lag Exacerbates Jejunal and Colonic Microenvironment in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:648175. [PMID: 34141627 PMCID: PMC8204051 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.648175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence suggests that circadian rhythm disorder is associated with a variety of gastrointestinal diseases, and the circadian rhythm plays a key role in maintaining the homeostasis of intestinal flora. The underlying mechanisms are still not completely identified. This study was aimed to explore whether jet lag-caused circadian disruption influences gut microbiome and its metabolites. Methods Mice were synchronized with 12-h light/dark cycles (control group) or subjected to daily 8-h advance of the light/dark cycle for every 3 days (jet-lagged group). Four months later, fecal samples and jejunal contents were collected and analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In addition, fecal samples were subjected to metabolome analysis with ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Results The results of 16s rRNA sequencing showed that chronic jet lag led to decreased microbial abundance, richness, and diversity in both feces and jejunal contents. ANOSIM analysis revealed significant difference between control and jet-lagged groups. As the colonic microbiome, the abundance of Bacteroidetes phylum was significantly decreased and that of Actinobacteria phylum was increased in jet-lagged mice. Jet lag increased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, an indicator for the imbalance of gut microbiota. Metabolome analysis of fecal samples showed that the levels of tryptophan and its derivatives were decreased in jet-lagged mice. In addition, fecal levels of secondary bile acids changed under jet lag conditions. Correlation analysis identified associations between tryptophan (and its derivatives) levels and colonic microbiota. Conclusions This study presents a comprehensive landscape of gut microbiota and its metabolites in mice subjected to chronic jet lag. The results suggest that circadian disruption may lead to changes in fecal and jejunal microbiota and fecal metabolites. Moreover, our results demonstrate a novel interplay between the gut microbiome and metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Yi Qiu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Yan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian-Qian Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Liang Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Gaowa N, Li W, Murphy B, Cox MS. The Effects of Artificially Dosed Adult Rumen Contents on Abomasum Transcriptome and Associated Microbial Community Structure in Calves. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:424. [PMID: 33809523 PMCID: PMC7999174 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the changes in abomasum transcriptome and the associated microbial community structure in young calves with artificially dosed, adult rumen contents. Eight young bull calves were randomly dosed with freshly extracted rumen contents from an adult cow (high efficiency (HE), n = 4), or sterilized rumen content (Con, n = 4). The dosing was administered within 3 days of birth, then at 2, 4, and 6 weeks following the initial dosing. Abomasum tissues were collected immediately after sacrifice at 8 weeks of age. Five genera (Tannerella, Desulfovibrio, Deinococcus, Leptotrichia, and Eubacterium; p < 0.05) showed significant difference in abundance between the treatments. A total of 975 differentially expressed genes were identified (p < 0.05, fold-change > 1.5, mean read-counts > 5). Pathway analysis indicated that up-regulated genes were involved in immune system process and defense response to virus, while the down-regulated genes involved in ion transport, ATP biosynthetic process, and mitochondrial electron transport. Positive correlation (r > 0.7, p < 0.05) was observed between TRPM4 gene and Desulfovibrio, which was significantly higher in the HE group. TRPM4 had a reported role in the immune system process. In conclusion, the dosing of adult rumen contents to calves can alter not only the composition of active microorganisms in the abomasum but also the molecular mechanisms in the abomasum tissue, including reduced protease secretion and decreased hydrochloric acid secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naren Gaowa
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology, Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Wenli Li
- The Cell Wall Utilization and Biology Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Brianna Murphy
- The Cell Wall Utilization and Biology Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, US Dairy Forage Research Center, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Madison S. Cox
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Cervantes J, Michael M, Hong BY, Springer A, Guo H, Mendoza B, Zeng M, Sundin O, McCallum R. Investigation of oral, gastric, and duodenal microbiota in patients with upper gastrointestinal symptoms. J Investig Med 2020; 69:jim-2020-001642. [PMID: 33335025 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2020-001642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Disease-associated alterations of the intestinal microbiota composition, known as dysbiosis, have been well described in several functional gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. Several studies have described alterations in the gastric microbiota in functional dyspepsia, but very few have looked at the duodenum.Here, we explored the upper GI tract microbiota of inpatients with upper GI dyspeptic symptoms, and compared them to achalasia controls, as there is no indication for an esophagogastroduodenoscopy in healthy individuals.We found differences in the microbiota composition at the three sites evaluated (ie, saliva, stomach and duodenum). Changes observed in patients with dyspepsia included an increase in Veillonella in saliva, an oral shift in the composition of the gastric microbiota, and to some degree in the duodenum as well, where an important abundance of anaerobes was observed. Metabolic function prediction identified greater anaerobic metabolism in the stomach microbial community of patients with dyspepsia. Proton pump inhibitor use was not associated with any particular genus. Co-abundance analysis revealed Rothia as the main hub in the duodenum, a genus that significantly correlated with the relative abundance of Clostridium, Haemophilus, and ActinobacillusWe conclude that patients with upper GI symptoms consistent with dyspepsia have alterations in the microbiota of saliva, the stomach, and duodenum, which could contribute to symptoms of functional GI disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Cervantes
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso Paul L Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Majd Michael
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso Paul L Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Bo-Young Hong
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Aden Springer
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso Paul L Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Hua Guo
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso Paul L Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Burgandy Mendoza
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso Paul L Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Mingtao Zeng
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso Paul L Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | | | - Richard McCallum
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso Paul L Foster School of Medicine, El Paso, Texas, USA
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Abstract
Within the last decade, our understanding of the role of the intestinal microbiota in health and disease has rapidly increased due to significant advances in next-generation sequencing technologies. Scientists have discovered more and more gut microbes with supposedly "beneficial" roles for human health and are starting to identify the underlying mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the latest knowledge about the human intestinal microbiota, including the intestinal bacteriome, virome and mycobiome. We discuss the function that recent studies attribute to the intestinal microbiota in preventing or controlling selected diseases and present recent research on biotherapeutic approaches to control these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pipat Piewngam
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
| | - François De Mets
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Michael Otto
- Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Bacteriology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA
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Wild black bears harbor simple gut microbial communities with little difference between the jejunum and colon. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20779. [PMID: 33247155 PMCID: PMC7695734 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77282-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome (GMB), comprising the commensal microbial communities located in the gastrointestinal tract, has co-evolved in mammals to perform countless micro-ecosystem services to facilitate physiological functions. Because of the complex inter-relationship between mammals and their gut microbes, the number of studies addressing the role of the GMB on mammalian health is almost exclusively limited to human studies and model organisms. Furthermore, much of our knowledge of wildlife-GMB relationships is based on studies of colonic GMB communities derived from the feces of captive specimens, leaving our understanding of the GMB in wildlife limited. To better understand wildlife-GMB relationships, we engaged hunters as citizen scientists to collect biological samples from legally harvested black bears (Ursus americanus) and used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to characterize wild black bear GMB communities in the colon and jejunum, two functionally distinct regions of the gastrointestinal tract. We determined that the jejunum and colon of black bears do not harbor significantly different GMB communities: both gastrointestinal sites were dominated by Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. However, a number of bacteria were differentially enriched in each site, with the colon harboring twice as many enriched taxa, primarily from closely related lineages.
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Dietary muramidase degrades bacterial peptidoglycan to NOD-activating muramyl dipeptides and reduces duodenal inflammation in broiler chickens. Br J Nutr 2020; 126:641-651. [PMID: 33172510 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520004493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Muramidases constitute a superfamily of enzymes that hydrolyse peptidoglycan (PGN) from bacterial cell walls. Recently, a fungal muramidase derived from Acremonium alcalophilum has been shown to increase broiler performance when added as a feed additive. However, the underlying mechanisms of action are not yet identified. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that this muramidase can cleave PGN to muramyl dipeptide (MDP), activating nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) receptors in eukaryotic cells, potentially inducing anti-inflammatory host responses. Using Micrococcus luteus as a test bacterium, it was shown that muramidase from A. alcalophilum did not display antimicrobial activity, while it could cleave fluorescently labelled PGN. It was shown that the muramidase could degrade PGN down to its minimal bioactive structure MDP by using UPLC-MS/MS. Using HEK-Blue™-hNOD2 reporter cells, it was shown that the muramidase-treated PGN degradation mixture could activate NOD2. Muramidase supplementation to broiler feed increased the duodenal goblet cell and intraepithelial lymphocyte abundance while reducing duodenal wall CD3+ T lymphocyte levels. Muramidase supplementation to broiler feed only had moderate effects on the duodenal, ileal and caecal microbiome. It was shown that the newly discovered muramidase hydrolysed PGN, resulting in MDP that activates NOD2, potentially steering the host response for improved intestinal health.
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Tian T, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Wang T, Jin S, Guo J, Liu Z. The protective role of short-chain fatty acids acting as signal molecules in chemotherapy- or radiation-induced intestinal inflammation. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:3508-3531. [PMID: 33294252 PMCID: PMC7716145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A compelling set of links between chemotherapy- or radiation-induced intestinal inflammation and microbial dysbiosis has emerged. It is the proportional imbalance between pathogenic and beneficial bacteria that aggravates intestinal mucositis. Bacteria that ferment fibers and produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), (such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate) are typically reduced in the mucosa and feces of patients undergoing cancer therapy. In contrast, increasing lipopolysaccharide-producing bacteria result in proinflammatory events by interacting with Toll-like receptors. A collective acceptance is that bacterial metabolites are critical in recovering intestinal homeostasis. We herein review evidence supporting the positive roles carried out by SCFAs. SCFAs, acting as signaling molecules, directly activate G-coupled-receptors and inhibit histone deacetylases. Thus, SCFAs are able to strengthen the gut barrier and regulate immunomodulatory functions. Furthermore, it is possible to reverse intestinal microbial dysbiosis and subsequently suppress the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by directly applying SCFA-producing bacteria. In addition, anticancer effects of SCFAs have proved in the colorectal cancer. In this review, we discuss microbial dysbiosis and its impact on chemotherapy- or radiation-induced intestinal mucositis. Moreover, we summarize the mechanisms of SCFA production and its effects on intestinal mucositis. This review suggests the therapeutic potential of SCFAs for the management of chemotherapy- or radiation-induced intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130041, China
| | - Yangzhi Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130021, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130041, China
| | - Tiejun Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130041, China
| | - Shunzi Jin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, Jilin UniversityChangchun 130021, China
| | - Jie Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130041, China
| | - Zhongshan Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchun 130041, China
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NOD2 receptor is crucial for protecting against the digestive form of Chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008667. [PMID: 32986710 PMCID: PMC7553797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestive and cardiodigestive forms of Chagas’ disease are observed in 2% to 27% of the patients, depending on their geographic location, Trypanosoma cruzi strain and immunopathological responses. The aim of this work was to evaluate the role of NOD2 innate immune receptor in the pathogenesis of the digestive system in Chagas’ disease. Patients with digestive form of the disease showed lower mRNA expression of NOD2, higher expression of RIP2 and α-defensin 6, compared to indeterminate form, detected by Real-time PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In addition, there was a negative correlation between the expression of NOD2 and the degree of dilation of the esophagus, sigmoid and rectum in those patients. The infection of NOD2-/- mice with T. cruzi strain isolated from the digestive patient induced a decrease in intestinal motility. Histopathological analysis of the colon and jejunum of NOD2-/- and wild type C57BL/6 animals revealed discrete inflammatory foci during the acute phase of infection. Interestingly, during the chronic phase of the infection there was inflammation and hypertrophy of the longitudinal and circular muscular layer more pronounced in the colon and jejunum from NOD2-/- animals, when compared to wild type C57BL/6 mice. Together, our results suggest that NOD2 plays a protective role against the development of digestive form of Chagas’ disease. Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, during the chronic phase of infection 2–27% of patients develop digestive form of the disease (megaesophagus and megacolon) that contributes to patient morbidity and mortality, generating costs for public health services, and especially affecting significantly the life quality of the patients. Although is known that many factors inherent of the parasite (tropism, genetics, virulence and antigenicity), host (age, gender, nutritional status, genetics and immune response) and geographical distribution may influence the development of the different clinical forms of Chagas disease, the exact mechanism that leads to megacolon and megaesophagus development are unknown. Here we showed that patients with digestive form of Chagas’ disease do not express the innate immune receptor NOD2. By isolating a parasite from a digestive patient and infecting NOD2-deficient mice we observed a reduced intestinal motility, chronic development of colon and jejunum wall thickness associated with increased inflammatory mediators in the organ, when compared to wild type animals. Our results indicate that the NOD2 receptor protects against the development of the digestive form of Chagas disease and could be used as a biomarker for the development of gastrointestinal changes during T. cruzi infection in patients.
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Kennedy MS, Chang EB. The microbiome: Composition and locations. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 176:1-42. [PMID: 33814111 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The human body is home to a diverse and functionally important assemblage of symbiotic microbes that varies predictably over different spatial scales, both within and across body sites. The composition of these spatially distinct microbial consortia can be impacted by a variety of stochastic and deterministic forces, including dispersal from different source communities, and selection by regionally-specific host processes for the enrichment of physiologically significant taxa. In this chapter, we review the composition, function, and assembly of the healthy human gastrointestinal, skin, vaginal, and respiratory microbiomes, with special emphasis on the regional distribution of microbes throughout the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Kennedy
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Ecology & Evolution, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Eugene B Chang
- Department of Medicine, Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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Lema I, Araújo JR, Rolhion N, Demignot S. Jejunum: The understudied meeting place of dietary lipids and the microbiota. Biochimie 2020; 178:124-136. [PMID: 32949677 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although the jejunum is the main intestinal compartment responsible for lipid digestion and absorption, most of the studies assessing the impact of dietary lipids on the intestinal microbiota have been performed in the ileum, colon and faeces. This lack of interest in the jejunum is due to the much lower number of microbes present in this intestinal region and to the difficulty in accessing its lumen, which requires invasive methods. Recently, several recent publications highlighted that the whole jejunal microbiota or specific bacterial members are able to modulate lipid absorption and metabolism in enterocytes. This information reveals new strategies in the development of bacterial- and metabolite-based therapeutic interventions or nutraceutical recommendations to treat or prevent metabolic-related disorders, including obesity, cardiovascular diseases and malnutrition. This review is strictly focused on the following triad: dietary lipids, the jejunal epithelium and the jejunal microbiota. First, we will describe each member of the triad: the structure and functions of the jejunum, the composition of the jejunal microbiota, and dietary lipid handling by enterocytes and by microorganisms. Then, we will present the mechanisms leading to lipid malabsorption in small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), a disease in which the jejunal microbiota is altered and which highlights the strong interactions among this triad. We will finally review the recent literature about the interactions among members of the triad, which should encourage research teams to further explore the mechanisms by which specific microbial strains or metabolites, alone or in concert, can mediate, control or modulate lipid absorption in the jejunum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Lema
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, UMR_S 938, F-75012, Paris, France; EPHE, PSL University, F-75014, Paris, France
| | - João Ricardo Araújo
- Nutrition and Metabolism, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Center for Health Technology Services Research (CINTESIS), Oporto, Portugal
| | - Nathalie Rolhion
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, UMR_S 938, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Demignot
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, UMR_S 938, F-75012, Paris, France; EPHE, PSL University, F-75014, Paris, France.
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Kim TJ, Lee H. Clinical Significance of Changes in Gut Microbiome Associated with Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HELICOBACTER AND UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.7704/kjhugr.2020.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are commonly used for the treatment of gastric acid-related disorders, and are generally well tolerated. However, by reducing the secretion of gastric acid in the long term, PPI can increase the risk of inducing an imbalance in the gut microbiome composition. Moreover, gastric hypochlorhydria that is caused by PPIs favors the survival and migration of oral bacteria in the lower part of the gastrointestinal tract, with a possible induction of pro-inflammatory microenvironment. Therefore, gut dysbiosis that is associated with the use of PPI has been found to cause adverse infectious and inflammatory diseases. In this regard, adverse effects of the PPI-related gut dysbiosis have been reported in different observational studies, but their clinical relevance remains unclear. Therefore, the aim of this review was to explore the available data on the PPI-related gut dysbiosis in order to better understand its clinical significance.
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The duodenal microbiome is altered in small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234906. [PMID: 32645011 PMCID: PMC7347122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is highly prevalent and is associated with numerous gastrointestinal disorders, but the microbes involved remain poorly defined. Moreover, existing studies of microbiome alterations in SIBO have utilized stool samples, which are not representative of the entire gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, we aimed to determine and compare the duodenal microbiome composition in SIBO and non-SIBO subjects, using duodenal aspirates from subjects undergoing standard-of-care esophagogastroduodenoscopy without colon preparation. Using the recently-redefined cutoff for SIBO of >103 colony forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL), 42 SIBO and 98 non-SIBO subjects were identified. Duodenal samples from SIBO subjects had 4x103-fold higher counts than non-SIBO subjects when plated on MacConkey agar (P<0.0001), and 3.8-fold higher counts when plated on blood agar (P<0.0001). Twenty subjects had also undergone lactulose hydrogen breath tests (LHBTs), of whom 7/20 had SIBO. At the 90-minute timepoint, 4/7 SIBO subjects had positive LHBTs (rise in hydrogen (H2) ≥ 20 ppm above baseline), as compared to 2/13 non-SIBO subjects. 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing revealed that SIBO subjects had 4.31-fold higher relative abundance of Proteobacteria (FDR P<0.0001) and 1.64-fold lower Firmicutes (P<0.0003) than non-SIBO subjects. This increased relative abundance of Proteobacteria correlated with decreased α-diversity in SIBO subjects (Spearman R = 0.4866, P<0.0001) Specific increases in class Gammaproteobacteria correlated with the area-under-the-curve for H2 for 0-90 mins during LHBT (R = 0.630, P = 0.002). Increases in Gammaproteobacteria resulted primarily from higher relative abundances of the family Enterobacteriaceae (FDR P<0.0001), which correlated with the symptom of bloating (Spearman R = 0.185, 2-tailed P = 0.028). Increases in family Aeromonadaceae correlated with urgency with bowel movement (Spearman R = 0.186, 2-tailed P = 0.028). These results validate the >103 CFU/mL cutoff for the definition of SIBO, and also reveal specific overgrowth of Proteobacteria in SIBO vs. non-SIBO subjects, coupled with an altered Proteobacterial profile that correlates with symptom severity. Future research may elucidate host-microbiome interactions underlying these symptoms in SIBO patients.
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Poteres E, Hubert N, Poludasu S, Brigando G, Moore J, Keeler K, Isabelli A, Ibay ICV, Alt L, Pytynia M, Ciancio M, Martinez-Guryn K. Selective Regional Alteration of the Gut Microbiota by Diet and Antibiotics. Front Physiol 2020; 11:797. [PMID: 32733284 PMCID: PMC7358400 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The small intestinal microbiota has recently been implicated in contributing to metabolic disease. We previously demonstrated that diets rich in saturated milk fat have a particularly strong impact on the small bowel microbiota as opposed to more distal gastrointestinal (GI) regions. However, the impact of antibiotics and diet on the small bowel microbiota has not been clearly demonstrated. Thus, we sought to determine how diet and antibiotics interact in modulating the regional landscape of the gut microbiota. We conducted a study using male mice on a high fat (HF) or a low fat (LF) diet (n = 15/group) that received either water control (n = 5/diet), rifaximin, (non-absorbable broad-spectrum antibiotic; n = 5/diet) or an antibiotic cocktail consisting of metronidazole, cefoperazone, vancomycin, and neomycin (Abx cocktail; n = 5/diet). 16S rRNA sequencing was performed on mucosal scrapings collected from the small intestine and cecum, as well as on stool samples. Interestingly, antibiotics had a significant effect on community composition throughout the small intestine, cecum and stool, whereas diet significantly affected only the jejunum and cecum microbiota. The antibiotic cocktail, regardless of diet, was most effective in increasing cecum size, reducing body fat percentage, and plasma lipid levels. Altogether, this study reveals a selective and divergent regional alteration of the gut microbiota by diet and antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elesa Poteres
- Laboratory of Dr. Martinez-Guryn, Midwestern University, College of Graduate Studies, Biomedical Sciences Department, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Nathaniel Hubert
- Laboratory of Dr. Martinez-Guryn, Midwestern University, College of Graduate Studies, Biomedical Sciences Department, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Sudeep Poludasu
- Laboratory of Dr. Martinez-Guryn, Midwestern University, College of Graduate Studies, Biomedical Sciences Department, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Gabriella Brigando
- Laboratory of Dr. Martinez-Guryn, Midwestern University, College of Graduate Studies, Biomedical Sciences Department, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Julia Moore
- Laboratory of Dr. Martinez-Guryn, Midwestern University, College of Graduate Studies, Biomedical Sciences Department, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Kelly Keeler
- Laboratory of Dr. Martinez-Guryn, Midwestern University, College of Graduate Studies, Biomedical Sciences Department, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Allison Isabelli
- Laboratory of Dr. Martinez-Guryn, Midwestern University, College of Graduate Studies, Biomedical Sciences Department, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Iara Cassandra V Ibay
- Laboratory of Dr. Martinez-Guryn, Midwestern University, College of Graduate Studies, Biomedical Sciences Department, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Lauren Alt
- Laboratory of Dr. Martinez-Guryn, Midwestern University, College of Graduate Studies, Biomedical Sciences Department, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Matthew Pytynia
- Laboratory of Dr. Martinez-Guryn, Midwestern University, College of Graduate Studies, Biomedical Sciences Department, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Mae Ciancio
- Laboratory of Dr. Martinez-Guryn, Midwestern University, College of Graduate Studies, Biomedical Sciences Department, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Kristina Martinez-Guryn
- Laboratory of Dr. Martinez-Guryn, Midwestern University, College of Graduate Studies, Biomedical Sciences Department, Downers Grove, IL, United States
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Stolaki M, Minekus M, Venema K, Lahti L, Smid EJ, Kleerebezem M, Zoetendal EG. Microbial communities in a dynamic in vitro model for the human ileum resemble the human ileal microbiota. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 95:5531306. [PMID: 31295351 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The important role for the human small intestinal microbiota in health and disease has been widely acknowledged. However, the difficulties encountered in accessing the small intestine in a non-invasive way in healthy subjects have limited the possibilities to study its microbiota. In this study, a dynamic in vitro model that simulates the human ileum was developed, including its microbiota. Ileostomy effluent and fecal inocula were employed to cultivate microbial communities within the in vitro model. Microbial stability was repetitively achieved after 10 days of model operation with bacterial concentrations reaching on average 107 to 108 16S rRNA copy numbers/ml. High diversities similar to those observed in in vivo ileum samples were achieved at steady state using both fecal and ileostomy effluent inocula. Functional stability based on Short Chain Fatty Acid concentrations was reached after 10 days of operation using fecal inocula, but was not reached with ileostomy effluent as inoculum. Principal Components and cluster analysis of the phylogenetic profiles revealed that in vitro samples at steady state clustered closest to two samples obtained from the terminal ileum of healthy individuals, independent of the inoculum used, demonstrating that the in vitro microbiota at steady state resembles that of the human ileum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stolaki
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands.,The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Mans Minekus
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), PO Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Venema
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Maastricht University - Campus Venlo, Centre for Healthy Eating & Food Innovation, St. Jansweg 20, 5928 RC Venlo, The Netherlands
| | - Leo Lahti
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, FI-20014 University of Turku, Finland
| | - Eddy J Smid
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, P.O.Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel Kleerebezem
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Host-microbe Interactomics Group, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708 WD, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin G Zoetendal
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, P.O. Box 557, 6700 AN Wageningen, the Netherlands.,Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, the Netherlands
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45
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Ruan W, Engevik MA, Spinler JK, Versalovic J. Healthy Human Gastrointestinal Microbiome: Composition and Function After a Decade of Exploration. Dig Dis Sci 2020; 65:695-705. [PMID: 32067143 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06118-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains communities of microbes (bacteria, fungi, viruses) that vary by anatomic location and impact human health. Microbial communities differ in composition based on age, diet, and location in the gastrointestinal tract. Differences in microbial composition have been associated with chronic disease states. In terms of function, microbial metabolites provide key signals that help maintain healthy human physiology. Alterations of the healthy gastrointestinal microbiome have been linked to the development of various disease states including inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, and colorectal cancer. While the definition of a healthy GI microbiome cannot be precisely identified, features of a healthy gut microbiome include relatively greater biodiversity and relative abundances of specific phyla and genera. Microbes with desirable functional profiles for the human host have been identified, in addition to specific metabolic features of the microbiome. This article reviews the composition and function of the healthy human GI microbiome, including the relative abundances of different bacterial taxa and the specific metabolic pathways and classes of microbial metabolites contributing to human health and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenly Ruan
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Melinda A Engevik
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates St., Feigin Tower Suite 830, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jennifer K Spinler
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates St., Feigin Tower Suite 830, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - James Versalovic
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, 1102 Bates St., Feigin Tower Suite 830, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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46
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Marhuenda-Muñoz M, Laveriano-Santos EP, Tresserra-Rimbau A, Lamuela-Raventós RM, Martínez-Huélamo M, Vallverdú-Queralt A. Microbial Phenolic Metabolites: Which Molecules Actually Have an Effect on Human Health? Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11112725. [PMID: 31717653 PMCID: PMC6893422 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of gut microbiota in human health has been investigated extensively in recent years. The association of dysbiosis, detrimental changes in the colonic population, with several health conditions has led to the development of pro-, pre- and symbiotic foods. If not absorbed in the small intestine or secreted in bile, polyphenols and other food components can reach the large intestine where they are susceptible to modification by the microbial population, resulting in molecules with potentially beneficial health effects. This review provides an overview of studies that have detected and/or quantified microbial phenolic metabolites using high-performance liquid chromatography as the separation technique, followed by detection through mass spectrometry. Both in vitro experimental studies and human clinical trials are covered. Although many of the microbial phenolic metabolites (MPM) reported in in vitro studies were identified in human samples, further research is needed to associate them with clinical health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Marhuenda-Muñoz
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and XaRTA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; (M.M.-M.); (E.P.L.-S.); (R.M.L.-R.); (A.V.-Q.)
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Emily P. Laveriano-Santos
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and XaRTA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; (M.M.-M.); (E.P.L.-S.); (R.M.L.-R.); (A.V.-Q.)
| | - Anna Tresserra-Rimbau
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biotecnologia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Unitat de Nutrició Humana, Hospital Universitari San Joan de Reus, Institut d’Investigació Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43002 Reus, Spain
| | - Rosa M. Lamuela-Raventós
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and XaRTA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; (M.M.-M.); (E.P.L.-S.); (R.M.L.-R.); (A.V.-Q.)
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Miriam Martínez-Huélamo
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and XaRTA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; (M.M.-M.); (E.P.L.-S.); (R.M.L.-R.); (A.V.-Q.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934-024-510
| | - Anna Vallverdú-Queralt
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences and XaRTA, Institute of Nutrition and Food Safety (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; (M.M.-M.); (E.P.L.-S.); (R.M.L.-R.); (A.V.-Q.)
- Consorcio CIBER, M.P. Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
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47
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Pryor R, Norvaisas P, Marinos G, Best L, Thingholm LB, Quintaneiro LM, De Haes W, Esser D, Waschina S, Lujan C, Smith RL, Scott TA, Martinez-Martinez D, Woodward O, Bryson K, Laudes M, Lieb W, Houtkooper RH, Franke A, Temmerman L, Bjedov I, Cochemé HM, Kaleta C, Cabreiro F. Host-Microbe-Drug-Nutrient Screen Identifies Bacterial Effectors of Metformin Therapy. Cell 2019; 178:1299-1312.e29. [PMID: 31474368 PMCID: PMC6736778 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is the first-line therapy for treating type 2 diabetes and a promising anti-aging drug. We set out to address the fundamental question of how gut microbes and nutrition, key regulators of host physiology, affect the effects of metformin. Combining two tractable genetic models, the bacterium E. coli and the nematode C. elegans, we developed a high-throughput four-way screen to define the underlying host-microbe-drug-nutrient interactions. We show that microbes integrate cues from metformin and the diet through the phosphotransferase signaling pathway that converges on the transcriptional regulator Crp. A detailed experimental characterization of metformin effects downstream of Crp in combination with metabolic modeling of the microbiota in metformin-treated type 2 diabetic patients predicts the production of microbial agmatine, a regulator of metformin effects on host lipid metabolism and lifespan. Our high-throughput screening platform paves the way for identifying exploitable drug-nutrient-microbiome interactions to improve host health and longevity through targeted microbiome therapies. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosina Pryor
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and Birkbeck, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Povilas Norvaisas
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and Birkbeck, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Georgios Marinos
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lena Best
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Louise B Thingholm
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Leonor M Quintaneiro
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and Birkbeck, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Wouter De Haes
- Molecular and Functional Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniela Esser
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Silvio Waschina
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Celia Lujan
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6JD, UK
| | - Reuben L Smith
- Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Timothy A Scott
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and Birkbeck, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Daniel Martinez-Martinez
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Orla Woodward
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and Birkbeck, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kevin Bryson
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Matthias Laudes
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology, Christian Albrechts University Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory of Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Liesbet Temmerman
- Molecular and Functional Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ivana Bjedov
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6JD, UK
| | - Helena M Cochemé
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Christoph Kaleta
- Institute for Experimental Medicine, Kiel University, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Filipe Cabreiro
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK; Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and Birkbeck, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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48
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Bruno G, Zaccari P, Rocco G, Scalese G, Panetta C, Porowska B, Pontone S, Severi C. Proton pump inhibitors and dysbiosis: Current knowledge and aspects to be clarified. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:2706-2719. [PMID: 31235994 PMCID: PMC6580352 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i22.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are common medications within the practice of gastroenterology. These drugs, which act through the irreversible inhibition of the hydrogen/potassium pump (H+/K+-ATPase pump) in the gastric parietal cells, are used in the treatment of several acid-related disorders. PPIs are generally well tolerated but, through the long-term reduction of gastric acid secretion, can increase the risk of an imbalance in gut microbiota composition (i.e., dysbiosis). The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem in which microbes coexist and interact with the human host. Indeed, the resident gut bacteria are needed for multiple vital functions, such as nutrient and drug metabolism, the production of energy, defense against pathogens, the modulation of the immune system and support of the integrity of the gut mucosal barrier. The bacteria are collected in communities that vary in density and composition within each segment of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Therefore, every change in the gut ecosystem has been connected to an increased susceptibility or exacerbation of various GI disorders. The aim of this review is to summarize the recently available data on PPI-related microbiota alterations in each segment of the GI tract and to analyze the possible involvement of PPIs in the pathogenesis of several specific GI diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bruno
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Gastroenterology Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Piera Zaccari
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Gastroenterology Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Giulia Rocco
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Gastroenterology Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Giulia Scalese
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Gastroenterology Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Cristina Panetta
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Barbara Porowska
- Department of Cardio-Thoracic, Vascular Surgery and Transplants, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Stefano Pontone
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
| | - Carola Severi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Gastroenterology Unit, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome 00161, Italy
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49
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Wahlgren M, Axenstrand M, Håkansson Å, Marefati A, Lomstein Pedersen B. In Vitro Methods to Study Colon Release: State of the Art and An Outlook on New Strategies for Better In-Vitro Biorelevant Release Media. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E95. [PMID: 30813323 PMCID: PMC6410320 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11020095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary focus of this review is a discussion regarding in vitro media for colon release, but we also give a brief overview of colon delivery and the colon microbiota as a baseline for this discussion. The large intestine is colonized by a vast number of bacteria, approximately 1012 per gram of intestinal content. The microbial community in the colon is complex and there is still much that is unknown about its composition and the activity of the microbiome. However, it is evident that this complex microbiota will affect the release from oral formulations targeting the colon. This includes the release of active drug substances, food supplements, and live microorganisms, such as probiotic bacteria and bacteria used for microbiota transplantations. Currently, there are no standardized colon release media, but researchers employ in vitro models representing the colon ranging from reasonable simple systems with adjusted pH with or without key enzymes to the use of fecal samples. In this review, we present the pros and cons for different existing in vitro models. Furthermore, we summarize the current knowledge of the colonic microbiota composition which is of importance to the fermentation capacity of carbohydrates and suggest a strategy to choose bacteria for a new more standardized in vitro dissolution medium for the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Wahlgren
- Department of Food technology engineering and nutrition, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Magdalena Axenstrand
- Department of Food technology engineering and nutrition, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Åsa Håkansson
- Department of Food technology engineering and nutrition, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Ali Marefati
- Department of Food technology engineering and nutrition, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Betty Lomstein Pedersen
- Ferring International PharmaScience Center (IPC), Kay Fiskers Plads 11, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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50
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Lyte JM. Eating for 3.8 × 10 13: Examining the Impact of Diet and Nutrition on the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis Through the Lens of Microbial Endocrinology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 9:796. [PMID: 30761092 PMCID: PMC6361751 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of host-microbe neuroendocrine crosstalk, termed microbial endocrinology, suggests the impact of diet on host health and microbial viability is, in part, reliant upon nutritional modulation of shared host-microbe neuroendocrine axes. In the 1990's it was first recognized that neuroendocrine pathways are major components of the microbiota-gut-brain axis, and that diet-induced changes in the gut microbiota were correlated with changes in host behavior and cognition. A causative link, however, between nutritional-induced shifts in microbiota composition and change in host behavior has yet to be fully elucidated. Substrates found in food which are utilized by bacteria in the production of microbial-derived neurochemicals, which are structurally identical to those made by the host, likely represent a microbial endocrinology-based route by which the microbiota causally influence the host and microbial community dynamics via diet. For example, food safety is strongly impacted by the microbial production of biogenic amines. While microbial-produced tyramine found in cheese can elicit hypertensive crises, microorganisms which are common inhabitants of the human intestinal tract can convert L-histidine found in common foodstuffs to histamine and thereby precipitate allergic reactions. Hence, there is substantial evidence suggesting a microbial endocrinology-based role by which the gastrointestinal microbiota can utilize host dietary components to produce neuroactive molecules that causally impact the host. Conversely, little is known regarding the reverse scenario whereby nutrition-mediated changes in host neuroendocrine production affect microbial viability, composition, and/or function. Mechanisms in the direction of brain-to-gut, such as how host production of catecholamines drives diverse changes in microbial growth and functionality within the gut, require greater examination considering well-known nutritional effects on host stress physiology. As dietary intake mediates changes in host stress, such as the effects of caffeine on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, it is likely that nutrition can impact host neuroendocrine production to affect the microbiota. Likewise, the plasticity of the microbiota to changes in host diet has been hypothesized to drive microbial regulation of host food preference via a host-microbe feedback loop. This review will focus on food as concerns microbial endocrinology with emphasis given to nutrition as a mediator of host-microbe bi-directional neuroendocrine crosstalk and its impact on microbial viability and host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Lyte
- Poultry Production and Product Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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