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Romero-Ramírez L, Mey J. Emerging Roles of Bile Acids and TGR5 in the Central Nervous System: Molecular Functions and Therapeutic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9279. [PMID: 39273226 PMCID: PMC11395147 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are cholesterol derivatives synthesized in the liver and released into the digestive tract to facilitate lipid uptake during the digestion process. Most of these BAs are reabsorbed and recycled back to the liver. Some of these BAs progress to other tissues through the bloodstream. The presence of BAs in the central nervous system (CNS) has been related to their capacity to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) from the systemic circulation. However, the expression of enzymes and receptors involved in their synthesis and signaling, respectively, support the hypothesis that there is an endogenous source of BAs with a specific function in the CNS. Over the last decades, BAs have been tested as treatments for many CNS pathologies, with beneficial effects. Although they were initially reported as neuroprotective substances, they are also known to reduce inflammatory processes. Most of these effects have been related to the activation of the Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 (TGR5). This review addresses the new challenges that face BA research for neuroscience, focusing on their molecular functions. We discuss their endogenous and exogenous sources in the CNS, their signaling through the TGR5 receptor, and their mechanisms of action as potential therapeutics for neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Romero-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Regeneración Neuronal, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Jörg Mey
- Laboratorio de Regeneración Neuronal, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain
- EURON Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Wang Y, Ren J, Ren S. Larsucosterol: endogenous epigenetic regulator for treating chronic and acute liver diseases. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2024; 326:E577-E587. [PMID: 38381400 PMCID: PMC11376820 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00406.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Larsucosterol, a potent endogenous epigenetic regulator, has been reported to play a significant role in lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses, and cell survival. The administration of larsucosterol has demonstrated a reduction in lipid accumulation within hepatocytes and the attenuation of inflammatory responses induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TNFα in macrophages, alleviating LPS- and acetaminophen (ATMP)-induced multiple organ injury, and decreasing mortalities in animal models. Results from phase 1 and 2 clinical trials have shown that larsucosterol has potential as a biomedicine for the treatment of acute and chronic liver diseases. Recent evidence suggests that larsucosterol is a promising candidate for treating alcohol-associated hepatitis with positive results from a phase 2a clinical trial, and for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) from a phase 1b clinical trial. In this review, we present a culmination of our recent research efforts spanning two decades. We summarize the discovery, physiological and pharmacological mechanisms, and clinical applications of larsucosterol. Furthermore, we elucidate the pathophysiological pathways of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver diseases (MASLD), metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), and acute liver injuries. A central focus of the review is the exploration of the therapeutic potential of larsucosterol in treating life-threatening conditions, including acetaminophen overdose, endotoxin shock, MASLD, MASH, hepatectomy, and alcoholic hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Jenna Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Shunlin Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States
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Wang Y, Pandak WM, Hylemon PB, Min HK, Min J, Fuchs M, Sanyal AJ, Ren S. Cholestenoic acid as endogenous epigenetic regulator decreases hepatocyte lipid accumulation in vitro and in vivo. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G147-G162. [PMID: 37961761 PMCID: PMC11208024 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00184.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Cholestenoic acid (CA) has been reported as an important biomarker of many severe diseases, but its physiological and pathological roles remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of CA in hepatic lipid homeostasis. Enzyme kinetic studies revealed that CA specifically activates DNA methyltransferases 1 (DNMT1) at low concentration with EC50 = 1.99 × 10-6 M and inhibits the activity at higher concentration with IC50 = 9.13 × 10-6 M, and specifically inhibits DNMT3a, and DNMT3b activities with IC50= 8.41 × 10-6 M and IC50= 4.89 × 10-6 M, respectively. In a human hepatocyte in vitro model of high glucose (HG)-induced lipid accumulation, CA significantly increased demethylation of 5mCpG in the promoter regions of over 7,000 genes, particularly those involved in master signaling pathways such as calcium-AMPK and 0.0027 at 6 h. RNA sequencing analysis showed that the downregulated genes are affected by CA encoding key enzymes, such as PCSK9, MVK, and HMGCR, which are involved in cholesterol metabolism and steroid biosynthesis pathways. In addition, untargeted lipidomic analysis showed that CA significantly reduced neutral lipid levels by 60% in the cells cultured in high-glucose media. Administration of CA in mouse metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) models significantly decreases lipid accumulation, suppresses the gene expression involved in lipid biosynthesis in liver tissues, and alleviates liver function. This study shows that CA as an endogenous epigenetic regulator decreases lipid accumulation via epigenetic regulation. The results indicate that CA can be considered a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of metabolic disorders.NEW & NOTEWORTHY To our knowledge, this study is the first to identify the mitochondrial monohydroxy bile acid cholestenoic acid (CA) as an endogenous epigenetic regulator that regulates lipid metabolism through epigenome modification in human hepatocytes. The methods used in this study are all big data analysis, and the results of each part show the global regulation of CA on human hepatocytes rather than narrow point effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Williams M Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Hae-Ki Min
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - John Min
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Arun J Sanyal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Shunlin Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States
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4
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Nguyen C, Saint-Pol J, Dib S, Pot C, Gosselet F. 25-Hydroxycholesterol in health and diseases. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100486. [PMID: 38104944 PMCID: PMC10823077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential structural component of all membranes of mammalian cells where it plays a fundamental role not only in cellular architecture, but also, for example, in signaling pathway transduction, endocytosis process, receptor functioning and recycling, or cytoskeleton remodeling. Consequently, intracellular cholesterol concentrations are tightly regulated by complex processes, including cholesterol synthesis, uptake from circulating lipoproteins, lipid transfer to these lipoproteins, esterification, and metabolization into oxysterols that are intermediates for bile acids. Oxysterols have been considered for long time as sterol waste products, but a large body of evidence has clearly demonstrated that they play key roles in central nervous system functioning, immune cell response, cell death, or migration and are involved in age-related diseases, cancers, autoimmunity, or neurological disorders. Among all the existing oxysterols, this review summarizes basic as well as recent knowledge on 25-hydroxycholesterol which is mainly produced during inflammatory or infectious situations and that in turn contributes to immune response, central nervous system disorders, atherosclerosis, macular degeneration, or cancer development. Effects of its metabolite 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol are also presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Nguyen
- UR 2465, Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Univ. Artois, Lens, France
| | - Julien Saint-Pol
- UR 2465, Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Univ. Artois, Lens, France
| | - Shiraz Dib
- UR 2465, Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Univ. Artois, Lens, France
| | - Caroline Pot
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Service of Neurology and Neuroscience Research Center, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- UR 2465, Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Univ. Artois, Lens, France.
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Roumain M, Guillemot-Legris O, Ameraoui H, Alhouayek M, Muccioli GG. Identification and in vivo detection of side-chain hydroxylated metabolites of 4β-hydroxycholesterol. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 234:106376. [PMID: 37604319 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxidized derivatives of cholesterol that are formed by enzymatic processes or through the action of reactive oxygen species. Several of these bioactive lipids have been shown to be affected and/or play a role in inflammatory processes. 4β-hydroxycholesterol is one of the major oxysterols in mice and humans and its levels are affected by inflammatory diseases. However, apart from its long half-life, little is known about its catabolism. By incubating 4β-hydroxycholesterol with mouse mitochondria-enriched liver fractions, as well as 25-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol with recombinant CYP3A4, we identified 4β,25-dihydroxycholesterol and 4β,27-dihydroxycholesterol as 4β-hydroxycholesterol metabolites. Supporting the biological relevance of this metabolism, we detected both metabolites after incubation of J774, primary mouse peritoneal macrophages and PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells with 4β-hydroxycholesterol. Across our experiments, the incubation of cells with lipopolysaccharides differentially affected the levels of the 25- and 27-hydroxylated metabolites of 4β-hydroxycholesterol. Finally, 4β,27-dihydroxycholesterol was also detected in mice liver and plasma after intraperitoneal administration of 4β-hydroxycholesterol. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the in vitro and in vivo detection and quantification of 4β-hydroxycholesterol metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Roumain
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Belgium
| | - Owein Guillemot-Legris
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Belgium
| | - Hafsa Ameraoui
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Belgium
| | - Mireille Alhouayek
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Belgium.
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Ma Z, Huang Z, Zhang C, Liu X, Zhang J, Shu H, Ma Y, Liu Z, Feng Y, Chen X, Kuang S, Zhang Y, Jia Z. Hepatic Acat2 overexpression promotes systemic cholesterol metabolism and adipose lipid metabolism in mice. Diabetologia 2023; 66:390-405. [PMID: 36378328 PMCID: PMC9665029 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05829-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Acetyl coenzyme A acetyltransferase (ACAT), also known as acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase, catalyses the formation of acetoacetyl-CoA from acetyl-CoA and forms part of the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway. Thus, ACAT plays a central role in cholesterol metabolism in a variety of cells. Here, we aimed to assess the effect of hepatic Acat2 overexpression on cholesterol metabolism and systemic energy metabolism. METHODS We generated liver-targeted adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9) to achieve hepatic Acat2 overexpression in mice. Mice were injected with AAV9 through the tail vein and subjected to morphological, physiological (body composition, indirect calorimetry, treadmill, GTT, blood biochemistry, cardiac ultrasonography and ECG), histochemical, gene expression and metabolomic analysis under normal diet or feeding with high-fat diet to investigate the role of ACAT2 in the liver. RESULTS Hepatic Acat2 overexpression reduced body weight and total fat mass, elevated the metabolic rate, improved glucose tolerance and lowered the serum cholesterol level of mice. In addition, the overexpression of Acat2 inhibited fatty acid, glucose and ketone metabolic pathways but promoted cholesterol metabolism and changed the bile acid pool and composition of the liver. Hepatic Acat2 overexpression also decreased the size of white adipocytes and promoted lipid metabolism in white adipose tissue. Furthermore, hepatic Acat2 overexpression protected mice from high-fat-diet-induced weight gain and metabolic defects CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Our study identifies an essential role for ACAT2 in cholesterol metabolism and systemic energy expenditure and provides key insights into the metabolic benefits of hepatic Acat2 overexpression. Thus, adenoviral Acat2 overexpression in the liver may be a potential therapeutic tool in the treatment of obesity and hypercholesterolaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Ma
- Endocrinology Department, Suzhou Science & Technology Town Hospital, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhengyun Huang
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiangpeng Liu
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Shu
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yue Ma
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiyue Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Shihuan Kuang
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhihao Jia
- Cambridge-Suda Genomic Resource Center, Suzhou Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Asano T, Wakabayashi T, Kondo Y, Okada K, Yamamuro D, Koga Y, Oka K, Sakurai M, Sawayama N, Takahashi M, Okazaki H, Ebihara K, Minami K, Morisawa Y, Hatakeyama S, Matsumura M, Ishibashi S. Serum 25-hydroxycholesterol levels are increased in patients with coronavirus disease 2019. J Clin Lipidol 2023; 17:78-86. [PMID: 36522261 PMCID: PMC9637049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), produced by cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) in macrophages, has been reported to inhibit the replication of viral pathogens such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. Also, CH25H expression in macrophages is robustly induced by interferons (IFNs). OBJECTIVE To better understand the serum level increase of 25HC in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and how it relates to the clinical picture. METHODS We measured the serum levels of 25HC and five other oxysterols in 17 hospitalized COVID-19 patients. RESULTS On admission, 25HC and 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC) serum levels were elevated; however, 7-ketocholesterol (7KC) levels were lower in patients with COVID-19 than in the healthy controls. There was no significant correlation between 25HC serum levels and disease severity markers, such as interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 6. Dexamethasone effectively suppressed cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) mRNA expression in RAW 264.7 cells, a murine leukemia macrophage cell line, with or without lipopolysaccharide or IFNs; therefore, it might mitigate the increasing effects of COVID-19 on the serum levels of 25HC. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlighted that 25HC could be used as a unique biomarker in severe COVID-19 and a potential therapeutic candidate for detecting the severity of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Asano
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Asano, Wakabayashi, Kondo, Okada, Yamamuro, Koga, Oka, Sakurai, Sawayama, Takahashi, Okazaki, Ebihara and Ishibashi)
| | - Tetsuji Wakabayashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Asano, Wakabayashi, Kondo, Okada, Yamamuro, Koga, Oka, Sakurai, Sawayama, Takahashi, Okazaki, Ebihara and Ishibashi)
| | - Yasuyuki Kondo
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Asano, Wakabayashi, Kondo, Okada, Yamamuro, Koga, Oka, Sakurai, Sawayama, Takahashi, Okazaki, Ebihara and Ishibashi)
| | - Kenta Okada
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Asano, Wakabayashi, Kondo, Okada, Yamamuro, Koga, Oka, Sakurai, Sawayama, Takahashi, Okazaki, Ebihara and Ishibashi)
| | - Daisuke Yamamuro
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Asano, Wakabayashi, Kondo, Okada, Yamamuro, Koga, Oka, Sakurai, Sawayama, Takahashi, Okazaki, Ebihara and Ishibashi)
| | - Yukiko Koga
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Asano, Wakabayashi, Kondo, Okada, Yamamuro, Koga, Oka, Sakurai, Sawayama, Takahashi, Okazaki, Ebihara and Ishibashi)
| | - Kiyonori Oka
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Asano, Wakabayashi, Kondo, Okada, Yamamuro, Koga, Oka, Sakurai, Sawayama, Takahashi, Okazaki, Ebihara and Ishibashi)
| | - Momoe Sakurai
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Asano, Wakabayashi, Kondo, Okada, Yamamuro, Koga, Oka, Sakurai, Sawayama, Takahashi, Okazaki, Ebihara and Ishibashi)
| | - Nagisa Sawayama
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Asano, Wakabayashi, Kondo, Okada, Yamamuro, Koga, Oka, Sakurai, Sawayama, Takahashi, Okazaki, Ebihara and Ishibashi)
| | - Manabu Takahashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Asano, Wakabayashi, Kondo, Okada, Yamamuro, Koga, Oka, Sakurai, Sawayama, Takahashi, Okazaki, Ebihara and Ishibashi)
| | - Hiroaki Okazaki
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Asano, Wakabayashi, Kondo, Okada, Yamamuro, Koga, Oka, Sakurai, Sawayama, Takahashi, Okazaki, Ebihara and Ishibashi)
| | - Ken Ebihara
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Asano, Wakabayashi, Kondo, Okada, Yamamuro, Koga, Oka, Sakurai, Sawayama, Takahashi, Okazaki, Ebihara and Ishibashi)
| | - Kensuke Minami
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Minami and Morisawa)
| | - Yuji Morisawa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Jichi Medical University Hospital, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Minami and Morisawa)
| | - Shuji Hatakeyama
- Division of General Medicine, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Hatakeyama and Matsumura)
| | - Masami Matsumura
- Division of General Medicine, Center for Community Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Hatakeyama and Matsumura)
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan (Drs Asano, Wakabayashi, Kondo, Okada, Yamamuro, Koga, Oka, Sakurai, Sawayama, Takahashi, Okazaki, Ebihara and Ishibashi).
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Kakiyama G, Minowa K, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Martin R, Takei H, Mitamura K, Ikegawa S, Suzuki M, Nittono H, Fuchs M, Heuman DM, Zhou H, Pandak WM. Coffee modulates insulin-hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α-Cyp7b1 pathway and reduces oxysterol-driven liver toxicity in a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease mouse model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 323:G488-G500. [PMID: 36193897 PMCID: PMC9639758 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00179.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) controls the levels of intracellular regulatory oxysterols generated by the "acidic pathway" of cholesterol metabolism. Previously, we demonstrated that an inability to upregulate CYP7B1 in the setting of insulin resistance leads to the accumulation of cholesterol metabolites such as (25R)26-hydroxycholesterol (26HC) that initiate and promote hepatocyte injury; followed by an inflammatory response. The current study demonstrates that dietary coffee improves insulin resistance and restores Cyp7b1 levels in a well-characterized Western diet (WD)-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mouse model. Ingestion of a WD containing caffeinated (regular) coffee or decaffeinated coffee markedly reduced the serum ALT level and improved insulin resistance. Cyp7b1 mRNA and protein levels were preserved at normal levels in mice fed the coffee containing WD. Additionally, coffee led to upregulated steroid sulfotransferase 2b1 (Sult2b1) mRNA expression. In accordance with the response in these oxysterol metabolic genes, hepatocellular 26HC levels were maintained at physiologically low levels. Moreover, the current study provided evidence that hepatic Cyp7b1 and Sult2b1 responses to insulin signaling can be mediated through a transcriptional factor, hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF)-4α. We conclude coffee achieves its beneficial effects through the modulation of insulin resistance. Both decaffeinated and caffeinated coffee had beneficial effects, demonstrating caffeine is not fundamental to this effect. The effects of coffee feeding on the insulin-HNF4α-Cyp7b1 signaling pathway, whose dysregulation initiates and contributes to the onset and progression of NASH as triggered by insulin resistance, offer mechanistic insight into approaches for the treatment of NAFLD.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrated dietary coffee prevented the accumulation of hepatic oxysterols by maintaining Cyp7b1/Sult2b1 expression in a diet-induced NAFLD mice model. Lowering liver oxysterols markedly reduced inflammation in the coffee-ingested mice. Caffeine is not fundamental to this effect. In addition, this study showed Cyp7b1/Sult2b1 responses to insulin signaling can be mediated through a transcriptional factor, HNF4α. The insulin-HNF4α-Cyp7b1/Sult2b1 signaling pathway, which directly correlates to the onset of NASH triggered by insulin resistance, offers insight into approaches for NAFLD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
- Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Kei Minowa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
- Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Rebecca Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Mitsuyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Michael Fuchs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
- Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Douglas M Heuman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
| | - William M Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia
- Central Virginia Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Richmond, Virginia
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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9
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Guthrie G, Vonderohe C, Burrin D. Fibroblast growth factor 15/19 expression, regulation, and function: An overview. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 548:111617. [PMID: 35301051 PMCID: PMC9038700 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-19 over 20 years ago, our understanding of the peptide and its role in human biology has moved forward significantly. A member of a superfamily of paracrine growth factors regulating embryonic development, FGF19 is unique in that it is a dietary-responsive endocrine hormone linked with bile acid homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, energy expenditure, and protein synthesis during the fed to fasted state. FGF19 achieves this through targeting multiple tissues and signaling pathways within those tissues. The diverse functional capabilities of FGF19 is due to the unique structural characteristics of the protein and its receptor binding in various cell types. This review will cover the current literature on the protein FGF19, its target receptors, and the biological pathways they target through unique signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Guthrie
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Caitlin Vonderohe
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Douglas Burrin
- USDA-ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States.
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10
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Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Cholesterol metabolism: from lipidomics to immunology. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100165. [PMID: 34953867 PMCID: PMC8953665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols, the oxidized forms of cholesterol or of its precursors, are formed in the first steps of cholesterol metabolism. Oxysterols have interested chemists, biologists, and physicians for many decades, but their exact biological relevance in vivo, other than as intermediates in bile acid biosynthesis, has long been debated. However, in the first quarter of this century, a role for side-chain oxysterols and their C-7 oxidized metabolites has been convincingly established in the immune system. 25-Hydroxycholesterol has been shown to be synthesized by macrophages in response to the activation of Toll-like receptors and to offer protection against microbial pathogens, whereas 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol has been shown to act as a chemoattractant to lymphocytes expressing the G protein-coupled receptor Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 2 and to be important in coordinating the action of B cells, T cells, and dendritic cells in secondary lymphoid tissue. There is a growing body of evidence that not only these two oxysterols but also many of their isomers are of importance to the proper function of the immune system. Here, we review recent findings related to the roles of oxysterols in immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom.
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11
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Wang Y, Pandak WM, Lesnefsky EJ, Hylemon PB, Ren S. 25-Hydroxycholesterol 3-Sulfate Recovers Acetaminophen Induced Acute Liver Injury via Stabilizing Mitochondria in Mouse Models. Cells 2021; 10:3027. [PMID: 34831255 PMCID: PMC8616185 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is one of the most frequent causes of acute liver failure (ALF). N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is currently being used as part of the standard care in the clinic but its usage has been limited in severe cases, in which liver transplantation becomes the only treatment option. Therefore, there still is a need for a specific and effective therapy for APAP induced ALF. In the current study, we have demonstrated that treatment with 25-Hydroxycholesterol 3-Sulfate (25HC3S) not only significantly reduced mortality but also decreased the plasma levels of liver injury markers, including LDH, AST, and ALT, in APAP overdosed mouse models. 25HC3S also decreased the expression of those genes involved in cell apoptosis, stabilized mitochondrial polarization, and significantly decreased the levels of oxidants, malondialdehyde (MDA), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Whole genome bisulfite sequencing analysis showed that 25HC3S increased demethylation of 5mCpG in key promoter regions and thereby increased the expression of those genes involved in MAPK-ERK and PI3K-Akt signaling pathways. We concluded that 25HC3S may alleviate APAP induced liver injury via up-regulating the master signaling pathways and maintaining mitochondrial membrane polarization. The results suggest that 25HC3S treatment facilitates the recovery and significantly decreases the mortality of APAP induced acute liver injury and has a synergistic effect with NAC in propylene glycol (PG) for the injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shunlin Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23249, USA; (Y.W.); (W.M.P.); (E.J.L.); (P.B.H.)
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12
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Investigation of Neuropathology after Nerve Release in Chronic Constriction Injury of Rat Sciatic Nerve. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094746. [PMID: 33947104 PMCID: PMC8125611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral compressive neuropathy causes significant neuropathic pain, muscle weakness and prolong neuroinflammation. Surgical decompression remains the gold standard of treatment but the outcome is suboptimal with a high recurrence rate. From mechanical compression to chemical propagation of the local inflammatory signals, little is known about the distinct neuropathologic patterns and the genetic signatures after nerve decompression. In this study, controllable mechanical constriction forces over rat sciatic nerve induces irreversible sensorimotor dysfunction with sustained local neuroinflammation, even 4 weeks after nerve release. Significant gene upregulations are found in the dorsal root ganglia, regarding inflammatory, proapoptotic and neuropathic pain signals. Genetic profiling of neuroinflammation at the local injured nerve reveals persistent upregulation of multiple genes involving oxysterol metabolism, neuronal apoptosis, and proliferation after nerve release. Further validation of the independent roles of each signal pathway will contribute to molecular therapies for compressive neuropathy in the future.
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13
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Wang Y, Lin W, Brown JE, Chen L, Pandak WM, Hylemon PB, Ren S. 25-Hydroxycholesterol 3-sulfate is an endogenous ligand of DNA methyltransferases in hepatocytes. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100063. [PMID: 33705741 PMCID: PMC8058565 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The oxysterol sulfate, 25-hydroxycholesterol 3-sulfate (25HC3S), has been shown to play an important role in lipid metabolism, inflammatory response, and cell survival. However, the mechanism(s) of its function in global regulation is unknown. The current study investigates the molecular mechanism by which 25HC3S functions as an endogenous epigenetic regulator. To study the effects of oxysterols/sterol sulfates on epigenetic modulators, 12 recombinant epigenetic enzymes were used to determine whether 25HC3S acts as their endogenous ligand. The enzyme kinetic study demonstrated that 25HC3S specifically inhibited DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), DNMT1, DNMT3a, and DNMT3b with IC50 of 4.04, 3.03, and 9.05 × 10-6 M, respectively. In human hepatocytes, high glucose induces lipid accumulation by increasing promoter CpG methylation of key genes involved in development of nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases. Using this model, whole genome bisulfate sequencing analysis demonstrated that 25HC3S converts the 5mCpG to CpG in the promoter regions of 1,074 genes. In addition, we observed increased expression of the demethylated genes, which are involved in the master signaling pathways, including MAPK-ERK, calcium-AMP-activated protein kinase, and type II diabetes mellitus pathways. mRNA array analysis showed that the upregulated genes encoded for key elements of cell survival; conversely, downregulated genes encoded for key enzymes that decrease lipid biosynthesis. Taken together, our results indicate that the expression of these key elements and enzymes are regulated by the demethylated signaling pathways. We summarized that 25HC3S DNA demethylation of 5mCpG in promoter regions is a potent regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/McGuire VA Medical Centre, Richmond, VA, USA; College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqi Lin
- DURECT Corporation, Cupertino, CA, USA
| | | | - Lanming Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Williams M Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/McGuire VA Medical Centre, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/McGuire VA Medical Centre, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Shunlin Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/McGuire VA Medical Centre, Richmond, VA, USA.
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14
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Wang Y, Li X, Ren S. Cholesterol Metabolites 25-Hydroxycholesterol and 25-Hydroxycholesterol 3-Sulfate Are Potent Paired Regulators: From Discovery to Clinical Usage. Metabolites 2020; 11:metabo11010009. [PMID: 33375700 PMCID: PMC7823450 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxysterols have long been believed to be ligands of nuclear receptors such as liver × receptor (LXR), and they play an important role in lipid homeostasis and in the immune system, where they are involved in both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. However, they are increasingly associated with a wide variety of other, sometimes surprising, cell functions. Oxysterols have also been implicated in several diseases such as metabolic syndrome. Oxysterols can be sulfated, and the sulfated oxysterols act in different directions: they decrease lipid biosynthesis, suppress inflammatory responses, and promote cell survival. Our recent reports have shown that oxysterol and oxysterol sulfates are paired epigenetic regulators, agonists, and antagonists of DNA methyltransferases, indicating that their function of global regulation is through epigenetic modification. In this review, we explore our latest research of 25-hydroxycholesterol and 25-hydroxycholesterol 3-sulfate in a novel regulatory mechanism and evaluate the current evidence for these roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23249, USA;
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Shunlin Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23249, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(804)-675-5000 (ext. 4973)
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15
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Kakiyama G, Marques D, Martin R, Takei H, Rodriguez-Agudo D, LaSalle SA, Hashiguchi T, Liu X, Green R, Erickson S, Gil G, Fuchs M, Suzuki M, Murai T, Nittono H, Hylemon PB, Zhou H, Pandak WM. Insulin resistance dysregulates CYP7B1 leading to oxysterol accumulation: a pathway for NAFL to NASH transition. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1629-1644. [PMID: 33008924 PMCID: PMC7707165 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120000924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
NAFLD is an important public health issue closely associated with the pervasive epidemics of diabetes and obesity. Yet, despite NAFLD being among the most common of chronic liver diseases, the biological factors responsible for its transition from benign nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) to NASH remain unclear. This lack of knowledge leads to a decreased ability to find relevant animal models, predict disease progression, or develop clinical treatments. In the current study, we used multiple mouse models of NAFLD, human correlation data, and selective gene overexpression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StarD1) in mice to elucidate a plausible mechanistic pathway for promoting the transition from NAFL to NASH. We show that oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) controls the levels of intracellular regulatory oxysterols generated by the "acidic/alternative" pathway of cholesterol metabolism. Specifically, we report data showing that an inability to upregulate CYP7B1, in the setting of insulin resistance, results in the accumulation of toxic intracellular cholesterol metabolites that promote inflammation and hepatocyte injury. This metabolic pathway, initiated and exacerbated by insulin resistance, offers insight into approaches for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Dalila Marques
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rebecca Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Sandra A LaSalle
- Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Xiaoying Liu
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard Green
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sandra Erickson
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gregorio Gil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mitsuyoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Murai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - William M Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, McGuire Veterans Administration Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA; Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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16
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Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase protects against experimental colitis in mice by modulating epithelial gut barrier function. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14246. [PMID: 32859970 PMCID: PMC7455728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71198-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) encodes the enzyme that converts cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC). 25-HC has been demonstrated to be involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. However, the role of CH25H in experimental colitis remains unknown. Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis was monitored in wild type and Ch25h−/− mice in 8-week-old male for 7 days by assessment of body weight, histology, inflammatory cellular infiltration, and colon length. The function of CH25H was investigated using loss-of-function and gain-of-function such as Ch25h-deficient mice, supplementation with exogenous 25-HC and treatment of 25-HC into Caco2 and HCT116 colonic epithelial cells. Ch25h−/− mice with DSS-induced colitis exhibited aggravated injury, including higher clinical colitis scores, severe injury of the epithelial barrier, lower tight junction protein levels and higher levels of IL-6. Supplementation with exogenous 25-HC ameliorated disease symptoms and reduced the extent of damage in DSS-induced colitis, which was characterized by lower colon damage, higher tight junction protein expression, significantly decreased local and systemic production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6. In Caco2 and HCT116 cells, 25-HC induced tight junction genes expression in colon cancer epithelial cells. These effects of CH25H were obtained by promoting ATF3 expression. Taken together, our findings reveal a protective role for 25-HC in DSS-induced colitis and the ability of CH25H to maintain epithelial gut barrier function through ATF3 expression. Supplementation with exogenous 25-HC ameliorates disease symptoms, which provides a new therapeutic strategy for ulcerative colitis.
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17
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Wang Y, Chen L, Pandak WM, Heuman D, Hylemon PB, Ren S. High Glucose Induces Lipid Accumulation via 25-Hydroxycholesterol DNA-CpG Methylation. iScience 2020; 23:101102. [PMID: 32408171 PMCID: PMC7225732 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigates the relationship between high-glucose (HG) culture, CpG methylation of genes involved in cell signaling pathways, and the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in hepatocytes. The results indicate that HG leads to an increase in nuclear 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), which specifically activates DNA methyltransferase-1 (DNMT1), and regulates gene expression involved in intracellular lipid metabolism. The results show significant increases in 5mCpG levels in at least 2,225 genes involved in 57 signaling pathways. The hypermethylated genes directly involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism are of PI3K, cAMP, insulin, insulin secretion, diabetic, and NAFLD signaling pathways. The studies indicate a close relationship between the increase in nuclear 25HC levels and activation of DNMT1, which may regulate lipid metabolism via DNA CpG methylation. Our results indicate an epigenetic regulation of hepatic cell metabolism that has relevance to some common diseases such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China,Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/McGuire VA Medical Centre, Research 151, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Lanming Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - William M. Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/McGuire VA Medical Centre, Research 151, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Douglas Heuman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/McGuire VA Medical Centre, Research 151, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/McGuire VA Medical Centre, Research 151, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Shunlin Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/McGuire VA Medical Centre, Research 151, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA 23249, USA.
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18
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Pandak WM, Kakiyama G. The acidic pathway of bile acid synthesis: Not just an alternative pathway ☆. LIVER RESEARCH 2019; 3:88-98. [PMID: 32015930 PMCID: PMC6996149 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the prevalence of obesity, and metabolic syndromes (MS) such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), have dramatically increased. Bile acids play a major role in the digestion, absorption of nutrients, and the body's redistribution of absorbed lipids as a function of their chemistry and signaling properties. As a result, a renewed interest has developed in the bile acid metabolic pathways with the challenge of gaining insight into novel treatment approaches for this rapidly growing healthcare problem. Of the two major pathways of bile acid synthesis in the liver, the foremost role of the acidic (alternative) pathway is to generate and control the levels of regulatory oxysterols that help control cellular cholesterol and lipid homeostasis. Cholesterol transport to mitochondrial sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) by steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StarD1), and the subsequent 7α-hydroxylation of oxysterols by oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (CYP7B1) are the key regulatory steps of the pathway. Recent observations suggest CYP7B1 to be the ultimate controller of cellular oxysterol levels. This review discusses the acidic pathway and its contribution to lipid, cholesterol, carbohydrate, and energy homeostasis. Additionally, discussed is how the acidic pathway's dysregulation not only leads to a loss in its ability to control cellular cholesterol and lipid homeostasis, but leads to inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA,Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA,Corresponding author. Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, USA. (G. Kakiyama)
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19
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Kakiyama G, Marques D, Takei H, Nittono H, Erickson S, Fuchs M, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Gil G, Hylemon PB, Zhou H, Bajaj JS, Pandak WM. Mitochondrial oxysterol biosynthetic pathway gives evidence for CYP7B1 as controller of regulatory oxysterols. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 189:36-47. [PMID: 30710743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this paper was to more completely study the mitochondrial CYP27A1 initiated acidic pathway of cholesterol metabolism. The mitochondrial CYP27A1 initiated pathway of cholesterol metabolism (acidic pathway) is known to synthesize two well-described vital regulators of cholesterol/lipid homeostasis, (25R)-26-hydroxycholesterol (26HC) and 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC). Both 26HC and 25HC have been shown to be subsequently 7α-hydroxylated by Cyp7b1; reducing their regulatory abilities and furthering their metabolism to chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA). Cholesterol delivery into the inner mitochondria membrane, where CYP27A1 is located, is considered the pathway's only rate-limiting step. To further explore the pathway, we increased cholesterol transport into mitochondrial CYP27A1 by selectively increased expression of the gene encoding the steroidogenic acute transport protein (StarD1). StarD1 overexpression led to an unanticipated marked down-regulation of oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7b1), a marked increase in 26HC, and the formation of a third vital regulatory oxysterol, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24HC), in B6/129 mice livers. To explore the further metabolism of 24HC, as well as, 25HC and 26HC, characterizations of oxysterols and bile acids using three murine models (StarD1 overexpression, Cyp7b1-/-, Cyp27a1-/-) and human Hep G2 cells were conducted. This report describes the discovery of a new mitochondrial-initiated pathway of oxysterol/bile acid biosynthesis. Just as importantly, it provides evidence for CYP7B1 as a key regulator of three vital intracellular regulatory oxysterol levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States.
| | - Dalila Marques
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Hajime Takei
- Junshin Clinic Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Sandra Erickson
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Michael Fuchs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Gregorio Gil
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Jasmohan S Bajaj
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - William M Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs, Richmond, VA, United States
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20
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Yang X, Du X, Sun L, Zhao X, Zhu J, Li G, Tian J, Li X, Wang Z. SULT2B1b promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition through activation of the β-catenin/MMP7 pathway in hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 510:495-500. [PMID: 30658852 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) occurs in the progression of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase 2B1b (SULT2B1b) promotes the proliferation of hepatocarcinoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. However, the correlation between SULT2B1b and the EMT in hepatocytes has not yet been addressed. The present study demonstrated that the SULT2B1b overexpression promoted the EMT process in mouse primary hepatocytes in the absence or presence of TGF-β1 treatment. Moreover, SULT2B1b interference suppressed the EMT and attenuated the migration and invasion abilities of human hepatocarcinoma BEL-7402 cells by inhibiting the activation of the β-catenin/MMP-7 pathway. In summary, SULT2B1b enhanced the EMT of hepatocytes and promoted the migration and invasion abilities of BEL-7402 cells by activing the β-catenin/MMP-7 pathway. Therefore, inhibition of SULT2B1b has therapeutic potential for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China.
| | - Xingchen Du
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Vascular Injury and Repair Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Xunxia Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Jinyuan Zhu
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Guizhong Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Jue Tian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, 750004, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhengyang Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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Liu Y, Wei Z, Zhang Y, Ma X, Chen Y, Yu M, Ma C, Li X, Cao Y, Liu J, Han J, Yang X, Duan Y. Activation of liver X receptor plays a central role in antiviral actions of 25-hydroxycholesterol. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:2287-2296. [PMID: 30309895 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m084558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Production of 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), a potent inhibitor of viral infection, is catalyzed by cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H). We previously reported that 25HC induced CH25H expression in a liver X receptor (LXR)-dependent manner, implying that LXR can play an important role in antiviral infection. In this study, we determined that activation of LXR by 25HC or synthetic ligands [T0901317 (T317) or GW3965] inhibited infection of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or MLV-(VSV)-GFP in HepG2 cells or RAW 264.7 macrophages. Genetic deletion of LXRα, LXRβ, or CH25H expression in HepG2 cells by CRISPR/Cas9 method increased cell susceptibility to HSV-1 infection and attenuated the inhibition of LXR on viral infection. Lack of interferon (IFN)-γ expression also increased cell susceptibility to viral infection. However, it attenuated, but did not block, the inhibition of LXR on HSV-1 infection. In addition, expression of CH25H, but not IFN-γ, was inversely correlated to cell susceptibility to viral infection and the antiviral actions of LXR. Metabolism of 25HC into 25HC-3-sulfate (25HC3S) by cholesterol sulfotransferase-2B1b moderately reduced the antiviral actions of 25HC because 25HC3S is a weaker inhibitor of HSV-1 infection than 25HC. Furthermore, administration of T317 to BALB/c mice reduced HSV-1 growth in mouse tissues. Taken together, we demonstrate an antiviral system of 25HC with involvement of LXR activation, interaction between CH25H and IFN-γ, and 25HC metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.,Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhuo Wei
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xingzhe Ma
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Yuanli Chen
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Miao Yu
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuanrui Ma
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoju Li
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Youjia Cao
- College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jihong Han
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.,College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Yajun Duan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
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22
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Sakurai T, Uruno T, Sugiura Y, Tatsuguchi T, Yamamura K, Ushijima M, Hattori Y, Kukimoto-Niino M, Mishima-Tsumagari C, Watanabe M, Suematsu M, Fukui Y. Cholesterol sulfate is a DOCK2 inhibitor that mediates tissue-specific immune evasion in the eye. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/541/eaao4874. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aao4874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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23
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Nitta SI, Hashimoto M, Kazuki Y, Takehara S, Suzuki H, Oshimura M, Akita H, Chiba K, Kobayashi K. Evaluation of 4β-Hydroxycholesterol and 25-Hydroxycholesterol as Endogenous Biomarkers of CYP3A4: Study with CYP3A-Humanized Mice. AAPS JOURNAL 2018; 20:61. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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24
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Mutemberezi V, Buisseret B, Masquelier J, Guillemot-Legris O, Alhouayek M, Muccioli GG. Oxysterol levels and metabolism in the course of neuroinflammation: insights from in vitro and in vivo models. J Neuroinflammation 2018. [PMID: 29523207 PMCID: PMC5845224 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1114-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxysterols are cholesterol derivatives that have been suggested to play a role in inflammatory diseases such as obesity, atherosclerosis, or neuroinflammatory diseases. However, the effect of neuroinflammation on oxysterol levels has only been partially studied so far. Methods We used an HPLC-MS method to quantify over ten oxysterols both in in vitro and in vivo models of neuroinflammation. In the same models, we used RT-qPCR to analyze the expression of the enzymes responsible for oxysterol metabolism. Using the BV2 microglial cell line, we explored the effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced (M1-type) and IL-4-induced (M2-type) cell activation on oxysterol levels. We also used LPS-activated co-cultures of mouse primary microglia and astrocytes. In vivo, we induced a neuroinflammation by administering LPS to mice. Finally, we used a mouse model of multiple sclerosis, namely the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, that is characterized by demyelination and neuroinflammation. Results In vitro, we found that LPS activation induces profound alterations in oxysterol levels. Interestingly, we could discriminate between control and LPS-activated cells based on the changes in oxysterol levels both in BV2 cells and in the primary co-culture of glial cells. In vivo, the changes in oxysterol levels were less marked than in vitro. However, we found in both models increased levels of the GPR183 agonist 7α,25-dihydroxycholesterol. Furthermore, we studied in vitro the effect of 14 oxysterols on the mRNA expression of inflammatory markers in LPS-activated co-culture of microglia and astrocytes. We found that several oxysterols decreased the LPS-induced expression of pro-inflammatory markers. Conclusions These data demonstrate that inflammation profoundly affects oxysterol levels and that oxysterols can modulate glial cell activation. This further supports the interest of a large screening of oxysterol levels when studying the interplay between neuroinflammation and bioactive lipids. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12974-018-1114-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Mutemberezi
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Av. E. Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Baptiste Buisseret
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Av. E. Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Julien Masquelier
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Av. E. Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Owein Guillemot-Legris
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Av. E. Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Mireille Alhouayek
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Av. E. Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Av. E. Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200, Bruxelles, Belgium.
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25
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Asai Y, Sakakibara Y, Kondo M, Nadai M, Katoh M. Expression and activities of sulfotransferase in rat brain. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:270-275. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1440656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Asai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukiko Sakakibara
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Miyabi Kondo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masayuki Nadai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Miki Katoh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
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26
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Hiramitsu S, Ishikawa T, Lee WR, Khan T, Crumbley C, Khwaja N, Zamanian F, Asghari A, Sen M, Zhang Y, Hawse JR, Minna JD, Umetani M. Estrogen Receptor Beta-Mediated Modulation of Lung Cancer Cell Proliferation by 27-Hydroxycholesterol. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:470. [PMID: 30190703 PMCID: PMC6116707 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC) is an abundant cholesterol metabolite in human circulation and promotes breast cancer cell proliferation. Although lung is one of the organs that contain high levels of 27HC, the role of 27HC in lung is unknown. In this study, we found that 27HC promotes lung cancer cell proliferation in an estrogen receptor β (ERβ)-dependent manner. The expression of 27HC-generating enzyme CYP27A1 is higher in lung cancer cells than in normal lung cells. Treatment with 27HC increased cell proliferation in ERβ-positive lung cancer cells, but not in ERα-positive or ER-negative cells. The effect on cell proliferation is specific to 27HC and another oxysterol, 25-hydroxycholesterol that has a similar oxysterol structure with 27HC. Moreover, among ligands for nuclear receptors tested, only estrogen had the proliferative effect, and the effect by 27HC and estrogen was inhibited by ERβ-specific, but not ERα-specific, inhibitors. In addition, the effect by 27HC was not affected by membrane-bound estrogen receptor GPR30. Interestingly, despite the high expression of CYP27A1, endogenously produced 27HC was not the major contributor of the 27HC-induced cell proliferation. Using kinase inhibitors, we found that the effect by 27HC was mediated by the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. These results suggest that 27HC promotes lung cancer cell proliferation via ERβ and PI3K-Akt signaling. Thus, lowering 27HC levels may lead to a novel approach for the treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiro Hiramitsu
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Tomonori Ishikawa
- Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Wan-Ru Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Tamor Khan
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Christine Crumbley
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nimra Khwaja
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Faezeh Zamanian
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Arvand Asghari
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mehmet Sen
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John R. Hawse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - John D. Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Michihisa Umetani
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Michihisa Umetani
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27
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Oh JA, Shin HS. Trace-level determination of eight cholesterol oxidation products in human plasma by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2017.1343736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Aa Oh
- Water Environment Research Department, Water Quality Assessment Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Environmental Research Complex, Gyeongseo-dong, Seo-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Sang Shin
- Department of Environmental Education, Kongju National University, Kongju, Republic of Korea
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28
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Ning Y, Kim JK, Min HK, Ren S. Cholesterol metabolites alleviate injured liver function and decrease mortality in an LPS-induced mouse model. Metabolism 2017; 71:83-93. [PMID: 28521882 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxysterol sulfation plays a fundamental role in the regulation of many biological events. Its products, 25-hydroxycholesterol 3-sulfate (25HC3S) and 25-hydroxycholesterol 3, 25-disulfate (25HCDS), have been demonstrated to be potent regulators of lipid metabolism, inflammatory response, cell apoptosis, and cell survival. In the present study, we tested these products' potential to treat LPS-induced acute liver failure in a mouse model. METHODS Acute liver failure mouse model was established by intravenous injection with LPS. The injured liver function was treated with intraperitoneal administration of 25HC, 25HC3S or 25HCDS. Serum enzymatic activities were determined in our clinic laboratory. ELISA assays were used to detect pro-inflammatory factor levels in sera. Western blot, Real-time Quantitative PCR and RT2 Profiler PCR Array analysis were used to determine levels of gene expression. RESULTS Administration of 25HC3S/25HCDS decreased serum liver-impaired markers; suppressed secretion of pro-inflammatory factors; alleviated liver, lung, and kidney injury; and subsequently increased the survival rate in the LPS-induced mouse model. These effects resulted from the inhibition of the expression of genes involved in the pro-inflammatory response and apoptosis and the simultaneous induction of the expression of genes involved in cell survival. Compared to 25HC, 25HC3S and 25HCDS exhibited significantly stronger effects in these activities, indicating that the cholesterol metabolites play an important role in the inflammatory response, cell apoptosis, and cell survival in vivo. CONCLUSIONS 25HC3S/25HCDS has potential to serve as novel biomedicines in the therapy of acute liver failure and acute multiple organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Ning
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, United States
| | - Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, United States
| | - Hae-Ki Min
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, United States
| | - Shunlin Ren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, United States.
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29
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Wen G, Pachner LI, Gessner DK, Eder K, Ringseis R. Sterol regulatory element-binding proteins are regulators of the sodium/iodide symporter in mammary epithelial cells. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:9211-9226. [PMID: 27614840 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The sodium/iodide symporter (NIS), which is essential for iodide concentration in the thyroid, is reported to be transcriptionally regulated by sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBP) in rat FRTL-5 thyrocytes. The SREBP are strongly activated after parturition and throughout lactation in the mammary gland of cattle and are important for mammary epithelial cell synthesis of milk lipids. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the NIS gene is regulated also by SREBP in mammary epithelial cells, in which NIS is functionally expressed during lactation. Regulation of NIS expression and iodide uptake was investigated by means of inhibition, silencing, and overexpression of SREBP and by reporter gene and DNA-binding assays. As a mammary epithelial cell model, the human MCF-7 cell line, a breast adenocarcinoma cell line, which shows inducible expression of NIS by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), and unlike bovine mammary epithelial cells, is widely used to investigate the regulation of mammary gland NIS and NIS-specific iodide uptake, was used. Inhibition of SREBP maturation by treatment with 25-hydroxycholesterol (5 µM) for 48h reduced ATRA (1 µM)-induced mRNA concentration of NIS and iodide uptake in MCF-7 cells by approximately 20%. Knockdown of SREBP-1c and SREBP-2 by RNA interference decreased the mRNA and protein concentration of NIS by 30 to 50% 48h after initiating knockdown, whereas overexpression of nuclear SREBP (nSREBP)-1c and nSREBP-2 increased the expression of NIS in MCF-7 cells by 45 to 60%, respectively, 48h after initiating overexpression. Reporter gene experiments with varying length of NIS promoter reporter constructs revealed that the NIS 5'-flanking region is activated by nSREBP-1c and nSREBP-2 approximately 1.5- and 4.5-fold, respectively, and activation involves a SREBP-binding motif (SRE) at -38 relative to the transcription start site of the NIS gene. Gel shift assays using oligonucleotides spanning either the wild-type or the mutated SRE at -38 of the NIS 5'-flanking region showed that in vitro-translated nSREBP-1c and nSREBP-2 bind only the wild-type but not the mutated SRE at -38 of NIS. Collectively, the present results from cell culture experiments with human mammary epithelial MCF-7 cells and from genetic studies show for the first time that the NIS gene and iodide uptake are regulated by SREBP in cultured human mammary epithelial cells. Future studies are necessary to clarify if the regulation of NIS expression and iodide uptake by SREBP also applies to the lactating bovine mammary epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - L I Pachner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - D K Gessner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - K Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - R Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Gießen, Germany.
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Guillemot-Legris O, Mutemberezi V, Muccioli GG. Oxysterols in Metabolic Syndrome: From Bystander Molecules to Bioactive Lipids. Trends Mol Med 2016; 22:594-614. [PMID: 27286741 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterols are cholesterol metabolites now considered bona fide bioactive lipids. Recent studies have identified new receptors for oxysterols involved in immune and inflammatory processes, hence reviving their appeal. Through multiple receptors, oxysterols are involved in numerous metabolic and inflammatory processes, thus emerging as key mediators in metabolic syndrome. This syndrome is characterized by complex interactions between inflammation and a dysregulated metabolism. Presently, the use of synthetic ligands and genetic models has facilitated a better understanding of the roles of oxysterols in metabolism, but also raised interesting questions. We discuss recent findings on the absolute levels of oxysterols in tissues, their newly identified targets, and the mechanistic studies emphasizing their importance in metabolic disease, as there is a pressing need to further comprehend these intriguing bioactive lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owein Guillemot-Legris
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E.Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Valentin Mutemberezi
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E.Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Av. E.Mounier, 72 (B1.72.01), 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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Singh V, Jain M, Misra A, Khanna V, Prakash P, Malasoni R, Dwivedi AK, Dikshit M, Barthwal MK. Curcuma oil ameliorates insulin resistance & associated thrombotic complications in hamster & rat. Indian J Med Res 2016. [PMID: 26205026 PMCID: PMC4525408 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.160719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Curcuma oil (C. oil) isolated from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) has been shown to have neuro-protective, anti-cancer, antioxidant and anti-hyperlipidaemic effects in experimental animal models. However, its effect in insulin resistant animals remains unclear. The present study was carried out to investigate the disease modifying potential and underlying mechanisms of the C. oil in animal models of diet induced insulin resistance and associated thrombotic complications. Methods: Male Golden Syrian hamsters on high fructose diet (HFr) for 12 wk were treated orally with vehicle, fenofibrate (30 mg/kg) or C. oil (300 mg/kg) in the last four weeks. Wistar rats fed HFr for 12 wk were treated orally with C. oil (300 mg/kg) in the last two weeks. To examine the protective effect of C. oil, blood glucose, serum insulin, platelet aggregation, thrombosis and inflammatory markers were assessed in these animals. Results: Animals fed with HFr diet for 12 wk demonstrated hyperlipidaemia, hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinaemia, alteration in insulin sensitivity indices, increased lipid peroxidation, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, platelet free radical generation, tyrosine phosphorylation, aggregation, adhesion and intravascular thrombosis. Curcuma oil treatment for the last four weeks in hamsters ameliorated HFr-induced hyperlipidaemia, hyperglycaemia, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, platelet activation, and thrombosis. In HFr fed hamsters, the effect of C. oil at 300 mg/kg was comparable with the standard drug fenofibrate. Curcuma oil treatment in the last two weeks in rats ameliorated HFr-induced hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia by modulating hepatic expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma co-activator 1 (PGC-1)α and PGC-1β genes known to be involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. Interpretation & conclusions: High fructose feeding to rats and hamsters led to the development of insulin resistance, hyperglycaemia, endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. C. oil prevented development of thrombotic complications associated with insulin resistance perhaps by modulating genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.
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Luo L, Zhou C, Kurogi K, Sakakibara Y, Suiko M, Liu MC. Sulfation of 6-hydroxymelatonin, N-acetylserotonin and 4-hydroxyramelteon by the human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs). Xenobiotica 2015; 46:612-619. [PMID: 26577053 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1107656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
1. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of sulfation in the metabolism of 6-hydroxymelatonin (6-OH-Mel), N-acetylserotonin (NAS) and 4-hydroxyramelteon (4-OH-Ram), and to identify and characterize the human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) capable of sulfating these drug compounds. 2. A systematic analysis using 13 known human SULTs revealed that SULT1A1 displayed the strongest activity in catalyzing the sulfation of 6-OH-Mel and 4-OH-Ram, whereas SULT1C4 exhibited the strongest sulfating-activity towards NAS. pH-dependence and kinetic parameters of these SULT enzymes in mediating the sulfation of respective drug compounds were determined. A metabolic labeling study showed the generation and release of [35S]sulfated 6-OH-Mel, NAS and 4-OH-Ram by HepG2 human hepatoma cells and Caco-2 human colon adenocarcinoma cells labeled with [35S]sulfate in the presence of these drug compounds. Cytosols of human lung, liver, kidney and small intestine were examined to verify the presence of 6-OH-Mel-, NAS- and 4-OH-Ram-sulfating activity in vivo. Of the four human organ samples tested, small intestine and liver cytosols displayed considerably higher 6-OH-Mel-, NAS- and 4-OH-Ram-sulfating activities than those of lung and kidney. 3. Collectively, these results provided a molecular basis for the metabolism of 6-OH-Mel, NAS and 4-OH-Ram through sulfation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Luo
- a Department of Pharmacology , College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus , Toledo, OH , USA.,b School of Pharmacy , North Sichuan Medical College , Nanchong, Sichuan , China , and
| | - Chunyang Zhou
- a Department of Pharmacology , College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus , Toledo, OH , USA.,b School of Pharmacy , North Sichuan Medical College , Nanchong, Sichuan , China , and
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- c Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakakibara
- c Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Masahito Suiko
- c Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences , University of Miyazaki , Miyazaki , Japan
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- a Department of Pharmacology , College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus , Toledo, OH , USA
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Jia C, Luo L, Kurogi K, Yu J, Zhou C, Liu MC. Identification of the Human SULT Enzymes Involved in the Metabolism of Rotigotine. J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 56:754-60. [PMID: 26465778 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Sulfation has been reported to be a major pathway for the metabolism and inactivation of rotigotine in vivo. The current study aimed to identify the human cytosolic sulfotransferase (SULT) enzyme(s) capable of mediating the sulfation of rotigotine. Of the 13 known human SULTs examined, 6 of them (SULT1A1, 1A2, 1A3, 1B1, 1C4, 1E1) displayed significant sulfating activities toward rotigotine. pH dependence and kinetic parameters of the sulfation of rotigotine by relevant human SULTs were determined. Of the 6 human organ samples tested, small intestine and liver cytosols displayed considerably higher rotigotine-sulfating activity than did brain, lung, and kidney. Moreover, sulfation of rotigotine was shown to occur in HepG2 human hepatoma cells and Caco-2 human colon adenocarcinoma cells under metabolic conditions. Collectively, the results obtained provided a molecular basis underlying the previous finding of the excretion of sulfated rotigotine by patients undergoing treatment with rotigotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojun Jia
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA.,Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Lijun Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA.,School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nan Chong, Sichuan, China
| | - Katsuhisa Kurogi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Juming Yu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunyang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA.,School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nan Chong, Sichuan, China
| | - Ming-Cheh Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, USA
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Mueller JW, Gilligan LC, Idkowiak J, Arlt W, Foster PA. The Regulation of Steroid Action by Sulfation and Desulfation. Endocr Rev 2015; 36:526-63. [PMID: 26213785 PMCID: PMC4591525 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Steroid sulfation and desulfation are fundamental pathways vital for a functional vertebrate endocrine system. After biosynthesis, hydrophobic steroids are sulfated to expedite circulatory transit. Target cells express transmembrane organic anion-transporting polypeptides that facilitate cellular uptake of sulfated steroids. Once intracellular, sulfatases hydrolyze these steroid sulfate esters to their unconjugated, and usually active, forms. Because most steroids can be sulfated, including cholesterol, pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and estrone, understanding the function, tissue distribution, and regulation of sulfation and desulfation processes provides significant insights into normal endocrine function. Not surprisingly, dysregulation of these pathways is associated with numerous pathologies, including steroid-dependent cancers, polycystic ovary syndrome, and X-linked ichthyosis. Here we provide a comprehensive examination of our current knowledge of endocrine-related sulfation and desulfation pathways. We describe the interplay between sulfatases and sulfotransferases, showing how their expression and regulation influences steroid action. Furthermore, we address the role that organic anion-transporting polypeptides play in regulating intracellular steroid concentrations and how their expression patterns influence many pathologies, especially cancer. Finally, the recent advances in pharmacologically targeting steroidogenic pathways will be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Mueller
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna C Gilligan
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Idkowiak
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Foster
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
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Overexpression of SULT2B1b is an independent prognostic indicator and promotes cell growth and invasion in colorectal carcinoma. J Transl Med 2015; 95:1005-18. [PMID: 26121319 PMCID: PMC4558402 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of cytosolic sulfotransferase 2B1b (SULT2B1b) has been reported in several human malignancies. However, the expression pattern and clinical significance of SULT2B1b in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) remains unknown. Real-time quantitative PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry analyses were used to determine SULT2B1b expression in CRC clinical samples and CRC-derived cell lines. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between SULT2B1b expression and patient survival in two independent cohorts of 485 patients with CRC. Gain- and loss-of-function approaches were employed to investigate the role of SULT2B1b in regulation of CRC cell growth and invasion. We found that SULT2B1b expression was frequently upregulated in CRC clinical samples and CRC-derived cell lines and was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis and TNM stage in both the training and validation cohorts. Patients with higher intratumoral SULT2B1b expression had a significantly shorter disease-specific survival (DSS) and disease-free survival (DFS) than those with lower expression. Importantly, increased expression of SULT2B1b significantly predicted poor DSS and DFS and was an independent unfavorable prognostic indicator for stage II patients in both cohorts. Functional studies revealed that overexpression of SULT2B1b promoted CRC cell growth and invasion in vitro. Conversely, knockdown of SULT2B1b inhibited these processes. In conclusion, our findings suggest that SULT2B1b expression correlates with disease progression and metastasis and may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for patients with CRC.
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Kwong E, Li Y, Hylemon PB, Zhou H. Bile acids and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 in hepatic lipid metabolism. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:151-7. [PMID: 26579441 PMCID: PMC4629213 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is the central organ involved in lipid metabolism. Dyslipidemia and its related disorders, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity and other metabolic diseases, are of increasing public health concern due to their increasing prevalence in the population. Besides their well-characterized functions in cholesterol homoeostasis and nutrient absorption, bile acids are also important metabolic regulators and function as signaling hormones by activating specific nuclear receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, and multiple signaling pathways. Recent studies identified a new signaling pathway by which conjugated bile acids (CBA) activate the extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK1/2) and protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway via sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2). CBA-induced activation of S1PR2 is a key regulator of sphingosine kinase 2 (SphK2) and hepatic gene expression. This review focuses on recent findings related to the role of bile acids/S1PR2-mediated signaling pathways in regulating hepatic lipid metabolism.
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Key Words
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- AKT/PKB, protein kinase B
- BSEP/ABCB11, bile salt export protein
- Bile acid
- CA, cholic acid
- CBA, conjugated bile acids
- CDCA, chenodeoxycholic acid
- CYP27A1, sterol 27-hydroxylase
- CYP7A1, cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase
- CYP7B1, oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase
- CYP8B1, 12α-hydroxylase
- DCA, deoxycholic acid
- EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor
- ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinases
- FGF15/19, fibroblast growth factor 15/19
- FGFR, fibroblast growth factor receptor
- FXR, farnesoid X receptor
- G-6-Pase, glucose-6-phophatase
- GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor
- HDL, high density lipoprotein
- HNF4α, hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α
- Heptic lipid metabolism
- IBAT, ileal sodium-dependent bile acid transporter
- JNK1/2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LCA, lithocholic acid
- LDL, low-density lipoprotein
- LRH-1, liver-related homolog-1
- M1–5, muscarinic receptor 1–5
- MMP, matrix metalloproteinase
- NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
- NK, natural killer cells
- NTCP, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide
- PEPCK, PEP carboxykinse
- PTX, pertussis toxin
- S1P, sphingosine-1-phosphate
- S1PR2, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2
- SHP, small heterodimer partner
- SPL, S1P lyase
- SPPs, S1P phosphatases
- SRC, proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase
- SphK, sphingosine kinase
- Sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor
- Spns2, spinster homologue 2
- TCA, taurocholate
- TGR5, G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Kwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Yunzhou Li
- McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
- Corresponding author at: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, USA. Tel.: +1 804 8286817; fax: +1 804 8280676.
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Abstract
Bile salts play crucial roles in allowing the gastrointestinal system to digest, transport and metabolize nutrients. They function as nutrient signaling hormones by activating specific nuclear receptors (FXR, PXR, Vitamin D) and G-protein coupled receptors [TGR5, sphingosine-1 phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2), muscarinic receptors]. Bile acids and insulin appear to collaborate in regulating the metabolism of nutrients in the liver. They both activate the AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Bile acid induction of the FXR-α target gene, small heterodimer partner (SHP), is highly dependent on the activation PKCζ, a branch of the insulin signaling pathway. SHP is an important regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism in the liver. One might hypothesize that chronic low grade inflammation which is associated with insulin resistance, may inhibit bile acid signaling and disrupt lipid metabolism. The disruption of these signaling pathways may increase the risk of fatty liver and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Finally, conjugated bile acids appear to promote cholangiocarcinoma growth via the activation of S1PR2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, United States.
| | - Phillip B Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, United States.
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Ren S, Kim JK, Kakiyama G, Rodriguez-Agudo D, Pandak WM, Min HK, Ning Y. Identification of novel regulatory cholesterol metabolite, 5-cholesten, 3β,25-diol, disulfate. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103621. [PMID: 25072708 PMCID: PMC4114806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxysterol sulfation plays an important role in regulation of lipid metabolism and inflammatory responses. In the present study, we report the discovery of a novel regulatory sulfated oxysterol in nuclei of primary rat hepatocytes after overexpression of the gene encoding mitochondrial cholesterol delivery protein (StarD1). Forty-eight hours after infection of the hepatocytes with recombinant StarD1 adenovirus, a water-soluble oxysterol product was isolated and purified by chemical extraction and reverse-phase HPLC. Tandem mass spectrometry analysis identified the oxysterol as 5-cholesten-3β, 25-diol, disulfate (25HCDS), and confirmed the structure by comparing with a chemically synthesized compound. Administration of 25HCDS to human THP-1-derived macrophages or HepG2 cells significantly inhibited cholesterol synthesis and markedly decreased lipid levels in vivo in NAFLD mouse models. RT-PCR showed that 25HCDS significantly decreased SREBP-1/2 activities by suppressing expression of their responding genes, including ACC, FAS, and HMG-CoA reductase. Analysis of lipid profiles in the liver tissues showed that administration of 25HCDS significantly decreased cholesterol, free fatty acids, and triglycerides by 30, 25, and 20%, respectively. The results suggest that 25HCDS inhibits lipid biosynthesis via blocking SREBP signaling. We conclude that 25HCDS is a potent regulator of lipid metabolism and propose its biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunlin Ren
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Jin Koung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Daniel Rodriguez-Agudo
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - William M. Pandak
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Hae-Ki Min
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yanxia Ning
- Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center/Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
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Endo-Umeda K, Yasuda K, Sugita K, Honda A, Ohta M, Ishikawa M, Hashimoto Y, Sakaki T, Makishima M. 7-Dehydrocholesterol metabolites produced by sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) modulate liver X receptor activity. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 140:7-16. [PMID: 24269243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
7-Dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) is a common precursor of vitamin D3 and cholesterol. Although various oxysterols, oxygenated cholesterol derivatives, have been implicated in cellular signaling pathways, 7-DHC metabolism and potential functions of its metabolites remain poorly understood. We examined 7-DHC metabolism by various P450 enzymes and detected three metabolites produced by sterol 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) using high-performance liquid chromatography. Two were further identified as 25-hydroxy-7-DHC and 26/27-hydroxy-7-DHC. These 7-DHC metabolites were detected in serum of a patient with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Luciferase reporter assays showed that 25-hydroxy-7-DHC activates liver X receptor (LXR) α, LXRβ and vitamin D receptor and that 26/27-hydroxy-7-DHC induces activation of LXRα and LXRβ, although the activities of both compounds on LXRs were weak. In a mammalian two-hybrid assay, 25-hydroxy-7-DHC and 26/27-hydroxy-7-DHC induced interaction between LXRα and a coactivator fragment less efficiently than a natural LXR agonist, 22(R)-hydroxycholesterol. These 7-DHC metabolites did not oppose agonist-induced LXR activation and interacted directly to LXRα in a manner distinct from a potent agonist. These findings indicate that the 7-DHC metabolites are partial LXR activators. Interestingly, 25-hydroxy-7-DHC and 26/27-hydroxy-7-DHC suppressed mRNA expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, an LXR target gene, in HepG2 cells and HaCaT cells, while they weakly increased mRNA levels of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1, another LXR target, in HaCaT cells. Thus, 7-DHC is catabolized by CYP27A1 to metabolites that act as selective LXR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Endo-Umeda
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Kaori Yasuda
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sugita
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Akira Honda
- Joint Research Center, Tokyo Medical University Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami, Ibaraki 300-0395, Japan
| | - Miho Ohta
- Department of Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Human Development, Soai University, Suminoe-ku, Osaka 559-0033, Japan
| | - Minoru Ishikawa
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hashimoto
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan.
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Ren S, Ning Y. Sulfation of 25-hydroxycholesterol regulates lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses, and cell proliferation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E123-30. [PMID: 24302009 PMCID: PMC3920008 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00552.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular lipid accumulation, inflammatory responses, and subsequent apoptosis are the major pathogenic events of metabolic disorders, including atherosclerosis and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases. Recently, a novel regulatory oxysterol, 5-cholesten-3b, 25-diol 3-sulfate (25HC3S), has been identified, and hydroxysterol sulfotransferase 2B1b (SULT2B1b) has been elucidated as the key enzyme for its biosynthesis from 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) via oxysterol sulfation. The product 25HC3S and the substrate 25HC have been shown to coordinately regulate lipid metabolism, inflammatory responses, and cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. 25HC3S decreases levels of the nuclear liver oxysterol receptor (LXR) and sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), inhibits SREBP processing, subsequently downregulates key enzymes in lipid biosynthesis, decreases intracellular lipid levels in hepatocytes and THP-1-derived macrophages, prevents apoptosis, and promotes cell proliferation in liver tissues. Furthermore, 25HC3S increases nuclear PPARγ and cytosolic IκBα and decreases nuclear NF-κB levels and proinflammatory cytokine expression and secretion when cells are challenged with LPS and TNFα. In contrast to 25HC3S, 25HC, a known LXR ligand, increases nuclear LXR and decreases nuclear PPARs and cytosol IκBα levels. In this review, we summarize our recent findings, including the discovery of the regulatory oxysterol sulfate, its biosynthetic pathway, and its functional mechanism. We also propose that oxysterol sulfation functions as a regulatory signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunlin Ren
- Departments of Medicine, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Falany CN, Rohn-Glowacki KJ. SULT2B1: unique properties and characteristics of a hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase family. Drug Metab Rev 2013; 45:388-400. [PMID: 24020383 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2013.835609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The SULT2b gene family consists of a single gene capable of generating two functional transcripts utilizing different transcriptional start sites in the first exon. This results in the translation of two separate proteins, SULT2B1a and SULT2B1b, with different amino-terminal peptides and approximately 95% identical sequences. The second distinguishing feature of the SULT2B isoforms is the proline/serine-rich carboxy-terminal sequence. To date, presence of the SULT2B gene appears limited to mammals and there is also only limited conservation of structure or sequence of the carboxy-terminal peptide. Although both SULT2B1 messages are present in human tissues, to date, only the SULT2B1b protein has been detected in the tissues investigated. In contrast, selective expression of SULT2B1a has been detected in rodent brain, whereas SULT2B1b was expressed in skin and intestine. Characterization of the SULT2B1 isoforms has been limited by the inability to isolate reliably active SULT2B1b from tissues or cells. SULT2B1 cDNAs can be expressed in Escherichia coli and the expressed active enzymes show selectivity for sulfation of 3β-hydroxysteroids. SULT2B1b due to the binding properties of the amino-terminal peptides also shows high cholesterol sulfation activity. Although human SULT2B1b displays significant substrate cross-reactivity with SULT2A1, the isoforms have different tissue expression patterns. Human SULT2B1b also shows nuclear localization in selected tissues that appears related to serine phosphorylation of the carboxy-terminal peptide. Overall, the understanding of the properties and function of the SULT2B1 isoforms is limited and the structural variability of the unique amino- and carboxy-sequences suggests significant species differences that need to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Falany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL , USA
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Acimovic J, Lövgren-Sandblom A, Olin M, Ali Z, Heverin M, Schüle R, Schöls L, Fischler B, Fickert P, Trauner M, Björkhem I. Sulphatation does not appear to be a protective mechanism to prevent oxysterol accumulation in humans and mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68031. [PMID: 23844150 PMCID: PMC3700920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
24S- and 27-hydroxycholesterol (24OHC and 27OHC) are potent regulators of different biochemical systems in vitro and are the major circulating oxysterols. A small fraction of these oxysterols has been reported to be sulphated but there are no detailed studies. We considered the possibility that sulphatation is a protective mechanism preventing accumulation of free oxysterols. Using an accurate assay we found the sulphated fraction of 24OHC and 27OHC in circulation of adults to be less than 15% of total. In two patients with a mutation in CYP7B1 and markedly increased levels of 27OHC the sulphated fraction was 8% and 10% respectively. Infants with severe neonatal cholestasis had however markedly increased sulphate fraction of the above oxysterols. In untreated mice the degree of sulphatation of 24OHC and 27OHC in serum varied between 0 and 16%. Similar degree of sulphatation was found in two mouse models with markedly increased levels of 27OHC and 24OHC respectively. Bile duct ligated mice had higher levels of oxysterols than sham-operated controls but the sulphate fraction was not increased. We conclude that a primary increase in the levels of the oxysterols due to increased synthesis or reduced metabolism in adults and mice does not induce increased sulphatation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jure Acimovic
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Hashimoto M, Kobayashi K, Watanabe M, Kazuki Y, Takehara S, Inaba A, Nitta SI, Senda N, Oshimura M, Chiba K. Knockout of mouse Cyp3a gene enhances synthesis of cholesterol and bile acid in the liver. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2060-2068. [PMID: 23709690 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m033464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we studied the effects of cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A deficiency on the mRNA expression of genes encoding regulators of hepatic cholesterol levels using Cyp3a-knockout (Cyp3a(-/-)) mice. The mRNA expression levels of genes encoding enzymes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis in the livers of Cyp3a(-/-) mice were higher than those of wild-type (WT) mice. Nuclear levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2), which enhances cholesterol biosynthesis, were also higher in the livers of Cyp3a(-/-) mice. Binding of SREBP-2 to the Hmgcs1 gene promoter was more abundant in the livers of Cyp3a(-/-) mice. These results suggest that deficiency of CYP3A enzymes enhances transcription of genes encoding enzymes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis via activation of SREBP-2. On the other hand, hepatic cholesterol levels in Cyp3a(-/-) mice were 20% lower than those in WT mice. The mRNA expression levels of genes encoding enzymes involved in bile acid synthesis, plasma levels of 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one and hepatic levels of total bile acid were significantly higher in Cyp3a(-/-) mice than in WT mice. These findings suggest that reduction of hepatic total cholesterol in Cyp3a(-/-) mice would be the consequence of enhanced bile acid synthesis. Therefore, CYP3A enzymes appear to play roles in the synthesis of cholesterol and bile acid in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Mio Watanabe
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Tottori 683-8503, Japan; Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Shoko Takehara
- Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Asumi Inaba
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Nitta
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan; Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corporation, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Naoto Senda
- Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corporation, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Oshimura
- Department of Biomedical Science, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Biofunction, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tottori University, Tottori 683-8503, Japan; Chromosome Engineering Research Center (CERC), Tottori University, Tottori 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kan Chiba
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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Yang X, Xu Y, Guo F, Ning Y, Zhi X, Yin L, Li X. Hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase SULT2B1b promotes hepatocellular carcinoma cells proliferation in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60853. [PMID: 23593328 PMCID: PMC3623875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase 2B1b (SULT2B1b) is highly selective for the addition of sulfate groups to 3β-hydroxysteroids. Although previous reports have suggested that SULT2B1b is correlated with cell proliferation of hepatocytes, the relationship between SULT2B1b and the malignant phenotype of hepatocarcinoma cells was not clear. In the present study, we found that SULT2B1 was comparatively higher in the human hepatocarcinoma tumorous tissues than their adjacent tissues. Besides, SULT2B1b overexpression promoted the growth of the mouse hepatocarcinoma cell line Hepa1-6, while Lentivirus-mediated SULT2B1b interference inhibited growth as assessed by the CCK-8 assay. Likewise, inhibition of SULT2B1b expression induced cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in Hepa1-6 cells by upregulating the expression of FAS, downregulating the expression of cyclinB1, BCL2 and MYC in vitro and in vivo at both the transcript and protein levels. Knock-down of SULT2B1b expression significantly suppressed tumor growth in nude mouse xenografts. Moreover, proliferation rates and SULT2B1b expression were highly correlated in the human hepatocarcinoma cell lines Huh-7, Hep3B, SMMC-7721 and BEL-7402 cells. Knock-down of SULT2B1b inhibited cell growth and cyclinB1 levels in human hepatocarcinoma cells and suppressed xenograft growth in vivo. In conclusion, SULT2B1b expression promotes proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo, which may contribute to the progression of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
- Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yali Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Fenghua Guo
- General Surgery, Hua’shan Hospital, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxia Ning
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuling Zhi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Lianhua Yin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Xu L, Kim JK, Bai Q, Zhang X, Kakiyama G, Min HK, Sanyal AJ, Pandak WM, Ren S. 5-cholesten-3β,25-diol 3-sulfate decreases lipid accumulation in diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease mouse model. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 83:648-58. [PMID: 23258548 PMCID: PMC3583496 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.081505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) increases lipogenesis at the transcriptional level, and its expression is upregulated by liver X receptor α (LXRα). The LXRα/SREBP-1c signaling may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We previously reported that a cholesterol metabolite, 5-cholesten-3β,25-diol 3-sulfate (25HC3S), inhibits the LXRα signaling and reduces lipogenesis by decreasing SREBP-1c expression in primary hepatocytes. The present study aims to investigate the effects of 25HC3S on lipid homeostasis in diet-induced NAFLD mouse models. NAFLD was induced by feeding a high-fat diet (HFD) in C57BL/6J mice. The effects of 25HC3S on lipid homeostasis, inflammatory responses, and insulin sensitivity were evaluated after acute treatments or long-term treatments. Acute treatments with 25HC3S decreased serum lipid levels, and long-term treatments decreased hepatic lipid accumulation in the NAFLD mice. Gene expression analysis showed that 25HC3S significantly suppressed the SREBP-1c signaling pathway that was associated with the suppression of the key enzymes involved in lipogenesis: fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, and glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. In addition, 25HC3S significantly reduced HFD-induced hepatic inflammation as evidenced by decreasing tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1 α/β mRNA levels. A glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test showed that 25HC3S administration improved HFD-induced insulin resistance. The present results indicate that 25HC3S as a potent endogenous regulator decreases lipogenesis, and oxysterol sulfation can be a key protective regulatory pathway against lipid accumulation and lipid-induced inflammation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyuan Xu
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Virginia Commonwealth University, Research 151, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
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On the formation and possible biological role of 25-hydroxycholesterol. Biochimie 2013; 95:455-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Tuong ZK, Lau P, Yeo JC, Pearen MA, Wall AA, Stanley AC, Stow JL, Muscat GEO. Disruption of Rorα1 and cholesterol 25-hydroxylase expression attenuates phagocytosis in male Rorαsg/sg mice. Endocrinology 2013; 154:140-9. [PMID: 23239817 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We and others have previously demonstrated that congenital deficiency of the nuclear hormone receptor, Rorα1, in staggerer (sg/sg) mice results in resistance to diet-induced obesity and increased insulin sensitivity. Paradoxically, the sg/sg mice are susceptible to atherosclerosis and display impaired innate immunity, underscoring the regulatory links between metabolic disease, inflammation, and susceptibility to infection. Here, we present novel evidence that Rorα1 regulates innate immune function by demonstrating impaired phagocytosis in sg/sg mice. The early stages of Fc-γ receptor-mediated phagocytosis in lipopolysaccharide-activated sg/sg bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) were significantly impaired compared with wild-type cells. Moreover, in sg/sg BMMs, the phagocytic cup membranes had reduced levels of cholesterol. Expression profiling revealed dysregulated expression of genes involved in inflammation and lipid metabolism in sg/sg BMMs. Notably, we identified decreased expression of the mRNA encoding cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (Ch25h), an enzyme that converts cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), an oxysterol with emerging roles in immunity. Treatment of sg/sg BMMs with 25HC rescued phagocytosis in a dose-dependent manner, whereas small interfering RNA knockdown of Ch25h mRNA expression in wild-type cells attenuated phagocytosis. Hence, we propose that 25HC is essential for optimizing membrane internalization during phagocytosis and that aberrant Ch25h expression in Rorα1-deficient sg/sg macrophages disrupts phagocytosis. Our studies reveal new roles for Rorα1, Ch25h, and 25HC in phagocytosis. Aberrant 25HC underpins the paradoxical association between insulin sensitivity and impaired innate immunity in Rorα1-deficient mice, heralding a wider and essential role for this oxysterol at the nexus of metabolism and immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Hydroxycholesterols/pharmacology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunity, Innate/physiology
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 1/metabolism
- Phagocytosis/genetics
- Phagocytosis/physiology
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Steroid Hydroxylases/genetics
- Steroid Hydroxylases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Zewen K Tuong
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Zhang X, Bai Q, Kakiyama G, Xu L, Kim JK, Pandak WM, Ren S. Cholesterol metabolite, 5-cholesten-3β-25-diol-3-sulfate, promotes hepatic proliferation in mice. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 132:262-70. [PMID: 22732306 PMCID: PMC3463675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Oxysterols are well known as physiological ligands of liver X receptors (LXRs). Oxysterols, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) and 27-hydroxycholesterol as endogenous ligands of LXRs, suppress cell proliferation via LXRs signaling pathway. Recent reports have shown that sulfated oxysterol, 5-cholesten-3β-25-diol-3-sulfate (25HC3S) as LXRs antagonist, plays an opposite direction to oxysterols in lipid biosynthesis. The present report was to explore the effect and mechanism of 25HC3S on hepatic proliferation in vivo. Following administration, 25HC3S had a 48 h half life in the circulation and widely distributed in mouse tissues. Profiler™ PCR array and RTqPCR analysis showed that either exogenous or endogenous 25HC3S generated by overexpression of oxysterol sulfotransferase (SULT2B1b) plus administration of 25HC significantly up-regulated the proliferation gene expression of Wt1, Pcna, cMyc, cyclin A, FoxM1b, and CDC25b in a dose-dependent manner in liver while substantially down-regulating the expression of cell cycle arrest gene Chek2 and apoptotic gene Apaf1. Either exogenous or endogenous administration of 25HC3S significantly induced hepatic DNA replication as measured by immunostaining of the PCNA labeling index and was associated with reduction in expression of LXR response genes, such as ABCA1 and SREBP-1c. Synthetic LXR agonist T0901317 effectively blocked 25HC3S-induced hepatic proliferation. CONCLUSIONS 25HC3S may be a potent regulator of hepatocyte proliferation and oxysterol sulfation may represent a novel regulatory pathway in liver proliferation via inactivating LXR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, 138 Yixueyuan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qianming Bai
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, 270 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
| | - Leyuan Xu
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
| | - Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
| | - William M. Pandak
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
| | - Shunlin Ren
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, 1201 Broad Rock Boulevard, Richmond, VA, 23249, United States
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Shunlin Ren McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center/Virginia Commonwealth University, Research 151, 1201 Broad Rock Blvd, Richmond, VA, 23249, USA. Tel.: +1 (804) 675-5000×4973 Fax: +1 (804) 675-5359
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Cha JY, Kim YB. Sulfated oxysterol 25HC3S as a therapeutic target of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Metabolism 2012; 61:1055-7. [PMID: 22592130 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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50
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Zhang X, Bai Q, Xu L, Kakiyama G, Pandak WM, Zhang Z, Ren S. Cytosolic sulfotransferase 2B1b promotes hepatocyte proliferation gene expression in vivo and in vitro. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G344-55. [PMID: 22679001 PMCID: PMC3423104 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00403.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic sulfotransferase 2B1b (SULT2B1b) catalyzes the sulfation of 3β-hydroxysteroids and functions as a selective cholesterol and oxysterol sulfotransferase. Activation of liver X receptors (LXRs) by oxysterols has been known to be an antiproliferative factor. Overexpression of SULT2B1b impairs LXR's response to oxysterols, by which it regulates lipid metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate in vivo and in vitro effects of SULT2B1b on liver proliferation and the underlying mechanisms. Primary rat hepatocytes and C57BL/6 mice were infected with adenovirus encoding SULT2B1b. Liver proliferation was determined by measuring the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostaining labeling index. The correlation between SULT2B1b and PCNA expression in mouse liver tissues was determined by double immunofluorescence. Gene expressions were evaluated by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. SULT2B1b overexpression in mouse liver tissues increased PCNA-positive cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The increased expression of PCNA in mouse liver tissues was only observed in the SULT2B1b transgenic cells. Small interference RNA SULT2B1b significantly inhibited cell cycle regulatory gene expressions in primary rat hepatocytes. LXR activation by T0901317 effectively suppressed SULT2B1b-induced gene expression in vivo and in vitro. SULT2B1b may promote hepatocyte proliferation by inactivating oxysterol/LXR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- 1Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China; and ,2Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Qianming Bai
- 1Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China; and ,2Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Leyuan Xu
- 2Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Genta Kakiyama
- 2Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - William M. Pandak
- 2Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- 1Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China; and
| | - Shunlin Ren
- 2Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University/Veterans Affairs McGuire Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia
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