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Han G, Wei P, He M, Jia L, Su Q, Yang X, Hao R. Role of plasma fatty acid in age-related macular degeneration: insights from a mendelian randomization analysis. Lipids Health Dis 2024; 23:206. [PMID: 38951820 PMCID: PMC11218068 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-024-02197-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An imbalance in lipid metabolism has been linked to the development of AMD, but the causal relationship between AMD and plasma fatty acids (FAs) remains controversial. Using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach, we sought to evaluate the impact of specific FA plasma levels on the risk of different AMD subtypes. METHODS We analysed genome-wide association data of circulating FAs from 115,006 European-descended individuals in the UK Biobank. These data were used in a two-sample MR framework to assess the potential role of circulating FAs in developing wet and dry AMD. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to ensure the robustness of our findings. Additional multivariable and locus-specific MR analyses were conducted to evaluate direct effects of FA on AMD subtypes, minimizing biases from lipoprotein-related traits and triglycerides. RESULTS Mendelian randomization revealed associations of omega-3 was associated with decreased wet (OR 0.78, 95%CI 0.66-0.92) and dry AMD (0.85, 0.74-0.97) risk, showed a protective effect on AMD. Notably, the omega-6 to omega-3 ratio showed potential causal effects on both wet (1.27, 1.03-1.56) and dry AMD (1.18, 1.02-1.37). Multivariable MR suggested that the causal relationship of omega-3, omega-6 to omega-3 ratio on wet AMD persists after conditioning on HDL, LDL and triglycerides, albeit with slightly diminished evidence strength. Locus-specific MR linked to omega-3(FADS1, 0.89, 0.82-0.98; FADS2, 0.88, 0.81-0.96) and omega-6 to omega-3 ratio (FADS1, 1.10, 1.02-1.20; FADS2, 1.11, 1.03-1.20) suggests causal effects of these factors on wet AMD. CONCLUSIONS The associations between plasma FA concentrations and AMD, suggest potential causal role of omega-3, and the omega-6 to omega-3 ratio in wet AMD. These results underscore the impact of an imbalanced circulating omega-3 and omega-6 FA ratio on AMD pathophysiology from MR perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoge Han
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China.
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China.
- Nankai University Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Pinghui Wei
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
- Nankai University Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Meiqin He
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Lanbo Jia
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
- Nankai University Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qi Su
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
- Nankai University Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiru Yang
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
- Nankai University Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Rui Hao
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, PR China
- Tianjin Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
- Nankai University Eye Institute, Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Guha S, Sesili S, Mir IH, Thirunavukkarasu C. Epigenetics and mitochondrial dysfunction insights into the impact of the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Cell Biochem Funct 2023; 41:4-19. [PMID: 36330539 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A metabolic problem occurs when regular functions of the body are disrupted due to an undesirable imbalance. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered as one of the most common in this category. NAFLD is subclassified and progresses from lipid accumulation to cirrhosis before advancing to hepatocellular cancer. In spite of being a critical concern, the standard treatment is inadequate. Metformin, silymarin, and other nonspecific medications are used in the management of NAFLD. Aside from this available medicine, maintaining a healthy lifestyle has been emphasized as a means of combating this. Epigenetics, which has been attributed to NAFLD, is another essential feature of this disease that has emerged as a result of several sorts of research. The mechanisms by which DNA methylation, noncoding RNA, and histone modification promote NAFLD have been extensively researched. Another organelle, mitochondria, which play a pivotal role in biological processes, contributes to the global threat. Individuals with NAFLD have been documented to have a multitude of alterations and malfunctioning. Mitochondria are mainly concerned with the process of energy production and regulation of the signaling pathway on which the fate of a cell relies. Modulation of mitochondria leads to elevated lipid deposition in the liver. Further, changes in oxidation states result in an impaired balance between the antioxidant system and reactive oxygen species directly linked to mitochondria. Hence mitochondria have a definite role in potentiating NAFLD. In this regard, it is essential to consider the role of epigenetics as well as mitochondrial contribution while developing a medication or therapy with the desired accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyoshi Guha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Selvam Sesili
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Ishfaq Hassan Mir
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
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Guevara-Ramírez P, Cadena-Ullauri S, Ruiz-Pozo VA, Tamayo-Trujillo R, Paz-Cruz E, Simancas-Racines D, Zambrano AK. Genetics, genomics, and diet interactions in obesity in the Latin American environment. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1063286. [PMID: 36532520 PMCID: PMC9751379 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1063286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that could impact an individual's health; moreover, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared obesity a global epidemic since 1997. In Latin America, in 2016, reports indicated that 24.2% of the adult population was obese. The environmental factor or specific behaviors like dietary intake or physical activity have a vital role in the development of a condition like obesity, but the interaction of genes could contribute to that predisposition. Hence, it is vital to understand the relationship between genes and disease. Indeed, genetics in nutrition studies the genetic variations and their effect on dietary response; while genomics in nutrition studies the role of nutrients in gene expression. The present review represents a compendium of the dietary behaviors in the Latin American environment and the interactions of genes with their single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with obesity, including the risk allele frequencies in the Latin American population. Additionally, a bibliographical selection of several studies has been included; these studies examined the impact that dietary patterns in Latin American environments have on the expression of numerous genes involved in obesity-associated metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Guevara-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Santiago Cadena-Ullauri
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Viviana A. Ruiz-Pozo
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Rafael Tamayo-Trujillo
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Elius Paz-Cruz
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Daniel Simancas-Racines
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC), Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Ana Karina Zambrano
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito, Ecuador
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Huang P, Cheng H, Su Y, Huang M, Hsu C, Hwang S, Shin S, Chang W. Interaction among dietary n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake, fatty acid desaturase 2 genetic variants, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in type 2 diabetes patients. J Diabetes Investig 2022; 14:297-308. [PMID: 36412559 PMCID: PMC9889619 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION Fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genetic polymorphisms are strongly correlated with the risk of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease. In this study, we examined the impact of FADS1 and FADS2 genetic variants on plasma lipid status, and assessed interactions between FADS genetic polymorphisms and plasma n-3/n-6 fatty acids regarding lipid status within a population of 816 Taiwanese patients with type 2 diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Selected tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (FADS1 rs174546 [T/C]; FADS2 rs174602 [A/G] and rs2072114 [A/G]) were genotyped (n = 816). RESULTS The distribution of genotypes were compared with reports publicly available in the Genome Aggregation Database for East Asian populations (https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org). In the subgroup of patients not taking lipid-lowering medications (n = 192), we observed that the G allele of FADS2 rs174602 was statistically significantly correlated with lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations (P = 0.001), whereas the G allele of rs2072114 was marginally associated with LDL-C concentrations (P = 0.091). Using a general linear model adjusted for confounding factors, statistically significant interactions (P = 0.016) between single-nucleotide polymorphisms in rs2072114 and a low alpha-linolenic acid (18:3n-3)/linoleic acid (18:2n-6) ratio; the G allele correlated with lower LDL-C levels among individuals with a low alpha-linolenic acid/linoleic acid ratio. Interaction between rs174602 single-nucleotide polymorphisms and low alpha-linolenic acid/linoleic acid values on LDL-C was only marginally significant (P = 0.063). CONCLUSIONS Our results show the role of n-3/n-6 dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids in modifying the effects of genetic susceptibility on lipoprotein concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes. Our findings highlight the potential of interventions with dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids regarding developing individualized prevention strategies for type 2 diabetes presenting with co-occurring dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei‐Chi Huang
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Hsuan Cheng
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Yu‐Ting Su
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Meng‐Chuan Huang
- Department of Public Health and Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Department of Nutrition and DieteticsKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Chih‐Cheng Hsu
- Institute of Population Health SciencesNational Health Research InstitutesZhunanTaiwan,Department of Health Services AdministrationChina Medical UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Shang‐Jyh Hwang
- Department of Internal MedicineKaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Shyi‐Jang Shin
- Department of Internal MedicineKaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | - Wen‐Tsan Chang
- Division of General and Digestive Surgery, Department of SurgeryKaohsiung Medical University HospitalKaohsiungTaiwan,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of MedicineKaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan,Department of Biotechnology, College of Life ScienceKaohsiung Medical UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
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Aliev F, Barr PB, Davies AG, Dick DM, Bettinger J. Genes regulating levels of ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with alcohol use disorder and consumption, and broader externalizing behavior in humans. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:1657-1664. [PMID: 35904282 PMCID: PMC9509483 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individual variation in the physiological response to alcohol is predictive of an individual's likelihood to develop alcohol use disorder (AUD). Evidence from diverse model organisms indicates that the levels of long-chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 LC-PUFAs) can modulate the behavioral response to ethanol and therefore may impact the propensity to develop AUD. While most ω-3 LC-PUFAs come from diet, humans can produce these fatty acids from shorter chain precursors through a series of enzymatic steps. Natural variation in the genes encoding these enzymes has been shown to affect ω-3 LC-PUFA levels. We hypothesized that variation in these genes could contribute to the susceptibility to develop AUD. METHODS We identified nine genes (FADS1, FADS2, FADS3, ELOVL2, GCKR, ELOVL1, ACOX1, APOE, and PPARA) that are required to generate ω-3 LC-PUFAs and/or have been shown or predicted to affect ω-3 LC-PUFA levels. Using both set-based and gene-based analyses we examined their association with AUD and two AUD-related phenotypes, alcohol consumption, and an externalizing phenotype. RESULTS We found that the set of nine genes is associated with all three phenotypes. When examined individually, GCKR, FADS2, and ACOX1 showed significant association signals with alcohol consumption. GCKR was significantly associated with AUD. ELOVL1 and APOE were associated with externalizing. CONCLUSIONS Taken together with observations that dietary ω-3 LC-PUFAs can affect ethanol-related phenotypes, this work suggests that these fatty acids provide a link between the environmental and genetic influences on the risk of developing AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazil Aliev
- Department of PsychologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Peter B. Barr
- Department of PsychologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral SciencesSUNY Downstate Health Sciences UniversityBrooklynNew YorkUSA
| | - Andrew G. Davies
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
- Virginia Commonwealth University Alcohol Research CenterRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Danielle M. Dick
- Department of PsychologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
- Virginia Commonwealth University Alcohol Research CenterRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Jill C. Bettinger
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
- Virginia Commonwealth University Alcohol Research CenterRichmondVirginiaUSA
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Sun YH, Gao J, Shi JH, Cao SL, Yan ZP, Liu XD, Zhang HP, Li J, Guo WZ, Zhang SJ. Interaction analysis of FADS2 gene variants with chronic hepatitis B infection in Chinese patients. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 101:105289. [PMID: 35489698 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The risk of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is often affected by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) metabolism which is strongly influenced by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the PUFA metabolic pathway. Given this, we designed this study to determine the relationship between specific polymorphisms within fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2), a key enzyme in PUFA metabolism, and CHB infection. We completed this evaluation using a case-control study comprising 230 CHB patients and 234 unrelated healthy controls in which the genetic relationships between three previously identified SNPs, isolated via mass spectrometry, and CHB infection. Our data revealed that none of these three SNPs (rs174568, rs174601, and rs2727270) were significantly associated with susceptibility to CHB infection when compared to healthy controls. However, when we stratified our cohort by sex, male subjects with the TC genotype for FADS2 exhibited a decreased risk for CHB infection (OR = 0.62, 95%CI = 0.39-0.96; OR = 0.64, 95%CI = 0.41-1.00; OR = 0.57, 95%CI = 0.36-0.90). Furthermore, age stratification revealed that both the T allele and the TC genotypes for each of the three target SNPs were less common in Chinese CHB cases in people younger than 50 years old. Correlation analysis also revealed that there was no statistically significant relationship between these three SNPs and HBV-DNA replication or hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) levels. Thus, our data suggests that rs174568, rs174601, and rs2727270 may affect the CHB outcomes in various age or sex subgroups, suggesting that they may be useful predictive or diagnostic biomarkers of CHB infection in some populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Hui Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, China; Zhengzhou Engineering Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Technique and Application, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, China; Zhengzhou Engineering Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Technique and Application, China
| | - Ji-Hua Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, China; Zhengzhou Engineering Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Technique and Application, China
| | - Sheng-Li Cao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, China; Zhengzhou Engineering Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Technique and Application, China
| | - Zhi-Ping Yan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, China; Zhengzhou Engineering Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Technique and Application, China
| | - Xu-Dong Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, China; Zhengzhou Engineering Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Technique and Application, China
| | - Hua-Peng Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, China; Zhengzhou Engineering Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Technique and Application, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, China; Zhengzhou Engineering Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Technique and Application, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, China; Zhengzhou Engineering Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Technique and Application, China
| | - Shui-Jun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Digestive Organ Transplantation, China; Zhengzhou Engineering Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Technique and Application, China.
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Preethika A, Sonkusare S, Suchetha Kumari N. Single nucleotide polymorphism of fatty acid desaturase gene and breast cancer risk in estrogen receptor subtype. Gene X 2022; 823:146330. [PMID: 35182678 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer of women and the second most common cancer overall globally. Data suggest that the plasma concentration of omega fatty acids (n-3 and n-6) and the impact of the genetic variant are associated with diet-related inflammatory disease, BC. This study was aimed to find an association between genetic variant rs174537 of fatty acid desaturase gene 1(FADS 1) and breast cancer estrogen receptor subtype. METHODOLOGY Hundred and two blood samples from women were quantified for fatty acids by gas chromatography. SNP rs 174537(G > T) showed maximum variability and the strongest genetic determinant in the Genome-wide association study were genotyped using Sanger sequencing. RESULTS The highest tertile of ALA showed a significantly reduced risk of BC compared to the lowest tertile (OR = 0.2, 95 %CL = 0.1-1.14, P = 0.03). Median values of ALA were higher in GT/TT genotype in ER +ve molecular subtype (P = 0.03) and DPA was higher in GG genotype of ER-ve molecular subtype (P = 0.037). When both the groups were put together the highest tertile of GG tertile showed significantly reduced risk of BC compared with the other lowest tertiles of GG and GT/TT genotypes (OR, 95% CL = 0.45(0.2-0.9). CONCLUSION The high levels of arachidonic acid and low levels of n-3 fatty acids result in a pro-inflammatory milieu and that these pro-inflammatory effects might contribute to BC. We conclude that the individuals with genetically determined lower activity of FADS1(minor allele T) will derive greater advantage from n-3 FAs than those with higher FADS1 activity (G allele) and reduce the BC risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Preethika
- SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Center, Kattankalathur, Tamil Nadu 603203, India
| | - Shipra Sonkusare
- Department of OBG, K S Hegde Medical Academy, Deralakatte, Karnataka 575018, India
| | - N Suchetha Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, K S Hegde Medical Academy, Deralakatte, Karnataka 575018, India.
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Personalized Nutrition in the Management of Female Infertility: New Insights on Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091918. [PMID: 35565885 PMCID: PMC9105997 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence on the significance of nutrition in reproduction is emerging from both animal and human studies, suggesting a mutual association between nutrition and female fertility. Different “fertile” dietary patterns have been studied; however, in humans, conflicting results or weak correlations are often reported, probably because of the individual variations in genome, proteome, metabolome, and microbiome and the extent of exposure to different environmental conditions. In this scenario, “precision nutrition”, namely personalized dietary patterns based on deep phenotyping and on metabolomics, microbiome, and nutrigenetics of each case, might be more efficient for infertile patients than applying a generic nutritional approach. In this review, we report on new insights into the nutritional management of infertile patients, discussing the main nutrigenetic, nutrigenomic, and microbiomic aspects that should be investigated to achieve effective personalized nutritional interventions. Specifically, we will focus on the management of low-grade chronic inflammation, which is associated with several infertility-related diseases.
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Johnson RK, Brunetti T, Quinn K, Doenges K, Campbell M, Arehart C, Taub MA, Mathias RA, Reisdorph N, Barnes KC, Daya M. Discovering metabolite quantitative trait loci in asthma using an isolated population. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:1807-1811.e16. [PMID: 34780848 PMCID: PMC9081120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Integration of metabolomics with genetics may advance understanding of disease pathogenesis but has been underused in asthma genetic studies. OBJECTIVE We sought to discover new genetic effects in asthma and to characterize the molecular consequences of asthma genetic risk through integration with the metabolome in a homogeneous population. METHODS From fasting serum samples collected on 348 Tangier Island residents, we quantified 2612 compounds using untargeted metabolomics. Genotyping was performed using Illumina's MEGA array imputed to the TOPMed reference panel. To prioritize metabolites for genome-wide association analysis, we performed a metabolome-wide association study with asthma, selecting asthma-associated metabolites with heritability q value less than 0.01 for genome-wide association analysis. We also tested the association between all metabolites and 8451 candidate asthma single nucleotide polymorphisms previously associated with asthma in the UK Biobank. We followed up significant associations by characterizing shared genetic signal for metabolites and asthma using colocalization analysis. For detailed Methods, please see this article's Online Repository at www.jacionline.org. RESULTS A total of 60 metabolites were associated with asthma (P < .01), including 40 heritable metabolites tested in genome-wide association analysis. We observed a strong association peak for the endocannabinoid linoleoyl ethanolamide on chromosome 6 in VNN1 (P < 2.7 × 10-9). We found strong evidence (colocalization posterior probability >75%) for a shared causal variant between 3 metabolites and asthma, including the polyamine acisoga and variants in LPP, and derivative leukotriene B4 and intergenic variants in chr10p14. CONCLUSIONS We identified novel metabolite quantitative trait loci with asthma associations. Identification and characterization of these genetically driven metabolites may provide insight into the functional consequences of genetic risk factors for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi K Johnson
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo.
| | - Tonya Brunetti
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo
| | - Kevin Quinn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo
| | - Katrina Doenges
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo
| | - Monica Campbell
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo
| | - Christopher Arehart
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo
| | - Margaret A Taub
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md
| | - Rasika A Mathias
- Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md
| | - Nichole Reisdorph
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo
| | - Kathleen C Barnes
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo
| | - Michelle Daya
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colo
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FADS1 and FADS2 Gene Polymorphisms Modulate the Relationship of Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acid Plasma Concentrations in Gestational Weight Gain: A NISAMI Cohort Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051056. [PMID: 35268031 PMCID: PMC8912382 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The polymorphisms of fatty acid desaturase genes FADS1 and FADS2 have been associated with an increase in weight gain. We investigated FADS1 and FADS2 gene polymorphisms and the relation between ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acid plasma concentrations and gestational weight gain. A prospective cohort study of 199 pregnant women was followed in Santo Antônio de Jesus, Brazil. Plasma levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were measured at baseline and gestational weight gain during the first, second, and third trimesters. Fatty acid recognition was carried out with the aid of gas chromatography. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped using real-time PCR. Statistical analyses included Structural Equation Modelling. A direct effect of FADS1 and FADS2 gene polymorphisms on gestational weight was observed; however, only the SNP rs174575 (FADS2) showed a significant positive direct effect on weight over the course of the pregnancy (0.106; p = 0.016). In terms of the influence of SNPs on plasma levels of PUFAs, it was found that SNP rs174561 (FADS1) and SNP rs174575 (FADS2) showed direct adverse effects on plasma concentrations of ω-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid and alpha-linoleic acid), and only SNP rs174575 had positive direct effects on plasma levels of ARA and the ARA/LA (arachidonic acid/linoleic acid) ratio, ω-6 products, while the SNP rs3834458 (FADS2) had an adverse effect on plasma concentrations of EPA, leading to its increase. Pregnant women who were heterozygous and homozygous for the minor allele of the SNP rs3834458 (FADS2), on the other hand, showed larger concentrations of series ω-3 substrates, which indicates a protective factor for women’s health.
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11
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Tański W, Świątoniowska-Lonc N, Tabin M, Jankowska-Polańska B. The Relationship between Fatty Acids and the Development, Course and Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051030. [PMID: 35268002 PMCID: PMC8912339 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
For this systematic review, a search of the relevant literature was conducted in the EMBASE and PubMed databases. We used the following terms: ‘rheumatoid arthritis’ in conjunction with ‘fatty acid’. The following inclusion criteria had to be satisfied for the studies to be included in the analysis: an RCT/observational/cohort study published in English. A total of seventy-one studies were analysed. The presented systematic review of the available data indicates that increased consumption of omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) may have a beneficial effect on human health by decreasing pain and disease activity in patients with RA. The beneficial effect of unsaturated FA on the clinical parameters of RA was demonstrated in all 71 studies analysed. The content of omega-3 FAs in the diet and the consumption of fish, which are their main source, may contribute to a reduced incidence of RA. FAs are an essential component in the synthesis of eicosanoids that exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. Due to the documented positive influence of unsaturated FAs on treatment outcomes, the use of a diet rich in long-chain unsaturated FAs should be the standard of care, along with pharmacotherapy, in the treatment of RA patients. An important element in the control of the treatment process should be the routine assessment of the quality of life of RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Tański
- Department of Internal Medicine, 4th Military Teaching Hospital, 50-981 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Natalia Świątoniowska-Lonc
- Center for Research and Innovation, 4th Military Teaching Hospital, 50-981 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Mateusz Tabin
- Clinical Endocrinology Department, 4th Military Teaching Hospital, 50-981 Wroclaw, Poland;
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12
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Chilton FH, Manichaikul A, Yang C, O'Connor TD, Johnstone LM, Blomquist S, Schembre SM, Sergeant S, Zec M, Tsai MY, Rich SS, Bridgewater SJ, Mathias RA, Hallmark B. Interpreting Clinical Trials With Omega-3 Supplements in the Context of Ancestry and FADS Genetic Variation. Front Nutr 2022; 8:808054. [PMID: 35211495 PMCID: PMC8861490 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.808054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human diets in developed countries such as the US have changed dramatically over the past 75 years, leading to increased obesity, inflammation, and cardiometabolic dysfunction. Evidence over the past decade indicates that the interaction of genetic variation with changes in the intake of 18-carbon essential dietary omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA), respectively, has impacted numerous molecular and clinical phenotypes. Interactions are particularly relevant with the FADS1 and FADS2 genes, which encode key fatty acid desaturases in the pathway that converts LA and ALA to their long chain (≥20 carbons), highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) counterparts. These gene by nutrient interactions affect the levels and balance of n-6 and n-3 HUFA that in turn are converted to a wide array of lipids with signaling roles, including eicosanoids, docosanoids, other oxylipins and endocannabinoids. With few exceptions, n-6 HUFA are precursors of pro-inflammatory/pro-thrombotic signaling lipids, and n-3 HUFA are generally anti-inflammatory/anti-thrombotic. We and others have demonstrated that African ancestry populations have much higher frequencies (vs. European-, Asian- or indigenous Americas-ancestry populations) of a FADS “derived” haplotype that is associated with the efficient conversion of high levels of dietary n-6 PUFA to pro-inflammatory n-6 HUFA. By contrast, an “ancestral” haplotype, carrying alleles associated with a limited capacity to synthesize HUFA, which can lead to n-3 HUFA deficiency, is found at high frequency in certain Hispanic populations and is nearly fixed in several indigenous populations from the Americas. Based on these observations, a focused secondary subgroup analysis of the VITAL n-3 HUFA supplementation trial stratifying the data based on self-reported ancestry revealed that African Americans may benefit from n-3 HUFA supplementation, and both ancestry and FADS variability should be factored into future clinical trials design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floyd H. Chilton
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- *Correspondence: Floyd H. Chilton
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Chaojie Yang
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Timothy D. O'Connor
- Program in Personalized and Genomic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Laurel M. Johnstone
- University of Arizona Genetics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Sarah Blomquist
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Susan M. Schembre
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Susan Sergeant
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Manja Zec
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Wellness, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Michael Y. Tsai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Stephen S. Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | | | - Rasika A. Mathias
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Brian Hallmark
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Biostatistics, BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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13
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Unger AL, Jetton TL, Kraft J. Tissue and Circulating Fatty Acids as Biomarkers to Evaluate Long-Term Fat Intake Are Tissue and Sex Dependent in CD-1 Mice. J Nutr 2021; 151:1779-1790. [PMID: 33982087 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently no consensus on which tissues are optimal for assessing specific diet-derived fatty acids (FAs) as biomarkers for long-term dietary studies. OBJECTIVES This study measured the content of unique diet-derived FAs from dairy, echium, and fish in tissues (adipose, muscle, liver, erythrocyte membranes, and plasma phospholipids, cholesterol esters, triglycerides, and free fatty acids) after long-term feeding in CD-1 mice. METHODS Beginning at weaning, mice (n = 10-11/sex/diet) were fed 1 of 4 diets (40% kcal/total energy) that only differed in FA composition: control fat blend (CON), reflecting the FA profile of the average US American diet, or CON supplemented with 30% of fish oil (FO), dairy fat (DF), or echium oil (EO). After 13 mo, tissues were collected to determine FAs via gas-liquid chromatography. Tissue FAs were analyzed via 2-factor ANOVA, and relationships between FA intake and tissue content were assessed with Spearman correlations. RESULTS As anticipated, 20:5n-3 (ω-3) tissue content was ≤32-fold greater in FO- compared with CON-fed mice (P < 0.05). In addition, 20:5n-3 intake strongly correlated with its content in all tissues (ρ = 0.67-0.76; P < 0.05). Echium oil intake also influenced tissue FA content in mice as expected. For example, 18:3n-6 was ≤25-fold greater in adipose, muscle, and liver tissues of EO-fed compared with CON-fed mice (P < 0.05). Tissue content of FAs typically considered biomarkers of dairy fat intake (15:0, 16:1 t9, and 17:0) was often not greater in mice fed DF than other diet groups, although 18:2 c9, t11 content was ≤6-fold greater in tissues from DF-fed compared with CON-fed mice (P < 0.05). The content of dairy-derived FAs in blood fractions of females was up to 2-fold greater compared with males, whereas docosapentaenoic acid content was up to 1-fold greater in all blood fractions and in liver tissue of males compared with females (P < 0.05). In adipose, muscle, and liver tissue, the content of γ-linolenic acid and stearidonic acid was less than 1-fold greater in females than in males (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that the distribution of dietary FAs is tissue and sex dependent in aged CD-1 mice. Research using FA biomarkers should assess a combination of FA biomarkers to accurately validate patterns of FA intake and source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Unger
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Thomas L Jetton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT, USA
| | - Jana Kraft
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT, USA
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14
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Fernandez ML, Blomquist SA, Hallmark B, Chilton FH. Omega-3 Supplementation and Heart Disease: A Population-Based Diet by Gene Analysis of Clinical Trial Outcomes. Nutrients 2021; 13:2154. [PMID: 34201625 PMCID: PMC8308291 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and their metabolites have long been recognized to protect against inflammation-related diseases including heart disease. Recent reports present conflicting evidence on the effects of n-3 PUFAs on major cardiovascular events including death. While some studies document that n-3 PUFA supplementation reduces the risk for heart disease, others report no beneficial effects on heart disease composite primary outcomes. Much of this heterogeneity may be related to the genetic variation in different individuals/populations that alters their capacity to synthesize biologically active n-3 and omega 6 (n-6) PUFAs and metabolites from their 18 carbon dietary precursors, linoleic acid (LA, 18:2 n-6) and alpha-linolenic (ALA, 18:3, n-3). Here, we discuss the role of a FADS gene-by-dietary PUFA interaction model that takes into consideration dietary exposure, including the intake of LA and ALA, n-3 PUFAs, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in determining the efficacy of n-3 PUFA supplementation. We also review recent clinical trials with n-3 PUFA supplementation and coronary heart disease in the context of what is known about fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene-by-dietary PUFA interactions. Given the dramatic differences in the frequencies of FADS variants that impact the efficiency of n-3 and n-6 PUFA biosynthesis, and their downstream signaling products among global and admixture populations, we conclude that large clinical trials utilizing "one size fits all" n-3 PUFA supplementation approaches are unlikely to show effectiveness. However, evidence discussed in this review suggests that n-3 PUFA supplementation may represent an important opportunity where precision interventions can be focused on those populations that will benefit the most from n-3 PUFA supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luz Fernandez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut1, Storrs, CT 06268, USA
| | - Sarah A. Blomquist
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (S.A.B.); (F.H.C.)
| | - Brian Hallmark
- BIO5 Institute, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Floyd H. Chilton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; (S.A.B.); (F.H.C.)
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15
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Chen J, Lu W, Zhang Y, Fan W, Tang W, Zhang C. FADS1 modulates metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia patients receiving olanzapine monotherapy. Asian J Psychiatr 2020; 54:102352. [PMID: 32801079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we hypothesized that fatty acid desaturase-1 (FADS1) and fatty acid desaturase-2 (FADS2) may mediate metabolic syndrome (MetS) in patients receiving olanzapine monotherapy. 216 schizophrenia patients were recruited. There is a significant difference between the patients with or without MetS in term of the expression of FADS1 mRNA (F = 4.58, P = 0.03), but not FADS2 mRNA (F = 1.29, P = 0.26). We observed a positive association between FADS1 mRNA and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.04), and a negative association between FADS1 mRNA and systolic blood pressure (P = 0.04). Our findings implied that FADS1 may be an important genetic modifier that can regulate olanzapine-associated metabolic disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Jinhua Second Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weihong Lu
- Schizophrenia Program, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Schizophrenia Program, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weixing Fan
- Department of Psychiatry, Jinhua Second Hospital, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Kangning Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Schizophrenia Program, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Kothapalli KSD, Park HG, Brenna JT. Polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis pathway and genetics. implications for interindividual variability in prothrombotic, inflammatory conditions such as COVID-19 ✰,✰✰,★,★★. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 162:102183. [PMID: 33038834 PMCID: PMC7527828 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2020.102183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 symptoms vary from silence to rapid death, the latter mediated by both a cytokine storm and a thrombotic storm. SARS-CoV (2003) induces Cox-2, catalyzing the synthesis, from highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA), of eicosanoids and docosanoids that mediate both inflammation and thrombosis. HUFA balance between arachidonic acid (AA) and other HUFA is a likely determinant of net signaling to induce a healthy or runaway physiological response. AA levels are determined by a non-protein coding regulatory polymorphisms that mostly affect the expression of FADS1, located in the FADS gene cluster on chromosome 11. Major and minor haplotypes in Europeans, and a specific functional insertion-deletion (Indel), rs66698963, consistently show major differences in circulating AA (>50%) and in the balance between AA and other HUFA (47-84%) in free living humans; the indel is evolutionarily selective, probably based on diet. The pattern of fatty acid responses is fully consistent with specific genetic modulation of desaturation at the FADS1-mediated 20:3→20:4 step. Well established principles of net tissue HUFA levels indicate that the high linoleic acid and low alpha-linoleic acid in populations drive the net balance of HUFA for any individual. We predict that fast desaturators (insertion allele at rs66698963; major haplotype in Europeans) are predisposed to higher risk and pathological responses to SARS-CoV-2 could be reduced with high dose omega-3 HUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar S D Kothapalli
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, United States.
| | - Hui Gyu Park
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, United States.
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Depts of Pediatrics, of Chemistry, and of Nutrition, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd, Austin, TX, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States.
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17
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Reynolds LM, Dutta R, Seeds MC, Lake KN, Hallmark B, Mathias RA, Howard TD, Chilton FH. FADS genetic and metabolomic analyses identify the ∆5 desaturase (FADS1) step as a critical control point in the formation of biologically important lipids. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15873. [PMID: 32985521 PMCID: PMC7522985 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71948-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans have undergone intense evolutionary selection to optimize their capacity to generate necessary quantities of long chain (LC-) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-containing lipids. To better understand the impact of genetic variation within a locus of three FADS genes (FADS1, FADS2, and FADS3) on a diverse family of lipids, we examined the associations of 247 lipid metabolites (including four major classes of LC-PUFA-containing molecules and signaling molecules) with common and low-frequency genetic variants located within the FADS locus. Genetic variation in the FADS locus was strongly associated (p < 1.2 × 10–8) with 52 LC-PUFA-containing lipids and signaling molecules, including free fatty acids, phospholipids, lyso-phospholipids, and an endocannabinoid. Notably, the majority (80%) of FADS-associated lipids were not significantly associated with genetic variants outside of this FADS locus. These findings highlight the central role genetic variation at the FADS locus plays in regulating levels of physiologically critical LC-PUFA-containing lipids that participate in innate immunity, energy homeostasis, and brain development/function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Reynolds
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Rahul Dutta
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Michael C Seeds
- Department of Internal Medicine/Molecular Medicine, and the Wake Forest Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Kirsten N Lake
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Brian Hallmark
- The BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA
| | - Rasika A Mathias
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA
| | - Timothy D Howard
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Floyd H Chilton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA. .,The BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA.
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18
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de Groot RHM, Meyer BJ. ISSFAL Official Statement Number 6: The importance of measuring blood omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in research. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2020; 157:102029. [PMID: 31740196 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.102029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A statement on measuring blood omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid levels was developed and edited based on input from ISSFAL members and accepted by vote of the ISSFAL Board of Directors. Summary of Statement: Omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 LCPUFA) levels at baseline and post-intervention should be assessed and reported in future research to evaluate the efficacy of n-3 LCPUFA supplementation: b ecause; 1. there are numerous factors that affect n-3 LCPUFA levels in humans as described in the systematic literature review [1]; 2. assessing intake of n-3 LCPUFA from the diet and/or supplements is not sufficient to accurately determine n-3 LCPUFA levels in humans; 3. some studies do not provide sufficient doses of n-3 LCPUFA to produce a significant impact on bloodstream/organ content and there is substantial variability in the uptake of n-3 LPCUFA into tissues between individuals. In secondary analyses, clinical trials should consider the influence of fatty acid status (baseline, endpoint and change from baseline to endpoint) on the outcome variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate H M de Groot
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Welten Institute, Research Centre for Learning, Teaching and Technology, Open University of the Netherlands, Valkenburgerweg 177, 6419AT Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara J Meyer
- School of Medicine, Lipid Research Centre, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong and Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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19
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Sergeant S, Hallmark B, Mathias RA, Mustin TL, Ivester P, Bohannon ML, Ruczinski I, Johnstone L, Seeds MC, Chilton FH. Prospective clinical trial examining the impact of genetic variation in FADS1 on the metabolism of linoleic acid- and ɣ-linolenic acid-containing botanical oils. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 111:1068-1078. [PMID: 32167131 PMCID: PMC7198310 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unexplained heterogeneity in clinical trials has resulted in questions regarding the effectiveness of ɣ-linolenic acid (GLA)-containing botanical oil supplements. This heterogeneity may be explained by genetic variation within the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster that is associated with circulating and tissue concentrations of arachidonic acid (ARA) and dihomo-ɣ-linolenic acid (DGLA), both of which may be synthesized from GLA and result in proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory metabolites, respectively. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to prospectively compare the capacity of a non-Hispanic white cohort, stratified by FADS genotype at the key single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs174537, to metabolize 18-carbon omega-6 (n-6) PUFAs in borage oil (BO) and soybean oil (SO) to GLA, DGLA, and ARA. METHODS Healthy adults (n = 64) participated in a randomized, double-blind, crossover intervention. Individuals received encapsulated BO (Borago officinalis L.; 37% LA and 23% GLA) or SO [Glycine max (L.) Merr.; 50% LA and 0% GLA] for 4 wk, followed by an 8-wk washout period, before consuming the opposite oil for 4 wk. Serum lipids and markers of inflammation (C-reactive protein) were assessed for both oil types at baseline and during weeks 2 and 4 of the intervention. RESULTS SO supplementation failed to alter circulating concentrations of any n-6 long-chain PUFAs. In contrast, a modest daily dose of BO elevated serum concentrations of GLA and DGLA in an rs174537 genotype-dependent manner. In particular, DGLA increased by 57% (95% CI: 0.38, 0.79) in GG genotype individuals, but by 141% (95% CI: 1.03, 2.85) in TT individuals. For ARA, baseline concentrations varied substantially by genotype and increased modestly with BO supplementation, suggesting a key role for FADS variation in the balance of DGLA and ARA. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study clearly suggest that personalized and population-based approaches considering FADS genetic variation may be necessary to optimize the design of future clinical studies with GLA-containing oils. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02337231.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Sergeant
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA,Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine,Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - Rasika A Mathias
- Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine,Winston-Salem, NC, USA,Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tammy L Mustin
- Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine,Winston-Salem, NC, USA,Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Priscilla Ivester
- Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine,Winston-Salem, NC, USA,Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Maggie L Bohannon
- Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine,Winston-Salem, NC, USA,Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine,Winston-Salem, NC, USA,Johns HopkinsBloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Michael C Seeds
- Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine,Winston-Salem, NC, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Floyd H Chilton
- Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine,Winston-Salem, NC, USA,BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA,Address correspondence to FHC (e-mail: )
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Association between Plasma N-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Levels and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in a Community-based Cohort Study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19298. [PMID: 31848413 PMCID: PMC6917802 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55686-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies support that saturated fatty acid replacement with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and put emphasis on the effects of N-3 PUFAs. The reported relationships between N-6 PUFAs and CVD risks vary. We aimed to examine the associations between N-6 PUFA concentrations and CVD risks. In this community-based prospective cohort study on CVD-free patients at baseline (N = 1835, age: 60.6 ± 10.5 years, women: 44.5%), we measured the fatty acid concentrations in the blood using gas chromatography. Four hundred twenty-four participants developed CVDs during follow up. The total N-6 PUFA concentration was inversely associated with the CVD risk, with a 48% lower risk in the highest N-6 PUFA concentration quartile (hazard ratio = 0.52; P for trend <0.001). The estimated population attributable risk of N-6 PUFAs indicated that approximately 20.7% of CVD events would have been prevented if the plasma N-6 PUFA concentration had been higher than the median value. The total N-6 PUFA concentration presented the highest net reclassification improvement (NRI = 7.2%, P = 0.03) for predicting incident CVD. Further studies on N-6 PUFAs, diet habits, and their relationships with healthcare are warranted.
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Nurdalila AA, Mayalvanan Y, Baharum SN. Metabolite profiling of Epinephelus fuscoguttatus infected with vibriosis reveals Omega 9 as potential metabolite biomarker. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:1203-1215. [PMID: 30915615 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00633-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the starvation effect and vibriosis infection on a tropical fish, the tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus). The tiger groupers were infected with Vibrio vulnificus for 21 days. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with multivariate analysis was used to assess the variation in metabolite profiles of E. fuscoguttatus. Metabolite productions in infected fishes were significantly influenced by fatty acid production. The Omega 9 (ω-9) was abundant under the challenged conditions compared to Omega 3 (ω-3) and Omega 6 (ω-6). A total of six fatty acids from the ω-9 group were detected in high concentration in the infected fishes compared to the control groupers. These metabolites are Oleic acid, Palmitoleic acid, 6,9-Octadecenoic acid, 8,11-Eicosadienoic acid, cis-Erucic acid and 5,8,11-Eicosatrienoic acid. The production of ω-9 differed significantly (p ≤ 0.001) in the challenged samples. The detected ω-9 compounds were quantified based on three different extraction techniques with Supelco 37-component FAME mix (Supelco, USA). The highest concentration of ω-9 groups compared to the other fatty acids detected is 1320.79 mg/4 g and the lowest is 939 mg/4 g in challenged-starved; meanwhile, in challenged-fed, the highest concentration detected is 1220.87 mg/4 g and the lowest is 917.25 mg/4 g. These changes demonstrate that ω-9 can be used as a biomarker of infection in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- A'wani Aziz Nurdalila
- Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Kolej Permata Insan, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), 71800, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Yosmetha Mayalvanan
- Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Syarul Nataqain Baharum
- Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Spooner MH, Jump DB. Omega-3 fatty acids and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adults and children: where do we stand? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2019; 22:103-110. [PMID: 30601174 PMCID: PMC6355343 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic fatty liver disease worldwide. The incidence of NAFLD parallels the prevalence of obesity. Moreover, NAFLD can progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and primary hepatocellular cancer (HCC). As such, NAFLD has become a major public health concern. We discuss recent clinical trials and meta-analyses evaluating the efficacy of C20-22 ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to attenuate preexisting NAFLD in adults and children. RECENT FINDINGS Humans with NAFLD and NASH; and preclinical mouse models of NASH, have a high abundance of hepatic saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) fat, but a low abundance of hepatic C20-22 ω3 PUFA. This change in hepatic fat type and abundance is associated with hepatic lipotoxicity, inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis. Recent meta-analyses and clinical trials evaluated the capacity of C20-22 ω3 PUFA dietary supplementation to improve health outcomes in adults and children with preexisting NAFLD. Diets supplemented with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22 : 6,ω3) alone or with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20 : 5,ω3) are tolerated and effective at lowering liver fat in NAFLD patients. However, outcomes are mixed with respect to C20-22 ω3 PUFA attenuation of more severe NAFLD markers, such as hepatic injury, inflammation and fibrosis. SUMMARY These studies suggest that dietary supplementation with C20-22 ω3 PUFA should be considered as a viable and effective option to lower liver fat in obese adults and children with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Donald B. Jump
- Address correspondence to: Donald B. Jump, Ph.D., School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, 107A Milam Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-5109, Phone: 541-737-4007; FAX: 541-737-6914,
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Abstract
Numerous health benefits are attributed to the n-3 long-chain PUFA (n-3 LCPUFA); EPA and DHA. A systematic literature review was conducted to investigate factors, other than diet, that are associated with the n-3 LCPUFA levels. The inclusion criteria were papers written in English, carried out in adult non-pregnant humans, n-3 LCPUFA measured in blood or tissue, data from cross-sectional studies, or baseline data from intervention studies. The search revealed 5076 unique articles of which seventy were included in the qualitative synthesis. Three main groups of factors potentially associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were identified: (1) unmodifiable factors (sex, genetics, age), (2) modifiable factors (body size, physical activity, alcohol, smoking) and (3) bioavailability factors (chemically bound form of supplements, krill oil v. fish oil, and conversion of plant-derived α-linolenic acid (ALA) to n-3 LCPUFA). Results showed that factors positively associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were age, female sex (women younger than 50 years), wine consumption and the TAG form. Factors negatively associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels were genetics, BMI (if erythrocyte EPA and DHA levels are <5·6 %) and smoking. The evidence for girth, physical activity and krill oil v. fish oil associated with n-3 LCPUFA levels is inconclusive. There is also evidence that higher ALA consumption leads to increased levels of EPA but not DHA. In conclusion, sex, age, BMI, alcohol consumption, smoking and the form of n-3 LCPUFA are all factors that need to be taken into account in n-3 LCPUFA research.
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Muzsik A, Bajerska J, Jeleń HH, Gaca A, Chmurzynska A. Associations between Fatty Acid Intake and Status, Desaturase Activities, and FADS Gene Polymorphism in Centrally Obese Postmenopausal Polish Women. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1068. [PMID: 30103441 PMCID: PMC6115977 DOI: 10.3390/nu10081068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA) status is associated with the risk of several diet-related diseases. Since postmenopausal women are at increased risk of cardiometabolic disturbances, determinants of FA metabolism should be fully understood in this group. We hypothesize that FA metabolism in postmenopausal Polish women may depend on current macronutrient intake and on fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene polymorphism. One-hundred-and-twenty-eight postmenopausal women with central obesity were recruited to the study and their dietary intake, FA composition in red blood cells (RBC), and rs174556, rs174561, rs174547, and rs3834458 polymorphism of the FADS gene were analyzed. Higher levels of 18:2n-6t level in RBC were associated with higher protein or fat intake or with lower carbohydrate intake. The minor allele carriers of rs174561 of the fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) gene had 9.7% lower concentration of 20:4n⁻6 in RBC (p < 0.05), but there were no other associations between other FA in RBC levels and FADS1 or fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) polymorphisms. The mean D5D value was 15.3⁻17.9% lower in the minor allele carriers of each SNPs. We concluded that protein and carbohydrate intake may be associated with FA concentrations in RBC in centrally obese postmenopausal Polish women. The D5D value may be affected by FADS1 or FADS2 polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Muzsik
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-624 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Joanna Bajerska
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-624 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Henryk H Jeleń
- Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Anna Gaca
- Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-637 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Agata Chmurzynska
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-624 Poznan, Poland.
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Pickens CA, Albuquerque Pereira MDF, Fenton JI. Long-chain ω-6 plasma phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids and association with colon adenomas in adult men: a cross-sectional study. Eur J Cancer Prev 2018; 26:497-505. [PMID: 27768609 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dietary lipid intake can be associated with an increased risk for colorectal cancer depending on its composition. Carcinogenesis alters lipid metabolism to facilitate cell growth and survival. For instance, metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are associated with increasing colon cell proliferation. Moreover, precancerous colon lesions (i.e. adenomas) increase the risk for colorectal cancer. In this study, we investigated associations between plasma PUFAs and the number of colon polyps and polyp type (i.e. hyperplastic and adenoma). Healthy male participants (n=126) of 48-65 years of age were recruited before a routine colonoscopy screening. Plasma phospholipid (PPL) PUFAs were isolated by means of solid phase extraction and methylated. Fatty acid methyl esters were analyzed using gas chromatography. Factor analysis was used to cluster PUFAs into groups, and then generated factors and individual PUFAs were analyzed using polytomous logistic regression. In our age-adjusted and smoking-adjusted polytomous logistic regression, for each unit increase in PPL docosatetraenoic acid (DTA), individuals were 1.43 (1.00-2.06) and 1.33 (0.99-1.80) times more likely to have hyperplastic polyps and adenomas rather than no polyps, respectively. In our factor analysis, high PPL ω-6 PUFA and trans-fatty acid loading scores were associated with increased odds of adenoma presence rather than no polyps. Increases in long-chain PPL ω-6 PUFAs are associated with an increased risk for adenomas. As relative levels of DTA increase in PPLs, individuals had increased odds of having hyperplastic polyps and adenomas. Elevated conversion of ω-6 PUFAs to longer-chain ω-6s such as DTA may indicate altered PUFA metabolism at the tissue level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles A Pickens
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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The combined effects of FADS gene variation and dietary fats in obesity-related traits in a population from the far north of Sweden: the GLACIER Study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 43:808-820. [PMID: 29795460 PMCID: PMC6124650 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Recent analyses in Greenlandic Inuit identified six genetic polymorphisms (rs74771917, rs3168072, rs12577276, rs7115739, rs174602, and rs174570) in the fatty acid desaturase gene cluster (FADS1-FADS2-FADS3) that are associated with multiple metabolic and anthropometric traits. Our objectives were to systematically assess whether dietary polyunsaturated fat acid (PUFA) intake modifies the associations between genetic variants in the FADS gene cluster and cardiometabolic traits and to functionally annotate top ranking candidates to estimate their regulatory potential. Methods Data analyses consisted: interaction analyses between the six candidate genetic variants and dietary PUFA intake; gene-centric joint analyses to detect interaction signals in the FADS region; haplotype block-centric joint tests across 30 haplotype blocks in the FADS region to refine interaction signals; functional annotation of top loci. These analyses were undertaken in Swedish adults from the GLACIER Study (N=5,160); data on genetic variation and eight cardiometabolic traits was used. Results Interactions were observed between rs174570 and n-6 PUFA intake on fasting glucose (Pint=0.005) and between rs174602 and n-3 PUFA intake on total cholesterol (Pint=0.001). Gene-centric analyses demonstrated a statistically significant interaction effect for FADS and n-3 PUFA on triglycerides (P=0.005) considering genetic main effects as random. Haplotype analyses revealed three blocks (Pint<0.011) that could drive the interaction between FADS and n-3 PUFA on triglycerides; Functional annotation of these regions showed that each block harbours a number of highly functional regulatory variants; FADS2 rs5792235 demonstrated the highest functionality score. Conclusions The association between FADS variants and triglycerides may be modified by PUFA intake. The intronic FADS2 rs5792235 variant is a potential causal variant in the region having the highest regulatory potential. However, our results suggest that haplotypes may harbour multiple functional variants in a region, rather than a single variant.
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Mychaleckyj JC, Nayak U, Colgate ER, Zhang D, Carstensen T, Ahmed S, Ahmed T, Mentzer AJ, Alam M, Kirkpatrick BD, Haque R, Faruque ASG, Petri WA. Multiplex genomewide association analysis of breast milk fatty acid composition extends the phenotypic association and potential selection of FADS1 variants to arachidonic acid, a critical infant micronutrient. J Med Genet 2018. [PMID: 29514873 PMCID: PMC6047159 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-105134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast milk is the sole nutrition source during exclusive breastfeeding, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (FAs) are critical micronutrients in infant physical and cognitive development. There has been no prior genomewide association study of breast milk, hence our objective was to test for genetic association with breast milk FA composition. METHODS We measured the fractional composition of 26 individual FAs in breast milk samples from three cohorts totalling 1142 Bangladeshi mothers whose infants were genotyped on the Illumina MEGA chip and replicated on a custom Affymetrix 30K SNP array (n=616). Maternal genotypes were imputed using IMPUTE. RESULTS After running 33 separate FA fraction phenotypes, we found that SNPs known to be associated with serum FAs in the FADS1/2/3 region were also associated with breast milk FA composition (experiment-wise significance threshold 4.2×10-9). Hypothesis-neutral comparison of the 33 fractions showed that the most significant genetic association at the FADS1/2/3 locus was with fraction of arachidonic acid (AA) at SNP rs174556, with a very large per major allele effect size of 17% higher breast milk AA level. There was no evidence of independent association at FADS1/2/3 with any other FA or SNP after conditioning on AA and rs174556. We also found novel significant experiment-wise SNP associations with: polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) 6/PUFA3 ratio (sorting nexin 29), eicosenoic (intergenic) and capric (component of oligomeric Golgi complex 3) acids; and six additional loci at genomewide significance (<5×10-8). CONCLUSIONS AA is the primary FA in breast milk influenced by genetic variation at the FADS1/2/3 locus, extending the potential phenotypes under genetic selection to include breast milk composition, thereby possibly affecting infant growth or cognition. Breast milk FA composition is influenced by maternal genetics in addition to diet and body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josyf C Mychaleckyj
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Uma Nayak
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - E Ross Colgate
- Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Dadong Zhang
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Shahnawaz Ahmed
- Center for Nutrition and Food Security, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Masud Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Beth D Kirkpatrick
- Department of Medicine, Vaccine Testing Center, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Rashidul Haque
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Syed Golam Faruque
- Center for Nutrition and Food Security, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - William A Petri
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Chilton FH, Dutta R, Reynolds LM, Sergeant S, Mathias RA, Seeds MC. Precision Nutrition and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Case for Personalized Supplementation Approaches for the Prevention and Management of Human Diseases. Nutrients 2017; 9:E1165. [PMID: 29068398 PMCID: PMC5707637 DOI: 10.3390/nu9111165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary essential omega-6 (n-6) and omega-3 (n-3) 18 carbon (18C-) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA), can be converted (utilizing desaturase and elongase enzymes encoded by FADS and ELOVL genes) to biologically-active long chain (LC; >20)-PUFAs by numerous cells and tissues. These n-6 and n-3 LC-PUFAs and their metabolites (ex, eicosanoids and endocannabinoids) play critical signaling and structural roles in almost all physiologic and pathophysiologic processes. METHODS This review summarizes: (1) the biosynthesis, metabolism and roles of LC-PUFAs; (2) the potential impact of rapidly altering the intake of dietary LA and ALA; (3) the genetics and evolution of LC-PUFA biosynthesis; (4) Gene-diet interactions that may lead to excess levels of n-6 LC-PUFAs and deficiencies of n-3 LC-PUFAs; and (5) opportunities for precision nutrition approaches to personalize n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation for individuals and populations. CONCLUSIONS The rapid nature of transitions in 18C-PUFA exposure together with the genetic variation in the LC-PUFA biosynthetic pathway found in different populations make mal-adaptations a likely outcome of our current nutritional environment. Understanding this genetic variation in the context of 18C-PUFA dietary exposure should enable the development of individualized n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation regimens to prevent and manage human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floyd H Chilton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Rahul Dutta
- Department of Urology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Lindsay M Reynolds
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Susan Sergeant
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
| | - Rasika A Mathias
- GeneSTAR Research Program, General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Michael C Seeds
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Rahbar E, Ainsworth HC, Howard TD, Hawkins GA, Ruczinski I, Mathias R, Seeds MC, Sergeant S, Hixson JE, Herrington DM, Langefeld CD, Chilton FH. Uncovering the DNA methylation landscape in key regulatory regions within the FADS cluster. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180903. [PMID: 28957329 PMCID: PMC5619705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants near and within the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) cluster are associated with polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) biosynthesis, levels of several disease biomarkers and risk of human disease. However, determining the functional mechanisms by which these genetic variants impact PUFA levels remains a challenge. Utilizing an Illumina 450K array, we previously reported strong allele-specific methylation (ASM) associations (p = 2.69×10−29) between a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs174537 and DNA methylation of CpG sites located in the putative enhancer region between FADS1 and FADS2, in human liver tissue. However, this array only featured 20 CpG sites within this 12kb region. To better understand the methylation landscape within this region, we conducted bisulfite sequencing of the region between FADS1 and FADS2. Liver tissues from 50 male subjects (27 European Americans, 23 African Americans) were obtained from the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study, and used to ascertain the genotype at rs174537 and methylation status across the region of interest. Associations between rs174537 genotype and methylation status of 136 CpG sites were determined. Age-adjusted linear regressions were used to assess ASM associations with rs174537 genotype. The majority of CpG sites (117 out of 136, 86%) exhibited high levels of methylation with the greatest variability observed at three key regulatory regions–the promoter regions for FADS1 and FADS2 and a putative enhancer site between the two genes. Eight CpG sites within the putative enhancer region displayed significant (FDR p <0.05) ASM associations with rs174537. These data support the concept that both genetic and epigenetic factors regulate PUFA biosynthesis, and raise fundamental questions as to how genetic variants such as rs174537 impact DNA methylation in distant regulatory regions, and ultimately the capacity of tissues to synthesize PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Rahbar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ER); (FHC)
| | - Hannah C. Ainsworth
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Timothy D. Howard
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Hawkins
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Rasika Mathias
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Seeds
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Susan Sergeant
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - James E. Hixson
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - David M. Herrington
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Carl D. Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
| | - Floyd H. Chilton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ER); (FHC)
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Meldrum SJ, Li Y, Zhang G, Heaton AEM, D’Vaz N, Manz J, Reischl E, Koletzko BV, Prescott SL, Simmer K. Can polymorphisms in the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster alter the effects of fish oil supplementation on plasma and erythrocyte fatty acid profiles? An exploratory study. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:2583-2594. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1529-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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The role of a FADS1 polymorphism in the association of fatty acid blood levels, BMI and blood pressure in young children-Analyses based on path models. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181485. [PMID: 28732058 PMCID: PMC5521833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The recent obesity epidemic in children also showed an increase in the prevalence of hypertension. As blood pressure (BP) is associated with (long-chain) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFA), genetic variation in desaturase enzymes being involved in the synthesis of LC PUFA may be associated with BP. This study aimed to investigate the direct effects (independent of mediating variables) and indirect effects (mediated through intermediate variables) of a common variant in the FADS1 gene, rs174546, known to affect delta-5 desaturase (D5D) activity on PUFA level, body mass index (BMI) and BP. Methods A subsample of the IDEFICS (Identification and prevention of dietary- and lifestyle-induced health effects in children and infants) baseline survey including 520 children aged 2 to <10 years from six European countries was included. The association between rs174546 (T<C) and BP z-score as well as the mediating effects of selected key PUFA levels (dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, DGLA; arachidonic acid, ARA; eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) or estimated D5D activity (D5D index) and BMI z-score were investigated through path model analyses, adjusting for sex, age, educational level of parents, family history of hypertension, lifestyle factors and blood levels of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, triglycerides and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Whole blood fatty acids were measured by a validated gas chromatographic method and recorded as percentage of weight of all fatty acids detected. Results Minor allele carriers of the SNP rs174546 had significantly higher DGLA and lower ARA and EPA levels as well as a lower D5D index. Via ARA and BMI z-score, the polymorphism had an indirect lowering effect on systolic BP z-score for each additional T allele (standardized effect estimate -0.057, p = 0.007). For DGLA, EPA and D5D index, the indirect effects of rs174546 on systolic BP were also negative but did not reach significance. DGLA and EPA had an increasing indirect effect on systolic BP via BMI. Results for diastolic BP were in general similar but effect estimates were lower compared to systolic BP. Conclusion Genetic variation in FADS1 influences BP via ARA and BMI indicating a favorable effect of the minor allele in SNP rs174546. Thus, polymorphisms with an impact on the D5D activity may play a role for the BP level mediated through PUFA and BMI. Therefore, health effects of dietary n-6 and n-3 PUFA may vary depending on genetic FADS1 variants.
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Reduction of Arachidonate Is Associated With Increase in B-Cell Activation Marker in Infants: A Randomized Trial. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 64:446-453. [PMID: 27276431 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000001283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infants who are not breast-fed benefit from formula with both docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3) and arachidonic acid (ARA; C20:4n6). The amount of ARA needed to support immune function is unknown. Infants who carry specific fatty acid desaturase (FADS) polymorphisms may require more dietary ARA to maintain adequate ARA status. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to determine whether ARA intake or FADS polymorphisms alter ARA levels of lymphocytes, plasma, and red blood cells in term infants fed infant formula. METHODS Infants (N = 89) were enrolled in this prospective, double-blind controlled study. Infants were randomized to consume formula containing 17 mg docosahexaenoic acid and 0, 25, or 34 mg ARA/100 kcal for 10 weeks. Fatty acid composition of plasma phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, total fatty acids of lymphocytes and red blood cells, activation markers of lymphocytes, and polymorphisms in FADS1 and FADS2 were determined. RESULTS Lymphocyte ARA was higher in the 25-ARA formula group than in the 0- or 34-ARA groups. In plasma, 16:0/20:4 and 18:0/20:4 species of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were highest and 16:0/18:2 and 18:0/18:2 were lowest in the 34-ARA formula group. In minor allele carriers of FADS1 and FADS2, plasma ARA content was elevated only at the highest level of ARA consumed. B-cell activation marker CD54 was elevated in infants who consumed formula containing no ARA. CONCLUSIONS ARA level in plasma is reduced by low ARA consumption and by minor alleles in FADS. Dietary ARA may exert an immunoregulatory role on B-cell activation by decreasing 16:0/18:2 and 18:0/18:2 species of phospholipids. ARA intake from 25 to 34 mg/100 kcal is sufficient to maintain cell ARA level in infants across genotypes.
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Su H, Zhou D, Pan YX, Wang X, Nakamura MT. Compensatory induction of Fads1 gene expression in heterozygous Fads2-null mice and by diet with a high n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1995-2004. [PMID: 27613800 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m064956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, because they share a single synthetic pathway, n-6/n-3 ratios of dietary PUFAs impact tissue arachidonic acid (ARA) and DHA content. Likewise, SNPs in the human fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster impact tissue ARA and DHA. Here we tested the feasibility of using heterozygous Fads2-null-mice (HET) as an animal model of human FADS polymorphisms. WT and HET mice were fed diets with linoleate/α-linolenate ratios of 1:1, 7:1, and 44:1 at 7% of diet. In WT liver, ARA and DHA in phospholipids varied >2× among dietary groups, reflecting precursor ratios. Unexpectedly, ARA content was only <10% lower in HET than in WT livers, when fed the 44:1 diet, likely due to increased Fads1 mRNA in response to reduced Fads2 mRNA in HET. Consistent with the RNA data, C20:3n-6, which is elevated in minor FADS haplotypes in humans, was lower in HET than WT. Diet and genotype had little effect on brain PUFAs even though brain Fads2 mRNA was low in HET. No differences in cytokine mRNA were found among groups under unstimulated conditions. In conclusion, differential PUFA profiles between HET mice and human FADS SNPs suggest low expression of both FADS1 and 2 genes in human minor haplotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China.,Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Dan Zhou
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Yuan-Xiang Pan
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Xingguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Manabu T Nakamura
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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The impact of fatty acid desaturase genotype on fatty acid status and cardiovascular health in adults. Proc Nutr Soc 2016; 76:64-75. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665116000732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to determine the impact of the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genotype on plasma and tissue concentrations of the long-chain (LC) n-3 PUFA, including EPA and DHA, which are associated with the risk of several diet-related chronic diseases, including CVD. In addition to dietary intakes, which are low for many individuals, tissue EPA and DHA are also influenced by the rate of bioconversion from α-linolenic acid (αLNA). Δ-5 and Δ-6 desaturase enzymes, encoded for by FADS1 and FADS2 genes, are key desaturation enzymes involved in the bioconversion of essential fatty acids (αLNA and linoleic acid (LA)) to longer chained PUFA. In general, carriers of FADS minor alleles tend to have higher habitual plasma and tissue levels of LA and αLNA, and lower levels of arachidonic acid, EPA and also to a lesser extent DHA. In conclusion, available research findings suggest that FADS minor alleles are also associated with reduced inflammation and CVD risk, and that dietary total fat and fatty acid intake have the potential to modify relationships between FADS gene variants and circulating fatty acid levels. However to date, neither the size-effects of FADS variants on fatty acid status, nor the functional SNP in FADS1 and 2 have been identified. Such information could contribute to the refinement and targeting of EPA and DHA recommendations, whereby additional LC n-3 PUFA intakes could be recommended for those carrying FADS minor alleles.
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Fan YY, Callaway E, M Monk J, S Goldsby J, Yang P, Vincent L, S Chapkin R. A New Model to Study the Role of Arachidonic Acid in Colon Cancer Pathophysiology. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 9:750-7. [PMID: 27339171 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A significant increase in cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) gene expression has been shown to promote cylcooxygenase-dependent colon cancer development. Controversy associated with the role of COX2 inhibitors indicates that additional work is needed to elucidate the effects of arachidonic acid (AA)-derived (cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase) eicosanoids in cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis. We have recently developed a novel Fads1 knockout mouse model that allows for the investigation of AA-dependent eicosanoid deficiency without the complication of essential fatty acid deficiency. Interestingly, the survival rate of Fads1-null mice is severely compromised after 2 months on a semi-purified AA-free diet, which precludes long-term chemoprevention studies. Therefore, in this study, dietary AA levels were titrated to determine the minimal level required for survival, while maintaining a distinct AA-deficient phenotype. Null mice supplemented with AA (0.1%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 2.0%, w/w) in the diet exhibited a dose-dependent increase (P < 0.05) in AA, PGE2, 6-keto PGF1α, TXB2, and EdU-positive proliferative cells in the colon. In subsequent experiments, null mice supplemented with 0.6% AA diet were injected with a colon-specific carcinogen (azoxymethane) in order to assess cancer susceptibility. Null mice exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) reduced levels/multiplicity of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) as compared with wild-type sibling littermate control mice. These data indicate that (i) basal/minimal dietary AA supplementation (0.6%) expands the utility of the Fads1-null mouse model for long-term cancer prevention studies and (ii) that AA content in the colonic epithelium modulates colon cancer risk. Cancer Prev Res; 9(9); 750-7. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Yi Fan
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Evelyn Callaway
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jennifer M Monk
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Jennifer S Goldsby
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Peiying Yang
- Department of Palliative, Rehabilitation and Integrative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Logan Vincent
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Robert S Chapkin
- Program in Integrative Nutrition and Complex Diseases, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas. Center for Translational Environmental Health Research, College Station, Texas.
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Li SW, Wang J, Yang Y, Liu ZJ, Cheng L, Liu HY, Ma P, Luo W, Liu SM. Polymorphisms in FADS1 and FADS2 alter plasma fatty acids and desaturase levels in type 2 diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. J Transl Med 2016; 14:79. [PMID: 27004414 PMCID: PMC4802592 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-016-0834-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To explore whether plasma fatty acids and SNPs in the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene associated with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods In this cross-sectional study, we utilized gas chromatography–mass spectrometric analysis and the high-resolution melting method to detect plasma fatty acids and SNPs respectively (rs174537G>T, rs174616C>T, rs174460T>C, and rs174450A>C) in 234 T2D, 200 CAD, 185 T2D&CAD patients, and 253 healthy controls. Results We found that T2D&CAD patients had the highest plasma arachidonic acid, dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid and delta-6 desaturase, and the lowest stearic acid, linolenic acid, and saturated fatty acids; plasma eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid elevated in T2D patients, but significantly reduced in CAD patients. Moreover, T2D patients with rs174537 GG genotype were at risk of developing T2D&CAD (odds ratio (OR) 1.763; 95 % CI 1.143–2.718; p = 0.010), with elevated plasma LDL-cholesterol, arachidonic acid, and delta-6 desaturase. Conclusions Our results show that SNPs in FADS gene (particularly rs174537) associate with plasma fatty acids and desaturase levels in patients with both T2D and CAD, which maybe increases the risk of CAD in diabetic patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12967-016-0834-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Wei Li
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169#, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Wang
- Scientific Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, 2901 Caolang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, 201508, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Yang
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169#, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery (Wuhan University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan-Yu Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, 442000, China
| | - Pei Ma
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169#, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan Luo
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169#, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China
| | - Song-Mei Liu
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169#, Wuhan, 430071, People's Republic of China.
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Lauritzen L, Brambilla P, Mazzocchi A, Harsløf LBS, Ciappolino V, Agostoni C. DHA Effects in Brain Development and Function. Nutrients 2016; 8:E6. [PMID: 26742060 PMCID: PMC4728620 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a structural constituent of membranes specifically in the central nervous system. Its accumulation in the fetal brain takes place mainly during the last trimester of pregnancy and continues at very high rates up to the end of the second year of life. Since the endogenous formation of DHA seems to be relatively low, DHA intake may contribute to optimal conditions for brain development. We performed a narrative review on research on the associations between DHA levels and brain development and function throughout the lifespan. Data from cell and animal studies justify the indication of DHA in relation to brain function for neuronal cell growth and differentiation as well as in relation to neuronal signaling. Most data from human studies concern the contribution of DHA to optimal visual acuity development. Accumulating data indicate that DHA may have effects on the brain in infancy, and recent studies indicate that the effect of DHA may depend on gender and genotype of genes involved in the endogenous synthesis of DHA. While DHA levels may affect early development, potential effects are also increasingly recognized during childhood and adult life, suggesting a role of DHA in cognitive decline and in relation to major psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Lauritzen
- Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Paolo Brambilla
- Psychiatric Clinic, Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20121 Milan, Italy.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, University of Texas at Houston, 2800 South Macgregor Way, Houston, TX 77021, USA.
| | - Alessandra Mazzocchi
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20121 Milan, Italy.
| | - Laurine B S Harsløf
- Department of Nutrition Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark.
| | - Valentina Ciappolino
- Psychiatric Clinic, Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20121 Milan, Italy.
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Pediatric Clinic, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Cà Granda-Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20121 Milan, Italy.
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Barman M, Nilsson S, Torinsson Naluai Å, Sandin A, Wold AE, Sandberg AS. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the FADS Gene Cluster but not the ELOVL2 Gene are Associated with Serum Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Composition and Development of Allergy (in a Swedish Birth Cohort). Nutrients 2015; 7:10100-15. [PMID: 26633493 PMCID: PMC4690073 DOI: 10.3390/nu7125521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) influences immune function and may affect the risk of allergy development. Long chain PUFAs are produced from dietary precursors catalyzed by desaturases and elongases encoded by FADS and ELOVL genes. In 211 subjects, we investigated whether polymorphisms in the FADS gene cluster and the ELOVL2 gene were associated with allergy or PUFA composition in serum phospholipids in a Swedish birth-cohort sampled at birth and at 13 years of age; allergy was diagnosed at 13 years of age. Minor allele carriers of rs102275 and rs174448 (FADS gene cluster) had decreased proportions of 20:4 n-6 in cord and adolescent serum and increased proportions of 20:3 n-6 in cord serum as well as a nominally reduced risk of developing atopic eczema, but not respiratory allergy, at 13 years of age. Minor allele carriers of rs17606561 in the ELOVL2 gene had nominally decreased proportions of 20:4 n-6 in cord serum but ELOVL polymorphisms (rs2236212 and rs17606561) were not associated with allergy development. Thus, reduced capacity to desaturase n-6 PUFAs due to FADS polymorphisms was nominally associated with reduced risk for eczema development, which could indicate a pathogenic role for long-chain PUFAs in allergy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Barman
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Staffan Nilsson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Åsa Torinsson Naluai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Anna Sandin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Agnes E Wold
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Ann-Sofie Sandberg
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Food and Nutrition Science, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Dorajoo R, Sun Y, Han Y, Ke T, Burger A, Chang X, Low HQ, Guan W, Lemaitre RN, Khor CC, Yuan JM, Koh WP, Ong CN, Tai ES, Liu J, van Dam RM, Heng CK, Friedlander Y. A genome-wide association study of n-3 and n-6 plasma fatty acids in a Singaporean Chinese population. GENES AND NUTRITION 2015; 10:53. [PMID: 26584805 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-015-0502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have a major impact on human health. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several genetic loci that are associated with plasma levels of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs in primarily subjects of European ancestry. However, the relevance of these findings has not been evaluated extensively in other ethnic groups. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate for genetic loci associated with n-3 and n-6 PUFAs and to validate the role of recently identified index loci using data from a Singaporean Chinese population. Using a GWAS approach, we evaluated associations with plasma concentrations of three n-3 PUFAs [alphalinolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid], four n-6 PUFAs [linoleic acid (LA), gammalinolenic acid, dihomogammalinolenic acid (DGLA) and arachidonic acid], and estimates of delta-5 desaturase and delta-6 desaturase activities among the participants (N = 1361) of the Singaporean Chinese Health Study. Our results reveal robust genome-wide associations (p value <5 × 10(-8)) with ALA, all four n-6 PUFAs, and delta-6 desaturase activity at the FADS1/FADS2 locus. We further replicated the associations between common index variants at the NTAN1/PDXDC1 locus and n-6 PUFAs LA and DGLA, and between the JMJD1C locus and n-6 PUFA LA (p value between 0.0490 and 9.88 × 10(-4)). These associations were independent of dietary intake of PUFAs. In aggregate, we show that genetic loci that influence plasma concentrations of n-3 and n-6 PUFAs are shared across different ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Dorajoo
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ye Sun
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tingjing Ke
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ayala Burger
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Unit of Epidemiology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Braun School of Public Health, POB 12272, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Xuling Chang
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Qi Low
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weihua Guan
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Rozenn N Lemaitre
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jian-Min Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Woon-Puay Koh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Choon Nam Ong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rob M van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chew-Kiat Heng
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
- Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Yechiel Friedlander
- Unit of Epidemiology, Hebrew University-Hadassah Braun School of Public Health, POB 12272, 91120, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Maternal fatty acid desaturase genotype correlates with infant immune responses at 6 months. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:891-8. [PMID: 26283408 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515002561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Breast milk long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) have been associated with changes in early life immune responses and may modulate T-cell function in infancy. We studied the effect of maternal fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genotype and breast milk LCPUFA levels on infants' blood T-cell profiles and ex vivo-produced cytokines after anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 6-month-old infants from the Copenhagen Prospective Study of Asthma in Childhood birth cohort. LCPUFA concentrations of breast milk were assessed at 4 weeks of age, and FADS SNP were determined in both mothers and infants (n 109). In general, breast milk arachidonic acid (AA) levels were inversely correlated with the production of IL-10 (r -0.25; P=0.004), IL-17 (r -0.24; P=0.005), IL-5 (r -0.21; P=0.014) and IL-13 (r -0.17; P=0.047), whereas EPA was positively correlated with the counts of blood regulatory T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells and decreased T-helper cell counts. The minor FADS alleles were associated with lower breast milk AA and EPA, and infants of mothers carrying the minor allele of FADS SNP rs174556 had higher production of IL-10 (r -0.23; P=0.018), IL-17 (r -0.25; P=0.009) and IL-5 (r -0.21; P=0.038) from ex vivo-activated immune cells. We observed no association between T-cell distribution and maternal or infant FADS gene variants. We conclude that increased maternal LCPUFA synthesis and breast milk AA are associated with decreased levels of IL-5, IL-13 (type-2 related), IL-17 (type-17 related) and IL-10 (regulatory immune responses), but not with interferon-γ and TNF-α, which could be due to an effect of the maternal FADS variants on the offspring immune response transferred via breast milk LCPUFA.
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Robinson MA, Graham DJ, Morrish F, Hockenbery D, Gamble LJ. Lipid analysis of eight human breast cancer cell lines with ToF-SIMS. Biointerphases 2015; 11:02A303. [PMID: 26319020 PMCID: PMC4552699 DOI: 10.1116/1.4929633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, four triple negative (TN) cell lines, three ER+ and PR+ receptor positive (RP) cell lines, and one ER+, PR+, and HER2+ cell line were chemically distinguished from one another using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and principal component analysis (PCA). PCA scores separation was observed between the individual cell lines within a given classification (TN and RP) and there were distinctly different trends found in the fatty acid and lipid compositions of the two different classifications. These trends indicated that the RP cell lines separated out based on the carbon chain length of the lipids while the TN cell lines showed separation based on cholesterol-related peaks (in the positive ion data). Both cell types separated out by trends in fatty acid chain length and saturation in the negative ions. These chemical differences may be manifestations of unique metabolic processes within each of the different cell lines. Additionally, the HER2+ cell line was distinguished from three other RP cell types as having a unique distribution of fatty acids including anticorrelation to 18-carbon chain fatty acids. As these cell lines could not be grown in the same growth media, a combination of chemical fixation, rinsing, C60 (+) presputtering, and selection of cellular regions-of-interest is also presented as a successful method to acquire ToF-SIMS data from cell lines grown in different media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Robinson
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Daniel J Graham
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Fionnuala Morrish
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - David Hockenbery
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109
| | - Lara J Gamble
- National ESCA and Surface Analysis Center for Biomedical Problems, Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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Dietary arachidonic acid in perinatal nutrition: a commentary. Pediatr Res 2015; 77:263-9. [PMID: 25314584 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA) is supplied together with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in infant formulas, but we have limited knowledge about the effects of supplementation with either of these long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) on growth and developmental outcomes. AA is present in similar levels in breast milk throughout the world, whereas the level of DHA is highly diet dependent. Autopsy studies show similar diet-dependent variation in brain DHA, whereas AA is little affected by intake. Early intake of DHA has been shown to affect visual development, but the effect of LCPUFA on neurodevelopment remains to be established. Few studies have found any functional difference between infants supplemented with DHA alone compared to DHA+AA, but some studies show neurodevelopmental advantages in breast-fed infants of mothers supplemented with n-3 LCPUFA alone. It also remains to be established whether the AA/DHA balance could affect allergic and inflammatory outcomes later in life. Disentangling effects of genetic variability and dietary intake on AA and DHA-status and on functional outcomes may be an important step in the process of determining whether AA-intake is of any physiological or clinical importance. However, based on the current evidence we hypothesize that dietary AA plays a minor role on growth and development relative to the impact of dietary DHA.
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Imamura S, Morioka T, Yamazaki Y, Numaguchi R, Urata H, Motoyama K, Mori K, Fukumoto S, Shoji T, Emoto M, Inaba M. Plasma polyunsaturated fatty acid profile and delta-5 desaturase activity are altered in patients with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 2014; 63:1432-8. [PMID: 25173718 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between imbalance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially low plasma n-3 to n-6 PUFA ratio, and risk of cardiovascular diseases is well known. A balance of plasma PUFAs is determined not only by dietary fatty acid intake, but also by the endogenous fatty acid metabolism, which could be dysregulated by diabetes. In this study, we investigated the plasma n-3 and n-6 PUFA profile and fatty acid desaturase activity in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). MATERIALS/METHODS The subjects were 396 patients with T2D and 122 healthy controls. Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), arachidonic acid (AA), and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) levels were measured by capillary gas chromatography. RESULTS Plasma DHA, AA, and DGLA levels were significantly higher, and EPA levels tended to be lower in patients with T2D than in the controls. Patients with T2D also exhibited significantly lower EPA/AA, DHA/AA, and (EPA+DHA)/AA ratios, and a higher AA/DGLA ratio than the controls. Multiple regression analyses, including age, sex, body mass index, and metabolic parameters in the total population, revealed that the presence of T2D was independently associated with elevated plasma DHA, AA, and DGLA levels and decreased EPA/AA, DHA/AA, and (EPA+DHA)/AA ratios. Furthermore, T2D was independently and positively related to the AA/DGLA ratio, which serves as an estimate of delta (Δ)-5 desaturase activity. CONCLUSIONS Elevated plasma AA levels and decreased n-3 PUFA/AA ratios in T2D are attributable, at least partly, to Δ5 desaturase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Imamura
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Morioka
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan.
| | - Yuko Yamazaki
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Numaguchi
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Hiromi Urata
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Koka Motoyama
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Katsuhito Mori
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Shinya Fukumoto
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Shoji
- Department of Geriatrics and Vascular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masanori Emoto
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
| | - Masaaki Inaba
- Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan
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Hellstrand S, Ericson U, Gullberg B, Hedblad B, Orho-Melander M, Sonestedt E. Genetic variation in FADS1 has little effect on the association between dietary PUFA intake and cardiovascular disease. J Nutr 2014; 144:1356-63. [PMID: 25008580 PMCID: PMC4130826 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.192708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The unclear link between intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) could depend on genetic differences between individuals. Minor alleles of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ∆5 fatty acid desaturase (FADS) 1 gene were associated with lower blood concentrations of long-chain ω-3 (n-3) and ω-6 (n-6) PUFAs, indicating an associated loss of function effect. We examined whether the SNP rs174546 in FADS1 modifies the association between PUFA intakes and CVD risk. We included 24,032 participants (62% women, aged 44-74 y) from the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort without prevalent CVD and diabetes. During a mean follow-up of 14 y, 2648 CVD cases were identified. Diet was assessed by a modified diet history method. A borderline interaction was observed between the α-linolenic acid (ALA) (18:3n-3)-to-linoleic acid (LA) (18:2n-6) intake ratio and FADS1 genotype on CVD incidence (P = 0.06). The ALA-to-LA intake ratio was inversely associated with CVD risk only among participants homozygous for the minor T-allele (HR for quintile 5 vs. quintile 1 = 0.72; 95% CI: 0.50, 1.04; P-trend = 0.049). When excluding participants reporting unstable food habits in the past (35%), the interaction between the ALA-to-LA intake ratio and FADS1 genotype on CVD incidence was strengthened and statistically significant (P = 0.04). Additionally, we observed a significant interaction between ALA and FADS1 genotype on ischemic stroke incidence (P = 0.03). ALA was inversely associated with ischemic stroke only among TT genotype carriers (HR for quintile 5 vs. quintile 1 = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.27, 0.94; P-trend = 0.02). In this large cohort, we found some weak, but not convincing, evidence of effect modification by genetic variation in FADS1 on the associations between PUFA intakes and CVD risk. For the 11% of the population homozygous for the minor T-allele of rs174546 that associates with lower ∆5 FADS activity, high ALA intake and ALA-to-LA intake ratio may be preferable in the prevention of CVD and ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrika Ericson
- Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease–Genetic Epidemiology
| | | | - Bo Hedblad
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Guan W, Steffen BT, Lemaitre RN, Wu JH, Tanaka T, Manichaikul A, Foy M, Rich SS, Wang L, Nettleton JA, Tang W, Gu X, Bandinelli S, King IB, McKnight B, Psaty BM, Siscovick D, Djousse L, Chen YDI, Ferrucci L, Fornage M, Mozafarrian D, Tsai MY, Steffen LM. Genome-wide association study of plasma N6 polyunsaturated fatty acids within the cohorts for heart and aging research in genomic epidemiology consortium. CIRCULATION. CARDIOVASCULAR GENETICS 2014; 7:321-331. [PMID: 24823311 PMCID: PMC4123862 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.113.000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omega6 (n6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their metabolites are involved in cell signaling, inflammation, clot formation, and other crucial biological processes. Genetic components, such as variants of fatty acid desaturase (FADS) genes, determine the composition of n6 PUFAs. METHODS AND RESULTS To elucidate undiscovered biological pathways that may influence n6 PUFA composition, we conducted genome-wide association studies and meta-analyses of associations of common genetic variants with 6 plasma n6 PUFAs in 8631 white adults (55% women) across 5 prospective studies. Plasma phospholipid or total plasma fatty acids were analyzed by similar gas chromatography techniques. The n6 fatty acids linoleic acid (LA), γ-linolenic acid (GLA), dihomo-GLA, arachidonic acid, and adrenic acid were expressed as percentage of total fatty acids. We performed linear regression with robust SEs to test for single-nucleotide polymorphism-fatty acid associations, with pooling using inverse-variance-weighted meta-analysis. Novel regions were identified on chromosome 10 associated with LA (rs10740118; P=8.1×10(-9); near NRBF2), on chromosome 16 with LA, GLA, dihomo-GLA, and arachidonic acid (rs16966952; P=1.2×10(-15), 5.0×10(-11), 7.6×10(-65), and 2.4×10(-10), respectively; NTAN1), and on chromosome 6 with adrenic acid after adjustment for arachidonic acid (rs3134950; P=2.1×10(-10); AGPAT1). We confirmed previous findings of the FADS cluster on chromosome 11 with LA and arachidonic acid, and further observed novel genome-wide significant association of this cluster with GLA, dihomo-GLA, and adrenic acid (P=2.3×10(-72), 2.6×10(-151), and 6.3×10(-140), respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that along with the FADS gene cluster, additional genes may influence n6 PUFA composition.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Aging/blood
- Aging/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 10/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 6/genetics
- Fatty Acid Desaturases/genetics
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6/blood
- Female
- Genome-Wide Association Study
- Genomics
- Heart Diseases/blood
- Heart Diseases/epidemiology
- Heart Diseases/genetics
- Humans
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Prospective Studies
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Guan
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Brian T. Steffen
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Rozenn N. Lemaitre
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jason H.Y. Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Millennia Foy
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center in Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Stephen S. Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Jennifer A. Nettleton
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center in Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Weihong Tang
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Xiangjun Gu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center in Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Stafania Bandinelli
- Geriatric Rehabilitation Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Firenze (ASF), Florence, Italy
| | - Irena B. King
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Barbara McKnight
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle, WA
| | - David Siscovick
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Services, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Luc Djousse
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School & Boston VA Healthcare System, Boston, MA
| | | | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center in Houston, Houston, TX
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Sciences Center in Houston, Houston, TX
| | - Dariush Mozafarrian
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Michael Y. Tsai
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Lyn M. Steffen
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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46
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Diet-gene interactions and PUFA metabolism: a potential contributor to health disparities and human diseases. Nutrients 2014; 6:1993-2022. [PMID: 24853887 PMCID: PMC4042578 DOI: 10.3390/nu6051993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The “modern western” diet (MWD) has increased the onset and progression of chronic human diseases as qualitatively and quantitatively maladaptive dietary components give rise to obesity and destructive gene-diet interactions. There has been a three-fold increase in dietary levels of the omega-6 (n-6) 18 carbon (C18), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6), with the addition of cooking oils and processed foods to the MWD. Intense debate has emerged regarding the impact of this increase on human health. Recent studies have uncovered population-related genetic variation in the LCPUFA biosynthetic pathway (especially within the fatty acid desaturase gene (FADS) cluster) that is associated with levels of circulating and tissue PUFAs and several biomarkers and clinical endpoints of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Importantly, populations of African descent have higher frequencies of variants associated with elevated levels of arachidonic acid (ARA), CVD biomarkers and disease endpoints. Additionally, nutrigenomic interactions between dietary n-6 PUFAs and variants in genes that encode for enzymes that mobilize and metabolize ARA to eicosanoids have been identified. These observations raise important questions of whether gene-PUFA interactions are differentially driving the risk of cardiovascular and other diseases in diverse populations, and contributing to health disparities, especially in African American populations.
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47
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Mathias RA, Pani V, Chilton FH. Genetic Variants in the FADS Gene: Implications for Dietary Recommendations for Fatty Acid Intake. Curr Nutr Rep 2014; 3:139-148. [PMID: 24977108 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-014-0079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Unequivocally, genetic variants within the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) cluster are determinants of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) levels in circulation, cells and tissues. A recent series of papers have addressed these associations in the context of ancestry; evidence clearly supports that the associations are robust to ethnicity. However ∼80% of African Americans carry two copies of the alleles associated with increased levels of arachidonic acid, compared to only ∼45% of European Americans raising important questions of whether gene-PUFA interactions induced by a modern western diet are differentially driving the risk of diseases of inflammation in diverse populations, and are these interactions leading to health disparities. We highlight an important aspect thus far missing in the debate regarding dietary recommendations; we content that current evidence from genetics strongly suggest that an individual's, or at the very least the population from which an individual is sampled, genetic architecture must be factored into dietary recommendations currently in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasika A Mathias
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Vrindarani Pani
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Floyd H Chilton
- The Center for Botanical Lipids and Inflammatory Disease Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC, 27157, USA ; Department of Physiology/Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC 27157, USA ; Molecular Medicine and Translational Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem NC 27157, USA
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48
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Tosi F, Sartori F, Guarini P, Olivieri O, Martinelli N. Delta-5 and Delta-6 Desaturases: Crucial Enzymes in Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Related Pathways with Pleiotropic Influences in Health and Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 824:61-81. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-07320-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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49
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Mihály J, Marosvölgyi T, Szegedi A, Köröskényi K, Lucas R, Törőcsik D, Garcia AL, Decsi T, Rühl R. Increased FADS2-Derived n-6 PUFAs and Reduced n-3 PUFAs in Plasma of Atopic Dermatitis Patients. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 27:242-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000358290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid concentrations, in particular n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), have been described to be dysregulated in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. The role of genetic polymorphisms of fatty acid enzymes in AD is controversial. We determined in a Hungarian cohort of healthy volunteers (n = 20) and AD patients (n = 20) triglyceride-, sterol- and phospholipid-bound fatty acids in the plasma, mRNA expression of fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) and stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and FADS2 concentrations in plasma. We observed higher levels of monounsaturated fatty acids, 16:1 versus 16:0 ratios in phospholipids, triglycerides and sterol esters in patients compared to healthy subjects. In addition higher levels of the FADS2-derived n-6 PUFAs γ-linolenic acid and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid were observed in PBMCs of patients as well as lower levels of n-3 PUFAs. We conclude that the increased expression of FADS2 in PBMCs, as a representative tissue accessible from human blood of AD patients, might be responsible for higher levels of FADS2-derived n-6 PUFAs and lower n-3 PUFA levels in patients.
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50
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Hong SH, Kwak JH, Paik JK, Chae JS, Lee JH. Association of polymorphisms in FADS gene with age-related changes in serum phospholipid polyunsaturated fatty acids and oxidative stress markers in middle-aged nonobese men. Clin Interv Aging 2013; 8:585-96. [PMID: 23818766 PMCID: PMC3693593 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s42096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: To investigate the association of FADS gene polymorphisms with age-related
changes in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in serum phospholipids and oxidative stress
markers. Methods: We genotyped 122 nonobese men aged 35–59 years without any known diseases at baseline for
rs174537 near FADS1 (FEN1 rs174537G > T),
FADS2 (rs174575, rs2727270), and FADS3 (rs1000778), and followed
them for 3 years. Results: Among the four single-nucleotide polymorphisms, the minor variants of rs174537 and rs2727270 were
significantly associated with lower concentrations of long-chain PUFAs. However, rs174537G >
T showed stronger association. At baseline, men with the rs174537T allele had lower arachidonic acid
(AA) and AA/linoleic acid (LA), and higher interleukin (IL)-6 levels than rs174537GG counterparts.
After 3 years, rs174537GG men had significantly increased AA (P = 0.022),
AA/dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (DGLA) (P = 0.007), docosapentaenoic
acid (DPA), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), but decreased
eicosatrienoic acid. The rs174537T group showed significantly increased γ-linolenic acid and
ox-LDL, and decreased eicosadienoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)/α-linolenic acid
(ALA), and IL-6. After 3 years, the rs174537T group had lower AA (P <
0.001), AA/DGLA (P = 0.019), EPA, DPA, EPA/ALA, and urinary
8-epi-prostaglandin F2α (8-epi-PGF2α) (P
= 0.011) than rs174537GG. Changes in AA (P = 0.001), AA/DGLA
(P = 0.017), EPA, DPA, EPA/ALA, and urinary 8-epi-PGF2α
(P < 0.001) were significantly different between the groups after adjusting
for baseline values. Overall, changes in AA positively correlated with changes in urinary
8-epi-PGF2α (r = 0.249, P =
0.007), plasma ox-LDL (r = 0.199, P = 0.045), and
serum IL-6 (r = 0.289, P = 0.004). Conclusion: Our data show that FADS polymorphisms can affect age-associated changes in serum
phospholipid long-chain PUFAs, Δ5-desaturase activity, and oxidative stress in middle-aged
nonobese men. In particular, the rs174537T allele did not show the age-associated increases in AA
and Δ5-desaturase activity seen with the rs174537GG genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seul Hee Hong
- National Research Laboratory for Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
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