Obese visceral fat tissue inflammation: from protective to detrimental?

Maternal diabetes and fracture risk in offspring: a population-based analysis

Factors affecting intrauterine environment exerts influence on skeletal health and fracture risk in later life. Diabetes during pregnancy is known to influence birth weight and is associated with fetal overgrowth. However, the effects of maternal diabetes on fracture risk in offspring is unknown. This study was aimed to evaluate the association between maternal diabetes and fracture risk in offspring. Using population-based administrative health data for Manitoba, Canada, we identified deliveries complicated by gestational diabetes and type 2 diabetes between April 1, 1980, and March 31, 2020. The cohort was followed for a median of 15.8 yr. The primary outcome was any incident fracture in offspring. Secondary outcomes were long bone upper extremity fracture, long bone lower extremity fracture, vertebral fracture, and any non-trauma fractures. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate fracture risk in offspring by maternal diabetes status adjusted for relevant covariates. Of the 585 176 deliveries, 26 397 offspring were born to women with diabetes (3.0% gestational diabetes and 1.5% type 2 diabetes), and 558 779 were born to women without diabetes. The adjusted risk for any fracture was 7% (hazard ratio, 1.07; 95% CI, 2.7-11.5%) higher in the offspring of mothers with diabetes than offspring of mothers without diabetes. Types of fractures were similar between the 2 groups with a predominance of long bone upper extremity fractures. In conclusion, maternal diabetes was associated with a modest increase in fracture risk in offspring. Longitudinal prospective studies are needed to understand intrauterine and postnatal factors that may influence fracture risk in the offspring of mothers with diabetes.

Cellular Senescence and Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Obesity-A Narrative Review

This narrative review explores the pathophysiology of obesity, cellular senescence, and exosome release. When exposed to excessive nutrients, adipocytes develop mitochondrial dysfunction and generate reactive oxygen species with DNA damage. This triggers adipocyte hypertrophy and hypoxia, inhibition of adiponectin secretion and adipogenesis, increased endoplasmic reticulum stress and maladaptive unfolded protein response, metaflammation, and polarization of macrophages. Such feed-forward cycles are not resolved by antioxidant systems, heat shock response pathways, or DNA repair mechanisms, resulting in transmissible cellular senescence via autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signaling. Senescence can thus affect preadipocytes, mature adipocytes, tissue macrophages and lymphocytes, hepatocytes, vascular endothelium, pancreatic β cells, myocytes, hypothalamic nuclei, and renal podocytes. The senescence-associated secretory phenotype is closely related to visceral adipose tissue expansion and metaflammation; inhibition of SIRT-1, adiponectin, and autophagy; and increased release of exosomes, exosomal micro-RNAs, pro-inflammatory adipokines, and saturated free fatty acids. The resulting hypernefemia, insulin resistance, and diminished fatty acid β-oxidation lead to lipotoxicity and progressive obesity, metabolic syndrome, and physical and cognitive functional decline. Weight cycling is related to continuing immunosenescence and exposure to palmitate. Cellular senescence, exosome release, and the transmissible senescence-associated secretory phenotype contribute to obesity and metabolic syndrome. Targeted therapies have interrelated and synergistic effects on cellular senescence, obesity, and premature aging.

Joint effect of atrial fibrillation and obesity on mortality in critically ill patients

BACKGROUND

The interplay between atrial fibrillation (AF) and obesity on mortality in critically ill patients warrants detailed exploration, given their individual impacts on patient prognosis. This study aimed to assess the associations between AF, obesity, and 1-year mortality in a critically ill population.

METHODS

Utilizing data from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC)-IV database, we conducted a retrospective analysis of adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit. The primary endpoint was 1-year mortality, analyzed through Cox regression with hazard ratio (HR) and Kaplan-Meier survival methods.

RESULTS

The study included 25,654 patients (median age 67.0 years, 40.6% female), with 39.0% having AF and 36.1% being obese. Multivariate COX regression analysis revealed that AF was associated with a 14.7% increase in the risk of 1-year mortality (p < 0.001), while obesity was linked to a 13.9% reduction in mortality risk (p < 0.001). The protective effect of obesity on mortality was similar in patients with (HR = 0.85) and without AF (HR = 0.86). AF led to a slightly higher risk of mortality in patients without obesity (HR = 1.16) compared to those with obesity (HR = 1.13). Kaplan-Meier survival curves highlighted that non-obese patients with AF had the lowest survival rate, whereas the highest survival was observed in obese patients without AF.

CONCLUSIONS

AF significantly increased 1-year mortality risk in critically ill patients, whereas obesity was associated with a decreased mortality risk. The most adverse survival outcomes were identified in non-obese patients with AF.

Structural equation model analysis of the effect of visceral fat on osteoporosis

BACKGROUND

Osteoporosis is a considerable public health challenge in Moyu County, Xinjiang. Here, we evaluated the influencing factors of osteoporosis in this region.

METHODS

We recruited 7,761 participants and randomized them into normal and osteoporotic populations based on T-score. The effects of general conditions, body composition, calcium sources and exercise, respiratory exposure, and daily diet on osteoporosis were analyzed. Furthermore, a structural equation model was constructed to uncover the direct and indirect influencing factors of osteoporosis.

RESULTS

Among the participants, 1,803 (23.23%) had normal bone mass while 1,496 (19.28%) had osteoporosis. The univariate analysis showed significant differences in the general conditions, body composition, calcium sources and exercise, respiratory exposure, and daily diet. Stratification based on age (45 years) and body mass index (BMI) (18.5 kg/m2) showed variations in the body composition between the two groups; however, the visceral fat differed significantly. Logistic regression analysis affirmed the association of visceral fat index as it was included in all equations, except for age and female menopause. The structural equation exhibited that the general conditions, body composition, and, calcium sources, and exercise were direct factors of osteoporosis, while respiratory exposure and daily diet were indirect factors. The standardized path coefficient was highest in general conditions, followed by body composition, and lastly, calcium sources and exercise.

CONCLUSION

Obesity, besides age and female menopause, is also an influencing factor of osteoporosis. The visceral fat index plays a vital role in osteoporosis. Our findings may provide experimental evidence for early prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

Chinese Visceral Adiposity Index Predict Prehypertension Progression and Regression: A Prospective Cohort Study Involving Middle-Aged and Older Adults

BACKGROUND

Limited data are published on the relationship of the Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI) with prehypertension progression or regression. Therefore, we investigated this association through the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study.

METHODS

Participants with prehypertension were assigned to two groups according to baseline CVAI, and after 4 years of follow-up, their blood pressure was analyzed for deterioration or improvement. We constructed logistic regression models for assessing the association of CVAI with the progression or regression of prehypertension. A restricted cubic spline (RCS) model was utilized for determining the dose-response association. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were also conducted.

RESULTS

The study included 2,057 participants with prehypertension. During the follow-up, 695 participants progressed to hypertension, 561 participants regressed to normotension, and 801 participants remained as prehypertensive. An association was observed between a high CVAI value and a higher incidence of progression to hypertension and between a high CVAI value and a lower incidence of regression to normotension (OR = 1.66 and 0.58, 95% CI: 1.35-2.05 and 0.47-0.73, respectively). The RCS model exhibited a linear association between CVAI and prehypertension progression and regression (all P for non-linear > 0.05). The results of the subgroup and sensitivity analyses agreed with those of the primary analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

A significant association was noted between CVAI and prehypertension progression and regression. Thus, as part of the hypertension prevention strategy, monitoring CVAI is crucial in individuals with prehypertension.

Assessing the suitability of video-assisted anal fistula treatment for obese patients compared to conventional surgery: a question worth investigating

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Video-assisted anal fistula treatment (VAAFT) is an innovative surgical approach enabling the direct visualization of the fistula tract structure. This study aims to assess the efficacy of VAAFT in comparison with that of traditional surgical methods and explore potential risk factors contributing to fistula recurrence to provide new recommendations for surgical selection.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Information was collected from 100 patients with complex anal fistula (CAF) in our hospital who underwent surgical treatment from January 2021 to January 2023. We compared the baseline information and surgical outcomes of two groups, analyzed the risk factors for fistula recurrence by using logistic regression analysis, and conducted further exploration by using the body mass index.

RESULTS

Equal numbers of patients underwent VAAFT and traditional surgeries, and no significant differences in baseline information were observed. Patients who received VAAFT experienced less intraoperative bleeding (15.5 (14.0-20.0) vs. 32.0 (25.0-36.0)), shorter hospital stays (2.0 (2.0-2.5) vs. 3.0 (3.0-3.5)), reduced postoperative pain and wound discharge, but longer operative times (43.3 ± 6.9 vs. 35.0 (31.5-40.0)) compared with patients who underwent traditional surgeries. No significant differences in recurrence rates were found three and six months after operation (the p-values were 0.790 and 0.806, respectively). However, the Wexner scores of the VAAFT group were significantly low in the first follow-up (0 (0-1.0) vs. 2.0 (1.0-2.0)). Postoperative recurrence of fistulas may be associated with obesity (p-value = 0.040), especially in patients undergoing traditional surgeries (p-value = 0.036).

CONCLUSION

VAAFT offers advantages, such as less pain, less trauma, and faster recovery, compared with traditional surgical treatment. Obese patients with CAF are prone to recurrence, and we recommend that they undergo VAAFT treatment rather than traditional surgeries.

Unraveling Chylomicron Retention Disease Enhances Insight into SAR1B GTPase Functions and Mechanisms of Actions, While Shedding Light of Intracellular Chylomicron Trafficking

Over the past three decades, significant efforts have been focused on unraveling congenital intestinal disorders that disrupt the absorption of dietary lipids and fat-soluble vitamins. The primary goal has been to gain deeper insights into intra-enterocyte sites, molecular steps, and crucial proteins/regulatory pathways involved, while simultaneously identifying novel therapeutic targets and diagnostic tools. This research not only delves into specific and rare malabsorptive conditions, such as chylomicron retention disease (CRD), but also contributes to our understanding of normal physiology through the utilization of cutting-edge cellular and animal models alongside advanced research methodologies. This review elucidates how modern techniques have facilitated the decoding of CRD gene defects, the identification of dysfunctional cellular processes, disease regulatory mechanisms, and the essential role of coat protein complex II-coated vesicles and cargo receptors in chylomicron trafficking and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) exit sites. Moreover, experimental approaches have shed light on the multifaceted functions of SAR1B GTPase, wherein loss-of-function mutations not only predispose individuals to CRD but also exacerbate oxidative stress, inflammation, and ER stress, potentially contributing to clinical complications associated with CRD. In addition to dissecting the primary disease pathology, genetically modified animal models have emerged as invaluable assets in exploring various ancillary aspects, including responses to environmental challenges such as dietary alterations, gender-specific disparities in disease onset and progression, and embryonic lethality or developmental abnormalities. In summary, this comprehensive review provides an in-depth and contemporary analysis of CRD, offering a meticulous examination of the CRD current landscape by synthesizing the latest research findings and advancements in the field.

Butyrate and tributyrin reduce LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine production from human visceral fat

INTRODUCTION

The current obesity crisis has resulted in many people with excess adipose tissue suffering from chronic inflammation. This inflammation is largely due to the release of cytokines and chemokines from visceral fat. The aim of this study was to identify potential anti-inflammatory agents that might alleviate obesity-induced chronic inflammation.

METHODS

To identify agents that might alleviate this obesity-induced chronic inflammation we have developed a simple protocol for incubating intact pieces of human visceral adipose tissue in 35 mm tissue culture plates, in the presence of low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and co-incubating these samples with potential anti-inflammatory agents. RNA-Seq analysis was performed to identify enriched gene expression signatures among the most significantly differentially expressed genes.

RESULTS

From this screen, we have identified the short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) sodium butyrate and its triacylglyceride form, tributyrin, as effective agents, significantly reducing the production of LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines and chemokines from all adipose tissue samples tested. As well, these agents appear to be non-toxic at the concentrations tested. RNA-Seq analysis has revealed that IL36γ is one of the most upregulated genes in response to LPS and one of the most downregulated when sodium butyrate is added to human fat samples stimulated with LPS. IL-36γ ELISAs confirmed this holds true at the protein level as well.

CONCLUSIONS

These studies suggest that the short-chain fatty acid, sodium butyrate, and its triacylglyceride form, tributyrin, might alleviate the chronic inflammation that is associated with many individuals with obesity.

Lipid metabolism mediates the association between body mass index change and bone mineral density: The Taizhou imaging study

BACKGROUND

Limited research explores the impact of body mass index (BMI) change on osteoporosis, regarding the role of lipid metabolism. We aimed to cross-sectionally investigate these relationships in 820 Chinese participants aged 55-65 from the Taizhou Imaging Study.

METHODS

We used the baseline data collected between 2013 and 2018. T-score was calculated by standardizing bone mineral density and was used for osteoporosis and osteopenia diagnosis. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine the effect of BMI change on bone health status. Multivariable linear regression was employed to identify the metabolites corrected with BMI change and T-score. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and mediation analysis were conducted to ascertain the involvement of the metabolites.

RESULTS

BMI increase served as a protective factor against osteoporosis (OR = 0.79[0.71-0.88], P-value<0.001) and osteopenia (OR = 0.88[0.82-0.95], P-value<0.001). Eighteen serum metabolites were associated with both BMI change and T-score. Specifically, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) substructures demonstrated negative correlations (β = -0.08 to -0.06 and - 0.12 to -0.08, respectively), while very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) substructions showed positive correlations (β = 0.09 to 0.10 and 0.10 to 0.11, respectively). The two lipid factors (HDL and VLDL) extracted by EFA acted as mediators between BMI change and T-score (Prop. Mediated = 8.16% and 10.51%, all P-value<0.01).

CONCLUSION

BMI gain among Chinese aged 55-65 is beneficial for reducing the risk of osteoporosis. The metabolism of HDL and VLDL partially mediates the effect of BMI change on bone loss. Our research offers novel insights into the prevention of osteoporosis, approached from the perspective of weight management and lipid metabolomics.

Three-Month Excessive Body Weight Loss < 37.7% as a Predictor of Mid-term Suboptimal Outcomes Postlaparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: Risk Factors and the Impact of Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio on Adipocyte Function

INTRODUCTION

This study aimed to evaluate the impact of achieving < 37.7% excess body-weight loss (EBWL) within 3 months of postlaparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) on clinical outcomes and its correlation with adipocyte function.

METHODS

Patients (n = 176) who underwent LSG between January 2019 and January 2023 were included. Weight loss and status of health markers were monitored postoperatively. The cohort was stratified based on EBWL < 37.7% at 3 months or not. Variables including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), insulin resistance, and comorbidities were analyzed. Omental visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue samples were used to analyze the differences in adipocyte function by western blot.

RESULTS

Patients with EBWL < 37.7% at 3 months post-LSG (suboptimal group) comprised less likelihood of achieving ≥ 50% EBWL than those who achieved ≥ 37.7% EBWL (optimal group) at 6 months (42.55% vs. 95.52% in optimal group, p < 0.001), 12 months (85.11% vs. 99.25% in optimal group, p < 0.001) and 24 months (77.14% vs. 94.74% in optimal group, p = 0.009) post-LSG. High BMI (OR = 1.222, 95% CI 1.138-1.312, p < 0.001), NLR ≥ 2.36 (OR = 2.915, 95% CI 1.257-6.670, p = 0.013), and female sex (OR = 3.243, 95% CI 1.306-8.051, p = 0.011) significantly predicted EBWL < 37.7% at 3 months post-LSG. Patients with NLR ≥ 2.36 had significantly lower adipose triglyceride lipase in omental fat (p = 0.025).

CONCLUSION

EBWL < 37.7% at 3 months post-LSG is a strong predictor of subsequent suboptimal weight loss. High BMI, NLR ≥ 2.36, and female sex are risk factors in predicting EBWL < 37.7% at 3 months post-LSG. These findings may offer a reference to apply adjuvant weight loss medications to patients who are predisposed to suboptimal outcomes.

Loss-of-function G6PD variant moderated high-fat diet-induced obesity, adipocyte hypertrophy, and fatty liver in male rats

Obesity is a major risk factor for liver and cardiovascular diseases. However, obesity-driven mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple organ diseases are still obscure and treatment is inadequate. We hypothesized that increased , glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), the key rate-limiting enzyme in the pentose shunt, is critical in evoking metabolic reprogramming in multiple organs and is a significant contributor to the pathogenesis of liver and cardiovascular diseases. G6PD is induced by a carbohydrate-rich diet and insulin. Long-term (8 months) high-fat diet (HFD) feeding increased body weight and elicited metabolic reprogramming in visceral fat, liver, and aorta, of the wild-type rats. In addition, HFD increased inflammatory chemokines in visceral fat. Interestingly, CRISPR-edited loss-of-function Mediterranean G6PD variant (G6PDS188F) rats, which mimic human polymorphism, moderated HFD-induced weight gain and metabolic reprogramming in visceral fat, liver, and aorta. The G6PDS188F variant prevented HFD-induced CCL7 and adipocyte hypertrophy. Furthermore, the G6PDS188F variant increased Magel2 - a gene encoding circadian clock-related protein that suppresses obesity associated with Prader-Willi syndrome - and reduced HFD-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver. Additionally, the G6PDS188F variant reduced aging-induced aortic stiffening. Our findings suggest G6PD is a regulator of HFD-induced obesity, adipocyte hypertrophy, and fatty liver.

Metabolic Changes Induced by Bariatric Surgery May be Mediated by PAI-1 and PCSK9 Crosstalk

BACKGROUND

Adiposity favors several metabolic disorders with an exacerbated chronic pro-inflammatory status and tissue damage, with high levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9).

OBJECTIVE

To demonstrate the influence of bariatric surgery on the crosstalk between PAI-1 and PCSK9 to regulate metabolic markers.

METHODS

Observational and longitudinal study of 190 patients with obesity and obesity-related comorbidities who underwent bariatric surgery. We measured, before and after bariatric surgery, the anthropometric variables and we performed biochemical analysis by standard methods (glucose, insulin, triglycerides [TG], total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C] and TG/HDL-C ratio, PAI-1 and PCSK9 were measured by ELISA).

RESULTS

PAI-1 levels decreased significantly after bariatric surgery, and were positively correlated with lipids, glucose, and TG, with significance on PCSK9 and TG/HDL-C alleviating the insulin resistance (IR) and inducing a state reversal of type 2 diabetes (T2D) with a significant decrease in body weight and BMI (p <0.0001). Multivariate regression analysis predicted a functional model in which PAI-1 acts as a regulator of PCSK9 (p <0.002), TG (p <0.05), and BMI; at the same time, PCSK9 modulates LDL-C HDL-C and PAI-1.

CONCLUSIONS

After bariatric surgery, we found a positive association and crosstalk between PAI-1 and PCSK9, which modulates the delicate balance of cholesterol, favoring the decrease of circulating lipids, TG, and PAI-1, which influences the glucose levels with amelioration of IR and T2D, demonstrating the crosstalk between fibrinolysis and lipid metabolism, the two main factors involved in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease in human obesity.

Celiac Disease, Gluten-Free Diet and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease

Celiac disease (CD) is a chronic autoimmune disorder triggered by the ingestion of gluten-containing food by genetically predisposed individuals. Hence, treatment of CD consists of permanent avoidance of wheat, rye, barley, and other gluten-containing foods. Lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD) improves the symptoms of CD, but recent evidence suggests it is also associated with a higher risk for hepatic steatosis and the coexistence or emergence of other cardiometabolic risk factors. Moreover, a higher risk for liver steatosis is also reported by some authors as a potential extraintestinal complication of the CD itself. Recent nomenclature changes designate the association between hepatic steatosis and at least one of five cardiometabolic risk factors as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). An extended network of potentially causative factors underlying the association between MAFLD and CD, before and after dietary therapy is implemented, was recently described. The individualized treatment of these patients is less supported by evidence, with most of the current recommendations relying on empiric clinical judgment. This review focuses on the causative associations between CD and hepatic injury, either as an extraintestinal manifestation of CD or a side effect of GFD, also referring to potential therapeutic strategies for these individuals.

Causal relationship between obesity and anorectal abscess: a Mendelian randomization study

Background

Observational studies have indicated that obesity is a risk factor for anorectal abscess (ARB). However, it remains unclear whether a causal genetic relationship exists between obesity and ARB.

Methods

Univariate and multivariate Mendelian randomization (MR) were conducted using data from a large, published genome-wide association study (GWAS) of European ancestry to infer a causal relationship between obesity and ARB. Inverse variance weighted (IVW) analysis served as the primary analysis method, with results reported as odds ratios (OR).

Results

MR analysis revealed that body mass index (BMI) positively affects ARB (OR 1.974, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.548-2.519, p = 4.34 × 10-8). The weighted median method (OR = 1.879, 95% CI 1.248-2.829, p = 0.002) and Bayesian model averaging (BMA) (OR = 1.88, 95% CI 1.477-2.392, p = 2.85 × 10-7) also demonstrated consistent results. Subsequently, the impact of several obesity-related characteristics on ARB was assessed. Body fat percentage (BF), whole body fat mass (FM), waist circumference (WC), and hip circumference (HC) were found to be causally associated with an increased risk of ARB. However, these associations vanished after adjusting for BMI effects.

Conclusion

The study confirms a positive causal effect of obesity on ARB, highlighting that reasonable weight control is an important strategy to reduce the incidence of ARB.

Study on the relationship between body mass index and blood pressure indices in children aged 7-17 during COVID-19

Background

To explore the relationship between body mass index (BMI), age, sex, and blood pressure (systolic blood pressure, SBP; diastolic blood pressure, DBP) in children during COVID-19, providing reference for the prevention and screening of hypertension in children.

Methods

This study adopted a large-scale cross-sectional design to investigate the association between BMI and blood pressure in 7-17-year-old students in City N, China, during COVID-19. Thirty-six primary and secondary schools in City N were sampled using a stratified cluster sampling method. A total of 11,433 students aged 7-17 years in City N, China, were selected for blood pressure (Diastolic blood pressure, DBP, Systolic blood pressure, SBP), height, and weight, Resting heart rate (RHR), chest circumference, measurements, and the study was written using the STROBE checklist. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 26.0, calculating the mean and standard deviation of BMI and blood pressure for male and female students in different age groups. Regression analysis was employed to explore the impact of BMI, age, and sex on SBP and DBP, and predictive models were established. The model fit was evaluated using the model R2.

Results

The study included 11,287 primary and secondary school students, comprising 5,649 boys and 5,638 girls. It was found that with increasing age, BMI and blood pressure of boys and girls generally increased. There were significant differences in blood pressure levels between boys and girls in different age groups. In regression models, LC, Age, BMI, and chest circumference show significant positive linear relationships with SBP and DBP in adolescents, while RHR exhibits a negative linear relationship with SBP. These factors were individually incorporated into a stratified regression model, significantly enhancing the model's explanatory power. After including factors such as Age, Gender, and BMI, the adjusted R2 value showed a significant improvement, with Age and BMI identified as key predictive factors for SBP and DBP. The robustness and predictive accuracy of the model were further examined through K-fold cross-validation and independent sample validation methods. The validation results indicate that the model has a high accuracy and explanatory power in predicting blood pressure in children of different weight levels, especially among obese children, where the prediction accuracy is highest.

Conclusion

During COVID-19, age, sex, and BMI significantly influence blood pressure in children aged 7-17 years, and predictive models for SBP and DBP were established. This model helps predict blood pressure in children and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Confirmation of factors such as sex, age, and BMI provide a basis for personalized health plans for children, especially during large-scale infectious diseases, providing guidance for addressing health challenges and promoting the health and well-being of children.

Combined associations of visceral adipose tissue and adherence to a Mediterranean lifestyle with T2D and diabetic microvascular complications among individuals with prediabetes

BACKGROUND

It's unclear if excess visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass in individuals with prediabetes can be countered by adherence to a Mediterranean lifestyle (MEDLIFE). We aimed to examine VAT mass, MEDLIFE adherence, and their impact on type 2 diabetes (T2D) and diabetic microvascular complications (DMC) in individuals with prediabetes.

METHODS

11,267 individuals with prediabetes from the UK Biobank cohort were included. VAT mass was predicted using a non-linear model, and adherence to the MEDLIFE was evaluated using the 25-item MEDLIFE index, encompassing categories such as "Mediterranean food consumption," "Mediterranean dietary habits," and "Physical activity, rest, social habits, and conviviality." Both VAT and MEDLIFE were categorized into quartiles, resulting in 16 combinations. Incident cases of T2D and related DMC were identified through clinical records. Cox proportional-hazards regression models were employed to examine associations, adjusting for potential confounding factors.

RESULTS

Over a median follow-up of 13.77 years, we observed 1408 incident cases of T2D and 714 cases of any DMC. High adherence to the MEDLIFE, compared to the lowest quartile, reduced a 16% risk of incident T2D (HR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.71-0.98) and 31% for incident DMC (0.69, 0.56-0.86). Conversely, compared to the lowest quartile of VAT, the highest quartile increased the risk of T2D (5.95, 4.72-7.49) and incident any DMC (1.79, 1.36-2.35). We observed an inverse dose-response relationship between MEDLIFE and T2D/DMC, and a dose-response relationship between VAT and all outcomes (P for trend < 0.05). Restricted cubic spline analysis confirmed a nearly linear dose-response pattern across all associations. Compared to individuals with the lowest MEDLIFE quartile and highest VAT quartile, those with the lowest T2D risk had the lowest VAT and highest MEDLIFE (0.12, 0.08-0.19). High MEDLIFE was linked to reduced T2D risk across all VAT categories, except in those with the highest VAT quartile. Similar trends were seen for DMC.

CONCLUSION

High adherence to MEDLIFE reduced T2D and MDC risk in individuals with prediabetes, while high VAT mass increases it, but MEDLIFE adherence may offset VAT's risk partly. The Mediterranean lifestyle's adaptability to diverse populations suggests promise for preventing T2D.

Lymphocyte to High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Ratio is Positively Associated with Pre-diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome, and Non-traditional Cardiometabolic Risk Markers: A Cross-sectional Study at Secondary Health Care

High scores of lymphocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (lymphocyte-to-HDL-c) may be a new indicator of inflammation and metabolic syndrome. Here, we investigated the associations of the lymphocyte-to-HDL-c with traditional and non-traditional cardiometabolic risk markers in subjects at high cardiovascular risk. This study is a cross-sectional analysis with subjects assisted in a Secondary Health Care (n = 581, age = 63.06 ± 13.86 years; 52.3% women). Lymphocyte-to-HDL-c ratio were assessed by routine laboratory tests. Anthropometric and/or biochemical variables were used to calculate traditional (body mass index - BMI, and waist-to-height ratio - WHtR) and non-traditional (lipid accumulation product index-LAP, visceral adiposity index-VAI, deep-abdominal-adipose-tissue index-DAAT, atherogenic index of plasma-AIP, and waist-hypertriglyceridemic phenotype-HTGW) cardiometabolic risk markers. Furthermore, anthropometric measurement waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, metabolic syndrome (MS), and biochemical markers (lipid and glycemic profile) were considered traditional markers of cardiometabolic risk. Pearson's chi-square test, Poisson regression with robust variance, or multinomial logistic regression were performed (α = 0.05). Individuals with a high lymphocyte-HDL-c ratio (> 0.84, 3rd tertile) were associated with the HTGW phenotype, high VAI, high LAP, hypertriglyceridemia, high AIP, high very low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-c), pre-diabetes, and 3 and 4 MS components compared with individuals in the first tertile, independent of confounders. Our findings supported the lymphocyte-to-HDL-c ratio as a potential biomarker during the screening of subjects at high cardiovascular risk.

Positive Effects of Physical Activity on Insulin Signaling

Physical activity is integral to metabolic health, particularly in addressing insulin resistance and related disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Studies consistently demonstrate a strong association between physical activity levels and insulin sensitivity. Regular exercise interventions were shown to significantly improve glycemic control, highlighting exercise as a recommended therapeutic strategy for reducing insulin resistance. Physical inactivity is closely linked to islet cell insufficiency, exacerbating insulin resistance through various pathways including ER stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Conversely, physical training and exercise preserve and restore islet function, enhancing peripheral insulin sensitivity. Exercise interventions stimulate β-cell proliferation through increased circulating levels of growth factors, further emphasizing its role in maintaining pancreatic health and glucose metabolism. Furthermore, sedentary lifestyles contribute to elevated oxidative stress levels and ceramide production, impairing insulin signaling and glucose metabolism. Regular exercise induces anti-inflammatory responses, enhances antioxidant defenses, and promotes mitochondrial function, thereby improving insulin sensitivity and metabolic efficiency. Encouraging individuals to adopt active lifestyles and engage in regular exercise is crucial for preventing and managing insulin resistance and related metabolic disorders, ultimately promoting overall health and well-being.

The Association between Sarcopenic Obesity and DXA-Derived Visceral Adipose Tissue (VAT) in Adults

Many people with overweight and obesity are affected by sarcopenia, which is represented by a phenotype known as sarcopenic obesity (SO), characterized by excessive body fat (BF), combined with reduced muscle mass and strength. In this population, it is vital to identify the factors associated with SO. With this aim in mind, we investigated the association between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass and SO in patients with overweight or obesity in a nutritional setting. A total of 256 participants (23.8% female) with overweight or obesity were involved and completed a body composition assessment, including VAT mass, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The sample was initially categorized according to whether the individual had the SO phenotype; they were then classified according to their VAT mass into three tertiles (lowest, medium, and highest). Among the 256 participants, who had a median body mass index (BMI) of 29.3 (interquartile range (IQR): 27.0-32.4) kg/m2 and a median age of 51.0 (IQR: 47.0-54.0) years, 32.4% were identified as having SO, and they displayed a higher median VAT mass (517.0 (IQR: 384.5-677.0) vs. 790.0 (IQR: 654.0-1007.0) g; p < 0.05). The logistic regression model that accounted for age, sex and BMI revealed that a higher VAT mass increases the risk of SO (odds ratio (OR) = 1.003; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.001-1.004; p < 0.05). In conclusion, VAT mass appears to be an independent factor associated with SO in people with overweight or obesity. However, due to the cross-sectional design, no information regarding any causality between higher VAT mass and SO can be provided. Additional longitudinal research in this direction should therefore be conducted.

Liraglutide and not lifestyle intervention reduces soluble CD163 after comparable weight loss in obese participants with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND

The GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide is used to treat hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes but is also known to induce weight loss, preserve the beta cell and reduce cardiovascular risk. The mechanisms underlying these effects are however still not completely known. Herein we explore the effect of liraglutide on markers of immune cell activity in a population of obese individuals with prediabetes or newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus.

METHOD

Plasma levels of the monocyte/macrophage markers, soluble (s)CD163 and sCD14, the neutrophil markers myeloperoxidase (MPO) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL),the T-cell markers sCD25 and T-cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-3 (sTIM-3) and the inflammatory marker TNF superfamily (TNFSF) member 14 (LIGHT/TNFSF14) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays in obese individuals with prediabetes or diabetes diagnosed within the last 12 months, prior to and after comparable weight loss achieved with lifestyle changes (n = 20) or liraglutide treatment (n = 20), and in healthy subjects (n = 13).

RESULTS

At baseline, plasma levels of the macrophage marker sCD163, and the inflammatory marker LIGHT were higher in cases as compared to controls. Plasma levels of sCD14, NGAL, sTIM-3 and sCD25 did not differ at baseline between patients and controls. After weight reduction following lifestyle intervention or liraglutide treatment, sCD163 decreased significantly in the liraglutide group vs. lifestyle (between-group difference p = 0.023, adjusted for visceral adipose tissue and triglycerides basal values). MPO and LIGHT decreased significantly only in the liraglutide group (between group difference not significant). Plasma levels of MPO and in particular sCD163 correlated with markers of metabolic dysfunction and inflammation. After weight loss, only sCD163 showed a trend for decreased levels during OGTT, both in the whole cohort as in those of liraglutide vs lifestyle group.

CONCLUSION

Weight loss following treatment with liraglutide was associated with reduced circulating levels of sCD163 when compared to the same extent of weight loss after lifestyle changes. This might contribute to reduced cardiometabolic risk in individuals receiving treatment with liraglutide.

Molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets in the pathogenesis of hypertension in visceral adipose tissue induced by a high-fat diet

Background

Hypertension (HTN) presents a significant global public health challenge with diverse causative factors. The accumulation of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) due to a high-fat diet (HFD) is an independent risk factor for HTN. While various studies have explored pathogenic mechanisms, a comprehensive understanding of impact of VAT on blood pressure necessitates bioinformatics analysis.

Methods

Datasets GSE214618 and GSE188336 were acquired from the Gene Expression Omnibus and analyzed to identify shared differentially expressed genes between HFD-VAT and HTN-VAT. Gene Ontology enrichment and protein-protein interaction analyses were conducted, leading to the identification of hub genes. We performed molecular validation of hub genes using RT-qPCR, Western-blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Furthermore, immune infiltration analysis using CIBERSORTx was performed.

Results

This study indicated that the predominant characteristic of VAT in HTN was related to energy metabolism. The red functional module was enriched in pathways associated with mitochondrial oxidative respiration and ATP metabolism processes. Spp1, Postn, and Gpnmb in VAT were identified as hub genes on the pathogenic mechanism of HTN. Proteins encoded by these hub genes were closely associated with the target organs-specifically, the resistance artery, aorta, and heart tissue. After treatment with empagliflozin, there was a tendency for Spp1, Postn, and Gpnmb to decrease in VAT. Immune infiltration analysis confirmed that inflammation and immune response may not be the main mechanisms by which visceral adiposity contributes to HTN.

Conclusions

Our study pinpointed the crucial causative factor of HTN in VAT following HFD. Spp1, Postn, and Gpnmb in VAT acted as hub genes that promote elevated blood pressure and can be targets for HTN treatment. These findings contributed to therapeutic strategies and prognostic markers for HTN.

Can Adipokine FAM19A5 Be a Biomarker of Metabolic Disorders?

Aim

One of the most critical functions of adipose tissue is the production of adipokines, ie, numerous active substances that regulate metabolism. One is the newly discovered FAM19A5, whose older name is TAFA-5.

Purpose

The study aimed to review the literature on the FAM19A5 protein.

Methods

The review was conducted in December 2023 using the PubMed (Medline) search engine. Sixty-four papers were included in the review.

Results

This protein exhibits the characteristics of an adipokine with positive features for maintaining homeostasis. The results showed that FAM19A5 was highly expressed in adipose tissue, with mild to moderate expression in the brain and ovary. FAM19A5 may also inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration through the perivascular adipose tissue paracrine pathway. Serum levels of FAM19A5 were decreased in obese children compared with healthy controls. There are negative correlations between FAM19A5, body mass index, and fasting insulin. Serum FAM19A5 level is correlated with type 2 diabetes, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, glutamic pyruvic transferase, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, and mean shoulder pulse wave velocity. FAM19A5 expression was reduced in mice with obesity. However, the data available needs to be clarified or contradictory.

Conclusion

Considering today's knowledge about FAM19A5, we cannot consider this protein as a biomarker of the metabolic syndrome. According to current knowledge, FAM19A5 cannot be considered a marker of metabolic disorders because the results of studies conducted in this area are unclear.

Central inhibition of stearoyl-CoA desaturase has minimal effects on the peripheral metabolic symptoms of the 3xTg Alzheimer's disease mouse model

Evidence from genetic and epidemiological studies point to lipid metabolism defects in both the brain and periphery being at the core of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Previously, we reported that central inhibition of the rate-limiting enzyme in monounsaturated fatty acid synthesis, stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD), improves brain structure and function in the 3xTg mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD). Here, we tested whether these beneficial central effects involve recovery of peripheral metabolic defects, such as fat accumulation and glucose and insulin handling. As early as 3 months of age, 3xTg-AD mice exhibited peripheral phenotypes including increased body weight and visceral and subcutaneous white adipose tissue as well as diabetic-like peripheral gluco-regulatory abnormalities. We found that intracerebral infusion of an SCD inhibitor that normalizes brain fatty acid desaturation, synapse loss and learning and memory deficits in middle-aged memory-impaired 3xTg-AD mice did not affect these peripheral phenotypes. This suggests that the beneficial effects of central SCD inhibition on cognitive function are not mediated by recovery of peripheral metabolic abnormalities. Given the widespread side-effects of systemically administered SCD inhibitors, these data suggest that selective inhibition of SCD in the brain may represent a clinically safer and more effective strategy for AD.

Intrinsic and Extrinsic Contributors to the Cardiac Benefits of Exercise

Among its many cardiovascular benefits, exercise training improves heart function and protects the heart against age-related decline, pathological stress, and injury. Here, we focus on cardiac benefits with an emphasis on more recent updates to our understanding. While the cardiomyocyte continues to play a central role as both a target and effector of exercise's benefits, there is a growing recognition of the important roles of other, noncardiomyocyte lineages and pathways, including some that lie outside the heart itself. We review what is known about mediators of exercise's benefits-both those intrinsic to the heart (at the level of cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, or vascular cells) and those that are systemic (including metabolism, inflammation, the microbiome, and aging)-highlighting what is known about the molecular mechanisms responsible.

White adipocyte dysfunction and obesity-associated pathologies in humans

The prevalence of obesity and associated chronic diseases continues to increase worldwide, negatively impacting on societies and economies. Whereas the association between excess body weight and increased risk for developing a multitude of diseases is well established, the initiating mechanisms by which weight gain impairs our metabolic health remain surprisingly contested. In order to better address the myriad of disease states associated with obesity, it is essential to understand adipose tissue dysfunction and develop strategies for reinforcing adipocyte health. In this Review we outline the diverse physiological functions and pathological roles of human white adipocytes, examining our current knowledge of why white adipocytes are vital for systemic metabolic control, yet poorly adapted to our current obesogenic environment.

Radiological biomarkers reflecting visceral fat distribution help distinguish inflammatory bowel disease subtypes: a multicenter cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVES

To achieve automated quantification of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) distribution in CT images and screen out parameters with discriminative value for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) subtypes.

METHODS

This retrospective multicenter study included Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) patients from three institutions between 2012 and 2021, with patients with acute appendicitis as controls. An automatic VAT segmentation algorithm was developed using abdominal CT scans. The VAT volume, as well as the coefficient of variation (CV) of areas within the lumbar region, was calculated. Binary logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to evaluate the potential of indicators to distinguish between IBD subtypes.

RESULTS

The study included 772 patients (365 CDs, median age [inter-quartile range] = 31.0. (25.0, 42.0) years, 255 males; 241 UCs, 46.0 (34.0, 55.5) years, 138 males; 166 controls, 40.0 (29.0, 53.0) years, 80 males). CD patients had lower VAT volume (CD = 1584.95 ± 1128.31 cm3, UC = 1855.30 ± 1326.12 cm3, controls = 2470.91 ± 1646.42 cm3) but a higher CV (CD = 29.42 ± 15.54 %, p = 0.006 and p ˂ 0.001) compared to UC and controls (25.69 ± 12.61 % vs. 23.42 ± 15.62 %, p = 0.11). Multivariate analysis showed CV was a significant predictor for CD (odds ratio = 6.05 (1.17, 31.12), p = 0.03). The inclusion of CV improved diagnostic efficiency (AUC = 0.811 (0.774, 0.844) vs. 0.803 (0.766, 0.836), p = 0.08).

CONCLUSION

CT-based VAT distribution can serve as a potential biomarker for distinguishing IBD subtypes.

CRITICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT

Visceral fat distribution features extracted from CT images using an automated segmentation algorithm (1.14 min) show differences between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis and are promising for practical radiological screening.

KEY POINTS

• Radiological parameters reflecting visceral fat distribution were extracted for the discrimination of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). • In CD, visceral fat was concentrated in the lower lumbar vertebrae, and the coefficient of variation was a significant predictor (OR = 6.05 (1.17, 31.12), p = 0.03). • The differences between CD, UC, and controls are promising for practical radiological screening.

Adiposity indices and their higher predictive value for new-onset hypertension in metabolically healthy young women: findings from a population-based prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The present study aimed to investigate the predictive ability of selected adiposity indices, such as body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), for new-onset hypertension in metabolically healthy Taiwanese adults. The study also sought to establish sex-specific cutoff points for these indices and to analyze the risk of new-onset hypertension, taking into account sex and age.

METHODS

This prospective cohort study utilized the Taiwan Biobank database to examine metabolically healthy participants aged between 20 and 65 at baseline. Four adiposity indices, namely BMI, WHR, WC, and WHtR, were calculated and used to predict new-onset hypertension over 4 years. Receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) and areas under the curve (AUCs) were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the parameters in predicting new-onset hypertension over 4 years. Sex-specific cutoff points were identified and used to assess the risk of new-onset hypertension.

RESULTS

This study analyzed 13,375 participants over 4.28 years. The incidence of new-onset hypertension was 17.65%. The new-onset rate of hypertension was 34.39% in men and 65.61% in women. Adiposity indices effectively predict new-onset hypertension, with WHtR having the highest predictive value (i.e., AUC) for both sexes. The classification of participants into low and high categories for each adiposity index was based on sex-specific cutoff points, and the risk of new-onset hypertension was assessed according to sex and age. This study found that high adiposity indices predicted a significantly higher risk of new-onset hypertension in metabolically healthy adults. The risk was equal for both sexes. Young women had a higher risk of new-onset hypertension than middle-aged women when they were further categorized. All risk ratios of the indices in young women were over two-fold and significant.

CONCLUSION

According to the sex-specific cutoff point, high adiposity indices had a higher predictive value for new-onset hypertension in metabolically healthy Taiwanese young women.

Advances in secondary prevention mechanisms of macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: a comprehensive review

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) poses a significant global health burden. This is particularly due to its macrovascular complications, such as coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease, which have emerged as leading contributors to morbidity and mortality. This review comprehensively explores the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying these complications, protective strategies, and both existing and emerging secondary preventive measures. Furthermore, we delve into the applications of experimental models and methodologies in foundational research while also highlighting current research limitations and future directions. Specifically, we focus on the literature published post-2020 concerning the secondary prevention of macrovascular complications in patients with T2DM by conducting a targeted review of studies supported by robust evidence to offer a holistic perspective.

NK cell-activating receptor NKp46 does not participate in the development of obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance

Recent evidence establishes a pivotal role for obesity-induced inflammation in precipitating insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes. Central to this process is the proinflammatory M1 adipose-tissue macrophages (ATMs) in epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT). Notably, natural killer (NK) cells are a crucial regulator of ATMs since their cytokines induce ATM recruitment and M1 polarization. The importance of NK cells is shown by the strong increase in NK-cell numbers in eWAT, and by studies showing that removing and expanding NK cells respectively improve and worsen obesity-induced insulin resistance. It has been suggested that NK cells are activated by unknown ligands on obesity-stressed adipocytes that bind to NKp46 (encoded by Ncr1), which is an activating NK-cell receptor. This was supported by a study showing that NKp46-knockout mice have improved obesity-induced inflammation/insulin resistance. We therefore planned to use the NKp46-knockout mice to further elucidate the molecular mechanism by which NKp46 mediates eWAT NK-cell activation in obesity. We confirmed that obesity increased eWAT NKp46+ NK-cell numbers and NKp46 expression in wild-type mice and that NKp46-knockout ablated these responses. Unexpectedly, however, NKp46-knockout mice demonstrated insulin resistance similar to wild-type mice, as shown by fasting blood glucose/insulin levels and glucose/insulin tolerance tests. Obesity-induced increases in eWAT ATM numbers and proinflammatory gene expression were also similar. Thus, contrary to previously published results, NKp46 does not regulate obesity-induced insulin resistance. It is therefore unclear whether NKp46 participates in the development of obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. This should be considered when elucidating the obesity-mediated molecular mechanisms that activate NK cells.

The relationship between fat distribution and diabetes in US adults by race/ethnicity

Introduction

This study examined the relationship between fat distribution and diabetes by sex-specific racial/ethnic groups.

Methods

A secondary data analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2018 data (n = 11,972) was completed. Key variables examined were visceral adipose tissue area (VATA), subcutaneous fat area (SFA), diabetes prevalence, and race/ethnicity. The association of VATA and SFA and diabetes prevalence was examined separately and simultaneously using multiple logistic regression. Bonferroni corrections were applied to all multiple comparisons between racial/ethnic groups. All analyses were adjusted for demographics and muscle mass.

Results

VATA was positively associated with diabetes in both sexes (p < 0.001) and across all racial/ethnic groups (p < 0.05) except Black females. No statistically significant relationships were observed between SFA and diabetes while accounting for VATA with the exception of White females (p = 0.032). When comparing racial/ethnic groups, the relationship between VATA and diabetes was stronger in White and Hispanic females than in Black females (p < 0.005) while the relationship between SFA and diabetes did not differ between any racial/ethnic groups.

Conclusion

This study found that VATA is associated with diabetes for both sexes across almost all racial/ethnic groups independent of SFA whereas the only significant relationship between SFA and diabetes, independent of VATA, was observed in White females. The findings indicated that visceral fat was more strongly associated with diabetes than subcutaneous. Additionally, there are health disparities in sex-specific racial/ethnic groups thus further study is warranted.

The Association between Functional Dyspepsia and Metabolic Syndrome-The State of the Art

Functional dyspepsia is a common functional disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that is responsible for many primary care visits. No organic changes have been found to explain its symptoms. We hypothesize that modern lifestyles and environmental factors, especially psychological stress, play a crucial role in the high prevalence of functional dyspepsia and metabolic syndrome. While gastrointestinal tract diseases are rarely linked to metabolic disorders, chronic stress, obesity-related metabolic syndrome, chronic inflammation, intestinal dysbiosis, and functional dyspepsia have significant pathophysiological associations. Functional dyspepsia, often associated with anxiety and chronic psychological stress, can activate the neuroendocrine stress axis and immune system, leading to unhealthy habits that contribute to obesity. Additionally, intestinal dysbiosis, which is commonly present in functional dyspepsia, can exacerbate systemic inflammation and obesity, further promoting metabolic syndrome-related disorders. It is worth noting that the reverse is also true: obesity-related metabolic syndrome can worsen functional dyspepsia and its associated symptoms by triggering systemic inflammation and intestinal dysbiosis, as well as negative emotions (depression) through the brain-gut axis. To understand the pathophysiology and deliver an effective treatment strategy for these two difficult-to-cure disorders, which are challenging for both caregivers and patients, a psychosocial paradigm is essential.

Maternal pre-pregnancy weight status and gestational weight gain in association with child behavior: The mediating role of prenatal systemic inflammation

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and excessive gestational weight gain (EGWG) may predispose children to behavioral problems through increased prenatal inflammation. We investigated the association between maternal body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG), and child behavioral problems (primary aim), and the mediating role of prenatal inflammation (secondary aim).

METHODS

We used self-reported pre-pregnancy BMI and estimated-GWG data (N = 1137) from a longitudinal cohort study. Maternal serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was measured in the 3rd-trimester. Parent-reported Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was used to assess child internalizing and externalizing behaviors at 3-years-of-age. We used analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), multiple linear regression, and mediation analyses for data analysis.

RESULTS

Maternal obesity (F = 21.98, df 3836), EGWG (F = 6.53, df 2764), and their combination (F = 18.51, df 3764) were associated with the 3rd trimester CRP, but not child behavior in the whole sample. Maternal underweight was associated with withdrawal problems in all children (β = 0.56, 95%CI, 0.11,1.00) and aggressive behaviors in female children (β = 2.59, 95%CI, 0.28,4.91). Obesity had a significant association with externalizing behaviors in female children after controlling for maternal CRP (β = 3.72, 95%CI, 0.12,7.32). Both inadequate and EGWG were associated with somatic complaints in male children (β = 0.50, 95%CI, 0.05,0.95; β = 0.36, 95%CI, 0.01,0.71, respectively). Combined obesity/EGWG was associated with externalizing (β = 6.12, 95%CI, 0.53,11.70) and aggressive (β = 4.23, 95%CI, 0.90,7.56) behaviors in female children. We found no significant effects through CRP.

CONCLUSIONS

Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and GWG showed sex-specific associations with child behavioral problems. Prenatal CRP, although increased in obesity and EGWG, did not mediate these associations.

Does early time-restricted eating reduce body weight and preserve fat-free mass in adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

This meta-analysis evaluated whether weight loss caused by early time-restricted eating could promote fat mass loss while preserving fat-free mass, thereby leading to improvements in inflammation and metabolic health.

METHODS

Relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published up to March 28, 2023, were identified in six databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase.

RESULTS

We initially screened 1279 articles, thirteen RCTs with 859 patients were ultimately included. Compared with nontime-restricted eating, early time-restricted eating significantly reduced body weight (-1.84 kg [-2.28, -1.41]; I2 = 56 %; P < 0.00001), fat mass (-1.10 kg [-1.47, -0.74]; I2 = 42 %; P < 0.00001), waist circumstance (-3.21 cm [-3.90, -2.51]; I2 = 43 %; P < 0.00001), visceral fat area (-9.76 cm2 [-13.76, -5.75]; I2 = 2 %; P < 0.00001), and inflammation as measured by tumour necrosis factor-α (-1.36 pg/mL [-2.12, -0.60]; I2 = 42 %; P < 0.001). However, early time-restricted eating did not lead to a significant change in fat-free mass (-0.56 kg [-1.16, 0.03]; I2 = 59 %; P = 0.06). Subgroup analysis showed that the early time-restricted eating of the 16:08 (fasting-time versus eating-time) strategy had a superior effect on preserving fat-free mass (-0.25 kg [-0.68, 0.18]; I2 = 0 %; P = 0.25) while significantly reducing body weight (-1.60 kg [-2.09, -1.11]; I2 = 0 %; P < 0.001) and improving metabolic outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

Early time-restricted eating, especially 16:08 strategy, appears to be an effective strategy to decrease body weight, fat mass, abdominal obesity and inflammation, but less likely to decrease fat-free mass.

Interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein for optimal immunometabolic profiling of the lifestyle-related cardiorenal risk

OBJECTIVES

The present study aimed to identify optimal inflammatory biomarkers involved in cardiorenal risk in response to major lifestyle factors.

METHODS

One hundred and twenty-nine adults aged 35-77 years participated voluntarily from 2017 to 2019 (Córdoba, Argentina) in a cross-sectional study to collect sociodemographic, clinical, and lifestyle data. Blood biomarkers (different cytokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1], and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [hs-CRP]) were measured using standard methods and then evaluated by principal component analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) according to Mediterranean diet adherence, physical activity level, and waist circumference, while cardiorenal risk involved blood diastolic pressure, HDL-cholesterol, triacylglycerols, creatinine, and glycosylated hemoglobin.

RESULTS

A principal component included TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), IL-8 (interleukin-8), IL-6 (interleukin-6), hs-CRP, and MCP-1, with absolute rotated factor loadings >0.10. SEM showed that IL-6 (β=0.38, 95 % IC=0.08-0.68), hs-CRP (β=0.33, 95 % IC=0.17-0.48), and TNF-α (β=0.22, 95 % IC=0.11-0.32) were the mediators that better explained an inflammatory profile positively related to waist circumference (β=0.77, 95 % IC=0.61-0.94). Moreover, this profile was associated with an increased cardiorenal risk (β=0.78, 95 % IC=0.61-0.94), which was well-defined by the variable used.

CONCLUSIONS

Immune mediators are key elements in profiling the cardiorenal risk associated with lifestyle factors, for which the combination of hs-CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α has emerged as a robust indicator. This work reaffirms the need for biomarker optimization for early diagnosis and risk assessment.

Jianpi Shengqing Huazhuo Formula improves abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism in obesity by regulating mitochondrial biogenesis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Jianpi Shengqing Huazhuo Formula (JSH) is a modified prescription based on traditional Chinese medicine theory and classic prescriptions (Buzhong Yiqi Decoction and Yuye Decoction). It has been found that JSH has a good effect on obese patients with early abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to study its clinical efficacy and pharmacological effect.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To observe the clinical efficacy of JSH and explore the mechanism of the formula to improve glucose and lipid metabolism in obese rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

1.

CLINICAL OBSERVATION

10 overweight/obese patients with abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism were selected to observe the indicators of serum glucose, serum lipids and liver damage of the patients before and after treatment with JSH. 2. Animal experiments: Fifty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into control group, model group, Metformin group (120 mg/kg/day), JSH-L group (5 g/kg/day) and JSH-H group (20 g/kg/day), with 10 rats in each group. The obese SD rat model was produced by feeding 60% high-fat diet for 8 weeks, and the drug group was given prophylactic administration for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, body weight, abdominal fat, plasma glucose, plasma lipids, plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were measured. The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in plasma were detected by Elisa, and the changes of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) in plasma and liver tissue were detected by kits. The pathological changes and lipid deposition in liver were observed by HE staining and oil red O staining, and the changes in the number of mitochondria in liver cells were observed by transmission electron microscopy. RT-qPCR and Western Blot (WB) were used to detect the mitochondrial regulation-related indicators PGC-1α, NRF1, TFAM, MFN2, DRP1 and apoptosis-related indicators Bcl-2, Bax, caspase 8 in liver tissue.

RESULTS

1.

CLINICAL OBSERVATION

After one month administration, the patient's body weight, BMI, 2 h oral glucose tolerance test (2hOGTT), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) decreased significantly, and the indicators of liver damage AST and ALT also decreased significantly. 2. Animal experiments: JSH can significantly reduce body weight and abdominal fat area, improve glucose and lipid metabolism, and also reduce plasma IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α content in obese rats, and improve oxidative stress; HE staining and oil red O staining also showed that JSH can alleviate liver damage and lipid deposition in the liver. Further observations of liver cell ultrastructure showed that JSH can ameliorate the reduction of liver mitochondria caused by a high-fat diet and promote the expression of indicators of mitochondrial biogenesis related to PGC-1α, NRF1, and TFAM. Moreover, JSH could promote the expression of MFN2 and DRP1, decrease Bcl-2 and increase Bax in the liver.

CONCLUSIONS

1.

CLINICAL OBSERVATION

JSH can reduce body weight, serum glucose, serum lipid, and liver injury in overweight/obese patients. 2. Animal experiments: JSH regulates PGC-1α/NRF1/TFAM signaling pathway promotes liver mitochondrial biogenesis, improves glucose and lipid metabolism in obese rats, and regulates mitochondrial dependent apoptosis indicators Bcl-2/Bax to reduce liver injury.

The Association between Obesity and Reduced Weight-Adjusted Bone Mineral Content in Older Adults: A New Paradigm That Contrasts with the Obesity Paradox

The relationship between body weight and bone mass in the elderly remains unclear, and whether obesity is a protective factor is still a matter of debate. For this reason, the aim of this study is to assess the association between body mass index (BMI) and bone mineral content adjusted by body weight, expressed as a percentage (w-BMC%), and to test the validity of the obesity paradox in this context. A cohort of 1404 older adults was categorized according to the World Health Organization's BMI cut-off points and completed a total and segmental body composition measurement by means of a dual X-ray absorptiometry scan. Individuals with obesity displayed a lower mean w-BMC% (3.06 ± 0.44%; 2.60 ± 0.37%) compared to those who were normal-weight (3.95 ± 0.54%; 3.38 ± 0.48%) and overweight (3.06 ± 0.44%; 3.04 ± 0.37%) in both genders. Linear regression analysis also showed a negative association between BMI and w-BMC% in males (β = -0.09; p < 0.001) and females (β = -0.06; p < 0.001). Finally, among individuals with obesity, and after adjusting for age, the linear regression models revealed a significant decrease of 0.75% and 0.28% in w-BMC% for every one-unit increase in the trunk fat/appendicular lean mass ratio in both males (β = -0.749; p < 0.0001) and females (β = -0.281; p < 0.001). In conclusion, we suggest a new paradigm regarding the impact of obesity on bone mass, in which the former does not appear to be a protective factor of the latter, especially in individuals with central obesity and low muscle mass.

Plant-derived nanovesicles: harnessing nature's power for tissue protection and repair

Tissue damage and aging lead to dysfunction, disfigurement, and trauma, posing significant global challenges. Creating a regenerative microenvironment to resist external stimuli and induce stem cell differentiation is essential. Plant-derived nanovesicles (PDNVs) are naturally bioactive lipid bilayer nanovesicles that contain proteins, lipids, ribonucleic acid, and metabolites. They have shown potential in promoting cell growth, migration, and differentiation into various types of tissues. With immunomodulatory, microbiota regulatory, antioxidant, and anti-aging bioactivities, PDNVs are valuable in resisting external stimuli and facilitating tissue repair. The unique structure of PDNVs provides an optimal platform for drug encapsulation, and surface modifications enhance their stability and specificity. Moreover, by employing synergistic administration strategies, PDNVs can maximize their therapeutic potential. This review summarized the progress and prospects of PDNVs as regenerative tools, provided insights into their selection for repair activities based on existing studies, considered the key challenge for clinical application, and anticipated their continued prominent role in the field of biomedicine.

Association of visceral adipose tissue with gout: Observational and Mendelian randomization analyses

BACKGROUND

The causal relationship between visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and gout is still unclear. We aimed to examine the potential association between them using observational and Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses.

METHODS

In the observational analyses, a total of 11,967 participants (aged 39.5 ± 11.5 years) were included from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Logistic regression models were used to investigate the association between VAT mass and the risk of gout. In two-sample MR analyses, 211 VAT mass-related independent genetic variants (derived from genome-wide association studies in 325,153 UK biobank participants) were used as instrumental variables. The random-effects inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was used as the primary analysis. Additional sensitivity analyses were also performed to validate our results.

RESULTS

Observational analyses found that an increase in VAT mass (per standard deviation) was associated with a higher risk of gout after controlling for confounding factors (odds ratio [OR] = 1.27, 95% confidence intervals [CI] = 1.11-1.45). The two-sample MR analyses demonstrated a causal relationship between increased VAT mass and the risk of gout in primary analyses (OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.57-2.03). Sensitivity analyses also showed similar findings, including MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, weighted mode, and leave-one-out analyses.

CONCLUSIONS

Observational analyses showed a robust association of VAT mass with the risk of gout. Meanwhile, MR analyses also provided evidence of a causal relationship between them. In summary, our findings suggested that targeted interventions for VAT mass may be beneficial to prevent gout.

Four-and-a-Half LIM-Domain Protein 2 (FHL2) Induces Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in Macrophages in Visceral Adipose Tissue and Promotes Diet-Induced Obesity

Obesity is characterized by the expansion of the adipose tissue, usually accompanied by inflammation, with a prominent role of macrophages infiltrating the visceral adipose tissue (VAT). This chronic inflammation is a major driver of obesity-associated comorbidities. Four-and-a-half LIM-domain protein 2 (FHL2) is a multifunctional adaptor protein that is involved in the regulation of various biological functions and the maintenance of the homeostasis of different tissues. In this study, we aimed to gain new insights into the expression and functional role of FHL2 in VAT in diet-induced obesity. We found enhanced FHL2 expression in the VAT of mice with Western-type diet (WTD)-induced obesity and obese humans and identified macrophages as the cellular source of enhanced FHL2 expression in VAT. In mice with FHL2 deficiency (FHL2KO), WTD feeding resulted in reduced body weight gain paralleled by enhanced energy expenditure and uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression, indicative of activated thermogenesis. In human VAT, FHL2 was inversely correlated with UCP1 expression. Furthermore, macrophage infiltration and the expression of the chemokine MCP-1, a known promotor of macrophage accumulation, was significantly reduced in WTD-fed FHL2KO mice compared with wild-type (wt) littermates. While FHL2 depletion did not affect the differentiation or lipid metabolism of adipocytes in vitro, FHL2 depletion in macrophages resulted in reduced expressions of MCP-1 and the neuropeptide Y (NPY). Furthermore, WTD-fed FHL2KO mice showed reduced NPY expression in VAT compared with wt littermates, and NPY expression was enhanced in VAT resident macrophages of obese individuals. Stimulation with recombinant NPY induced not only UCP1 expression and lipid accumulation but also MCP-1 expression in adipocytes. Collectively, these findings indicate that FHL2 is a positive regulator of NPY and MCP-1 expression in macrophages and herewith closely linked to the mechanism of obesity-associated lipid accumulation and inflammation in VAT. Thus, FHL2 appears as a potential novel target to interfere with the macrophage-adipocyte crosstalk in VAT for treating obesity and related metabolic disorders.

The association of body mass index and weight waist adjustment index with serum ferritin in a national study of US adults

BACKGROUND

Abnormal serum ferritin levels are associated with a variety of diseases. Meanwhile, abnormal serum ferritin is influenced by a variety of risk factors, but its correlation with obesity remains poorly described.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate the association of body mass index (BMI) and weight waist adjustment index (WWI) with serum ferritin in US adults.

METHODS

Participants in this study took part in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) prior to the pandemic from 2017 to March 2020. Serum ferritin was used as the sole response variable and BMI and WWI were used as independent variables. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the relationship between serum ferritin and the independent variables, and smoothed curve fitting and threshold effects analysis were performed to assess the presence of non-linear relationships. To validate the sensitive individuals for the correlation between the independent and the dependent variables, a subgroup analysis was performed.

RESULTS

A final total of 7552 participants were included in this study. Both independent variables had a positive relationship with serum ferritin, with effect values of (β = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.17-1.19) when BMI was the independent variable and (β = 8.62, 95% CI: 3.53-13.72) when WWI was the independent variable in the fully adjusted model. This positive association between the two obesity-related indexes and serum ferritin became more significant as BMI and WWI increased (P for trend < 0.001). In subgroup analyses, the positive association between the independent variables and serum ferritin was more pronounced in participants who were male, 40-59 years old, white, and had diabetes and hypertension. In addition, smoothed curve fitting and threshold effects analysis demonstrated a linear positive association of BMI and WWI with serum ferritin.

CONCLUSIONS

In the US adult population, while there was a linear positive association of WWI and BMI with serum ferritin, the effect values between WWI and serum ferritin were more significant. Male, 40-59 years old, white, participants with diabetes and hypertension should be cautious that higher WWI might entail a risk of higher serum ferritin levels.

Predictive modeling based on tumor spectral CT parameters and clinical features for postoperative complications in patients undergoing colon resection for cancer

BACKGROUND

Colon cancer is a particularly prevalent malignancy that produces postoperative complications (POCs). However, limited imaging modality exists on the accurate diagnosis of POCs. The purpose of this study was therefore to construct a model combining tumor spectral CT parameters and clinical features to predict POCs before surgery in colon cancer.

METHODS

This retrospective study included 85 patients who had preoperative abdominal spectral CT scans and underwent radical colon cancer resection at our institution. The patients were divided into two groups based on the absence (no complication/grade I) or presence (grades II-V) of POCs according to the Clavien-Dindo grading system. The visceral fat areas (VFA) of patients were semi-automatically outlined and calculated on L3-level CT images using ImageJ software. Clinical features and tumor spectral CT parameters were statistically compared between the two groups. A combined model of spectral CT parameters and clinical features was established by stepwise regression to predict POCs in colon cancer. The diagnostic performance of the model was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, including area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity.

RESULTS

Twenty-seven patients with POCs and 58 patients without POCs were included in this study. MonoE40keV-VP and VFA were independent predictors of POCs. The combined model based on predictors yielded an AUC of 0.84 (95% CI: 0.74-0.91), with a sensitivity of 77.8% and specificity of 87.9%.

CONCLUSIONS

The model combining MonoE40keV-VP and VFA can predict POCs before surgery in colon cancer and provide a basis for individualized management plans.

CRITICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT

The model combining MonoE40keV-VP and visceral fat area can predict postoperative complications before surgery in colon cancer and provide a basis for individualized management plans.

KEY POINTS

• Visceral fat area and MonoE40keV-VP were independent predictors of postoperative complications in colon cancer. • The combined model yielded a high AUC, sensitivity, and specificity in predicting postoperative complications. • The combined model was superior to the single visceral fat area or MonoE40keV-VP in predicting postoperative complications.

Obesity and recurrent miscarriage: The interconnections between adipose tissue and the immune system

Currently, obesity is considered a global public health problem. It is the main risk factor for noncommunicable diseases and reproductive complications, such as recurrent miscarriage (RM). RM affects approximately 1% of couples of reproductive age, and recent studies suggest that its prevalence is increasing. Immunological abnormalities may be responsible for a significant number of cases of unexplained RM. Obesity is recognized as a chronic low-grade inflammatory condition. The accumulation of fat in obese adipose tissue promotes changes in the local and systemic immune response. Adipokines, exosomes, micro-RNAs, lipids, and other factors released or secreted by adipose tissue are responsible for the interconnection between obesity and the immune system. Obesity-induced dysregulation of the innate and acquired immune response is also involved in the immunopathology of pregnancy loss in patients with unexplained RM. Therefore, understanding the communication pathways between maternal adipose tissue and the immune response in women living with obesity and RM is an important objective. Thus, diagnostic tools and new immunomodulatory therapies may be proposed for the management of patients with concurrent obesity and RM.

Impact of visceral obesity on infectious complications after resection for colorectal cancer: a retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVES

To explore the impact of visceral obesity (VO) measured by preoperative abdominal computed tomography (CT) on postoperative infectious complications for colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and establish a predictive model.

METHODS

Patients who underwent resection for colorectal cancer between January 2015 and January 2021 were enrolled in this study. All patients were measured for body mass index (BMI) and visceral fat area (VFA) preoperatively. Infectious complications were compared between the different groups according to BMI and VO categories. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze whether VO was an independent risk factor for postoperative infectious complications. According to the results of logistic regression, six machine learning approaches were used to establish predictive models and perform internal validation. The best-performing model was interpreted by the SHAPley Additive exPlanations value.

RESULTS

Approximately 64.81% of 520 patients had VO. VO was significantly connected with postoperative infectious complications (P < 0.001), coronary heart disease (P = 0.004), cerebral infarction (P = 0.001), hypertension (P < 0.001), diabetes (P < 0.001), and fatty liver (P < 0.001). The rates of wound infection (P = 0.048), abdominal or pelvic infection (P = 0.006), and pneumonia (P = 0.008) increased obviously in patients with VO. Compared to the low BMI group, a high BMI was found to be significantly associated with hypertension (P=0.007), fatty liver (P＜0.001), and a higher rate of postoperative infection (P=0.003). The results of logistic regression revealed that VO (OR = 2.01, 95% CI 1.17 ~ 3.48, P = 0.012), operation time ≥ 4 h (OR = 2.52, 95% CI 1.60 ~ 3.97, P < 0.001), smoking (OR = 2.04, 95% CI 1.16 ~ 3.59, P = 0.014), ostomy (OR = 1.65, 95% CI 1.04 ~ 2.61, P = 0.033), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (OR = 2.23, 95% CI 1.09 ~ 4.57, P = 0.029) were independent risk factors. The light gradient boosting machine (LGBM) model displayed the largest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) (0.74, 95% CI 0.68 ~ 0.81).

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, VO was superior to BMI in evaluating the influence of obesity on metabolic comorbidities and postoperative infectious complications in colorectal cancer patients.

Visceral adipose tissue and residual cardiovascular risk: a pathological link and new therapeutic options

Obesity is a heterogeneous disease that affects almost one-third of the global population. A clear association has been established between obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, CVD risk is known to be related more to the local distribution of fat than to total body fat. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in particular has a high impact on CVD risk. This manuscript reviews the role of VAT in residual CV risk and the available therapeutic strategies for decreasing residual CV risk related to VAT accumulation. Among the many pathways involved in residual CV risk, obesity and particularly VAT accumulation play a major role by generating low-grade systemic inflammation, which in turn has a high prognostic impact on all-cause mortality and myocardial infarction. In recent years, many therapeutic approaches have been developed to reduce body weight. Orlistat was shown to reduce both weight and VAT but has low tolerability and many drug-drug interactions. Naltrexone-bupropion combination lowers body weight but has frequent side effects and is contraindicated in patients with uncontrolled hypertension. Liraglutide and semaglutide, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) agonists, are the latest drugs approved for the treatment of obesity, and both have been shown to induce significant body weight loss. Liraglutide, semaglutide and other GLP-1 agonists also showed a positive effect on CV outcomes in diabetic patients. In addition, liraglutide showed to specifically reduce VAT and inflammatory biomarkers in obese patients without diabetes. GLP-1 agonists are promising compounds to limit inflammation in human visceral adipocytes.

Microbiota and Glucidic Metabolism: A Link with Multiple Aspects and Perspectives

The global prevalence of overweight and obesity has dramatically increased in the last few decades, with a significant socioeconomic burden. In this narrative review, we include clinical studies aiming to provide the necessary knowledge on the role of the gut microbiota in the development of diabetic pathology and glucose-metabolism-related disorders. In particular, the role of a certain microbial composition of the fermentative type seems to emerge without a specific link to the development in certain subjects of obesity and the chronic inflammation of the adipose tissues, which underlies the pathological development of all the diseases related to glucose metabolism and metabolic syndrome. The gut microbiota plays an important role in glucose tolerance. Conclusion. New knowledge and new information is presented on the development of individualized therapies for patients affected by all the conditions related to reduced glucose tolerance and insulin resistance.

The Preventive Mechanisms of Bioactive Food Compounds against Obesity-Induced Inflammation

Dietary patterns are promising strategies for preventing and treating obesity and its coexisting inflammatory processes. Bioactive food compounds have received considerable attention due to their actions against obesity-induced inflammation, with limited harmful side effects. They are perceived as food ingredients or dietary supplements other than those necessary to meet basic human nutritional needs and are responsible for positive changes in the state of health. These include polyphenols, unsaturated fatty acids, and probiotics. Although the exact mechanisms of bioactive food compounds' action are still poorly understood, studies have indicated that they involve the modulation of the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, adipokines, and hormones; regulate gene expression in adipose tissue; and modify the signaling pathways responsible for the inflammatory response. Targeting the consumption and/or supplementation of foods with anti-inflammatory potential may represent a new approach to obesity-induced inflammation treatment. Nevertheless, more studies are needed to evaluate strategies for bioactive food compound intake, especially times and doses. Moreover, worldwide education about the advantages of bioactive food compound consumption is warranted to limit the consequences of unhealthy dietary patterns. This work presents a review and synthesis of recent data on the preventive mechanisms of bioactive food compounds in the context of obesity-induced inflammation.

Molecular Mechanisms for the Vicious Cycle between Insulin Resistance and the Inflammatory Response in Obesity

The comprehensive anabolic effects of insulin throughout the body, in addition to the control of glycemia, include ensuring lipid homeostasis and anti-inflammatory modulation, especially in adipose tissue (AT). The prevalence of obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m², has been increasing worldwide on a pandemic scale with accompanying syndemic health problems, including glucose intolerance, insulin resistance (IR), and diabetes. Impaired tissue sensitivity to insulin or IR paradoxically leads to diseases with an inflammatory component despite hyperinsulinemia. Therefore, an excess of visceral AT in obesity initiates chronic low-grade inflammatory conditions that interfere with insulin signaling via insulin receptors (INSRs). Moreover, in response to IR, hyperglycemia itself stimulates a primarily defensive inflammatory response associated with the subsequent release of numerous inflammatory cytokines and a real threat of organ function deterioration. In this review, all components of this vicious cycle are characterized with particular emphasis on the interplay between insulin signaling and both the innate and adaptive immune responses related to obesity. Increased visceral AT accumulation in obesity should be considered the main environmental factor responsible for the disruption in the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in the immune system, resulting in autoimmunity and inflammation.