1
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Camli B, Andrus L, Roy A, Mishra B, Xu C, Georgakoudi I, Tkaczyk T, Ben-Yakar A. Two photon imaging probe with highly efficient autofluorescence collection at high scattering and deep imaging conditions. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:3163-3182. [PMID: 38855663 PMCID: PMC11161376 DOI: 10.1364/boe.520729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a 2-photon imaging probe system featuring a novel fluorescence collection method with improved and reliable efficiency. The system aims to miniaturize the potential of 2-photon imaging in the metabolic and morphological characterization of cervical tissue at sub-micron resolution over large imaging depths into a flexible and clinically viable platform towards the early detection of cancers. Clinical implementation of such a probe system is challenging due to inherently low levels of autofluorescence, particularly when imaging deep in highly scattering tissues. For an efficient collection of fluorescence signals, our probe employs 12 0.5 NA collection fibers arranged around a miniaturized excitation objective. By bending and terminating a multitude of collection fibers at a specific angle, we increase collection area and directivity significantly. Positioning of these fibers allows the collection of fluorescence photons scattered away from their ballistic trajectory multiple times, which offers a system collection efficiency of 4%, which is 55% of what our bench-top microscope with 0.75 NA objective achieves. We demonstrate that the collection efficiency is largely maintained even at high scattering conditions and high imaging depths. Radial symmetry of arrangement maintains uniformity of collection efficiency across the whole FOV. Additionally, our probe can image at different tissue depths via axial actuation by a dc servo motor, allowing depth dependent tissue characterization. We designed our probe to perform imaging at 775 nm, targeting 2-photon autofluorescence from NAD(P)H and FAD molecules, which are often used in metabolic tissue characterization. An air core photonic bandgap fiber delivers laser pulses of 100 fs duration to the sample. A miniaturized objective designed with commercially available lenses of 3 mm diameter focuses the laser beam on tissue, attaining lateral and axial imaging resolutions of 0.66 µm and 4.65 µm, respectively. Characterization results verify that our probe achieves collection efficiency comparable to our optimized bench-top 2-photon imaging microscope, minimally affected by imaging depth and radial positioning. We validate autofluorescence imaging capability with excised porcine vocal fold tissue samples. Images with 120 µm FOV and 0.33 µm pixel sizes collected at 2 fps confirm that the 300 µm imaging depth was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berk Camli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Liam Andrus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Aditya Roy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Biswajit Mishra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Chris Xu
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Irene Georgakoudi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tomasz Tkaczyk
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Adela Ben-Yakar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, UT Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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2
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Szwaj M, Davidson IA, Johnson PB, Jasion G, Jung Y, Sandoghchi SR, Herdzik KP, Bourdakos KN, Wheeler NV, Mulvad HC, Richardson DJ, Poletti F, Mahajan S. Double-Clad Antiresonant Hollow-Core Fiber and Its Comparison with Other Fibers for Multiphoton Micro-Endoscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2482. [PMID: 38676099 PMCID: PMC11054428 DOI: 10.3390/s24082482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Label-free and multiphoton micro-endoscopy can transform clinical histopathology by providing an in situ tool for diagnostic imaging and surgical treatment in diseases such as cancer. Key to a multiphoton imaging-based micro-endoscopic device is the optical fiber, for distortion-free and efficient delivery of ultra-short laser pulses to the sample and effective signal collection. In this work, we study a new hollow-core (air-filled) double-clad anti-resonant fiber (DC-ARF) as a high-performance candidate for multiphoton micro-endoscopy. We compare the fiber characteristics of the DC-ARF with a single-clad anti-resonant fiber (SC-ARF) and a solid core fiber (SCF). In this work, while the DC-ARF and the SC-ARF enable low-loss (<0.2 dBm-1), close to dispersion-free excitation pulse delivery (<10% pulse width increase at 900 nm per 1 m fiber) without any induced non-linearities, the SCF resulted in spectral broadening and pulse-stretching (>2000% of pulse width increase at 900 nm per 1 m fiber). An ideal optical fiber endoscope needs to be several meters long and should enable both excitation and collection through the fiber. Therefore, we performed multiphoton imaging on endoscopy-compatible 1 m and 3 m lengths of fiber in the back-scattered geometry, wherein the signals were collected either directly (non-descanned detection) or through the fiber (descanned detection). Second harmonic images were collected from barium titanate crystals as well as from biological samples (mouse tail tendon). In non-descanned detection conditions, the ARFs outperformed the SCF by up to 10 times in terms of signal-to-noise ratio of images. Significantly, only the DC-ARF, due to its high numerical aperture (NA) of 0.45 and wide-collection bandwidth (>1 µm), could provide images in the de-scanned detection configuration desirable for endoscopy. Thus, our systematic characterization and comparison of different optical fibers under different image collection configurations, confirms and establishes the utility of DC-ARFs for high-performing label-free multiphoton imaging-based micro-endoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzanna Szwaj
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ian A. Davidson
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Peter B. Johnson
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Greg Jasion
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Yongmin Jung
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Seyed Reza Sandoghchi
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Krzysztof P. Herdzik
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Konstantinos N. Bourdakos
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Natalie V. Wheeler
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Hans Christian Mulvad
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - David J. Richardson
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Francesco Poletti
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Sumeet Mahajan
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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3
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Krolopp Á, Fésűs L, Szipőcs G, Wikonkál N, Szipőcs R. A 20 MHz Repetition Rate, Sub-Picosecond Ti-Sapphire Laser for Fiber Delivery in Nonlinear Microscopy of the Skin. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:231. [PMID: 38398740 PMCID: PMC10889949 DOI: 10.3390/life14020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear microscopy (NM) enables us to investigate the morphology or monitor the physiological processes of the skin through the use of ultrafast lasers. Fiber (or fiber-coupled) lasers are of great interest because they can easily be combined with a handheld, scanning nonlinear microscope. This latter feature greatly increases the utility of NM for pre-clinical applications and in vivo tissue imaging. Here, we present a fiber-coupled, sub-ps Ti-sapphire laser system being optimized for in vivo, stain-free, 3D imaging of skin alterations with a low thermal load of the skin. The laser is pumped by a low-cost, 2.1 W, 532 nm pump laser and delivers 0.5-1 ps, high-peak-power pulses at a ~20 MHz repetition rate. The spectral bandwidth of the laser is below 2 nm, which results in a low sensitivity for dispersion during fiber delivery. The reduction in the peak intensity due to the increased pulse duration is compensated by the lower repetition rate of our laser. In our proof-of-concept imaging experiments, a ~1.8 m long, commercial hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber was used for fiber delivery. Fresh and frozen skin biopsies of different skin alterations (e.g., adult hemangioma, basal cell cancer) and an unaffected control were used for high-quality, two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy (2PEF) and second-harmonic generation (SHG) z-stack (3D) imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ádám Krolopp
- HUN-REN Wigner RCP, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- R&D Ultrafast Lasers Ltd., Konkoly-Thege Street 29-33, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Luca Fésűs
- HUN-REN Wigner RCP, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Mária Street 41, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gergely Szipőcs
- HUN-REN Wigner RCP, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- R&D Ultrafast Lasers Ltd., Konkoly-Thege Street 29-33, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Norbert Wikonkál
- HUN-REN Wigner RCP, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatooncology, Semmelweis University, Mária Street 41, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Szipőcs
- HUN-REN Wigner RCP, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
- R&D Ultrafast Lasers Ltd., Konkoly-Thege Street 29-33, H-1121 Budapest, Hungary
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4
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Stoliarov D, Manuylovich E, Koviarov A, Galiakhmetova D, Rafailov E. Gain-managed nonlinear amplification of ultra-long mode-locked fiber laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:43427-43437. [PMID: 38178436 DOI: 10.1364/oe.510017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we explored the gain-managed nonlinear (GMN) amplification of ultra-low repetition rate pulses in the range of less than 1 MHz. By seeding the developed 1040 nm ultralong fiber modelocked laser to the GMN amplifier, we achieved high gain and boosted the nonlinear pulse propagation effects. We demonstrated that GMN amplification of low repetition rate pulses provided amplification exceeding 32 dB and spectral broadening up to 91 nm at relatively low pump power levels. Achieving broadband 57 fs pulses with energy exceeding 55 nJ suggests that ultralong fiber lasers paired with GMN amplifiers can be effectively utilized as powerful tools for generating femtosecond broadband pulses at ultra-low repetition rates, with controllable spectral characteristics.
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5
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Zhao C, Zhu Y, Zhang D, Fu Q, Pan M, Wu R, Wang A, Cheng H. Millimeter field-of-view miniature two-photon microscopy for brain imaging in freely moving mice. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:32925-32934. [PMID: 37859084 DOI: 10.1364/oe.492674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Development of miniature two-photon microscopy (m2PM) has made it possible to observe fine structure and activity of neurons in the brain of freely moving animals. However, the imaging field-of-view of existing m2PM is still significantly smaller than that of miniature single-photon microscopy. Here we report that, through the design of low-magnification objective, large field-of-view scan lens and small tilt angle microscanner, a 2.5-g m2PM achieved a field-of-view of 1000 × 788 µm2, comparable to that of a typical single-photon miniscope. We demonstrated its capability by imaging neurons, dendrites and spines in the millimeter field-of-view, and simultaneous recording calcium activities, through a gradient-index lens, of approximately 400 neurons in the dorsal hippocampal CA1 in a freely moving mouse. Integrated with a detachable 1.2-g fast z-scanning module, it enables a 1000 × 788 × 500 µm3 volumetric neuronal imaging in the cerebral cortex. Thus, millimeter FOV m2PM provides a powerful tool for deciphering neuronal population dynamics in experimental paradigms allowing for animal's free movement.
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6
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Wang C, Chen Q, Liu H, Wu R, Jiang X, Fu Q, Zhao Z, Zhao Y, Gao Y, Yu B, Jiao H, Wang A, Xiao S, Feng L. Miniature Two-Photon Microscopic Imaging Using Dielectric Metalens. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:8256-8263. [PMID: 37651617 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Miniature two-photon microscopy has emerged as a powerful technique for investigating brain activity in freely moving animals. Ongoing research objectives include reducing probe weight and minimizing animal behavior constraints caused by probe attachment. Employing dielectric metalenses, which enable the use of sizable optical components in flat device structures while maintaining imaging resolution, is a promising solution for addressing these challenges. In this study, we designed and fabricated a titanium dioxide metalens with a wavelength of 920 nm and a high aspect ratio. Furthermore, a meta-optic two-photon microscope weighing 1.36 g was developed. This meta-optic probe has a lateral resolution of 0.92 μm and an axial resolution of 18.08 μm. Experimentally, two-photon imaging of mouse brain structures in vivo was also demonstrated. The flat dielectric metalens technique holds promising opportunities for high-performance integrated miniature nonlinear microscopy and endomicroscopy platforms in the biomedical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conghao Wang
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qinmiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory on Tunable Laser Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huilan Liu
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Opto-Mechatronics Technology (Ministry of Education), Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Runlong Wu
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory on Tunable Laser Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Beijing Transcend Vivoscope Biotech Co., Ltd, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Beijing Transcend Vivoscope Biotech Co., Ltd, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuqian Gao
- Beijing Transcend Vivoscope Biotech Co., Ltd, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bosong Yu
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hongchen Jiao
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Aimin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication System and Networks, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shumin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory on Tunable Laser Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lishuang Feng
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Opto-Mechatronics Technology (Ministry of Education), Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Laboratory of Intelligent Sensing Materials and Chip Integration Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Innovation Institute of Beihang University, Hangzhou 310063, China
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7
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Zhao C, Chen S, Zhang L, Zhang D, Wu R, Hu Y, Zeng F, Li Y, Wu D, Yu F, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Chen L, Wang A, Cheng H. Miniature three-photon microscopy maximized for scattered fluorescence collection. Nat Methods 2023; 20:617-622. [PMID: 36823329 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-023-01777-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
In deep-tissue multiphoton microscopy, diffusion and scattering of fluorescent photons, rather than ballistic emanation from the focal point, have been a confounding factor. Here we report on a 2.17-g miniature three-photon microscope (m3PM) with a configuration that maximizes fluorescence collection when imaging in highly scattering regimes. We demonstrate its capability by imaging calcium activity throughout the entire cortex and dorsal hippocampal CA1, up to 1.2 mm depth, at a safe laser power. It also enables the detection of sensorimotor behavior-correlated activities of layer 6 neurons in the posterior parietal cortex in freely moving mice during single-pellet reaching tasks. Thus, m3PM-empowered imaging allows the study of neural mechanisms in deep cortex and subcortical structures, like the dorsal hippocampus and dorsal striatum, in freely behaving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhu Zhao
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Shiyuan Chen
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Zhang
- Research Unit of Mitochondria in Brain Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PKU-Nanjing Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanjing Raygen Health, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Study, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Runlong Wu
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Beijing Transcend Vivoscope Biotech, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yijun Li
- Beijing Transcend Vivoscope Biotech, Beijing, China
| | - Dakun Wu
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials for High Power Laser, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jue Zhang
- Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Study, Peking University, Beijing, China
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Liangyi Chen
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Aimin Wang
- School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication System and Networks, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Heping Cheng
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Research Unit of Mitochondria in Brain Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PKU-Nanjing Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanjing Raygen Health, Nanjing, China.
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8
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Bijoch Ł, Włodkowska U, Kasztelanic R, Pawłowska M, Pysz D, Kaczmarek L, Lapkiewicz R, Buczyński R, Czajkowski R. Novel Design and Application of High-NA Fiber Imaging Bundles for In Vivo Brain Imaging with Two-Photon Scanning Fluorescence Microscopy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:12831-12841. [PMID: 36880640 PMCID: PMC10020965 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Here, we provide experimental verification supporting the use of short-section imaging bundles for two-photon microscopy imaging of the mouse brain. The 8 mm long bundle is made of a pair of heavy-metal oxide glasses with a refractive index contrast of 0.38 to ensure a high numerical aperture NA = 1.15. The bundle is composed of 825 multimode cores, ordered in a hexagonal lattice with a pixel size of 14 μm and a total diameter of 914 μm. We demonstrate successful imaging through custom-made bundles with 14 μm resolution. As the input, we used a 910 nm Ti-sapphire laser with 140 fs pulse and a peak power of 9 × 104 W. The excitation beam and fluorescent image were transferred through the fiber imaging bundle. As test samples, we used 1 μm green fluorescent latex beads, ex vivo hippocampal neurons expressing green fluorescent protein and cortical neurons in vivo expressing the fluorescent reporter GCaMP6s or immediate early gene Fos fluorescent reporter. This system can be used for minimal-invasive in vivo imaging of the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, or deep brain areas as a part of a tabletop system or an implantable setup. It is a low-cost solution, easy to integrate and operate for high-throughput experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Bijoch
- BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Urszula Włodkowska
- Nencki
Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Rafał Kasztelanic
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute
of Microelectronics and Photonics, Lukasiewicz
Research Network, Al.
Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Pawłowska
- BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Pysz
- Institute
of Microelectronics and Photonics, Lukasiewicz
Research Network, Al.
Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leszek Kaczmarek
- BRAINCITY, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Radek Lapkiewicz
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ryszard Buczyński
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 5, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- Institute
of Microelectronics and Photonics, Lukasiewicz
Research Network, Al.
Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rafał Czajkowski
- Nencki
Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
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9
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Yu X, Zhou L, Qi T, Zhao H, Xie H. MEMS Enabled Miniature Two-Photon Microscopy for Biomedical Imaging. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:470. [PMID: 36838170 PMCID: PMC9958604 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, two-photon microscopy (TPM) has been the technique of choice for in vivo noninvasive optical brain imaging for neuroscientific study or intra-vital microendoscopic imaging for clinical diagnosis or surgical guidance because of its intrinsic capability of optical sectioning for imaging deeply below the tissue surface with sub-cellular resolution. However, most of these research activities and clinical applications are constrained by the bulky size of traditional TMP systems. An attractive solution is to develop miniaturized TPMs, but this is challenged by the difficulty of the integration of dynamically scanning optical and mechanical components into a small space. Fortunately, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology, together with other emerging micro-optics techniques, has offered promising opportunities in enabling miniaturized TPMs. In this paper, the latest advancements in both lateral scan and axial scan techniques and the progress of miniaturized TPM imaging will be reviewed in detail. Miniature TPM probes with lateral 2D scanning mechanisms, including electrostatic, electromagnetic, and electrothermal actuation, are reviewed. Miniature TPM probes with axial scanning mechanisms, such as MEMS microlenses, remote-focus, liquid lenses, and deformable MEMS mirrors, are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biological Effect of Physical Field and Instrument, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Tingxiang Qi
- BIT Chongqing Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems, Chongqing 401332, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- BIT Chongqing Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems, Chongqing 401332, China
- Foshan Lightview Technology Co., Ltd., Foshan 528000, China
| | - Huikai Xie
- BIT Chongqing Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems, Chongqing 401332, China
- Foshan Lightview Technology Co., Ltd., Foshan 528000, China
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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10
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Kučikas V, Werner MP, Schmitz-Rode T, Louradour F, van Zandvoort MAMJ. Two-Photon Endoscopy: State of the Art and Perspectives. Mol Imaging Biol 2023; 25:3-17. [PMID: 34779969 PMCID: PMC9971078 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-021-01665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the demand for non-destructive deep-tissue imaging modalities has led to interest in multiphoton endoscopy. In contrast to bench top systems, multiphoton endoscopy enables subcellular resolution imaging in areas not reachable before. Several groups have recently presented their development towards the goal of producing user friendly plug and play system, which could be used in biological research and, potentially, clinical applications. We first present the technological challenges, prerequisites, and solutions in two-photon endoscopic systems. Secondly, we focus on the applications already found in literature. These applications mostly serve as a quality check of the built system, but do not answer a specific biomedical research question. Therefore, in the last part, we will describe our vision on the enormous potential applicability of adult two-photon endoscopic systems in biological and clinical research. We will thus bring forward the concept that two-photon endoscopy is a sine qua non in bringing this technique to the forefront in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vytautas Kučikas
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. .,XLIM Research Institute, Limoges University, CNRS, Limoges, France.
| | - Maximilian P Werner
- Department of Biohybrid and Medical Textiles (BioTex), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitz-Rode
- Department of Biohybrid and Medical Textiles (BioTex), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Marc A M J van Zandvoort
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research (IMCAR), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases CARIM, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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11
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Chen K, Tian Z, Kong L. Advances of optical miniscopes for in vivo imaging of neural activity in freely moving animals. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:994079. [PMID: 36161177 PMCID: PMC9490007 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.994079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To study neural mechanisms of ethologically relevant behaviors including many social behaviors and navigations, optical miniscopes, which can be carried by the model animals, are indispensable. Recently, a variety of optical miniscopes have been developed to meet this urgent requirement, and successfully applied in the study of neural network activity in free-moving mice, rats, and bats, etc. Generally, miniature fluorescence microscopes can be classified into single-photon and multi-photon fluorescence miniscopes, considering their differences in imaging mechanisms and hardware setups. In this review, we introduce their fundamental principles and system structures, summarize technical advances, and discuss limitations and future trends, for in vivo imaging of neural activity in freely moving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunpeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Weiyang College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoshi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Weiyang College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lingjie Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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12
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Jiang J, Zhou X, Liu J, Pan L, Pan Z, Zou F, Li Z, Li F, Ma X, Geng C, Zuo J, Li X. Optical Fiber Bundle-Based High-Speed and Precise Micro-Scanning for Image High-Resolution Reconstruction. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 22:127. [PMID: 35009670 PMCID: PMC8747347 DOI: 10.3390/s22010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We propose an imaging method based on optical fiber bundle combined with micro-scanning technique for improving image quality without complex image reconstruction algorithms. In the proposed method, a piezoelectric-ceramic-chip is used as the micro-displacement driver of the optical fiber bundle, which has the advantages of small volume, fast response speed and high precision. The corresponding displacement of the optical fiber bundle can be generated by precise voltage controlling. An optical fiber bundle with core/cladding diameter 4/80 μm and hexagonal arrangement is used to scan the 1951 USAF target. The scanning step is 1 μm, which is equivalent to the diffraction limit resolution of the optical system. The corresponding information is recorded at high speed through photo-detectors and a high-resolution image is obtained by image stitching processing. The minimum distinguishable stripe width of the proposed imaging technique with piezoelectric-ceramic-chip driven micro-scanning is approximately 2.1 μm, which is 1 time higher than that of direct imaging with a CCD camera whose pixel size is close to the fiber core size. The experimental results indicate that the optical fiber bundle combined with piezoelectric-ceramic-chip driven micro-scanning is a high-speed and high-precision technique for high-resolution imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Jiang
- Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China; (J.J.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (L.P.); (Z.P.); (F.Z.); (Z.L.); (F.L.); (J.Z.); (X.L.)
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China; (J.J.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (L.P.); (Z.P.); (F.Z.); (Z.L.); (F.L.); (J.Z.); (X.L.)
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaying Liu
- Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China; (J.J.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (L.P.); (Z.P.); (F.Z.); (Z.L.); (F.L.); (J.Z.); (X.L.)
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Likang Pan
- Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China; (J.J.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (L.P.); (Z.P.); (F.Z.); (Z.L.); (F.L.); (J.Z.); (X.L.)
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ziting Pan
- Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China; (J.J.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (L.P.); (Z.P.); (F.Z.); (Z.L.); (F.L.); (J.Z.); (X.L.)
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fan Zou
- Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China; (J.J.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (L.P.); (Z.P.); (F.Z.); (Z.L.); (F.L.); (J.Z.); (X.L.)
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ziqiang Li
- Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China; (J.J.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (L.P.); (Z.P.); (F.Z.); (Z.L.); (F.L.); (J.Z.); (X.L.)
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China; (J.J.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (L.P.); (Z.P.); (F.Z.); (Z.L.); (F.L.); (J.Z.); (X.L.)
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Chengdu Institute, Sichuan University of Arts and Science, Dazhou 635000, China;
| | - Chao Geng
- Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China; (J.J.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (L.P.); (Z.P.); (F.Z.); (Z.L.); (F.L.); (J.Z.); (X.L.)
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China
| | - Jing Zuo
- Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China; (J.J.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (L.P.); (Z.P.); (F.Z.); (Z.L.); (F.L.); (J.Z.); (X.L.)
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinyang Li
- Key Laboratory on Adaptive Optics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China; (J.J.); (X.Z.); (J.L.); (L.P.); (Z.P.); (F.Z.); (Z.L.); (F.L.); (J.Z.); (X.L.)
- Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610209, China
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13
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Rational design, facile synthesis, and linear/nonlinear optical properties of novel two-photon absorption stilbene derivatives with different configurations. Tetrahedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2021.132359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Laing BT, Siemian JN, Sarsfield S, Aponte Y. Fluorescence microendoscopy for in vivo deep-brain imaging of neuronal circuits. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 348:109015. [PMID: 33259847 PMCID: PMC8745022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.109015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Imaging neuronal activity in awake, behaving animals has become a groundbreaking method in neuroscience that has rapidly enhanced our understanding of how the brain works. In vivo microendoscopic imaging has enabled researchers to see inside the brains of experimental animals and thus has emerged as a technology fit to answer many experimental questions. By combining microendoscopy with cutting edge targeting strategies and sophisticated analysis tools, neuronal activity patterns that underlie changes in behavior and physiology can be identified. However, new users may find it challenging to understand the techniques and to leverage this technology to best suit their needs. Here we present a background and overview of the necessary components for performing in vivo optical calcium imaging and offer some detailed guidance for current recommended approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenton T Laing
- Neuronal Circuits and Behavior Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224-6823, USA
| | - Justin N Siemian
- Neuronal Circuits and Behavior Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224-6823, USA
| | - Sarah Sarsfield
- Neuronal Circuits and Behavior Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224-6823, USA
| | - Yeka Aponte
- Neuronal Circuits and Behavior Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, 21224-6823, USA; The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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15
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Zong W, Wu R, Chen S, Wu J, Wang H, Zhao Z, Chen G, Tu R, Wu D, Hu Y, Xu Y, Wang Y, Duan Z, Wu H, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wang A, Chen L, Cheng H. Miniature two-photon microscopy for enlarged field-of-view, multi-plane and long-term brain imaging. Nat Methods 2021; 18:46-49. [PMID: 33408404 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-020-01024-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a miniature two-photon microscope equipped with an axial scanning mechanism and a long-working-distance miniature objective to enable multi-plane imaging over a volume of 420 × 420 × 180 μm3 at a lateral resolution of ~1 μm. Together with the detachable design that permits long-term recurring imaging, our miniature two-photon microscope can help decipher neuronal mechanisms in freely behaving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.,Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience and Centre for Neural Computation, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Runlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Shiyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Wu
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hanbin Wang
- Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Study, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Danlei Wu
- Beijing Transcend Vivoscope Biotech Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Beijing Transcend Vivoscope Biotech Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yangyang Xu
- Beijing Transcend Vivoscope Biotech Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Study, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuoli Duan
- Department of Neurology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haitao Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jue Zhang
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Study, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Aimin Wang
- Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication System and Networks, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Liangyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing, China.
| | - Heping Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Research Unit of Mitochondria in Brain Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PKU-Nanjing Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
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16
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Liang W, Park HC, Li K, Li A, Chen D, Guan H, Yue Y, Gau YTA, Bergles DE, Li MJ, Lu H, Li X. Throughput-Speed Product Augmentation for Scanning Fiber-Optic Two-Photon Endomicroscopy. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2020; 39:3779-3787. [PMID: 32746124 PMCID: PMC7773217 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2020.3005067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Compactness, among several others, is one unique and very attractive feature of a scanning fiber-optic two-photon endomicroscope. To increase the scanning area and the total number of resolvable pixels (i.e., the imaging throughput), it typically requires a longer cantilever which, however, leads to a much undesired, reduced scanning speed (and thus imaging frame rate). Herein we introduce a new design strategy for a fiber-optic scanning endomicroscope, where the overall numerical aperture (NA) or beam focusing power is distributed over two stages: 1) a mode-field focuser engineered at the tip of a double-clad fiber (DCF) cantilever to pre-amplify the single-mode core NA, and 2) a micro objective of a lower magnification (i.e., ∼ 2× in this design) to achieve final tight beam focusing. This new design enables either an ~9-fold increase in imaging area (throughput) or an ~3-fold improvement in imaging frame rate when compared to traditional fiber-optic endomicroscope designs. The performance of an as-designed endomicroscope of an enhanced throughput-speed product was demonstrated by two representative applications: (1) high-resolution imaging of an internal organ (i.e., mouse kidney) in vivo over a large field of view without using any fluorescent contrast agents, and (2) real-time neural imaging by visualizing dendritic calcium dynamics in vivo with sub-second temporal resolution in GCaMP6m-expressing mouse brain. This cascaded NA amplification strategy is universal and can be readily adapted to other types of fiber-optic scanners in compact linear or nonlinear endomicroscopes.
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17
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Chen S, Wang Z, Zhang D, Wang A, Chen L, Cheng H, Wu R. Miniature Fluorescence Microscopy for Imaging Brain Activity in Freely-Behaving Animals. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:1182-1190. [PMID: 32797396 PMCID: PMC7532237 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An ultimate goal of neuroscience is to decipher the principles underlying neuronal information processing at the molecular, cellular, circuit, and system levels. The advent of miniature fluorescence microscopy has furthered the quest by visualizing brain activities and structural dynamics in animals engaged in self-determined behaviors. In this brief review, we summarize recent advances in miniature fluorescence microscopy for neuroscience, focusing mostly on two mainstream solutions - miniature single-photon microscopy, and miniature two-photon microscopy. We discuss their technical advantages and limitations as well as unmet challenges for future improvement. Examples of preliminary applications are also presented to reflect on a new trend of brain imaging in experimental paradigms involving body movements, long and complex protocols, and even disease progression and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, PKU-Nanjing Institute of Translational Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zichen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, PKU-Nanjing Institute of Translational Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Academy of Advanced Interdisciplinary Study, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Aiming Wang
- Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication System and Networks, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Liangyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, PKU-Nanjing Institute of Translational Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Heping Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, PKU-Nanjing Institute of Translational Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Runlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, PKU-Nanjing Institute of Translational Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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18
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Hwang K, Seo YH, Kim DY, Ahn J, Lee S, Han KH, Lee KH, Jon S, Kim P, Yu KE, Kim H, Kang SH, Jeong KH. Handheld endomicroscope using a fiber-optic harmonograph enables real-time and in vivo confocal imaging of living cell morphology and capillary perfusion. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:72. [PMID: 34567682 PMCID: PMC8433427 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-00182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Confocal laser endomicroscopy provides high potential for noninvasive and in vivo optical biopsy at the cellular level. Here, we report a fully packaged handheld confocal endomicroscopic system for real-time, high-resolution, and in vivo cellular imaging using a Lissajous scanning fiber-optic harmonograph. The endomicroscopic system features an endomicroscopic probe with a fiber-optic harmonograph, a confocal microscope unit, and an image signal processor. The fiber-optic harmonograph contains a single mode fiber coupled with a quadrupole piezoelectric tube, which resonantly scans both axes at ~ 1 kHz to obtain a Lissajous pattern. The fiber-optic harmonograph was fully packaged into an endomicroscopic probe with an objective lens. The endomicroscopic probe was hygienically packaged for waterproofing and disinfection of medical instruments within a 2.6-mm outer diameter stainless tube capable of being inserted through the working channel of a clinical endoscope. The probe was further combined with the confocal microscope unit for indocyanine green imaging and the image signal processor for high frame rate and high density Lissajous scanning. The signal processing unit delivers driving signals for probe actuation and reconstructs confocal images using the auto phase matching process of Lissajous fiber scanners. The confocal endomicroscopic system was used to successfully obtain human in vitro fluorescent images and real-time ex vivo and in vivo fluorescent images of the living cell morphology and capillary perfusion inside a single mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungmin Hwang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST and KAIST Institute of Health Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- VPIX Medical, Inc, Deajeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Hyeon Seo
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST and KAIST Institute of Health Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel Y. Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST and KAIST Institute of Health Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyo Ahn
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, KAIST and KAIST Institute of Health Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST and KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | | | - Koun-Hee Lee
- VPIX Medical, Inc, Deajeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Jon
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST and KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Pilhan Kim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, KAIST and KAIST Institute of Health Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Kate E. Yu
- VPIX Medical, Inc, Deajeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungsin Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University Medicine, Seoul, 02842 Korea
| | - Shin-Hyuk Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University Medicine, Seoul, 02842 Korea
| | - Ki-Hun Jeong
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST and KAIST Institute of Health Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141 Republic of Korea
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19
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Malvaut S, Constantinescu VS, Dehez H, Doric S, Saghatelyan A. Deciphering Brain Function by Miniaturized Fluorescence Microscopy in Freely Behaving Animals. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:819. [PMID: 32848576 PMCID: PMC7432153 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal behavior is regulated by environmental stimuli and is shaped by the activity of neural networks, underscoring the importance of assessing the morpho-functional properties of different populations of cells in freely behaving animals. In recent years, a number of optical tools have been developed to monitor and modulate neuronal and glial activity at the protein, cellular, or network level and have opened up new avenues for studying brain function in freely behaving animals. Tools such as genetically encoded sensors and actuators are now commonly used for studying brain activity and function through their expression in different neuronal ensembles. In parallel, microscopy has also made major progress over the last decades. The advent of miniature microscopes (mini-microscopes also called mini-endoscopes) has become a method of choice for studying brain activity at the cellular and network levels in different brain regions of freely behaving mice. This technique also allows for longitudinal investigations while animals carrying the microscope on their head are performing behavioral tasks. In this review, we will discuss mini-endoscopic imaging and the advantages that these devices offer to research. We will also discuss current limitations of and potential future improvements in mini-endoscopic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Malvaut
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Universite Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Vlad-Stefan Constantinescu
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Universite Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | | | - Sead Doric
- Doric Lenses Inc., Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Armen Saghatelyan
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Universite Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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20
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Functional interrogation of neural circuits with virally transmitted optogenetic tools. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 345:108905. [PMID: 32795553 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The vertebrate brain comprises a plethora of cell types connected by intertwined pathways. Optogenetics enriches the neuroscientific tool set for disentangling these neuronal circuits in a manner which exceeds the spatio-temporal precision of previously existing techniques. Technically, optogenetics can be divided in three types of optical and genetic combinations: (1) it is primarily understood as the manipulation of the activity of genetically modified cells (typically neurons) with light, i.e. optical actuators. (2) A second combination refers to visualizing the activity of genetically modified cells (again typically neurons), i.e. optical sensors. (3) A completely different interpretation of optogenetics refers to the light activated expression of a genetically induced construct. Here, we focus on the first two types of optogenetics, i.e. the optical actuators and sensors in an attempt to give an overview into the topic. We first cover methods to express opsins into neurons and introduce strategies of targeting specific neuronal populations in different animal species. We then summarize combinations of optogenetics with behavioral read out and neuronal imaging. Finally, we give an overview of the current state-of-the-art and an outlook on future perspectives.
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21
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Mehidine H, Li M, Lendresse JF, Bouvet F, Xie H, Abi Haidar D. A Customized Two Photon Fluorescence Imaging Probe Based on 2D scanning MEMS Mirror Including Electrothermal Two-Level-Ladder Dual S-Shaped Actuators. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11070704. [PMID: 32708126 PMCID: PMC7408598 DOI: 10.3390/mi11070704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report the design and characterization of a two-photon fluorescence imaging miniature probe. This customized two-axis scanning probe is dedicated for intraoperative two-photon fluorescence imaging endomicroscopic use and is based on a micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) mirror with a high reflectivity plate and two-level-ladder double S-shaped electrothermal bimorph actuators. The fully assembled probe has a total outer diameter of 4 mm including all elements. With a two-lens configuration and a small aperture MEMS mirror, this probe can generate a large optical scan angle of 24° with 4 V drive voltage and can achieve a 450 µm FOV with a 2-fps frame rate. A uniform Pixel Dwell Time and a stable scanning speed along a raster pattern were demonstrated while a 57-fs pulse duration of the excitation beam was measured at the exit of the probe head. This miniature imaging probe will be coupled to a two-photon fluorescence endomicroscope oriented towards clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein Mehidine
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France; (H.M.); (J.-F.L.); (F.B.)
- Université de Paris, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Min Li
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology (SIBET) Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou 215163, China;
| | | | - Francoise Bouvet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France; (H.M.); (J.-F.L.); (F.B.)
| | - Huikai Xie
- School of Information and Electronics Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Darine Abi Haidar
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS/IN2P3, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France; (H.M.); (J.-F.L.); (F.B.)
- Université de Paris, IJCLab, 91405 Orsay, France
- Correspondence:
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22
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Park HC, Guan H, Li A, Yue Y, Li MJ, Lu H, Li X. High-speed fiber-optic scanning nonlinear endomicroscopy for imaging neuron dynamicsin vivo. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:3605-3608. [PMID: 32630910 PMCID: PMC7585368 DOI: 10.1364/ol.396023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fiber-optic-based two-photon fluorescence endomicroscopy is emerging as an enabling technology for in vivo histological imaging of internal organs and functional neuronal imaging on freely-behaving animals. However, high-speed imaging remains challenging due to the expense of miniaturization and lack of suited fast beam scanners. For many applications, a higher imaging speed is highly desired, especially for monitoring functional dynamics such as transient dendritic responses in neuroscience. This Letter reports the development of a fast fiber-optic scanning endo-microscope with an imaging speed higher than 26 frames/s. In vivo neural dynamics imaging with the high-speed endomicroscope was performed on a freely-behaving mouse over the primary motor cortex that expressed GCaMP6m. The results demonstrate its capability of real-time monitoring of transient neuronal dynamics with very fine temporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Cheol Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Honghua Guan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Yuanlei Yue
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Ming-Jun Li
- Science and Technology Division, Corning Incorporated, Corning, New York 14831, USA
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Xingde Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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23
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Zhou G, Lim ZH, Qi Y, Zhou G. Single-Pixel MEMS Imaging Systems. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E219. [PMID: 32093324 PMCID: PMC7074650 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Single-pixel imaging technology is an attractive technology considering the increasing demand of imagers that can operate in wavelengths where traditional cameras have limited efficiency. Meanwhile, the miniaturization of imaging systems is also desired to build affordable and portable devices for field applications. Therefore, single-pixel imaging systems based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) is an effective solution to develop truly miniaturized imagers, owing to their ability to integrate multiple functionalities within a small device. MEMS-based single-pixel imaging systems have mainly been explored in two research directions, namely the encoding-based approach and the scanning-based approach. The scanning method utilizes a variety of MEMS scanners to scan the target scenery and has potential applications in the biological imaging field. The encoding-based system typically employs MEMS modulators and a single-pixel detector to encode the light intensities of the scenery, and the images are constructed by harvesting the power of computational technology. This has the capability to capture non-visible images and 3D images. Thus, this review discusses the two approaches in detail, and their applications are also reviewed to evaluate the efficiency and advantages in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangcan Zhou
- Micro and Nano Systems Initiative, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore; (G.Z.); (Z.H.L.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Zi Heng Lim
- Micro and Nano Systems Initiative, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore; (G.Z.); (Z.H.L.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yi Qi
- Micro and Nano Systems Initiative, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore; (G.Z.); (Z.H.L.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Guangya Zhou
- Micro and Nano Systems Initiative, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore; (G.Z.); (Z.H.L.); (Y.Q.)
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24
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Allan-Rahill NH, Lamont MRE, Chilian WM, Nishimura N, Small DM. Intravital Microscopy of the Beating Murine Heart to Understand Cardiac Leukocyte Dynamics. Front Immunol 2020; 11:92. [PMID: 32117249 PMCID: PMC7010807 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of worldwide mortality. Intravital microscopy has provided unprecedented insight into leukocyte biology by enabling the visualization of dynamic responses within living organ systems at the cell-scale. The heart presents a uniquely dynamic microenvironment driven by periodic, synchronous electrical conduction leading to rhythmic contractions of cardiomyocytes, and phasic coronary blood flow. In addition to functions shared throughout the body, immune cells have specific functions in the heart including tissue-resident macrophage-facilitated electrical conduction and rapid monocyte infiltration upon injury. Leukocyte responses to cardiac pathologies, including myocardial infarction and heart failure, have been well-studied using standard techniques, however, certain questions related to spatiotemporal relationships remain unanswered. Intravital imaging techniques could greatly benefit our understanding of the complexities of in vivo leukocyte behavior within cardiac tissue, but these techniques have been challenging to apply. Different approaches have been developed including high frame rate imaging of the beating heart, explantation models, micro-endoscopy, and mechanical stabilization coupled with various acquisition schemes to overcome challenges specific to the heart. The field of cardiac science has only begun to benefit from intravital microscopy techniques. The current focused review presents an overview of leukocyte responses in the heart, recent developments in intravital microscopy for the murine heart, and a discussion of future developments and applications for cardiovascular immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel H Allan-Rahill
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Michael R E Lamont
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - William M Chilian
- Department of Integrative Medical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH, United States
| | - Nozomi Nishimura
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - David M Small
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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25
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Nelson NA, Wang X, Cook D, Carey EM, Nimmerjahn A. Imaging spinal cord activity in behaving animals. Exp Neurol 2019; 320:112974. [PMID: 31175843 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.112974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The spinal cord is the primary neurological link between the brain and peripheral organs. How important it is in everyday life is apparent in patients with spinal cord injury or motoneuron disease, who have dramatically reduced musculoskeletal control or capacity to sense their environment. Despite its crucial role in sensory and motor processing little is known about the cellular and molecular signaling events that underlie spinal cord function under naturalistic conditions. While genetic, electrophysiological, pharmacological, and circuit tracing studies have revealed important roles for different molecularly defined neurons, these approaches insufficiently describe the moment-to-moment neuronal and non-neuronal activity patterns that underlie sensory-guided motor behaviors in health and disease. The recent development of imaging methods for real-time interrogation of cellular activity in the spinal cord of behaving mice has removed longstanding technical obstacles to spinal cord research and allowed new insight into how different cell types encode sensory information from mechanoreceptors and nociceptors in the skin. Here, we review the current state-of-the-art in interrogating cellular and microcircuit function in the spinal cord of behaving mammals and discuss current opportunities and technological challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Nelson
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Biologial Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Xiang Wang
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniela Cook
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Erin M Carey
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Axel Nimmerjahn
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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26
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Pernici CD, Kemp BS, Murray TA. Time course images of cellular injury and recovery in murine brain with high-resolution GRIN lens system. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7946. [PMID: 31138885 PMCID: PMC6538613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44174-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Time course, in vivo imaging of brain cells is crucial to fully understand the progression of secondary cellular damage and recovery in murine models of injury. We have combined high-resolution gradient index lens technology with a model of diffuse axonal injury in rodents to enable repeated visualization of fine features of individual cells in three-dimensional space over several weeks. For example, we recorded changes in morphology in the same axons in the external capsule numerous times over 30 to 60 days, before and after induced traumatic brain injury. We observed the expansion of secondary injury and limited recovery of individual axons in this subcortical white matter tract over time. In another application, changes in microglial activation state were visualized in the penumbra region of mice before and after ischemia induced by middle carotid artery occlusion. The ability to collect a series of high-resolution images of cellular features of the same cells pre- and post-injury enables a unique opportunity to study the progression of damage, spontaneous healing, and effects of therapeutics in mouse models of neurodegenerative disease and brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea D Pernici
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana, USA
| | - Benjamin S Kemp
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana, USA
| | - Teresa A Murray
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana, USA.
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27
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Microstructured Optical Waveguide-Based Endoscopic Probe Coated with Silica Submicron Particles. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12091424. [PMID: 31052408 PMCID: PMC6539507 DOI: 10.3390/ma12091424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microstructured optical waveguides (MOW) are of great interest for chemical and biological sensing. Due to the high overlap between a guiding light mode and an analyte filling of one or several fiber capillaries, such systems are able to provide strong sensitivity with respect to variations in the refractive index and the thickness of filling materials. Here, we introduce a novel type of functionalized MOWs whose capillaries are coated by a layer-by-layer (LBL) approach, enabling the alternate deposition of silica particles (SiO2) at different diameters—300 nm, 420 nm, and 900 nm—and layers of poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA). We demonstrate up to three covering bilayers consisting of 300-nm silica particles. Modifications in the MOW transmission spectrum induced by coating are measured and analyzed. The proposed technique of MOW functionalization allows one to reach novel sensing capabilities, including an increase in the effective sensing area and the provision of a convenient scaffold for the attachment of long molecules such as proteins.
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28
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Morova B, Bavili N, Yaman O, Yigit B, Zeybel M, Aydın M, Dogan B, Kasztelanic R, Pysz D, Buczynski R, Kiraz A. Fabrication and characterization of large numerical aperture, high-resolution optical fiber bundles based on high-contrast pairs of soft glasses for fluorescence imaging. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:9502-9515. [PMID: 31045101 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.009502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication and characterization of flexible optical fiber bundles (FBs) with in-house synthesized high-index and low-index thermally matched glasses are presented. The FBs composed of around 15000 single-core fibers with pixel sizes between 1.1 and 10 μm are fabricated using the stack-and-draw technique from sets of thermally matched zirconium-silicate ZR3, borosilicate SK222, sodium-silicate K209, and F2 glasses. With high refractive index contrast pair of glasses ZR3/SK222 and K209/F2, FBs with numerical apertures (NAs) of 0.53 and 0.59 are obtained, respectively. Among the studied glass materials, ZR3, SK222, and K209 are in-house synthesized, while F2 is commercially acquired. Seven different FBs with varying pixel sizes and bundle diameters are characterized. Brightfield imaging of a micro-ruler and a Convallaria majalis sample and fluorescence imaging of a dye-stained paper tissue and a cirrhotic mice liver tissue are demonstrated using these FBs, demonstrating their good potential for microendoscopic imaging. Brightfield and fluorescence imaging performance of the studied FBs are compared. For both sets of glass compositions, good imaging performance is observed for FBs, with core diameter and core-to-core distance values larger than 1.6 μm and 2.3 μm, respectively. FBs fabricated with K209/F2 glass pairs revealed better performance in fluorescence imaging due to their higher NA of 0.59.
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29
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Kim DY, Hwang K, Ahn J, Seo YH, Kim JB, Lee S, Yoon JH, Kong E, Jeong Y, Jon S, Kim P, Jeong KH. Lissajous Scanning Two-photon Endomicroscope for In vivo Tissue Imaging. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3560. [PMID: 30837501 PMCID: PMC6401070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38762-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An endomicroscope opens new frontiers of non-invasive biopsy for in vivo imaging applications. Here we report two-photon laser scanning endomicroscope for in vivo cellular and tissue imaging using a Lissajous fiber scanner. The fiber scanner consists of a piezoelectric (PZT) tube, a single double-clad fiber (DCF) with high fluorescence collection, and a micro-tethered-silicon-oscillator (MTSO) for the separation of biaxial resonant scanning frequencies. The endomicroscopic imaging exhibits 5 frames/s with 99% in scanning density by using the selection rule of scanning frequencies. The endomicroscopic scanner was compactly packaged within a stainless tube of 2.6 mm in diameter with a high NA gradient-index (GRIN) lens, which can be easily inserted into the working channel of a conventional laparoscope. The lateral and axial resolutions of the endomicroscope are 0.70 µm and 7.6 μm, respectively. Two-photon fluorescence images of a stained kidney section and miscellaneous ex vivo and in vivo organs from wild type and green fluorescent protein transgenic (GFP-TG) mice were successfully obtained by using the endomicroscope. The endomicroscope also obtained label free images including autofluorescence and second-harmonic generation of an ear tissue of Thy1-GCaMP6 (GP5.17) mouse. The Lissajous scanning two-photon endomicroscope can provide a compact handheld platform for in vivo tissue imaging or optical biopsy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Youngsuk Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,KAIST Institute of Health science and technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungmin Hwang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,KAIST Institute of Health science and technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyo Ahn
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,KAIST Institute of Health science and technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Hyeon Seo
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,KAIST Institute of Health science and technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Beom Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,KAIST Institute of Health science and technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hui Yoon
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,KAIST Institute of Health science and technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Kong
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,KAIST Institute of Health science and technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Jeong
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,KAIST Institute of Health science and technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Jon
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,KAIST Institute for the BioCentury, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilhan Kim
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,KAIST Institute of Health science and technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hun Jeong
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,KAIST Institute of Health science and technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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30
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Anderson HE, Weir RFF. On the development of optical peripheral nerve interfaces. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:425-436. [PMID: 30539808 PMCID: PMC6334609 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.245461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb loss and spinal cord injury are two debilitating conditions that continue to grow in prevalence. Prosthetic limbs and limb reanimation present two ways of providing affected individuals with means to interact in the world. These techniques are both dependent on a robust interface with the peripheral nerve. Current methods for interfacing with the peripheral nerve tend to suffer from low specificity, high latency and insufficient robustness for a chronic implant. An optical peripheral nerve interface may solve some of these problems by decreasing invasiveness and providing single axon specificity. In order to implement such an interface three elements are required: (1) a transducer capable of translating light into a neural stimulus or translating neural activity into changes in fluorescence, (2) a means for delivering said transducer and (3) a microscope for providing the stimulus light and detecting the fluorescence change. There are continued improvements in both genetically encoded calcium and voltage indicators as well as new optogenetic actuators for stimulation. Similarly, improvements in specificity of viral vectors continue to improve expression in the axons of the peripheral nerve. Our work has recently shown that it is possible to virally transduce axons of the peripheral nerve for recording from small fibers. The improvements of these components make an optical peripheral nerve interface a rapidly approaching alternative to current methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans E. Anderson
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Richard F. ff. Weir
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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31
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Wei L, Yin C, Fujita Y, Sanai N, Liu JT. Handheld line-scanned dual-axis confocal microscope with pistoned MEMS actuation for flat-field fluorescence imaging. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:671-674. [PMID: 30702707 PMCID: PMC7723749 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.000671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A handheld line-scanned dual-axis confocal (LS-DAC) microscope has been developed for high-speed (16 frames/s) fluorescence imaging of tissues with sub-nuclear resolution. This is the first miniature fluorescence LS-DAC system that has been fully packaged for handheld clinical use on patients. A novel micro-electro-mechanical system scanning mechanism, with synchronized tilting and pistoning, is used to achieve flat-field en face imaging. We show that this facilitates video mosaicking to generate images that sample an extended lateral field of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linpeng Wei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Chengbo Yin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Yoko Fujita
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013 USA
| | - Nader Sanai
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ 85013 USA
| | - Jonathan T.C. Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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32
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MEMS Actuators for Optical Microendoscopy. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10020085. [PMID: 30682852 PMCID: PMC6412441 DOI: 10.3390/mi10020085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Growing demands for affordable, portable, and reliable optical microendoscopic imaging devices are attracting research institutes and industries to find new manufacturing methods. However, the integration of microscopic components into these subsystems is one of today's challenges in manufacturing and packaging. Together with this kind of miniaturization more and more functional parts have to be accommodated in ever smaller spaces. Therefore, solving this challenge with the use of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication technology has opened the promising opportunities in enabling a wide variety of novel optical microendoscopy to be miniaturized. MEMS fabrication technology enables abilities to apply batch fabrication methods with high-precision and to include a wide variety of optical functionalities to the optical components. As a result, MEMS technology has enabled greater accessibility to advance optical microendoscopy technology to provide high-resolution and high-performance imaging matching with traditional table-top microscopy. In this review the latest advancements of MEMS actuators for optical microendoscopy will be discussed in detail.
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33
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Aharoni D, Khakh BS, Silva AJ, Golshani P. All the light that we can see: a new era in miniaturized microscopy. Nat Methods 2019; 16:11-13. [PMID: 30573833 PMCID: PMC8320687 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-018-0266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
One major challenge in neuroscience is to uncover how defined neural circuits in the brain encode, store, modify, and retrieve information. Meeting this challenge comprehensively requires tools capable of recording and manipulating the activity of intact neural networks in naturally behaving animals. Head-mounted miniature microscopes are emerging as a key tool to address this challenge. Here we discuss recent work leading to the miniaturization of neural imaging tools, the current state of the art in this field, and the importance and necessity of open-source options. We finish with a discussion on what the future may hold for miniature microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Aharoni
- Department of Neurology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Baljit S Khakh
- Departments of Physiology & Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alcino J Silva
- Departments of Neurobiology and Psychology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peyman Golshani
- Department of Neurology, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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34
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Schulz-Hildebrandt H, Pfeiffer T, Eixmann T, Lohmann S, Ahrens M, Rehra J, Draxinger W, König P, Huber R, Hüttmann G. High-speed fiber scanning endoscope for volumetric multi-megahertz optical coherence tomography. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:4386-4389. [PMID: 30211870 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.004386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a forward-viewing fiber scanning endoscope (FSE) for high-speed volumetric optical coherence tomography (OCT). The reduction in size of the probe was achieved by substituting the focusing optics by an all-fiber-based imaging system which consists of a combination of scanning single-mode fibers, a glass spacer, made from a step-index multi-mode fiber, and a gradient-index fiber. A lateral resolution of 11 μm was achieved at a working distance of 1.2 mm. The newly designed piezo-based FSE has an outer diameter of 1.6 mm and a rigid length of 13.5 mm. By moving the whole imaging optic in spirals for scanning the sample, the beam quality remains constant over the entire field of view with a diameter of 0.8 mm. The scanning frequency was adjusted to 1.22 kHz for use with a 3.28 MHz Fourier domain mode locked OCT system. Densely sampled volumes have been imaged at a rate of 6 volumes per second.
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35
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Arbabi E, Li J, Hutchins RJ, Kamali SM, Arbabi A, Horie Y, Van Dorpe P, Gradinaru V, Wagenaar DA, Faraon A. Two-Photon Microscopy with a Double-Wavelength Metasurface Objective Lens. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:4943-4948. [PMID: 30016110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon microscopy is a key imaging technique in life sciences due to its superior deep-tissue imaging capabilities. Light-weight and compact two-photon microscopes are of great interest because of their applications for in vivo deep brain imaging. Recently, dielectric metasurfaces have enabled a new category of small and lightweight optical elements, including objective lenses. Here we experimentally demonstrate two-photon microscopy using a double-wavelength metasurface lens. It is specifically designed to focus 820 and 605 nm light, corresponding to the excitation and emission wavelengths of the measured fluorophors, to the same focal distance. The captured two-photon images are qualitatively comparable to the ones taken by a conventional objective lens. Our metasurface lens can enable ultracompact two-photon microscopes with similar performance compared to current systems that are usually based on graded-index-lenses. In addition, further development of tunable metasurface lenses will enable fast axial scanning for volumetric imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Arbabi
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Jiaqi Li
- IMEC , Kapeldreef 75 , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200 D , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Romanus J Hutchins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Missouri Columbia , Columbia , Missouri 65211 , United States
| | - Seyedeh Mahsa Kamali
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Amir Arbabi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Massachusetts Amherst , 151 Holdsworth Way , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Yu Horie
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Pol Van Dorpe
- IMEC , Kapeldreef 75 , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200 D , B-3001 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Daniel A Wagenaar
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Andrei Faraon
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
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Wang S, Chen X, Wu W, Chen Z, Du H, Wang X, Fu YV, Hu L, Chen J. Rapid, label-free identification of cerebellar structures using multiphoton microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:1617-1626. [PMID: 28464515 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum is the prominent laminar structure of the mammalian brain that has been implicated in various psychiatric and neurological diseases. Although clinical brain imaging techniques have provided precise anatomic images of cerebellar structures, a definitive diagnosis still requires adequate resolution to identify individual layers in cerebellar cortex, the extent of tumor, even requires the histological tissue examination during surgical procedures. In this study, multiphoton microscopy (MPM), based on second harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF), was perform on the rat cerebellar structures and pathology with the combination of image analysis methods. Results show that MPM can reveal the cerebellar vermis, hemispheres, medulla, and ventricle, as well as axon bundles, Purkinje cells, capillaries, and the pia mater of the cerebellum. Together with custom-developed image processing algorithms, MPM could further differentiate between the gray and white matter, as well as evaluate the Purkinje cell layer, identify the cerebellar tumor boundary, and distinguish between the tumor core and peritumor regions. Our results establish a direct visualization and rapid assessment approach for the cerebellar structures, as well as suggest the feasibility of in vivo multiphoton microendoscopes and fiberscopes as clinical tools for neuropathological diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wang
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, P. R. China
| | - Xiuqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Weilin Wu
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, P. R. China
| | - Zhida Chen
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, P. R. China
| | - Huiping Du
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, P. R. China
| | - Xingfu Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, P. R. China
| | - Yu Vincent Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Liwen Hu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, P. R. China
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Hwang K, Seo YH, Ahn J, Kim P, Jeong KH. Frequency selection rule for high definition and high frame rate Lissajous scanning. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14075. [PMID: 29074842 PMCID: PMC5658369 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13634-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lissajous microscanners are very attractive in compact laser scanning applications such as endomicroscopy or pro-projection display owing to high mechanical stability and low operating voltages. The scanning frequency serves as a critical factor for determining the scanning imaging quality. Here we report the selection rule of scanning frequencies that can realize high definition and high frame-rate (HDHF) full-repeated Lissajous scanning imaging. The fill factor (FF) monotonically increases with the total lobe number of a Lissajous curve, i.e., the sum of scanning frequencies divided by the great common divisor (GCD) of bi-axial scanning frequencies. The frames per second (FPS), called the pattern repeated rate or the frame rate, linearly increases with GCD. HDHF Lissajous scanning is achieved at the bi-axial scanning frequencies, where the GCD has the maximum value among various sets of the scanning frequencies satisfying the total lobe number for a target FF. Based on this selection rule, the experimental results clearly demonstrate that conventional Lissajous scanners substantially increase both FF and FPS by slightly modulating the scanning frequencies at near the resonance within the resonance bandwidth of a Lissajous scanner. This selection rule provides a new guideline for HDHF Lissajous scanning in compact laser scanning systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungmin Hwang
- Department of bio and brain engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health science and technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Hyeon Seo
- Department of bio and brain engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health science and technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyo Ahn
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health science and technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilhan Kim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health science and technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hun Jeong
- Department of bio and brain engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for Health science and technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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The brain during free movement - What can we learn from the animal model. Brain Res 2017; 1716:3-15. [PMID: 28893579 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Animals, just like humans, can freely move. They do so for various important reasons, such as finding food and escaping predators. Observing these behaviors can inform us about the underlying cognitive processes. In addition, while humans can convey complicated information easily through speaking, animals need to move their bodies to communicate. This has prompted many creative solutions by animal neuroscientists to enable studying the brain during movement. In this review, we first summarize how animal researchers record from the brain while an animal is moving, by describing the most common neural recording techniques in animals and how they were adapted to record during movement. We further discuss the challenge of controlling or monitoring sensory input during free movement. However, not only is free movement a necessity to reflect the outcome of certain internal cognitive processes in animals, it is also a fascinating field of research since certain crucial behavioral patterns can only be observed and studied during free movement. Therefore, in a second part of the review, we focus on some key findings in animal research that specifically address the interaction between free movement and brain activity. First, focusing on walking as a fundamental form of free movement, we discuss how important such intentional movements are for understanding processes as diverse as spatial navigation, active sensing, and complex motor planning. Second, we propose the idea of regarding free movement as the expression of a behavioral state. This view can help to understand the general influence of movement on brain function. Together, the technological advancements towards recording from the brain during movement, and the scientific questions asked about the brain engaged in movement, make animal research highly valuable to research into the human "moving brain".
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Qiu Z, Piyawattanamatha W. New Endoscopic Imaging Technology Based on MEMS Sensors and Actuators. MICROMACHINES 2017; 8:mi8070210. [PMID: 30400401 PMCID: PMC6190023 DOI: 10.3390/mi8070210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, optical fiber-based forms of microscopy and endoscopy have extended the realm of applicability for many imaging modalities. Optical fiber-based imaging modalities permit the use of remote illumination sources and enable flexible forms supporting the creation of portable and hand-held imaging instrumentations to interrogate within hollow tissue cavities. A common challenge in the development of such devices is the design and integration of miniaturized optical and mechanical components. Until recently, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) sensors and actuators have been playing a key role in shaping the miniaturization of these components. This is due to the precision mechanics of MEMS, microfabrication techniques, and optical functionality enabling a wide variety of movable and tunable mirrors, lenses, filters, and other optical structures. Many promising results from MEMS based optical fiber endoscopy have demonstrated great potentials for clinical translation. In this article, reviews of MEMS sensors and actuators for various fiber-optical endoscopy such as fluorescence, optical coherence tomography, confocal, photo-acoustic, and two-photon imaging modalities will be discussed. This advanced MEMS based optical fiber endoscopy can provide cellular and molecular features with deep tissue penetration enabling guided resections and early cancer assessment to better treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qiu
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Wibool Piyawattanamatha
- Departments of Biomedical and Electronics Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand.
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Matz G, Messerschmidt B, Göbel W, Filser S, Betz CS, Kirsch M, Uckermann O, Kunze M, Flämig S, Ehrhardt A, Irion KM, Haack M, Dorostkar MM, Herms J, Gross H. Chip-on-the-tip compact flexible endoscopic epifluorescence video-microscope for in-vivo imaging in medicine and biomedical research. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:3329-3342. [PMID: 28717570 PMCID: PMC5508831 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.003329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a 60 mg light video-endomicroscope with a cylindrical shape of the rigid tip of only 1.6 mm diameter and 6.7 mm length. A novel implementation method of the illumination unit in the endomicroscope is presented. It allows for the illumination of the biological sample with fiber-coupled LED light at 455 nm and the imaging of the red-shifted fluorescence light above 500 nm in epi-direction. A large numerical aperture of 0.7 leads to a sub-cellular resolution and yields to high-contrast images within a field of view of 160 μm. A miniaturized chip-on-the-tip CMOS image sensor with more than 150,000 pixels captures the multicolor images at 30 fps. Considering size, plug-and-play capability, optical performance, flexibility and weight, we hence present a probe which sets a new benchmark in the field of epifluorescence endomicroscopes. Several ex-vivo and in-vivo experiments in rodents and humans suggest future application in biomedical fields, especially in the neuroscience community, as well as in medical applications targeting optical biopsies or the detection of cellular anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Matz
- GRINTECH GmbH, Schillerstrasse 1, 07743 Jena,
Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, FSU Jena, Fürstengraben 1, 07737 Jena,
Germany
| | | | - Werner Göbel
- KARL STORZ GmbH & Co. KG, Mittelstrasse 8, 78532 Tuttlingen,
Germany
| | - Severin Filser
- LMU Munich, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 Munich,
Germany
| | | | - Matthias Kirsch
- Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden,
Germany
| | - Ortrud Uckermann
- Neurosurgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307 Dresden,
Germany
| | - Marcel Kunze
- GRINTECH GmbH, Schillerstrasse 1, 07743 Jena,
Germany
| | - Sven Flämig
- GRINTECH GmbH, Schillerstrasse 1, 07743 Jena,
Germany
| | - André Ehrhardt
- KARL STORZ GmbH & Co. KG, Mittelstrasse 8, 78532 Tuttlingen,
Germany
| | | | - Mareike Haack
- Klinikum Großhadern, Marchioninistr. 13, 81377 Munich,
Germany
| | | | - Jochen Herms
- LMU Munich, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 Munich,
Germany
| | - Herbert Gross
- Institute of Applied Physics, FSU Jena, Fürstengraben 1, 07737 Jena,
Germany
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41
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Duan X, Li H, Li X, Oldham KR, Wang TD. Axial beam scanning in multiphoton microscopy with MEMS-based actuator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:2195-2205. [PMID: 29519067 PMCID: PMC5772401 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.002195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a remotely located microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) actuator that can translate >400 μm to perform axial beam scanning in a multiphoton microscope. We use a 2-dimensional MEMS mirror for lateral scanning, and collected multiphoton excited fluorescence images in either the horizontal or vertical plane with a field-of-view of either 270 × 270 or 270 × 200 μm2, respectively, at 5 frames per second. Axial resolution varied from 4.5 to 7 μm over the scan range. The compact size of the actuator and scanner allows for use in an endomicroscope to collect images in the vertical plane with >200 μm depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyu Duan
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Haijun Li
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xue Li
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kenn R. Oldham
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas D. Wang
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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42
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Liang W, Hall G, Messerschmidt B, Li MJ, Li X. Nonlinear optical endomicroscopy for label-free functional histology in vivo. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2017; 6:e17082-. [PMID: 29854567 PMCID: PMC5972527 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript reports on the first two-photon, label-free, metabolic imaging of biological tissues in vivo at histological resolution on an extremely compact, fiber-optic endomicroscopy platform. This system provides new opportunities for performing non-invasive and functional histological imaging of internal organs in vivo, in situ and in real time. As a routine clinical procedure, traditional histology has made significant impacts on medicine. However, the procedure is invasive and time consuming, suffers random sampling errors, and cannot provide in vivo functional information. The technology reported here features an extremely compact and flexible fiber-optic probe ~2 mm in diameter, enabling direct access to internal organs. Unprecedented two-photon imaging quality comparable to a large bench-top laser scanning microscope was achieved through technological innovations in double-clad fiber optics and miniature objective lenses (among many others). In addition to real-time label-free visualization of biological tissues in situ with subcellular histological detail, we demonstrated for the first time in vivo two-photon endomicroscopic metabolic imaging on a functioning mouse kidney model. Such breakthroughs in nonlinear endoscopic imaging capability present numerous promising opportunities for paradigm-shifting applications in both clinical diagnosis and basic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxuan Liang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gunnsteinn Hall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Ming-Jun Li
- Science and Technology Division, Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY 14831, USA
| | - Xingde Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- E-mail:
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43
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Bowen P, Erkintalo M, Provo R, Harvey JD, Broderick NGR. Mode-locked Yb-doped fiber laser emitting broadband pulses at ultralow repetition rates. OPTICS LETTERS 2016; 41:5270-5273. [PMID: 27842110 DOI: 10.1364/ol.41.005270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on an environmentally stable, Yb-doped, all-normal dispersion, mode-locked fiber laser that is capable of creating broadband pulses with ultralow repetition rates. Specifically, through careful positioning of fiber sections in an all-PM-fiber cavity mode-locked with a nonlinear amplifying loop mirror, we achieve stable pulse trains with repetition rates as low as 506 kHz. The pulses have several nanojules of energy and are compressible down to ultrashort (<500 fs) durations.
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Wang Y, Li Z, Liang X, Fu L. Four-plate piezoelectric actuator driving a large-diameter special optical fiber for nonlinear optical microendoscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 24:19949-19960. [PMID: 27557270 DOI: 10.1364/oe.24.019949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In nonlinear optical microendoscope (NOME), a fiber with excellent optical characteristics and a miniature scanning mechanism at the distal end are two key components. Double-clad fibers (DCFs) and double-clad photonic crystal fibers (DCPCFs) have shown great optical characteristics but limited vibration amplitude due to large diameter. Besides reducing the damping of fiber cantilever, optimizing the structural of the actuator for lower energy dissipation also contributes to better driving capability. This paper presented an optimized actuator for driving a particular fiber cantilever in the view point of energy. Firstly, deformation energy of a bending fiber cantilever operating in resonant mode is investigated. Secondly, strain and stress analyses revealed that the four-plate actuator achieved lower energy dissipation. Then, finite-element simulations showed that the large-diameter fiber yielded an adequate vibration amplitude driven by a four-plate actuator, which was confirmed by experiments of our home-made four-plate actuator prototypes. Additionally, a NOME based on a DCPCF with a diameter of 350 μm driven by four-plate piezoelectric actuator has been developed. The NOME can excite and collect intrinsic second-harmonic and two-photon fluorescence signals with the excitation power of 10-30 mW and an adequate field of view of 200 μm, which suggest great potential applications in neuroscience and clinical diagnoses.
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45
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Sherlock B, Yu F, Stone J, Warren S, Paterson C, Neil MAA, French PMW, Knight J, Dunsby C. Tunable fibre-coupled multiphoton microscopy with a negative curvature fibre. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:715-720. [PMID: 26989868 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Negative curvature fibre (NCF) guides light in its core by inhibiting the coupling of core and cladding modes. In this work, an NCF was designed and fabricated to transmit ultrashort optical pulses for multiphoton microscopy with low group velocity dispersion (GVD) at 800 nm. Its attenuation was measured to be <0.3 dB m(-1) over the range 600-850 nm and the GVD was -180 ± 70 fs(2) m(-1) at 800 nm. Using an average fibre output power of ∼20 mW and pulse repetition rate of 80 MHz, the NCF enabled pulses with a duration of <200 fs to be transmitted through a length of 1.5 m of fibre over a tuning range of 180 nm without the need for dispersion compensation. In a 4 m fibre, temporal and spectral pulse widths were maintained to within 10% of low power values up to the maximum fibre output power achievable with the laser system used of 278 mW at 700 nm, 808 mW at 800 nm and 420 mW at 860 nm. When coupled to a multiphoton microscope, it enabled imaging of ex vivo tissue using excitation wavelengths from 740 nm to 860 nm without any need for adjustments to the set-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Sherlock
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Jim Stone
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Sean Warren
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Carl Paterson
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mark A A Neil
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Paul M W French
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Jonathan Knight
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Chris Dunsby
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Centre for Histopathology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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46
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Huang L, Merson TD, Bourne JA. In vivo whole brain, cellular and molecular imaging in nonhuman primate models of neuropathology. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 66:104-18. [PMID: 27151822 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rodents have been the principal model to study brain anatomy and function due to their well-mapped brain architecture, rapid reproduction and amenability to genetic modification. However, there are clear limitations, for example their simpler neocortex, necessitating the need to adopt a model that is closer to humans in order to understand human cognition and brain conditions. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) are ideally suited as they are our closest relatives in the animal kingdom but in vivo imaging technologies to study brain structure and function in these species can be challenging. With the surge in NHP research in recent years, scientists have begun adapting imaging technologies, such as two-photon microscopy, for these species. Here we review the various NHP models that exist as well as their use in advanced microscopic and mesoscopic studies. We discuss the challenges in the field and investigate the opportunities that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieven Huang
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tobias D Merson
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - James A Bourne
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, 15 Innovation Walk, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Tate TH, Baggett B, Rice PFS, Koevary JW, Orsinger GV, Nymeyer AC, Welge WA, Saboda K, Roe DJ, Hatch KD, Chambers SK, Utzinger U, Barton JK. Multispectral fluorescence imaging of human ovarian and fallopian tube tissue for early-stage cancer detection. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2016; 21:56005. [PMID: 27220626 PMCID: PMC5996865 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.5.056005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
With early detection, 5-year survival rates for ovarian cancer exceed 90%, yet no effective early screening method exists. Emerging consensus suggests over 50% of the most lethal form of the disease originates in the fallopian tube. Twenty-eight women undergoing oophorectomy or debulking surgery provided informed consent for the use of surgical discard tissue samples for multispectral fluorescence imaging. Using multiple ultraviolet and visible excitation wavelengths and emissions bands, 12 fluorescence and 6 reflectance images of 47 ovarian and 31 fallopian tube tissue samples were recorded. After imaging, each sample was fixed, sectioned, and stained for pathological evaluation. Univariate logistic regression showed cancerous tissue samples had significantly lower intensity than noncancerous tissue for 17 image types. The predictive power of multiple image types was evaluated using multivariate logistic regression (MLR) and quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA). Two MLR models each using two image types had receiver operating characteristic curves with area under the curve exceeding 0.9. QDA determined 56 image type combinations with perfect resubstituting using as few as five image types. Adaption of the system for future in vivo fallopian tube and ovary endoscopic imaging is possible, which may enable sensitive detection of ovarian cancer with no exogenous contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler H. Tate
- University of Arizona, College of Optical Sciences, 1630 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Brenda Baggett
- University of Arizona, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1657 East Helen Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Photini F. S. Rice
- University of Arizona, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1657 East Helen Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jennifer Watson Koevary
- University of Arizona, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1657 East Helen Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Gabriel V. Orsinger
- University of Arizona, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1657 East Helen Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Ariel C. Nymeyer
- University of Arizona, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1657 East Helen Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Weston A. Welge
- University of Arizona, College of Optical Sciences, 1630 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Kathylynn Saboda
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
| | - Denise J. Roe
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
| | - Kenneth D. Hatch
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
| | - Setsuko K. Chambers
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, 1515 North Campbell Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
| | - Urs Utzinger
- University of Arizona, College of Optical Sciences, 1630 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- University of Arizona, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1657 East Helen Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jennifer Kehlet Barton
- University of Arizona, College of Optical Sciences, 1630 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
- University of Arizona, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1657 East Helen Street, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Ducourthial G, Leclerc P, Mansuryan T, Fabert M, Brevier J, Habert R, Braud F, Batrin R, Vever-Bizet C, Bourg-Heckly G, Thiberville L, Druilhe A, Kudlinski A, Louradour F. Development of a real-time flexible multiphoton microendoscope for label-free imaging in a live animal. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18303. [PMID: 26673905 PMCID: PMC4682136 DOI: 10.1038/srep18303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a two-photon microendoscope capable of in vivo label-free deep-tissue high-resolution fast imaging through a very long optical fiber. First, an advanced light-pulse spectro-temporal shaping device optimally precompensates for linear and nonlinear distortions occurring during propagation within the endoscopic fiber. This enables the delivery of sub-40-fs duration infrared excitation pulses at the output of 5 meters of fiber. Second, the endoscopic fiber is a custom-made double-clad polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber specifically designed to optimize the imaging resolution and the intrinsic luminescence backward collection. Third, a miniaturized fiber-scanner of 2.2 mm outer diameter allows simultaneous second harmonic generation (SHG) and two-photon excited autofluorescence (TPEF) imaging at 8 frames per second. This microendoscope’s transverse and axial resolutions amount respectively to 0.8 μm and 12 μm, with a field-of-view as large as 450 μm. This microendoscope’s unprecedented capabilities are validated during label-free imaging, ex vivo on various fixed human tissue samples, and in vivo on an anesthetized mouse kidney demonstrating an imaging penetration depth greater than 300 μm below the surface of the organ. The results reported in this manuscript confirm that nonlinear microendoscopy can become a valuable clinical tool for real-time in situ assessment of pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marc Fabert
- XLIM, UMR-CNRS 7252, Université de Limoges, France
| | | | - Rémi Habert
- PhLAM, UMR-CNRS 8523, Université Lille I, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Flavie Braud
- PhLAM, UMR-CNRS 8523, Université Lille I, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | | | - Christine Vever-Bizet
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 06, LJP, F-75005 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8237, LJP, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Geneviève Bourg-Heckly
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 06, LJP, F-75005 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8237, LJP, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Luc Thiberville
- Laboratoire LITIS-QuantIF, EA 4108, Clinique Pneumologique, CHU de Rouen, France
| | - Anne Druilhe
- CRIBL, UMR-CNRS 7276, Université de Limoges, France
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Tang Q, Tsytsarev V, Liang CP, Akkentli F, Erzurumlu RS, Chen Y. In Vivo Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging of Subcortical Brain Function. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17325. [PMID: 26612326 PMCID: PMC4661443 DOI: 10.1038/srep17325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The whisker system of rodents is an excellent model to study peripherally evoked neural activity in the brain. Discrete neural modules represent each whisker in the somatosensory cortex (“barrels”), thalamus (“barreloids”), and brain stem (“barrelettes”). Stimulation of a single whisker evokes neural activity sequentially in its corresponding barrelette, barreloid, and barrel. Conventional optical imaging of functional activation in the brain is limited to surface structures such as the cerebral cortex. To access subcortical structures and image sensory-evoked neural activity, we designed a needle-based optical system using gradient-index (GRIN) rod lens. We performed voltage-sensitive dye imaging (VSDi) with GRIN rod lens to visualize neural activity evoked in the thalamic barreloids by deflection of whiskers in vivo. We stimulated several whiskers together to determine the sensitivity of our approach in differentiating between different barreloid responses. We also carried out stimulation of different whiskers at different times. Finally, we used muscimol in the barrel cortex to silence the corticothalamic inputs while imaging in the thalamus. Our results show that it is possible to obtain functional maps of the sensory periphery in deep brain structures such as the thalamic barreloids. Our approach can be broadly applicable to functional imaging of other core brain structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggong Tang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Vassiliy Tsytsarev
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Chia-Pin Liang
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Fatih Akkentli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Reha S Erzurumlu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
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Coda S, Siersema PD, Stamp GWH, Thillainayagam AV. Biophotonic endoscopy: a review of clinical research techniques for optical imaging and sensing of early gastrointestinal cancer. Endosc Int Open 2015; 3:E380-92. [PMID: 26528489 PMCID: PMC4612244 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1392513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Detection, characterization, and staging constitute the fundamental elements in the endoscopic diagnosis of gastrointestinal diseases, but histology still remains the diagnostic gold standard. New developments in endoscopic techniques may challenge histopathology in the near future. An ideal endoscopic technique should combine a wide-field, "red flag" screening technique with an optical contrast or microscopy method for characterization and staging, all simultaneously available during the procedure. In theory, biophotonic advances have the potential to unite these elements to allow in vivo "optical biopsy." These techniques may ultimately offer the potential to increase the rates of detection of high risk lesions and the ability to target biopsies and resections, and so reduce the need for biopsy, costs, and uncertainty for patients. However, their utility and sensitivity in clinical practice must be evaluated against those of conventional histopathology. This review describes some of the most recent applications of biophotonics in endoscopic optical imaging and metrology, along with their fundamental principles and the clinical experience that has been acquired in their deployment as tools for the endoscopist. Particular emphasis has been placed on translational label-free optical techniques, such as fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), two-photon and multi-photon microscopy, second harmonic generation (SHG) and third harmonic generation (THG) imaging, optical coherence tomography (OCT), diffuse reflectance, Raman spectroscopy, and molecular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Coda
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom,Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom,Endoscopy Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom,Department of Endoscopy, North East London NHS Treatment Centre, Care UK, London, United Kingdom,Corresponding author Sergio Coda, MD, PhD Imperial College London – Medicine and PhysicsPrince Consort RoadLondon SW7 2AZUnited Kingdom+44-20-75947714
| | - Peter D. Siersema
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gordon W. H. Stamp
- Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom,Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, London, United Kingdom,Department of Histopathology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew V. Thillainayagam
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom,Photonics Group, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom,Endoscopy Unit, Department of Gastroenterology, Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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