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Szyller H, Antosz K, Batko J, Mytych A, Dziedziak M, Wrześniewska M, Braksator J, Pytrus T. Bioactive Components of Human Milk and Their Impact on Child's Health and Development, Literature Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:1487. [PMID: 38794725 PMCID: PMC11124180 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The composition of human breast milk is an ideal combination of substances necessary for the healthy development of an infant's body while protecting from pathogens and the balanced development of the microbiota. Its composition is dynamic and changes with the age of the child, meeting their current needs. The study provides a thorough overview of human milk components, such as immunological components, growth factors, hormones, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, and vitamins. Authors focus on capturing the most important aspects of the effects of these substances on a newborn's body, while also looking for specific connections and describing the effects on given systems. Supplementation and the use of ingredients are also discussed. The purpose of this paper is to present the current state of knowledge about the bioactive components of human milk and their impact on the growth, development, and health of the young child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Szyller
- Student Scientific Group of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.A.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (M.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Katarzyna Antosz
- Student Scientific Group of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.A.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (M.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Joanna Batko
- Student Scientific Group of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.A.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (M.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Agata Mytych
- Student Scientific Group of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.A.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (M.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Marta Dziedziak
- Student Scientific Group of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.A.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (M.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Martyna Wrześniewska
- Student Scientific Group of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-369 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.A.); (J.B.); (A.M.); (M.D.); (M.W.)
| | - Joanna Braksator
- 2nd Clinical Department of Paediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-369 Wrocalw, Poland; (J.B.); (T.P.)
| | - Tomasz Pytrus
- 2nd Clinical Department of Paediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-369 Wrocalw, Poland; (J.B.); (T.P.)
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Jin X, Perrella SL, Lai CT, Taylor NL, Geddes DT. Causes of Low Milk Supply: The Roles of Estrogens, Progesterone, and Related External Factors. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100129. [PMID: 37832920 PMCID: PMC10831895 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Low milk supply (LMS) poses a significant challenge to exclusive and continued breastfeeding, affecting ∼10% to 15% of mothers. Milk production is intricately regulated by both endocrine and autocrine control mechanisms, with estrogens and progesterone playing pivotal roles in this process. In addition to endogenously produced hormones, external substances capable of interfering with normal hormonal actions, including phytoestrogens, mycoestrogens, synthetic estrogens, and hormonal contraceptives, can influence milk production. The effects of these extrinsic hormones on milk production may vary based on maternal body mass index. This comprehensive review examines the multifaceted causes of LMS, focusing on the involvement of estrogens, progesterone, and related external factors in milk production. Furthermore, it investigates the interplay between hormonal factors and obesity, aiming to elucidate the endocrine mechanisms underlying obesity-associated LMS. Insights from this review provide valuable perspectives for developing interventions to improve milk production and address the challenges associated with LMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Jin
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sharon L Perrella
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ching Tat Lai
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicolas L Taylor
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; ARC Training Centre in Biomedical Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Donna T Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia; ARC Training Centre in Biomedical Analysis, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia. donna@
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Jin X, Perrella SL, Lai CT, Taylor NL, Geddes DT. Oestrogens and progesterone in human milk and their effects on infant health outcomes: A narrative review. Food Chem 2023; 424:136375. [PMID: 37209436 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Human milk (HM) is a complex biological system that contains a wide range of bioactive components including oestrogens and progesterone. Whilst maternal oestrogens and progesterone concentrations drop rapidly after birth, they remain detectable in HM across lactation. Phytoestrogens and mycoestrogens, which are produced by plants and fungi, are also present in HM and can interact with oestrogen receptors to interfere with normal hormone functions. Despite the potential impact of HM oestrogens and progesterone on the infant, limited research has addressed their impact on the growth and health of breastfed infants. Furthermore, it is important to comprehensively understand the factors that contribute to these hormone levels in HM, in order to establish effective intervention strategies. In this review, we have summarized the concentrations of naturally occurring oestrogens and progesterone in HM from both endogenous and exogenous sources and discussed both maternal factors impacting HM levels and relationships with infant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehua Jin
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia
| | - Sharon Lisa Perrella
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia
| | - Ching Tat Lai
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia
| | - Nicolas Lyndon Taylor
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia
| | - Donna Tracy Geddes
- School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, WA, Australia.
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Fernandez-Garcia JM, Carrillo B, Tezanos P, Pinos H, Collado P. Genistein early in life Modifies the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus morphology differentially in male and female rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 570:111933. [PMID: 37080379 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.111933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
In the present work we analyzed the effects of postnatal exposure to two doses of genistein (10 μg/g or 50 μg/g) from postnatal (P) day 6 to P13, on the morphology of the arcuate nucleus (Arc). The analyses of Arc coronal brain sections at 90 days showed that the ArcMP had higher values in volume, Nissl-stained neurons and GPER-ir neurons in males than in females and the treatment with genistein abolished these sex differences in most of the parameters studied. Moreover, in males, but not in females, the GPER-ir neurons decreased in the ArcMP but increased in the ArcL with both doses of genistein. In the ArcLP, GPER-ir population increased with the lowest doses and decreased with the highest one in males. Our results confirm that the Arc subdivisions have differential vulnerability to the effects of genistein during development, depending on which neuromorphological parameters, dose and sex are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Fernandez-Garcia
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; Instituto Mixto de Investigación Escuela Nacional de Sanidad-UNED (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Carrillo
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; Instituto Mixto de Investigación Escuela Nacional de Sanidad-UNED (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Tezanos
- Departamento de Neurociencia Traslacional, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, 28002, Spain
| | - Helena Pinos
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; Instituto Mixto de Investigación Escuela Nacional de Sanidad-UNED (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Paloma Collado
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Madrid, Spain; Instituto Mixto de Investigación Escuela Nacional de Sanidad-UNED (IMIENS), Madrid, Spain
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Oral Supplementation with the Polyamine Spermidine Affects Hepatic but Not Pulmonary Lipid Metabolism in Lean but Not Obese Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204318. [PMID: 36297003 PMCID: PMC9611404 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyamine spermidine is discussed as a caloric restriction mimetic and therapeutic option for obesity and related comorbidities. This study tested oral spermidine supplementation with regard to the systemic, hepatic and pulmonary lipid metabolism under different diet conditions. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a purified control (CD), high sucrose (HSD) or high fat (HFD) diet with (-S) or without spermidine for 30 weeks. In CD-fed mice, spermidine decreased body and adipose tissue weights and reduced hepatic lipid content. The HSD induced hepatic lipid synthesis and accumulation and hypercholesterolemia. This was not affected by spermidine supplementation, but body weight and blood glucose were lower in HSD-S compared to HSD. HFD-fed mice showed higher body and fat depot weights, prediabetes, hypercholesterolemia and severe liver steatosis, which were not altered by spermidine. Within the liver, spermidine diminished hepatic expression of lipogenic transcription factors SREBF1 and 2 under HSD and HFD and affected the expression of other lipid-related enzymes. In contrast, diet and spermidine exerted only minor effects on pulmonary parameters. Thus, oral spermidine supplementation affects lipid metabolism in a diet-dependent manner, with significant reductions in body fat and weight under physiological nutrition and positive effects on weight and blood glucose under high sucrose intake, but no impact on dietary fat-related parameters.
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Schipke J, Brandenberger C, Vital M, Mühlfeld C. Starch and Fiber Contents of Purified Control Diets Differentially Affect Hepatic Lipid Homeostasis and Gut Microbiota Composition. Front Nutr 2022; 9:915082. [PMID: 35873446 PMCID: PMC9301012 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.915082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interpretation of results from diet-induced-obesity (DIO) studies critically depends on control conditions. Grain-based chows are optimized for rodent nutrition but do not match the defined composition of purified diets used for DIO, severely limiting the comparability. Purified control diets are recommended but often contain high starch and only minor fiber amounts. It is unknown whether this composition leads to metabolic alterations compared with chow and whether the addition of refined fibers at the expense of starch affects these changes. Methods In this experiment, 6-week-old C57BL/6N mice were fed (i) a conventional purified control diet (high-starch, low-fiber; Puri-starch), (ii) an alternative, custom-made purified control diet containing pectin and inulin (medium-starch, higher-fiber; Puri-fiber), or (iii) grain-based chow for 30 weeks (N = 8–10). Results Puri-starch feeding resulted in significantly elevated levels of plasma insulin (p = 0.004), cholesterol (p < 0.001), and transaminases (AST p = 0.002, ALT p = 0.001), hepatic de novo lipogenesis and liver steatosis, and an altered gut microbiota composition compared with chow-fed mice. In contrast, Puri-fiber exerted only minor effects on systemic parameters and liver lipid homeostasis, and promoted a distinct gut microbiota composition. Conclusion Carbohydrate-rich purified diets trigger a metabolic status possibly masking pathological effects of nutrients under study, restricting its use as control condition. The addition of refined fibers is suited to create purified, yet physiological control diets for DIO research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schipke
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Julia Schipke
| | - Christina Brandenberger
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Marius Vital
- Hannover Medical School, Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christian Mühlfeld
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
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Maphis NM, Huffman RT, Linsenbardt DN. The development, but not expression, of alcohol front-loading in C57BL/6J mice maintained on LabDiet 5001 is abolished by maintenance on Teklad 2920x rodent diet. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:1321-1330. [PMID: 35633038 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive alcohol (ethanol) consumption, such as binge drinking, is extremely commonplace and represents a major health concern. Through modeling excessive drinking in rodents, we are beginning to uncover the neurobiological and neurobehavioral causes and consequences of this pattern of ethanol intake. One important factor for modeling binge drinking in mice is that they reliably drink to blood ethanol concentrations (BECs) of 80 mg/dl or higher. Drinking-in-the-dark (DID) is a commonly used mouse model of binge drinking, and we have shown that this method reliably results in robust ethanol front-loading and binge-level BECs in C57BL/6J (B6) mice and other ethanol-preferring mouse strains/lines. However, establishing the DID model in a new vivarium space forced us to consider the use of rodent diet formulations that we had not previously used. METHODS The current set of experiments were designed to investigate the role of two standard rodent diet formulations on binge drinking and the development of ethanol front-loading using DID. RESULTS We found that BECs in animals maintained on LabDiet 5001 (LD01) were double those found in mice maintained on Teklad 2920x (TL20). Interestingly, this effect was paralleled by differences in the degree of front-loading, such that LD01-fed mice consumed approximately twice as much ethanol in the first 15 min of the 2-h DID sessions as the TL20-fed mice. Surprisingly, however, mice that developed front-loading during maintenance on the LD01 diet continued to display front-loading behavior after being switched to the TL20 diet. CONCLUSIONS These data emphasize the importance of choosing and reporting diet formulations when conducting voluntary drinking studies and support the need for further investigation into the mechanisms behind diet-induced differences in binge drinking, particularly front-loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Maphis
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Radcliff T Huffman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - David N Linsenbardt
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Kassotis CD, Vom Saal FS, Babin PJ, Lagadic-Gossmann D, Le Mentec H, Blumberg B, Mohajer N, Legrand A, Munic Kos V, Martin-Chouly C, Podechard N, Langouët S, Touma C, Barouki R, Ji Kim M, Audouze K, Choudhury M, Shree N, Bansal A, Howard S, Heindel JJ. Obesity III: Obesogen assays: Limitations, strengths, and new directions. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:115014. [PMID: 35393121 PMCID: PMC9050906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of a role for environmental contaminants in disrupting metabolic health in both humans and animals. Despite a growing need for well-understood models for evaluating adipogenic and potential obesogenic contaminants, there has been a reliance on decades-old in vitro models that have not been appropriately managed by cell line providers. There has been a quick rise in available in vitro models in the last ten years, including commercial availability of human mesenchymal stem cell and preadipocyte models; these models require more comprehensive validation but demonstrate real promise in improved translation to human metabolic health. There is also progress in developing three-dimensional and co-culture techniques that allow for the interrogation of a more physiologically relevant state. While diverse rodent models exist for evaluating putative obesogenic and/or adipogenic chemicals in a physiologically relevant context, increasing capabilities have been identified for alternative model organisms such as Drosophila, C. elegans, zebrafish, and medaka in metabolic health testing. These models have several appreciable advantages, including most notably their size, rapid development, large brood sizes, and ease of high-resolution lipid accumulation imaging throughout the organisms. They are anticipated to expand the capabilities of metabolic health research, particularly when coupled with emerging obesogen evaluation techniques as described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Kassotis
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, United States.
| | - Frederick S Vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Patrick J Babin
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Pessac, France
| | - Dominique Lagadic-Gossmann
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Helene Le Mentec
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, United States
| | - Nicole Mohajer
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA 92697, United States
| | - Antoine Legrand
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Vesna Munic Kos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Corinne Martin-Chouly
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Normand Podechard
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Langouët
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Charbel Touma
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Research Institute for Environmental and Occupational Health) - UMR_S 1085, 35 000 Rennes, France
| | - Robert Barouki
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Paris, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Min Ji Kim
- University of Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, INSERM U1124 (T3S), Paris, France
| | | | - Mahua Choudhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Nitya Shree
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Amita Bansal
- College of Health & Medicine, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2611, Australia
| | - Sarah Howard
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, United States
| | - Jerrold J Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Commonweal, Bolinas, CA 92924, United States
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Singh P, Covassin N, Sert‐Kuniyoshi FH, Marlatt KL, Romero‐Corral A, Davison DE, Singh RJ, Jensen MD, Somers VK. Overfeeding-induced weight gain elicits decreases in sex hormone-binding globulin in healthy males-Implications for body fat distribution. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15127. [PMID: 34877821 PMCID: PMC8652402 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity and upper-body fat elevates cardiometabolic risk. However, mechanisms predisposing to upper-body fat accumulation are not completely understood. In males, low testosterone (T) frequently associates with obesity, and estrogen deficiency may contribute to upper-body adiposity. This study examines the effects of overfeeding-induced weight gain on changes in gonadal hormones in healthy males and its association with regional fat depots. METHODS Twenty-five males (age: 29.7 ± 6.9 years; BMI: 24.7 ± 3.1 kg/m2 ) were overfed for 8 weeks to gain approximately 5% body weight. Changes in total and regional fat depots were assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and abdominal computed tomography scans. Circulating T, estrone (E1), 17-β estradiol (E2), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations were measured at baseline and after weight gain. RESULTS Overfeeding resulted in 3.8 (3.3, 4.9) kg weight gain with increased total body fat. Weight gain did not alter circulating T (p = 0.82), E1 (p = 0.52), or E2 (p = 0.28). However, SHBG decreased (p = 0.04) along with consequent increases in T/SHBG (p = 0.02) and E2/SHBG (p = 0.03) ratios. Importantly, baseline E2/SHBG ratio was inversely associated with increases in upper-body fat mass (ρ = -0.43, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Modest weight gain does not alter circulating gonadal hormones in males but may increase bioavailability of T and E2 via decreases in SHBG. The association between baseline E2/SHBG and regional fat mass suggests that higher levels of bioavailable E2 may protect from upper-body fat accumulation during overfeeding-induced modest weight gain in healthy males. Our study suggests a complex relationship between adipose tissue, gonadal hormones, and fat accumulation in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Singh
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterLouisiana State University SystemBaton RougeLouisinaUSA
| | - Naima Covassin
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Kara L. Marlatt
- Pennington Biomedical Research CenterLouisiana State University SystemBaton RougeLouisinaUSA
| | | | - Diane E. Davison
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | - Ravinder J. Singh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
| | | | - Virend K. Somers
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineMayo ClinicRochesterMinnesotaUSA
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Early Postnatal Genistein Administration Affects Mice Metabolism and Reproduction in a Sexually Dimorphic Way. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11070449. [PMID: 34357343 PMCID: PMC8303179 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11070449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytoestrogen genistein (GEN) may interfere with permanent morphological changes in the brain circuits sensitive to estrogen. Due to the frequent use of soy milk in the neonatal diet, we aimed to study the effects of early GEN exposure on some physiological and reproductive parameters. Mice of both sexes from PND1 to PND8 were treated with GEN (50 mg/kg body weight, comparable to the exposure level in babies fed with soy-based formulas). When adult, we observed, in GEN-treated females, an advanced pubertal onset and an altered estrous cycle, and, in males, a decrease of testicle weight and fecal testosterone concentration. Furthermore, we observed an increase in body weight and altered plasma concentrations of metabolic hormones (leptin, ghrelin, triiodothyronine) limited to adult females. Exposure to GEN significantly altered kisspeptin and POMC immunoreactivity only in females and orexin immunoreactivity in both sexes. In conclusion, early postnatal exposure of mice to GEN determines long-term sex-specific organizational effects. It impairs the reproductive system and has an obesogenic effect only in females, which is probably due to the alterations of neuroendocrine circuits controlling metabolism; thus GEN, should be classified as a metabolism disrupting chemical.
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Hypothalamic Expression of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Pro-OpioMelanoCortin (POMC) in Adult Male Mice Is Affected by Chronic Exposure to Endocrine Disruptors. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060368. [PMID: 34207679 PMCID: PMC8228876 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the arcuate nucleus, neuropeptide Y (NPY) neurons, increase food intake and decrease energy expenditure, and control the activity of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons, that decrease food intake and increase energy expenditure. Both systems project to other hypothalamic nuclei such as the paraventricular and dorsomedial hypothalamic nuclei. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are environmental contaminants that alter the endocrine system causing adverse health effects in an intact organism or its progeny. We investigated the effects of long-term exposure to some EDCs on the hypothalamic NPY and POMC systems of adult male mice that had been previously demonstrated to be a target of some of these EDCs after short-term exposure. Animals were chronically fed for four months with a phytoestrogen-free diet containing two different concentrations of bisphenol A, diethylstilbestrol, tributyltin, or E2. At the end, brains were processed for NPY and POMC immunohistochemistry and quantitatively analyzed. In the arcuate and dorsomedial nuclei, both NPY and POMC immunoreactivity showed a statistically significant decrease. In the paraventricular nucleus, only the NPY system was affected, while the POMC system was not affected. Finally, in the VMH the NPY system was affected whereas no POMC immunoreactive material was observed. These results indicate that adult exposure to different EDCs may alter the hypothalamic circuits that control food intake and energy metabolism.
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β-Sitosterol-D-Glucopyranoside Mimics Estrogenic Properties and Stimulates Glucose Utilization in Skeletal Muscle Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113129. [PMID: 34073781 PMCID: PMC8197182 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogenic molecules have been reported to regulate glucose homeostasis and may be beneficial for diabetes management. Here, we investigated the estrogenic effect of β-sitosterol-3-O-D-glucopyranoside (BSD), isolated from the fruits of Cupressus sempervirens and monitored its ability to regulate glucose utilization in skeletal muscle cells. BSD stimulated ERE-mediated luciferase activity in both ERα and ERβ-ERE luc expression system with greater response through ERβ in HEK-293T cells, and induced the expression of estrogen-regulated genes in estrogen responsive MCF-7 cells. In silico docking and molecular interaction studies revealed the affinity and interaction of BSD with ERβ through hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bond pairing. Furthermore, prolonged exposure of L6-GLUT4myc myotubes to BSD raised the glucose uptake under basal conditions without affecting the insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, the effect associated with enhanced translocation of GLUT4 to the cell periphery. The BSD-mediated biological response to increase GLUT4 translocation was obliterated by PI-3-K inhibitor wortmannin, and BSD significantly increased the phosphorylation of AKT (Ser-473). Moreover, BSD-induced GLUT4 translocation was prevented in the presence of fulvestrant. Our findings reveal the estrogenic activity of BSD to stimulate glucose utilization in skeletal muscle cells via PI-3K/AKT-dependent mechanism.
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Fernandez-Garcia JM, Carrillo B, Tezanos P, Collado P, Pinos H. Genistein during Development Alters Differentially the Expression of POMC in Male and Female Rats. Metabolites 2021; 11:293. [PMID: 34063209 PMCID: PMC8147459 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are considered beneficial for health, but some studies have shown that they may cause adverse effects. This study investigated the effects of genistein administration during the second week of life on energy metabolism and on the circuits regulating food intake. Two different genistein doses, 10 or 50 µg/g, were administered to male and female rats from postnatal day (P) 6 to P13. Physiological parameters, such as body weight and caloric intake, were then analyzed at P90. Moreover, proopiomelanocortin (POMC) expression in the arcuate nucleus (Arc) and orexin expression in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH), perifornical area (PF) and lateral hypothalamus (LH) were studied. Our results showed a delay in the emergence of sex differences in the body weight in the groups with higher genistein doses. Furthermore, a significant decrease in the number of POMC-immunoreactive (POMC-ir) cells in the Arc in the two groups of females treated with genistein was observed. In contrast, no alteration in orexin expression was detected in any of the structures analyzed in either males or females. In conclusion, genistein can modulate estradiol's programming actions on the hypothalamic feeding circuits differentially in male and female rats during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Fernandez-Garcia
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.F.-G.); (B.C.); (P.C.)
- Instituto Mixto de Investigación Escuela Nacional de Sanidad-UNED (IMIENS), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Carrillo
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.F.-G.); (B.C.); (P.C.)
- Instituto Mixto de Investigación Escuela Nacional de Sanidad-UNED (IMIENS), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Tezanos
- Departamento de Neurociencia Traslacional, Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28002 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Paloma Collado
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.F.-G.); (B.C.); (P.C.)
- Instituto Mixto de Investigación Escuela Nacional de Sanidad-UNED (IMIENS), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Helena Pinos
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad Psicología, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.F.-G.); (B.C.); (P.C.)
- Instituto Mixto de Investigación Escuela Nacional de Sanidad-UNED (IMIENS), 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Oyola MG, Johnson RC, Bauman BM, Frey KG, Russell AL, Cho‐Clark M, Buban KN, Bishop‐Lilly KA, Merrell DS, Handa RJ, Wu TJ. Gut microbiota and metabolic marker alteration following dietary isoflavone-photoperiod interaction. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2021; 4:e00190. [PMID: 33532621 PMCID: PMC7831223 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The interaction between isoflavones and the gut microbiota has been highlighted as a potential regulator of obesity and diabetes. In this study, we examined the interaction between isoflavones and a shortened activity photoperiod on the gut microbiome. Methods Male mice were exposed to a diet containing no isoflavones (NIF) or a regular diet (RD) containing the usual isoflavones level found in a standard vivarium chow. These groups were further divided into regular (12L:12D) or short active (16L:8D) photoperiod, which mimics seasonal changes observed at high latitudes. White adipose tissue and genes involved in lipid metabolism and adipogenesis processes were analysed. Bacterial genomic DNA was isolated from fecal boli, and 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing was performed. Results NIF diet increased body weight and adipocyte size when compared to mice on RD. The lack of isoflavones and photoperiod alteration also caused dysregulation of lipoprotein lipase (Lpl), glucose transporter type 4 (Glut-4) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparg) genes. Using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing, we found that mice fed the NIF diet had a greater proportion of Firmicutes than Bacteroidetes when compared to animals on the RD. These alterations were accompanied by changes in the endocrine profile, with lower thyroid-stimulating hormone levels in the NIF group compared to the RD. Interestingly, the NIF group displayed increased locomotion as compared to the RD group. Conclusion Together, these data show an interaction between the gut bacterial communities, photoperiod length and isoflavone compounds, which may be essential for understanding and improving metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario G. Oyola
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMDUSA
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative MedicineUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMDUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military MedicineBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Ryan C. Johnson
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military MedicineBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Bradly M. Bauman
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Kenneth G. Frey
- Genomics and Bioinformatics DepartmentBiological Defense Research DirectorateNaval Medical Research Center – FrederickFort DetrickMDUSA
| | - Ashley L. Russell
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMDUSA
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative MedicineUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Madelaine Cho‐Clark
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Katelyn N. Buban
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMDUSA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military MedicineBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Kimberly A. Bishop‐Lilly
- Genomics and Bioinformatics DepartmentBiological Defense Research DirectorateNaval Medical Research Center – FrederickFort DetrickMDUSA
- Program in Emerging Infectious DiseasesUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMDUSA
| | - D. Scott Merrell
- Program in Emerging Infectious DiseasesUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMDUSA
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMDUSA
| | - Robert J. Handa
- Department of Biomedical SciencesColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
| | - T. John Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMDUSA
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative MedicineUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMDUSA
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15
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Feeding brown fat: dietary phytochemicals targeting non-shivering thermogenesis to control body weight. Proc Nutr Soc 2020; 79:338-356. [PMID: 32290888 PMCID: PMC7663322 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665120006928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Excessive adipose accumulation, which is the main driver for the development of secondary metabolic complications, has reached epidemic proportions and combined pharmaceutical, educational and nutritional approaches are required to reverse the current rise in global obesity prevalence rates. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a unique organ able to dissipate energy and thus a promising target to enhance BMR to counteract a positive energy balance. In addition, active BAT might support body weight maintenance after weight loss to prevent/reduce relapse. Natural products deliver valuable bioactive compounds that have historically helped to alleviate disease symptoms. Interest in recent years has focused on identifying nutritional constituents that are able to induce BAT activity and thereby enhance energy expenditure. This review provides a summary of selected dietary phytochemicals, including isoflavones, catechins, stilbenes, the flavonoids quercetin, luteolin and resveratrol as well as the alkaloids berberine and capsaicin. Most of the discussed phytochemicals act through distinct molecular pathways e.g. sympathetic nerve activation, AMP-kinase signalling, SIRT1 activity or stimulation of oestrogen receptors. Thus, it might be possible to utilise this multitude of pathways to co-activate BAT using a fine-tuned combination of foods or combined nutritional supplements.
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Stoker C, Andreoli MF, Kass L, Bosquiazzo VL, Rossetti MF, Canesini G, Luque EH, Ramos JG. Perinatal exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) impairs neuroendocrine mechanisms regulating food intake and kisspetin system in adult male rats. Evidences of metabolic disruptor hypothesis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 499:110614. [PMID: 31606416 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a compound used in the polymerization of plastic polycarbonates. It is an endocrine disruptor and it has been postulated to be an obesogen. Our objective was to determine the influence of perinatal exposure to BPA on body weight, hormone levels, metabolic parameters and hypothalamic signals that regulate food intake and kisspeptin system in adult male rats. Male rats were exposed to 50 μg/kg/day of BPA or vehicle from day 9 of gestation to weaning in the drinking water. Since weaning, they were fed with control or high fat diet for 20 weeks. Perinatal exposure to BPA impaired glucose homeostasis, induced obesity and increased food intake in adult male rats altering hypothalamic signals, partially mimicking and/or producing an exacerbation of the effects of feeding fat diet. We also observed an increase in kisspeptin expression by BPA exposure. Evidences shown in this work support the metabolic disruptor hypothesis for BPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cora Stoker
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, UNL, Argentina.
| | - M Florencia Andreoli
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, UNL, Argentina.
| | - Laura Kass
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, UNL, Argentina.
| | - Verónica L Bosquiazzo
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, UNL, Argentina.
| | - M Florencia Rossetti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, UNL, Argentina.
| | - G Canesini
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, UNL, Argentina.
| | - Enrique H Luque
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, UNL, Argentina.
| | - Jorge G Ramos
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina; Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, UNL, Argentina.
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Sievers W, Rathner JA, Kettle C, Zacharias A, Irving HR, Green RA. The capacity for oestrogen to influence obesity through brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in animal models: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Sci Pract 2019; 5:592-602. [PMID: 31890250 PMCID: PMC6934433 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological interventions to aid weight loss have historically targeted either appetite suppression or increased metabolic rate. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) possesses the capacity to expend energy in a futile cycle, thus increasing basal metabolic rate. In animal models, oestrogen has been implicated in the regulation of body weight, and it is hypothesized that oestrogen is acting by modulating BAT metabolism. A systematic search was performed, to identify research articles implementing in vivo oestrogen-related interventions and reporting outcome measures that provide direct or indirect measures of BAT metabolism. Meta-analyses were conducted where sufficient data were available. The final library of 67 articles were predominantly in rodent models and provided mostly indirect measures of BAT metabolism. Results of this review found that oestrogen's effects on body weight, in rats and possibly mice, are likely facilitated by both metabolic and appetitive mechanisms but are largely only found in ovariectomized models. There is a need for further studies to clarify the potential effects of oestrogen on BAT metabolism in gonad-intact and castrated male animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Sievers
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical SciencesLa Trobe UniversityBendigoVictoriaAustralia
| | - Joseph A. Rathner
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical SciencesLa Trobe UniversityBendigoVictoriaAustralia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Department of PhysiologyUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Christine Kettle
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical SciencesLa Trobe UniversityBendigoVictoriaAustralia
| | - Anita Zacharias
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical SciencesLa Trobe UniversityBendigoVictoriaAustralia
| | - Helen R. Irving
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical SciencesLa Trobe UniversityBendigoVictoriaAustralia
| | - Rodney A. Green
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical SciencesLa Trobe UniversityBendigoVictoriaAustralia
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18
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Greco EA, Lenzi A, Migliaccio S, Gessani S. Epigenetic Modifications Induced by Nutrients in Early Life Phases: Gender Differences in Metabolic Alteration in Adulthood. Front Genet 2019; 10:795. [PMID: 31572434 PMCID: PMC6749846 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic chronic diseases, also named noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), are considered multifactorial pathologies, which are dramatically increased during the last decades. Noncommunicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes mellitus, cancers, and chronic respiratory diseases markedly increase morbidity, mortality, and socioeconomic costs. Moreover, NCDs induce several and complex clinical manifestations that lead to a gradual deterioration of health status and quality of life of affected individuals. Multiple factors are involved in the development and progression of these diseases such as sedentary behavior, smoking, pollution, and unhealthy diet. Indeed, nutrition has a pivotal role in maintaining health, and dietary imbalances represent major determinants favoring chronic diseases through metabolic homeostasis alterations. In particular, it appears that specific nutrients and adequate nutrition are important in all periods of life, but they are essential during specific times in early life such as prenatal and postnatal phases. Indeed, epidemiologic and experimental studies report the deleterious effects of an incorrect nutrition on health status several decades later in life. During the last decade, a growing interest on the possible role of epigenetic mechanisms as link between nutritional imbalances and NCDs development has been observed. Finally, because of the pivotal role of the hormones in fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism regulation throughout life, it is expected that any hormonal modification of these processes can imbalance metabolism and fat storage. Therefore, a particular interest to several chemicals able to act as endocrine disruptors has been recently developed. In this review, we will provide an overview and discuss the epigenetic role of some specific nutrients and chemicals in the modulation of physiological and pathological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela A Greco
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Food Sciences, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lenzi
- Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Endocrinology and Food Sciences, Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Migliaccio
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Foro Italico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sandra Gessani
- Center for Gender-Specific Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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19
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Mallien AS, Soukup ST, Pfeiffer N, Brandwein C, Kulling SE, Chourbaji S, Gass P. Effects of Soy in Laboratory Rodent Diets on the Basal, Affective, and Cognitive Behavior of C57BL/6 Mice. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019; 58:532-541. [PMID: 31466555 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-18-000129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Soy is one of the most common sources of protein in many commercial formulas for laboratory rodent diets. Soy contains isoflavones, which are estrogenic. Therefore, soy-containing animal diets might influence estrogen-regulated systems, including basal behavioral domains, as well as affective behavior and cognition. Furthermore, the isoflavone content of soy varies, potentially unpredictably confounding behavioral results. Therefore researchers are increasingly considering completely avoiding dietary soy to circumvent this problem. Several animal studies have investigated the effects of soy free diets but produced inconsistent results. In addition, most of these previous studies were performed in outbred rat or mouse strains. In the current study, we assessed whether a soy-free diet altered locomotion, exploration, nesting, anxiety-related behaviors, learning, and memory in C57BL/6 mice, the most common inbred strain used in biomedical research. The parameters evaluated address measures of basic health, natural behavior, and affective state that also are landmarks for animal welfare. We found minor differences between feeding groups but no indications of altered welfare. We therefore suggest that a soy-free diet can be used as a standard diet to prevent undesirable side effects of isoflavones and to further optimize diet standardization, quality assurance, and ultimately increase the reproducibility of experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Mallien
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany;,
| | - Sebastian T Soukup
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Natascha Pfeiffer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christiane Brandwein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sabine E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sabine Chourbaji
- Interfaculty Biomedical Research Facility, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Gass
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Research Group Animal Models in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Bauman BM, Buban KN, Russell AL, Handa RJ, Wu TJ. Isoflavones Alter Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Response Following Photoperiod Alteration. Neuroscience 2019; 406:268-277. [PMID: 30880102 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Photoperiod and diet are factors known to modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Specifically, shifts in photoperiod have been previously linked with affective and anxiety disorders. Furthermore, isoflavones have been shown to mediate behavioral outcome in response to the environment of the animal. Here, we investigated the effect of photoperiod alteration on the HPA axis and how the addition of isoflavones might modulate the response to stress. Male C57BL/6J mice were maintained on either a 12:12 or a 16:8 light-dark (LD) cycle for 10 days, and fed a diet of either standard rodent chow or an isoflavone free (IF) chow beginning 3 weeks prior to light alteration. Consistent with previous work, mice in the shorter active period (16:8 LD cycle) showed increased basal corticosterone (CORT) secretion. In the absence of isoflavones, this response was attenuated. Increases in mineralcorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptor mRNA expression were seen in the pituitary following photoperiod alteration. However, animals fed the standard isoflavone rich chow showed increases in the ratio of MR:GR mRNA in the anterior bed nucleus of the stria terminalis following photoperiod alteration. Decreases in corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor 1 (CRFR1) mRNA expression were seen in animals fed the IF chow in the amygdala, prefrontal cortex and ventral hippocampus. These data suggest that alterations in CORT secretion following photoperiod alteration may be mediated through differences in CRFR1 gene expression or changes in MR:GR mRNA ratios. These findings provide insight into the potential mechanisms by which the HPA axis adapts to photoperiod and diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradly M Bauman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katelyn N Buban
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ashley L Russell
- Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert J Handa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuroscience Division, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - T John Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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21
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Miller CN, Kodavanti UP, Stewart EJ, Schaldweiler M, Richards JH, Ledbetter AD, Jarrell LT, Snow SJ, Henriquez AR, Farraj AK, Dye JA. Aspirin pre-treatment modulates ozone-induced fetal growth restriction and alterations in uterine blood flow in rats. Reprod Toxicol 2018; 83:63-72. [PMID: 30528429 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to ozone has been linked to low birth weight in people and fetal growth restriction in rats. Clinical recommendations suggest use of low dose aspirin to lower risk of preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction in high-risk pregnancies, yet its utility in mitigating the postnatal effects of gestational ozone exposure is unknown. The present study investigated the possibility of low dose aspirin to mitigate the effects of ozone exposure during pregnancy. Exposure to ozone impaired uterine arterial flow and induced growth restriction in fetuses of both sexes. Aspirin treatment induced marginal improvements in ozone-induced uterine blood flow impairment. However, this resulted in a protection of fetal weight in dams given aspirin only in early pregnancy. Aspirin administration for the entirety of gestation increased placental weight and reduced antioxidant status, suggesting that prolonged exposure to low dose aspirin may induce placental inefficiency in our model of growth restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette N Miller
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health & Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Urmila P Kodavanti
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health & Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Erica J Stewart
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Mette Schaldweiler
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health & Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Judy H Richards
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health & Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Allen D Ledbetter
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health & Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Samantha J Snow
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health & Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Andres R Henriquez
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Aimen K Farraj
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health & Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Janice A Dye
- Environmental Public Health Division, National Health & Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Effects of Polyphenols on Thermogenesis and Mitochondrial Biogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092757. [PMID: 30217101 PMCID: PMC6164046 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a health problem worldwide, and energy imbalance has been pointed out as one of the main factors responsible for its development. As mitochondria are a key element in energy homeostasis, the development of obesity has been strongly associated with mitochondrial imbalance. Polyphenols are the largest group of phytochemicals, widely distributed in the plant kingdom, abundant in fruits and vegetables, and have been classically described as antioxidants owing to their well-established ability to eliminate free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). During the last decade, however, growing evidence reports the ability of polyphenols to perform several important biological activities in addition to their antioxidant activity. Special attention has been given to the ability of polyphenols to modulate mitochondrial processes. Thus, some polyphenols are now recognized as molecules capable of modulating pathways that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis, ATP synthesis, and thermogenesis, among others. The present review reports the main benefits of polyphenols in modulating mitochondrial processes that favor the regulation of energy expenditure and offer benefits in the management of obesity, especially thermogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis.
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Walley SN, Roepke TA. Perinatal exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds and the control of feeding behavior-An overview. Horm Behav 2018; 101:22-28. [PMID: 29107582 PMCID: PMC5938167 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants that can interact with steroid and nuclear receptors or alter hormone production. Many studies have reported that perinatal exposure to EDC including bisphenol A, PCB, dioxins, and DDT disrupt energy balance, body weight, adiposity, or glucose homeostasis in rodent offspring. However, little information exists on the effects of perinatal EDC exposure on the control of feeding behaviors and meal pattern (size, frequency, duration), which may contribute to their obesogenic properties. Feeding behaviors are controlled centrally through communication between the hindbrain and hypothalamus with inputs from the emotion and reward centers of the brain and modulated by peripheral hormones like ghrelin and leptin. Discrete hypothalamic nuclei (arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, lateral and dorsomedial hypothalamus, and ventromedial nucleus) project numerous reciprocal neural connections between each other and to other brain regions including the hindbrain (nucleus tractus solitarius and parabrachial nucleus). Most studies on the effects of perinatal EDC exposure examine simple crude food intake over the course of the experiment or for a short period in adult models. In addition, these studies do not examine EDC's impacts on the feeding neurocircuitry of the hypothalamus-hindbrain, the response to peripheral hormones (leptin, ghrelin, cholecystokinin, etc.) after refeeding, or other feeding behavior paradigms. The purpose of this review is to discuss those few studies that report crude food or energy intake after perinatal EDC exposure and to explore the need for deeper investigations in the hypothalamic-hindbrain neurocircuitry and discrete feeding behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina N Walley
- Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Troy A Roepke
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Environmental & Biological Sciences, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
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24
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Karamali M, Kashanian M, Alaeinasab S, Asemi Z. The effect of dietary soy intake on weight loss, glycaemic control, lipid profiles and biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomised clinical trial. J Hum Nutr Diet 2018; 31:533-543. [PMID: 29468748 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary soy intake on weight loss and metabolic status of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS A randomised clinical trial was conducted among 60 women with PCOS. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups to receive either a test diet (n = 30) or a control diet (n = 30) for 8 weeks. Participants in the test group consumed a diet containing 0.8 g protein kg-1 body weight (35% animal proteins, 35% soy protein and 30% vegetable proteins) and participants in the control group consumed a similar diet containing 70% animal proteins and 30% vegetable proteins. RESULTS Adherence to the test diet, compared with the control diet, resulted in significant decreases [mean (SD)] in body mass index (BMI) [-0.3 (0.6) versus +0.1 (0.5) kg m-2 , P = 0.02], fasting plasma glucose [-0.2 (0.5) versus +0.1 (0.3) mmol L-1 , P = 0.01], total testosterone [-0.3 (0.7) versus +0.3 (0.3) mmol L-1 , P < 0.001], insulin [-15.0 (18.0) versus +4.8 (18.6) pmol L-1 , P < 0.001] and insulin resistance [-0.6 (0.6) versus +0.2 (0.7), P < 0.001], as well as a significant increase in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index [+0.01 (0.01) versus -0.002 (0.02), P = 0.01]. In addition, significant decreases in triglycerides [-0.1 (0.4) versus +0.2 (0.3) mmol L-1 , P = 0.01] and malondialdehyde (MDA) [-1.2 (1.0) versus +0.2 (1.2) μmol L-1 , P < 0.001] and significant increases in nitric oxide (NO) [+13.6 (14.1) versus +0.9 (24.3) μmol L-1 , P = 0.01] and glutathione (GSH) [+170.1 (175.5) versus +24.2 (168.7) μmol L-1 , P = 0.002] were seen in the test group compared to the control. CONCLUSIONS Adherence to test diet among subjects with PCOS significantly decreased BMI, glycaemic control, total testosterone, triglycerides and MDA, and significantly increased NO and GSH compared to the control diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karamali
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Kashanian
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Z Asemi
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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25
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Marraudino M, Bonaldo B, Farinetti A, Panzica G, Ponti G, Gotti S. Metabolism Disrupting Chemicals and Alteration of Neuroendocrine Circuits Controlling Food Intake and Energy Metabolism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:766. [PMID: 30687229 PMCID: PMC6333703 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism-disrupting chemicals (MDCs) are molecules (largely belonging to the category of endocrine disrupting chemicals, EDCs) that can cause important diseases as the metabolic syndrome, obesity, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus or fatty liver. MDCs act on fat tissue and liver, may regulate gut functions (influencing absorption), but they may also alter the hypothalamic peptidergic circuits that control food intake and energy metabolism. These circuits are normally regulated by several factors, including estrogens, therefore those EDCs that are able to bind estrogen receptors may promote metabolic changes through their action on the same hypothalamic circuits. Here, we discuss data showing how the exposure to some MDCs can alter the expression of neuropeptides within the hypothalamic circuits involved in food intake and energy metabolism. In particular, in this review we have described the effects at hypothalamic level of three known EDCs: Genistein, an isoflavone (phytoestrogen) abundant in soy-based food (a possible new not-synthetic MDC), Bisphenol A (compound involved in the manufacturing of many consumer plastic products), and Tributyltin chloride (one of the most dangerous and toxic endocrine disruptor, used in antifouling paint for boats).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilena Marraudino
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Brigitta Bonaldo
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alice Farinetti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - GianCarlo Panzica
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- *Correspondence: GianCarlo Panzica
| | - Giovanna Ponti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Gotti
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Turin, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi-Montalcini”, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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26
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Deierlein AL, Wolff MS, Pajak A, Pinney SM, Windham GC, Galvez MP, Rybak M, Calafat AM, Kushi LH, Biro FM, Teitelbaum SL. Phenol Concentrations During Childhood and Subsequent Measures of Adiposity Among Young Girls. Am J Epidemiol 2017; 186:581-592. [PMID: 28525533 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds represent a class of environmental chemicals with potentially endocrine-disrupting capabilities. We investigated longitudinal associations between childhood exposure to phenols, from both manmade and natural sources, and subsequent measures of adiposity among girls enrolled in the Breast Cancer and the Environment Research Program between 2004 and 2007. Baseline (ages 6-8 years) urinary concentrations were obtained for creatinine and phenol metabolites: enterolactone, genistein, daidzein, benzophenone-3, bisphenol A, the sum of parabens (methyl, ethyl, and propyl parabens), 2,5-dichlorophenol, and triclosan. Body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)2), waist circumference, and percent body fat were measured at annual or semiannual examinations through 2015 (n = 1,017). Linear mixed-effects regression was used to estimate how baseline concentrations of phenols (tertile groups) were related to changes in girls' adiposity measurements from ages 7 through 15 years. Enterolactone was inversely associated with body mass index, waist circumference, and percent body fat, while 2,5-dichlorophenol was positively associated with these measurements. A nonmonotonic association was observed for triclosan and girls' adiposity; however, it was due to effect modification by baseline overweight status. Triclosan was positively associated with adiposity only among overweight girls. These results suggest that exposure to specific phenols during childhood may influence adiposity through adolescence.
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27
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Russell AL, Grimes JM, Cruthirds DF, Westerfield J, Wooten L, Keil M, Weiser MJ, Landauer MR, Handa RJ, Wu TJ, Larco DO. Dietary Isoflavone-Dependent and Estradiol Replacement Effects on Body Weight in the Ovariectomized (OVX) Rat. Horm Metab Res 2017; 49:457-465. [PMID: 28482370 PMCID: PMC5820000 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-108250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
17β-Estradiol is known to regulate energy metabolism and body weight. Ovariectomy results in body weight gain while estradiol administration results in a reversal of weight gain. Isoflavones, found in rodent chow, can mimic estrogenic effects making it crucial to understand the role of these compounds on metabolic regulation. The goal of this study is to examine the effect of dietary isoflavones on body weight regulation in the ovariectomized rat. This study will examine how dietary isoflavones can interact with estradiol treatment to affect body weight. Consistent with previous findings, animals fed an isoflavone-rich diet had decreased body weight (p<0.05), abdominal fat (p<0.05), and serum leptin levels (p<0.05) compared to animals fed an isoflavone-free diet. Estradiol replacement resulted in decreased body weight (p<0.05), abdominal fat (p<0.05), and serum leptin (p<0.05). Current literature suggests the involvement of cytokines in the inflammatory response of body weight gain. We screened a host of cytokines and chemokines that may be altered by dietary isoflavones or estradiol replacement. Serum cytokine analysis revealed significant (p<0.05) diet-dependent increases in inflammatory cytokines (keratinocyte-derived chemokine). The isoflavone-free diet in OVX rats resulted in the regulation of the following cytokines and chemokines: interleukin-10, interleukin-18, serum regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (p<0.05). Overall, these results reveal that estradiol treatment can have differential effects on energy metabolism and body weight regulation depending on the presence of isoflavones in rodent chow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L. Russell
- Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jamie Moran Grimes
- Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Danette F. Cruthirds
- Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joanna Westerfield
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lawren Wooten
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Michael J. Weiser
- DSM Nutritional Products Inc., Human Nutrition & Health, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Michael R. Landauer
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert J. Handa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - T. John Wu
- Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Darwin O. Larco
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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28
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Heindel JJ, Blumberg B, Cave M, Machtinger R, Mantovani A, Mendez MA, Nadal A, Palanza P, Panzica G, Sargis R, Vandenberg LN, Vom Saal F. Metabolism disrupting chemicals and metabolic disorders. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 68:3-33. [PMID: 27760374 PMCID: PMC5365353 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 627] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The recent epidemics of metabolic diseases, obesity, type 2 diabetes(T2D), liver lipid disorders and metabolic syndrome have largely been attributed to genetic background and changes in diet, exercise and aging. However, there is now considerable evidence that other environmental factors may contribute to the rapid increase in the incidence of these metabolic diseases. This review will examine changes to the incidence of obesity, T2D and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the contribution of genetics to these disorders and describe the role of the endocrine system in these metabolic disorders. It will then specifically focus on the role of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the etiology of obesity, T2D and NAFLD while finally integrating the information on EDCs on multiple metabolic disorders that could lead to metabolic syndrome. We will specifically examine evidence linking EDC exposures during critical periods of development with metabolic diseases that manifest later in life and across generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrold J Heindel
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Division of Extramural Research and Training Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Bruce Blumberg
- University of California, Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Irvine CA, USA
| | - Mathew Cave
- University of Louisville, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Louisville KY, USA
| | | | | | - Michelle A Mendez
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Public Health, Chapel Hill NC, USA
| | - Angel Nadal
- Institute of Bioengineering and CIBERDEM, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Paola Palanza
- University of Parma, Department of Neurosciences, Parma, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Panzica
- University of Turin, Department of Neuroscience and Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), Turin, Italy
| | - Robert Sargis
- University of Chicago, Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Laura N Vandenberg
- University of Massachusetts, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Health Sciences, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Frederick Vom Saal
- University of Missouri, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia, MO, USA
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29
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Sano T, Nagayasu S, Suzuki S, Iwashita M, Yamashita A, Shinjo T, Sanui T, Kushiyama A, Kanematsu T, Asano T, Nishimura F. Epicatechin downregulates adipose tissue CCL19 expression and thereby ameliorates diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2017; 27:249-259. [PMID: 28062181 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Epicatechin (EC) intake has been suggested to be beneficial for the prevention of cardiovascular disorders, and it is well known that adipose tissue inflammation is one of the major risk factors for coronary heart diseases. The purpose of the present study was to determine the in vitro and in vivo effects of EC on adipose tissue inflammation and obesity. METHODS AND RESULTS DNA microarray analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of EC on gene expression in adipocytes co-cultured with bacterial endotoxin-stimulated macrophages. To determine the in vivo effects of the catechin, C57BL/6 mice were fed either a high-fat diet (HFD) or HFD combined with EC, and metabolic changes were observed EC suppressed the expression of many inflammatory genes in the adipocytes co-cultured with endotoxin-stimulated macrophages. Specifically, EC markedly suppressed chemokine (CC motif) ligand 19 (CCL19) expression. The target cell of EC appeared to macrophages. The in vivo study indicated that mice fed the EC-supplemented HFD were protected from diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Accordingly, the expression levels of genes associated with inflammation in adipose tissue and in the liver were downregulated in this group of mice. CONCLUSIONS EC exerts beneficial effects for the prevention of adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. Since we previously reported that mice deficient in the CCL19 receptor were protected from diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance, it can be concluded that the beneficial effects of EC could be mediated, at least in part, by marked suppression of CCL19 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sano
- Section of Periodontology, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - S Nagayasu
- Department of Dental Science for Health Promotion, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - S Suzuki
- Department of Dental Science for Health Promotion, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - M Iwashita
- Section of Periodontology, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - A Yamashita
- Section of Periodontology, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Shinjo
- Section of Periodontology, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - T Sanui
- Section of Periodontology, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - A Kushiyama
- Division of Metabolic Diseases, The Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Kanematsu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - T Asano
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Hiroshima University Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - F Nishimura
- Section of Periodontology, Kyushu University Faculty of Dental Science, Fukuoka, Japan.
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30
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Rubinow KB. Estrogens and Body Weight Regulation in Men. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1043:285-313. [PMID: 29224100 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the metabolic roles of sex steroids in men has evolved substantially over recent decades. Whereas testosterone once was believed to contribute to metabolic risk in men, the importance of adequate androgen exposure for the maintenance of metabolic health has been demonstrated unequivocally. A growing body of evidence now also supports a critical role for estrogens in metabolic regulation in men. Recent data from clinical intervention studies indicate that estradiol may be a stronger determinant of adiposity than testosterone in men, and even short-term estradiol deprivation contributes to fat mass accrual. The following chapter will outline findings to date regarding the mechanisms, whereby estrogens contribute to the regulation of body weight and adiposity in men. It will present emergent clinical data as well as preclinical findings that reveal mechanistic insights into estrogen-mediated regulation of body composition. Findings in both males and females will be reviewed, to draw comparisons and to highlight knowledge gaps regarding estrogen action specifically in males. Finally, the clinical relevance of estrogen exposure in men will be discussed, particularly in the context of a rising global prevalence of obesity and expanding clinical use of sex steroid-based therapies in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya B Rubinow
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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31
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Al-Ghamdi MA, Choudhry H, Al-Doghather HA, Huwait EH, Kumosani TA, Moselhy SS. POTENTIAL ADMINISTRATION OF LIPOIC ACID AND COENZYME Q AGAINST ADIPOGENSIS: TARGET FOR WEIGHT REDUCTION. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES 2016; 14:272-277. [PMID: 28480405 PMCID: PMC5411879 DOI: 10.21010/ajtcam.v14i1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: Body overweight and obesity were considered as a risk factor for many systemic diseases as diabetic hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and some cancers. The lipoic acid and Co Q are considered as coenzymes needed for enhancement metabolic rate. The goal of this study is to evaluate the anti-obese effect of lipoic acid alone or combined with Co-Q in rats. Materials and Methods: Ninety male albino rats (100-150g) were used in this study, divided into six groups (15 each). Group I: Normal rats fed normal diet. Group II: Rats fed high fat diet (HFD). Group III: Rats fed HFD were given lipoic acid (10 μg/kg b w/day) intra-gastric by stomach tube. Group IV: Rats fed HFD were given Co-Q (10 μg/kg b.w/day) intra-gastric. Group V: Rats fed HFD were given lipoic acid (50 mg/kg b w/day) and Co-Q (10 μg/kg b. w/day). Group VI: Rats were given orlistat intra-gastric (10 mg/kg b w/day) as positive control for 6 weeks. Serum was subjected for determination of lipid profile, liver function tests atherogenic factor and lipoprotein lipase. Results: It was found that treatment with lipoic acid or Co-Q or combined showed increase in the activity of lipoprotein lipase (P < 0.001) and reduction of atherogenic effect and obesity index (P <0.001). The effect of combined gives good results than orlistat or individual treatment. Conclusion: lipoic acid combined with Co-Q increase fat oxidation and prevent fat accumulation. The consumption of lipoic acid daily promotes fat oxidation and prevents its accumulation in visceral tissues. Further studies should be carried out to examine the mechanistic signals of these nutrients that helps in weight management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam A Al-Ghamdi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (POBox.80203), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Experimental Biochemistry Unit, king Fahd Medical Research Center, KAU
| | - Hani Choudhry
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (POBox.80203), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Huda A Al-Doghather
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (POBox.80203), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Production of bioproducts for industerial purposes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, KAU
| | - Etimad H Huwait
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (POBox.80203), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Production of bioproducts for industerial purposes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, KAU.,Experimental Biochemistry Unit, king Fahd Medical Research Center, KAU
| | - Taha A Kumosani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (POBox.80203), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Production of bioproducts for industerial purposes Research Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, KAU.,Experimental Biochemistry Unit, king Fahd Medical Research Center, KAU
| | - Said S Moselhy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University (POBox.80203), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Bioactive Natural Products Research Group.,Experimental Biochemistry Unit, king Fahd Medical Research Center, KAU.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University
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32
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Müller DR, Soukup ST, Kurrat A, Liu X, Schmicke M, Xie MY, Kulling SE, Diel P. Neonatal isoflavone exposure interferes with the reproductive system of female Wistar rats. Toxicol Lett 2016; 262:39-48. [PMID: 27506417 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing concern about possible adverse effects of soy based infant formulas (SBIF) due to their high amount of isoflavones (ISO). The aim of the present study was to investigate effects of neonatal exposure to ISO on reproductive system of female Wistar rats. Animals were exposed to an ISO depleted diet or a diet enriched with an ISO extract (IRD; 508mg ISO/kg) during embryogenesis and adolescence. Pups of each group were fed daily by pipette with ISO-suspension (ISO+; 32mg ISO/kg bw) or placebo from postnatal day (PND) 1 until PND23 resulting in plasma concentrations similar to levels reported in infants fed SBIF. The visceral fat mass was reduced by long-term IRD. Vaginal epithelial height was increased at PND23 and vaginal opening was precocious in ISO+ groups. Later in life, more often irregular estrus cycles were observed in rats of ISO+ groups. In addition, FSH levels and uterine epithelial heights were increased at PND80 in ISO+ groups. In summary, the results indicate that neonatal ISO intake, resulting in plasma concentrations achievable through SBIF, has an estrogenic effect on prepubertal rats and influences female reproductive tract later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Müller
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sebastian T Soukup
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany, Germany
| | - Anne Kurrat
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, China
| | - Marion Schmicke
- Clinic for Cattle, Endocrinology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ming-Yong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, China
| | - Sabine E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany, Germany
| | - Patrick Diel
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany.
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Perinatal BPA exposure alters body weight and composition in a dose specific and sex specific manner: The addition of peripubertal exposure exacerbates adverse effects in female mice. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 68:130-144. [PMID: 27496714 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Body weight (BW) and body composition were examined in CD-1 mice exposed perinatally or perinatally and peripubertally to 0, 0.25, 2.5, 25, or 250μg BPA/kg BW/day. Our goal was to identify the BPA dose (s) and the exposure window(s) that increased BW and adiposity, and to assess potential sex differences in this response. Both perinatal exposure alone and perinatal plus peripubertal exposure to environmentally relevant levels of BPA resulted in lasting effects on body weight and body composition. The effects were dose specific and sex specific and were influenced by the precise window of BPA exposure. The addition of peripubertal BPA exposure following the initial perinatal exposure exacerbated adverse effects in the females but appeared to reduce differences in body weight and body composition between control and BPA exposed males. Some effects of BPA on body weight and body composition showed a non-linear dose response.
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Rupasinghe HPV, Sekhon-Loodu S, Mantso T, Panayiotidis MI. Phytochemicals in regulating fatty acid β-oxidation: Potential underlying mechanisms and their involvement in obesity and weight loss. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 165:153-63. [PMID: 27288729 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Excessive accumulation of fat as the result of more energy intake and less energy expenditure is known as obesity. Lipids are essential components in the human body and are vital for maintaining homeostasis and physiological as well as cellular metabolism. Fatty acid synthesis and catabolism (by fatty acid oxidation) are normal part of basic fuel metabolism in animals. Fatty acids are degraded in the mitochondria by a biochemical process called β-oxidation in which two-carbon fragments are produced in each cycle. The increase in fatty acid β-oxidation is negatively correlated with body mass index. Although healthy life style, avoiding Western diet, dieting and strenuous exercise are the commonly used methods to lose weight, they are not considered a permanent solution in addition to risk attenuation of basal metabolic rate (BMR). Pharmacotherapy offers benefits of weight loss by altering the satiety and lowering absorption of fat from the food; however, its side effects may outweigh the benefits of weight loss. Alternatively, dietary phytochemicals and natural health products offer great potential as an efficient weight loss strategy by modulating lipid metabolism and/or increasing BMR and thermogenesis. Specifically, polyphenols such as citrus flavonoids, green tea epigallocatechin gallate, resveratrol, capsaicin and curcumin, have been reported to increase lipolysis and induce fatty acid β-oxidation through modulation of hormone sensitive lipase, acetyl-coA carboxylase, carnitine acyl transferase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1. In this review article, we discuss selected phytochemicals in relation to their integrated functionalities and specific mechanisms for weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 550, Truro, Nova Scotia, B2N 5E3, Canada; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Satvir Sekhon-Loodu
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, P.O. Box 550, Truro, Nova Scotia, B2N 5E3, Canada
| | - Theodora Mantso
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Life Sciences, John Muir Building, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
| | - Mihalis I Panayiotidis
- Heriot-Watt University, School of Life Sciences, John Muir Building, Riccarton Campus, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
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Comparison of endpoints relevant to toxicity assessments in 3 generations of CD-1 mice fed irradiated natural and purified ingredient diets with varying soy protein and isoflavone contents. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 94:39-56. [PMID: 27234134 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Diet is an important variable in toxicology. There are mixed reports on the impact of soy components on energy utilization, fat deposition, and reproductive parameters. Three generations of CD-1 mice were fed irradiated natural ingredient diets with varying levels of soy (NIH-41, 5K96, or 5008/5001), purified irradiated AIN-93 diet, or the AIN-93 formulation modified with ethanol-washed soy protein concentrate (SPC) or SPC with isoflavones (SPC-IF). NIH-41 was the control for pairwise comparisons. Minimal differences were observed among natural ingredient diet groups. F0 males fed AIN-93, SPC, and SPC-IF diets had elevated glucose levels and lower insulin levels compared with the NIH-41 group. In both sexes of the F1 and F2 generations, the SPC and SPC-IF groups had lower body weight gains than the NIH-41 controls and the AIN-93 group had an increased percent body fat at postnatal day 21. AIN-93 F1 pups had higher baseline glucose than NIH-41 controls, but diet did not significantly affect breeding performance or responses to glucose or uterotrophic challenges. Reduced testes weight and sperm in the AIN-93 group may be related to low thiamine levels. Our observations underline the importance of careful selection, manufacturing procedures, and nutritional characterization of diets used in toxicological studies.
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Kurrat A, Blei T, Kluxen FM, Mueller DR, Piechotta M, Soukup ST, Kulling SE, Diel P. Lifelong exposure to dietary isoflavones reduces risk of obesity in ovariectomized Wistar rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:2407-18. [PMID: 26346629 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Traditional Asian diet rich in soy isoflavones (ISOs) is discussed to be linked to a lower obesity prevalence. In lifelong and short-term exposure scenarios we investigated effects of an ISO-rich diet on the body composition and development of obesity in female rats. METHODS AND RESULTS Female Wistar rats grew up on ISO-free or ISO-rich control diet (CON ISO: 467 mg/kg diet). Starting postnatal day 83, ovariectomized and intact animals received high calorie Western diet (WD) in the absence or presence of ISO (WD ISO: 431 mg/kg diet) for 12 weeks to induce obesity or maintained on respective control diet (CON). One group starting ISO exposure after ovariectomy mimics short-term ISO exposure in postmenopausal Western women. Lifelong but not short-term ISO exposure resulted in reduced body weight, visceral fat mass, serum leptin, and smaller adipocytes. ISO decreased hepatic SREBP-1c, ACC, FAS, and PPARγ mRNA expression in nonobese animals. Moreover, ovariectomy reduced skeletal muscle weight, which was antagonized by both short-term and lifelong ISO exposure. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that in female rats lifelong but not short-term ISO intake reduces the risk to develop obesity. Furthermore, lifelong and short-term ISO exposure may antagonize loss of skeletal muscle mass induced by ovariectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kurrat
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sports University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tina Blei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sports University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felix M Kluxen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sports University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dennis R Mueller
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sports University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marion Piechotta
- Clinic for Cattle, Endocrinology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian T Soukup
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sabine E Kulling
- Department of Safety and Quality of Fruit and Vegetables, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Patrick Diel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sports University, Cologne, Germany
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Cao J, Echelberger R, Liu M, Sluzas E, McCaffrey K, Buckley B, Patisaul HB. Soy but not bisphenol A (BPA) or the phytoestrogen genistin alters developmental weight gain and food intake in pregnant rats and their offspring. Reprod Toxicol 2015. [PMID: 26216788 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are hypothesized to promote obesity and early puberty but their interactive effects with hormonally active diets are poorly understood. Here we assessed individual and combinatorial effects of soy diet or the isoflavone genistein (GEN; administered as the aglycone genistin GIN) with bisphenol A (BPA) on body weight, ingestive behavior and female puberal onset in Wistar rats. Soy-fed dams gained less weight during pregnancy and, although they consumed more than dams on a soy-free diet during lactation, did not become heavier. Their offspring (both sexes), however, became significantly heavier (more pronounced in males) pre-weaning. Soy also enhanced food intake and accelerated female pubertal onset in the offspring. Notably, pubertal onset was also advanced in females placed on soy diet at weaning. Males exposed to BPA plus soy diet, but not BPA alone, had lighter testes. BPA had no independent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Cao
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Roger Echelberger
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Min Liu
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Emily Sluzas
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Katherine McCaffrey
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Brian Buckley
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, 170 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Heather B Patisaul
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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High quality RNA extraction of the mammalian cochlea for qRT-PCR and transcriptome analyses. Hear Res 2015; 325:42-8. [PMID: 25818515 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Molecular investigations of the hearing organ, the cochlea, have been hampered due to the difficulty of isolating pure RNA and in quantities sufficient enough for quantitative real-time RT-PCR or microarray analysis. The complex architecture of the cochlea, the presence of liquids, bone and cartilage tissue, are a major hurdle in obtaining contamination-free RNA to a level that does not affect downstream applications. Here, we present a protocol to extract RNA from the mouse cochlea, with yields and quality suitable for real-time RT-PCR or Affymetrix labeling. In contrast to current methods, such as TRIZOL or column-based extraction, this protocol combines the two and, within 4 h, yields a 2 μg of total RNA from a single pair of adult mouse cochleae. This protocol allows the isolation of RNA molecules from the mammalian cochlea providing access to whole-transcript expression analyses.
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Andreoli MF, Stoker C, Rossetti MF, Alzamendi A, Castrogiovanni D, Luque EH, Ramos JG. Withdrawal of dietary phytoestrogens in adult male rats affects hypothalamic regulation of food intake, induces obesity and alters glucose metabolism. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 401:111-9. [PMID: 25486512 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The absence of phytoestrogens in the diet during pregnancy has been reported to result in obesity later in adulthood. We investigated whether phytoestrogen withdrawal in adult life could alter the hypothalamic signals that regulate food intake and affect body weight and glucose homeostasis. Male Wistar rats fed from conception to adulthood with a high phytoestrogen diet were submitted to phytoestrogen withdrawal by feeding a low phytoestrogen diet, or a high phytoestrogen-high fat diet. Withdrawal of dietary phytoestrogens increased body weight, adiposity and energy intake through an orexigenic hypothalamic response characterized by upregulation of AGRP and downregulation of POMC. This was associated with elevated leptin and T4, reduced TSH, testosterone and estradiol, and diminished hypothalamic ERα expression, concomitant with alterations in glucose tolerance. Removing dietary phytoestrogens caused manifestations of obesity and diabetes that were more pronounced than those induced by the high phytoestrogen-high fat diet intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Florencia Andreoli
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Cora Stoker
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Florencia Rossetti
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Ana Alzamendi
- Unidad de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular IMBICE (CONICET-CICPBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniel Castrogiovanni
- Unidad de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular IMBICE (CONICET-CICPBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Enrique H Luque
- Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Jorge Guillermo Ramos
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica y Cuantitativa, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina; Laboratorio de Endocrinología y Tumores Hormonodependientes, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is the most common complication of diabetes and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. DPN is characterized by progressive, distal-to-proximal degeneration of peripheral nerves that leads to pain, weakness, and eventual loss of sensation. The mechanisms underlying DPN pathogenesis are uncertain, and other than tight glycemic control in type 1 patients, there is no effective treatment. Mouse models of type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are critical to improving our understanding of DPN pathophysiology and developing novel treatment strategies. In this review, we discuss the most widely used T1DM and T2DM mouse models for DPN research, with emphasis on the main neurologic phenotype of each model. We also discuss important considerations for selecting appropriate models for T1DM and T2DM DPN studies and describe the promise of novel emerging diabetic mouse models for DPN research. The development, characterization, and comprehensive neurologic phenotyping of clinically relevant mouse models for T1DM and T2DM will provide valuable resources for future studies examining DPN pathogenesis and novel therapeutic strategies.
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Urinary enterolactone is associated with obesity and metabolic alteration in men in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-10. Br J Nutr 2015; 113:683-90. [PMID: 25634494 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514004115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Phyto-oestrogens are a family of plant-derived xeno-oestrogens that have been shown to prevent cancer in some studies. Whether phyto-oestrogen intake affects obesity status in a population is still unclear. In the present cross-sectional study, we examined the association of urinary phyto-oestrogen metabolites with obesity and metabolic parameters in children and adults. Data from 1294 children (age 6-19 years) and from 3661 adults (age ≥ 20 years) who participated in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001-10 were analysed. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to investigate the associations of BMI, waist circumference, serum metabolites (total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, TAG, fasting glucose and fasting insulin) and the metabolic syndrome with urinary phyto-oestrogen levels. When stratified by age and sex, we found a stronger association (OR 0·30, 95 % CI 0·17, 0·54; P< 0·001) between urinary enterolactone levels and obesity in adult males (age 20-60 years) than in children (age 12-19 years) or the elderly (age >60 years) in the same survey. However, no associations with urinary daidzein, O-desmethylangolensin, equol, enterodiol or genistein were found in the overall population. We also found that the elevation of enterolactone levels was inversely associated with TAG levels, fasting glucose levels, fasting insulin levels and the metabolic syndrome in males aged 20-60 years, but positively associated with HDL-cholesterol levels. The present results provide epidemiological evidence that urinary enterolactone is inversely associated with obesity in adult males.
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Taste and physiological responses to glucosinolates: seed predator versus seed disperser. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112505. [PMID: 25383693 PMCID: PMC4226557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to most other plant tissues, fleshy fruits are meant to be eaten in order to facilitate seed dispersal. Although fleshy fruits attract consumers, they may also contain toxic secondary metabolites. However, studies that link the effect of fruit toxins with seed dispersal and predation are scarce. Glucosinolates (GLSs) are a family of bitter-tasting compounds. The fleshy fruit pulp of Ochradenus baccatus was previously found to harbor high concentrations of GLSs, whereas the myrosinase enzyme, which breaks down GLSs to produce foul tasting chemicals, was found only in the seeds. Here we show the differential behavioral and physiological responses of three rodent species to high dose (80%) Ochradenus’ fruits diets. Acomys russatus, a predator of Ochradenus’ seeds, was the least sensitive to the taste of the fruit and the only rodent to exhibit taste-related physiological adaptations to deal with the fruits’ toxins. In contrast, Acomys cahirinus, an Ochradenus seed disperser, was more sensitive to a diet containing the hydrolyzed products of the GLSs. A third rodent (Mus musculus) was deterred from Ochradenus fruits consumption by the GLSs and their hydrolyzed products. We were able to alter M. musculus avoidance of whole fruit consumption by soaking Ochradenus fruits in a water solution containing 1% adenosine monophosphate, which blocks the bitter taste receptor in mice. The observed differential responses of these three rodent species may be due to evolutionary pressures that have enhanced or reduced their sensitivity to the taste of GLSs.
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van der Velpen V, Geelen A, Hollman PCH, Schouten EG, van 't Veer P, Afman LA. Isoflavone supplement composition and equol producer status affect gene expression in adipose tissue: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100:1269-77. [PMID: 25332325 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.088484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isoflavone supplements, consumed by women experiencing menopausal symptoms, are suggested to have positive effects on menopause-related adiposity and cardiovascular disease risk profile, but discussions about their safety are still ongoing. OBJECTIVE The objective was to study the effects of an 8-wk consumption of 2 different isoflavone supplements compared with placebo on whole-genome gene expression in the adipose tissue of postmenopausal women. DESIGN This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover intervention consisted of 2 substudies, one with a low-genistein (LG) supplement (56% daidzein + daidzin, 16% genistein + genistin, and 28% glycitein + glycitin) and the other with a high-genistein (HG) supplement (49% daidzein + daidzin, 41% genistein + genistin, and 10% glycitein + glycitin). Both supplements provided ∼ 100 mg isoflavones/d (aglycone equivalents). After the 8-wk isoflavone and placebo period, whole-genome arrays were performed in subcutaneous adipose tissue of postmenopausal women (n = 26 after LG, n = 31 after HG). Participants were randomized by equol-producing phenotype, and data analysis was performed per substudy for equol producers and nonproducers separately. RESULTS Gene set enrichment analysis showed downregulation of expression of energy metabolism-related genes after LG supplementation (n = 24) in both equol-producing phenotypes and oppositely regulated expression for equol producers (down) and nonproducers (up) after HG supplementation (n = 31). Expression of inflammation-related genes was upregulated in equol producers but downregulated in nonproducers, independent of supplement type. Only 4.4-7.0% of the genes with significantly changed expression were estrogen responsive. Body weight, adipocyte size, and plasma lipid profile were not affected by isoflavone supplementation. CONCLUSIONS Effects of isoflavones on adipose tissue gene expression were influenced by supplement composition and equol-producing phenotype, whereas estrogen-responsive effects were lacking. LG isoflavone supplementation resulted in a caloric restriction-like gene expression profile for both producer phenotypes and pointed toward a potential beneficial effect, whereas both supplements induced anti-inflammatory gene expression in equol producers. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01556737.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera van der Velpen
- From the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands (VvdV, AG, PCHH, EGS, PvtV, and LAA), and Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University & Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands (PCHH)
| | - Anouk Geelen
- From the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands (VvdV, AG, PCHH, EGS, PvtV, and LAA), and Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University & Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands (PCHH)
| | - Peter C H Hollman
- From the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands (VvdV, AG, PCHH, EGS, PvtV, and LAA), and Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University & Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands (PCHH)
| | - Evert G Schouten
- From the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands (VvdV, AG, PCHH, EGS, PvtV, and LAA), and Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University & Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands (PCHH)
| | - Pieter van 't Veer
- From the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands (VvdV, AG, PCHH, EGS, PvtV, and LAA), and Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University & Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands (PCHH)
| | - Lydia A Afman
- From the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands (VvdV, AG, PCHH, EGS, PvtV, and LAA), and Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University & Research Centre, Wageningen, Netherlands (PCHH)
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Faulk C, Barks A, Sánchez BN, Zhang Z, Anderson OS, Peterson KE, Dolinoy DC. Perinatal lead (Pb) exposure results in sex-specific effects on food intake, fat, weight, and insulin response across the murine life-course. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104273. [PMID: 25105421 PMCID: PMC4126699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental lead (Pb) exposure has been associated with lower body weight in human infants and late onset obesity in mice. We determined the association of perinatal Pb exposure in mice with changes in obesity-related phenotypes into adulthood. Mice underwent exposure via maternal drinking water supplemented with 0 (control), 2.1 (low), 16 (medium), or 32 (high) ppm Pb-acetate two weeks prior to mating through lactation. Offspring were phenotyped at ages 3, 6, and 9 months for energy expenditure, spontaneous activity, food intake, body weight, body composition, and at age 10 months for glucose tolerance. Data analyses were stratified by sex and adjusted for litter effects. Exposed females and males exhibited increased energy expenditure as compared to controls (p<0.0001 for both). In females, horizontal activity differed significantly from controls (p = 0.02) over the life-course. Overall, food intake increased in exposed females and males (p<0.0008 and p<0.0001, respectively) with significant linear trends at 9 months in females (p = 0.01) and 6 months in males (p<0.01). Body weight was significantly increased in males at the medium and high exposures (p = 0.001 and p = 0.006). Total body fat differed among exposed females and males (p<0.0001 and p<0.0001, respectively). Insulin response was significantly increased in medium exposure males (p<0.05). Perinatal Pb exposure at blood lead levels between 4.1 µg/dL and 32 µg/dL is associated with increased food intake, body weight, total body fat, energy expenditure, activity, and insulin response in mice. Physiological effects of developmental Pb exposure persist and vary according to sex and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Faulk
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Amanda Barks
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Brisa N. Sánchez
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Zhenzhen Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Olivia S. Anderson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Karen E. Peterson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Dana C. Dolinoy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Callier P, Calvel P, Matevossian A, Makrythanasis P, Bernard P, Kurosaka H, Vannier A, Thauvin-Robinet C, Borel C, Mazaud-Guittot S, Rolland A, Desdoits-Lethimonier C, Guipponi M, Zimmermann C, Stévant I, Kuhne F, Conne B, Santoni F, Lambert S, Huet F, Mugneret F, Jaruzelska J, Faivre L, Wilhelm D, Jégou B, Trainor PA, Resh MD, Antonarakis SE, Nef S. Loss of function mutation in the palmitoyl-transferase HHAT leads to syndromic 46,XY disorder of sex development by impeding Hedgehog protein palmitoylation and signaling. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004340. [PMID: 24784881 PMCID: PMC4006744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted proteins act as morphogens to control embryonic patterning and development in a variety of organ systems. Post-translational covalent attachment of cholesterol and palmitate to Hh proteins are critical for multimerization and long range signaling potency. However, the biological impact of lipid modifications on Hh ligand distribution and signal reception in humans remains unclear. In the present study, we report a unique case of autosomal recessive syndromic 46,XY Disorder of Sex Development (DSD) with testicular dysgenesis and chondrodysplasia resulting from a homozygous G287V missense mutation in the hedgehog acyl-transferase (HHAT) gene. This mutation occurred in the conserved membrane bound O-acyltransferase (MBOAT) domain and experimentally disrupted the ability of HHAT to palmitoylate Hh proteins such as DHH and SHH. Consistent with the patient phenotype, HHAT was found to be expressed in the somatic cells of both XX and XY gonads at the time of sex determination, and Hhat loss of function in mice recapitulates most of the testicular, skeletal, neuronal and growth defects observed in humans. In the developing testis, HHAT is not required for Sertoli cell commitment but plays a role in proper testis cord formation and the differentiation of fetal Leydig cells. Altogether, these results shed new light on the mechanisms of action of Hh proteins. Furthermore, they provide the first clinical evidence of the essential role played by lipid modification of Hh proteins in human testicular organogenesis and embryonic development. Disorders of gonadal development represent a clinically and genetically heterogeneous class of DSD caused by defects in gonadal development and/or a failure of testis/ovarian differentiation. Unfortunately, in many cases the genetic aetiology of DSD is unknown, indicating that our knowledge of the factors mediating sex determination is limited. Using exome sequencing on a case of autosomal recessive syndromic 46,XY DSD with testicular dysgenesis and chondrodysplasia, we found a homozygous missense mutation (G287V) within the coding sequence of the O-acetyl-transferase HHAT gene. The HHAT gene encodes an enzyme required for the attachment of palmitoyl residues that are critical for multimerization and long range signaling potency of hedgehog secreted proteins. We found that HHAT is widely expressed in human organs during fetal development, including testes and ovaries around the time of sex determination. In vitro assays show that G287V mutation impairs HHAT palmitoyl-transferase activity and mice lacking functional Hhat exhibit testicular dysgenesis as well as other skeletal, neuronal and growth defects that recapitulate most aspects of the syndromic 46,XY DSD patient. These data provide the first clinical evidence of the essential role played by lipid modification of Hedgehog proteins in human testicular organogenesis and embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Callier
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland; FHU-TRANSLAD, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Le Bocage, CHU, Dijon, France; EA 4271 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre Calvel
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Armine Matevossian
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America; Gerstner Sloan-Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Periklis Makrythanasis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Bernard
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Hiroshi Kurosaka
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Anne Vannier
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christel Thauvin-Robinet
- FHU-TRANSLAD, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Le Bocage, CHU, Dijon, France; EA 4271 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Christelle Borel
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Séverine Mazaud-Guittot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1085-IRSET, Université de Rennes 1, Structure Fédérative Recherche Biosit, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Antoine Rolland
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1085-IRSET, Université de Rennes 1, Structure Fédérative Recherche Biosit, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Christèle Desdoits-Lethimonier
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1085-IRSET, Université de Rennes 1, Structure Fédérative Recherche Biosit, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France
| | - Michel Guipponi
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Céline Zimmermann
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabelle Stévant
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Françoise Kuhne
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Béatrice Conne
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Federico Santoni
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sandy Lambert
- FHU-TRANSLAD, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Le Bocage, CHU, Dijon, France
| | - Frederic Huet
- FHU-TRANSLAD, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Le Bocage, CHU, Dijon, France; EA 4271 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Francine Mugneret
- FHU-TRANSLAD, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Le Bocage, CHU, Dijon, France
| | | | - Laurence Faivre
- FHU-TRANSLAD, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Le Bocage, CHU, Dijon, France; EA 4271 GAD Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Dagmar Wilhelm
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Bernard Jégou
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1085-IRSET, Université de Rennes 1, Structure Fédérative Recherche Biosit, Campus de Beaulieu, Rennes, France; EHESP School of Public Health, Rennes, France
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Marilyn D Resh
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America; Gerstner Sloan-Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Stylianos E Antonarakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland; iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Serge Nef
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland; iGE3, Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Stallings MT, Cardon BR, Hardman JM, Bliss TA, Brunson SE, Hart CM, Swiss MD, Hepworth SD, Christensen MJ, Hancock CR. A high isoflavone diet decreases 5′ adenosine monophosphate–activated protein kinase activation and does not correct selenium-induced elevations in fasting blood glucose in mice. Nutr Res 2014; 34:308-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Jungbauer A, Medjakovic S. Phytoestrogens and the metabolic syndrome. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 139:277-89. [PMID: 23318879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are a diverse class of non-steroidal compounds that have an affinity for estrogen receptors α and β, for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family and for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Examples of phytoestrogens include prenylated flavonoids, isoflavones, coumestans and lignans. Many phytoestrogens counteract the cellular derailments that are responsible for the development of metabolic syndrome. Here we propose a mechanism of action which is based on five pillars/principles. First, phytoestrogens are involved in the downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as COX-2 and iNOS, by activating PPAR and by inhibiting IκB activation. Second, they increase reverse cholesterol transport, which is mediated by PPARγ. Third, phytoestrogens increase insulin sensitivity, which is mediated via PPARα. Fourth, they exert antioxidant effects by activating antioxidant genes through KEAP. Fifth, phytoestrogens increase energy expenditure by affecting AMP-activated kinase signaling cascades, which are responsible for the inhibition of adipogenesis. In addition to these effects, which have been demonstrated in vivo and in clinical trials, other effects, such as eNOS activation, may also be important. Some plant extracts from soy, red clover or licorice can be described as panPPAR activators. Fetal programming for metabolic syndrome has been hypothesized; thus, the consumption of dietary phytoestrogens during pregnancy may be relevant. Extracts from soy, red clover or licorice oil have potential as plant-derived medicines that could be used to treat polycystic ovary syndrome, a disease linked to hyperandrogenism and obesity, although clinical trials have not yet been conducted. Phytoestrogens may help prevent metabolic syndrome, although intervention studies will be always be ambiguous, because physical activity and reduced calorie consumption also have a significant impact. Nevertheless, extracts rich in phytoestrogens may be an alternative treatment or may complement conventional treatment for diseases linked with metabolic syndrome. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Phytoestrogens'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alois Jungbauer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory of Receptor Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Salari Moghaddam A, Entezari MH, Iraj B, Askari G, Sharifi Zahabi E, Maracy MR. The effects of soy bean flour enriched bread intake on anthropometric indices and blood pressure in type 2 diabetic women: a crossover randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Endocrinol 2014; 2014:240760. [PMID: 25276127 PMCID: PMC4170922 DOI: 10.1155/2014/240760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that soy bean has the potential to improve many aspects of diabetes state and provide metabolic benefits that aid in weight management. We aimed to determine the effects of soy bean flour enriched bread on anthropometric indices and blood pressure among type 2 diabetic patients. This randomized, crossover, clinical trial was performed in 30 type 2 diabetic women. There were two trial periods for 6 weeks and a wash-out period for 4 weeks. In the soy bread diet period, 120 g of soy bean flour enriched bread was consumed each day instead of the same amount of their usual bread or other cereal products. After a 4-week wash-out period, participants were crossed over for another 6 weeks. Mean (±SD) age of study participants was 45.7 ± 3.8 years. The results of our study showed no significant effects of soy bean flour enriched bread on anthropometric indices and blood pressure among diabetic patients. Despite the slight reduction in BMI, waist circumference, and percent of body fat, there were no significant differences in changes of these values between two groups. No significant changes in waist to hip ratio and blood pressure were seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Salari Moghaddam
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81745-151, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81745-151, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Entezari
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81745-151, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81745-151, Isfahan, Iran
- *Mohammad Hassan Entezari:
| | - Bijan Iraj
- Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81745-151, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Askari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81745-151, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Elham Sharifi Zahabi
- Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81745-151, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81745-151, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Maracy
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatics, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 81745-151, Isfahan, Iran
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Metabolic disruption in male mice due to fetal exposure to low but not high doses of bisphenol A (BPA): evidence for effects on body weight, food intake, adipocytes, leptin, adiponectin, insulin and glucose regulation. Reprod Toxicol 2013; 42:256-68. [PMID: 23892310 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) is implicated in many aspects of metabolic disease in humans and experimental animals. We fed pregnant CD-1 mice BPA at doses ranging from 5 to 50,000μg/kg/day, spanning 10-fold below the reference dose to 10-fold above the currently predicted no adverse effect level (NOAEL). At BPA doses below the NOAEL that resulted in average unconjugated BPA between 2 and 200pg/ml in fetal serum (AUC0-24h), we observed significant effects in adult male offspring: an age-related change in food intake, an increase in body weight and liver weight, abdominal adipocyte mass, number and volume, and in serum leptin and insulin, but a decrease in serum adiponectin and in glucose tolerance. For most of these outcomes non-monotonic dose-response relationships were observed; the highest BPA dose did not produce a significant effect for any outcome. A 0.1-μg/kg/day dose of DES resulted in some but not all low-dose BPA outcomes.
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Long time exposure to soy/isoflavone-rich diet enhances testicular and prostate health in Long-Evans rats. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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